EP3184626B1 - Transformant de bactérie corynéforme et procédé de production d'un composé organique l'utilisant - Google Patents

Transformant de bactérie corynéforme et procédé de production d'un composé organique l'utilisant Download PDF

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EP3184626B1
EP3184626B1 EP15834577.7A EP15834577A EP3184626B1 EP 3184626 B1 EP3184626 B1 EP 3184626B1 EP 15834577 A EP15834577 A EP 15834577A EP 3184626 B1 EP3184626 B1 EP 3184626B1
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dna
gene
activity
corynebacterium glutamicum
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EP3184626A4 (fr
EP3184626A1 (fr
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Masayuki Inui
Masako SUDA
Kazumi Hiraga
Takahisa Kogure
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Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth RITE
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/74—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora
    • C12N15/77—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora for Corynebacterium; for Brevibacterium
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/12—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
    • C12N9/1217—Phosphotransferases with a carboxyl group as acceptor (2.7.2)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
    • C12P13/22—Tryptophan; Tyrosine; Phenylalanine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
    • C12P7/42—Hydroxy-carboxylic acids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a coryneform bacterium transformant engineered to industrially produce shikimic acid and relates to an efficient process for producing an organic compound using the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • Shikimic acid is an optically active substance having three chiral carbons in its molecule, and is used as a raw material for the synthesis of a large number of medicines, agrichemicals, cosmetics, and the like.
  • shikimic acid is known to be an important starting material for the chemical synthesis of Tamiflu (registered trademark), a medicine to treat influenza.
  • Tamiflu registered trademark
  • the efficacy of Tamiflu for avian influenza, of which the pandemic is a great concern has been demonstrated, and for this reason, there is a growing demand for shikimic acid as a raw material of Tamiflu.
  • shikimic acid can be chemically converted into useful chemicals, such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid and phenol, and is promising as a raw material for the synthesis thereof.
  • Shikimic acid has conventionally been obtained by extraction from the fruits of plants, such as Illicium anisatum and Illicium verum.
  • the extraction and purification methods are complicated and of low yield, and in addition, since the raw materials are natural products, it is difficult to stably supply a large amount thereof.
  • shikimic acid is an important intermediate in the aromatic compound biosynthetic pathway of bacteria, yeasts, plants, etc., and can be produced by fermentation using microorganisms having this pathway.
  • Production of shikimic acid using Escherichia coli as a host has been reported so far (Patent Literature 1 to 7), but in the methods, quinic acid produced as a by-product together with shikimic acid is a factor hindering the purification of shikimic acid.
  • glucose which is a raw material of shikimic acid, is largely used for bacterial growth, resulting in low yield of shikimic acid as the objective substance.
  • the shikimic acid yield described in Patent Literature 4 and 6 is as low as 27%.
  • the maximum yield of shikimic acid from glucose described in Patent Literature 1 is 43%, but here, the possibilities of reproduction of phosphoenol pyruvate from pyruvic acid and glucose uptake by non-phosphotransferase system, etc. are not taken into consideration. Therefore, the actual maximum theoretical yield of shikimic acid from glucose is considered to be 86%. When this theoretical yield is used as a baseline, the above sugar-based yield of shikimic acid 27% is calculated to be 31% of the theoretical yield, which is also low.
  • Patent Literature 8 reports shikimic acid production using a mutant strain of Citrobacter freundii, the mutant strain having resistance to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid as a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid analog.
  • the mutant strain the mutation site is unknown, the concentration of shikimic acid produced is low, and the sugar-based yield is also unknown.
  • Patent Literature 9 and 10 report shikimic acid production using an aromatic amino acid auxotroph of Bacillus subtilis, but regarding the auxotroph, the mutation site is unknown, the concentration of shikimic acid produced is low, and the sugar-based yield is also unknown.
  • US 2008/0241898 A1 discloses methods for enhancing carbon flow into a pathway of a host cell to enhance the biosynthetic production of compounds therefrom; the host cells are phenotypically Pts - /glucose + and are capable of transporting glucose without consuming PEP.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a microorganism capable of efficiently producing shikimic acid from sugars, and a process for efficiently producing an organic compound, such as shikimic acid, from sugars using the microorganism.
  • the present inventors wholeheartedly carried out investigations in order to achieve the object described above and found that a coryneform bacterium engineered by the following (A) to (E) can produce shikimic acid from glucose or the like at a high concentration and in good yield.
  • the inventors also found that, when the thus-engineered coryneform bacterium is used, quinic acid produced as a by-product, which has been a long-lasting problem in shikimic acid production, is in a very small amount.
  • coryneform bacterium has a particularly higher shikimic acid productivity when the reaction is performed under aerobic conditions where the bacterium substantially does not grow.
  • the present invention which has been completed based on the above-mentioned findings, provides the following coryneform bacterium transformants and processes for producing an organic compound.
  • shikimic acid can be efficiently produced from a sugar, such as glucose, at a high concentration and in good yield. Also, purification of shikimic acid is easy because, in the production, quinic acid produced as a by-product, of which separation has conventionally been a problem at the time of purification of shikimic acid, is in a limited amount.
  • this coryneform bacterium transformant efficiently produces organic compounds as metabolites of shikimic acid and also compounds present on the metabolic pathway from the sugar to shikimic acid.
  • coryneform bacterium transformant exhibits an even higher productivity of organic compounds including shikimic acid when aerobic reaction is performed under conditions where the transformant does not grow.
  • the present invention enables inexpensive mass production of shikimic acid or the like, which is useful as a raw material of an anti-influenza medicine.
  • coryneform bacteria it is important that a coryneform bacterium is used as a host and that a specific combination of genes achieved by artificial manipulation is used.
  • Examples of other advantages of coryneform bacteria include the following: unlike Escherichia coli, coryneform bacteria do not generate endotoxin; since the reaction proceeds even under growth-limiting conditions, there is no need of adding aromatic amino acids, 4-aminobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, etc. , which are generally needed for the growth of Escherichia coli, to the culture medium; and since the reaction of shikimic acid production proceeds under growth-limiting conditions, the sugar is used not for bacterial growth but for the production of the objective substance, resulting in high yield.
  • Fig. 1 shows a metabolic pathway from sugar uptake to production of shikimic acid or the like in a coryneform bacterium.
  • coryneform bacterium transformant of the present invention having improved shikimic acid production ability is a coryneform bacterium transformant engineered by the following (A) to (E):
  • DAHP 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase is an enzyme which produces DAHP as the first metabolite in the common pathway for biosynthesis of aromatic compounds from erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP).
  • E4P erythrose-4-phosphate
  • PEP phosphoenolpyruvic acid
  • the DAHP synthetase activity can be enhanced by introduction of a DAHP synthase gene, or mutation introduction into or sequence substitution in the control sequence or the gene coding region of a chromosomal DAHP synthase gene of a coryneform bacterium, leading to increase in the expression amount of the gene or increase in the activity of the product of the gene.
  • the origin of the DAHP synthase gene to be introduced is not particularly limited, but in terms of shikimic acid productivity, a DAHP synthase gene of Escherichia coli is preferred.
  • the DNA consisting of the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is preferred.
  • This gene is a mutant gene obtained by introducing, into aroG gene, which is one of DAHP synthase genes of Escherichia coli, a mutation changing the serine at position 180 to phenylalanine (S180F) .
  • the present inventors have found, by comparative examinations, that the gene product thereof exhibits feedback inhibition resistance to aromatic compounds including aromatic amino acids and a high DAHP synthase activity (unpublished).
  • a DNA consisting of a base sequence which has 90% or more, in particular 95% or more, in particular 98% or more of identity with the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and which encodes a polypeptide having DAHP synthase activity can also be used.
  • the base sequence homology was calculated using GENETYX Ver. 8 (made by Genetyx).
  • a DNA which hybridizes to a DNA consisting of a complementary base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions and which encodes a polypeptide having DAHP synthase activity can also be used.
  • stringent conditions means conditions in which hybridization is performed in a hybridization solution at a salt concentration of 6 ⁇ SSC at 50 to 60°C for 16 hours and then washing with a solution at a salt concentration of 0.1 ⁇ SSC is performed.
  • the protein encoded by the DNA is measured for DAHP synthase activity.
  • the enhancement of the DAHP synthase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the DAHP synthase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • PTS phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system
  • PTS is a sugar transport mechanism present only in prokaryotes and involved in sugar (e.g., glucose) uptake coupled to sugar phosphorylation.
  • sugar e.g., glucose
  • PTS plays a major role in intracellular sugar uptake.
  • PTS consists of Enzyme I (PEP protein kinase) and HPr (histidine-phosphorylatable protein), which are common components, and of Enzymes II, which is a membrane protein involved in sugar-specific transport.
  • PTS phosphoenolpyruvate
  • PEP phosphoenolpyruvate
  • the PTS-mediated intracellular sugar uptake can be prevented, inhibited, or reduced by disruption, deletion, or mutation of genes encoding PTS on the chromosome of a coryneform bacterium.
  • the purpose is achieved, and it is preferred that the gene encoding the Hpr protein, which is a common component in PTS, is disrupted, deleted, or mutated.
  • genes encoding PTS involved in glucose transport include ptsI encoding Enzyme I, ptsH encoding Hpr, ptsG encoding Enzyme II, etc.
  • ptsI encoding Enzyme I
  • ptsH encoding Hpr
  • ptsG encoding Enzyme II
  • the purpose is achieved, and it is preferred that the ptsH gene encoding the Hpr protein, which is a common component in PTS, is disrupted, deleted, or mutated.
  • Replacement of a gene on the chromosome with the corresponding gene having a disruption or deletion can be achieved by creating a gene with deletion mutation for not producing a normally functioning protein, and transforming a bacterium with a DNA comprising the mutated gene for homologous recombination between the gene on the chromosome and the mutated gene.
  • a protein encoded by a gene having a disruption or deletion, even when produced, has a conformation different from that of the wild type, and has no or reduced function.
  • the gene deletion or gene disruption by way of gene substitution through the use of homologous recombination has already been established, and examples thereof include a method using a plasmid containing a temperature sensitive replication origin or a plasmid capable of conjugal transfer, and a method using a suicide vector not having a replication origin in a host ( U.S. Pat. No. 6303383 , JP 05-007491 A ).
  • the prevention, inhibition, or reduction of the PTS-mediated sugar transport activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed based on the fact that the growth of the transformant using, as carbon source, the sugar (glucose, sucrose, fructose, etc.) transported by PTS is prevented, inhibited, or reduced and on the fact that introducing a normal pts gene restores the phenotype to normal.
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum there exists a glucose transport system which is different from PTS (non-PTS glucose permease) and which does not consume PEP for sugar uptake.
  • PTS non-PTS glucose permease
  • a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain of which the pts gene is disrupted and PTS-mediated sugar uptake is inhibited exhibits no or little growth on glucose as a single carbon source, but higher expression of non-PTS glucose permease in the strain restores the ability of the strain growing on glucose as a single carbon source.
  • intracellular glucose uptake and bacterial growth on glucose as a single carbon source are improved by the enhancement of the non-PTS glucose permease activity, which does not consume PEP in association with sugar uptake in a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain in which PTS-mediated sugar transport is blocked.
  • the blocking and the enhancement the consumption of PEP in association with glucose transport can be avoided, and more PEP can be provided for the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds, such as shikimic acid.
  • the intracellular glucose uptake depending on non-PTS glucose permease can be enhanced by introduction of a gene encoding a non-PTS glucose permease, or mutation introduction into or base sequence substitution in (the control sequence or the gene coding region of) a chromosomal non-PTS glucose permease gene of a coryneform bacterium, leading to increase in the expression amount of the gene or increase in the activity of the product of the gene.
  • the origin of the non-PTS glucose permease gene to be introduced is not particularly limited, but in terms of shikimic acid productivity, the genus Corynebacterium, in particular, Corynebacterium glutamicum is preferred.
  • the non-PTS glucose permease may be of any type as long as it can function in a coryneform bacterium, and examples thereof include inositol transporters of Corynebacterium glutamicum (iolT1, iolT2), galactose permease of Escherichia coli (galP) , and glucose facilitator of Zymomonas mobilis (glf) .
  • inositol transporters of Corynebacterium glutamicum iolT1, iolT2
  • galactose permease of Escherichia coli galactose permease of Escherichia coli
  • glf glucose facilitator of Zymomonas mobilis
  • Examples of the inositol transporter gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum include the DNA consisting of the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 (iolT1).
  • a DNA consisting of a base sequence which has 90% or more, in particular 95% or more, in particular 98% or more of identity with the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and which encodes a polypeptide having inositol transporter activity can also be used.
  • a DNA which hybridizes to a DNA consisting of a complementary base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 under stringent conditions and which encodes a polypeptide having inositol transporter activity can also be used.
  • a protein encoded by a DNA is identified as a non-PTS glucose permease based on the facts, as indicators, that a transformant produced by introducing the DNA into a host cell for expression of the DNA in the cell, the host cell having lost its PTS-dependent glucose transport ability as a result of ptsH gene disruption or the like and showing reduced growth using glucose as a carbon source, can grow or consume glucose in an enhanced manner as compared to the cell before the transformation and that the effect is not affected by inhibition of PTS-dependent sugar transport by, for example, disruption of a pts gene.
  • the enhancement of the non-PTS glucose permease activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by the fact, as an indicator, that the transformant can grow using glucose as a carbon source or consume glucose in an enhanced manner as compared to the strain before the gene introduction, i.e., the host cell having lost its PTS-dependent glucose transport ability as a result of ptsH gene disruption or the like.
  • Glucose transported into cells by non-PTS glucose permease is not phosphorylated and differs on this point from glucose transported by PTS. Therefore, in order for the glucose transported into cells by non-PTS glucose permease to be metabolized in the glycolytic system, it needs to be first converted to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase activity.
  • Glucokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion from glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
  • the present invention along with the enhancement of glucose transport depending on non-PTS glucose permease, glucokinase activity is also enhanced.
  • the present invention is characterized in that intracellular uptake of glucose and subsequent sugar metabolism in the glycolytic system and in the pentose phosphate pathway are promoted.
  • the glucokinase activity can be enhanced by introduction of a glucokinase gene for enhancement of the expression thereof, or mutation introduction into or sequence substitution (in the control sequence or in the gene coding region) of a chromosomal glucokinase gene of a coryneform bacterium, leading to increase in the expression amount of the gene or increase in the activity of the product of the gene.
  • glucokinase genes there exist at least three kinds of glucokinase genes, namely cgR_2067 (glkl), cgR_2552 (glk2), and cgR_1739 (ppgK).
  • cgR_2067 (glk1) and cgR_2552 (glk2) have high homology with a glucokinase which uses ATP as a good substrate
  • cgR_1739 (ppgK) has high homology with a glucokinase which uses polyphosphoric acid as a good substrate.
  • preferred is that one or more kinds of these glucokinase genes are enhanced, and more preferred is that all of the three kinds are enhanced.
  • the enhancement of the glucokinase activity by introduction of the glucokinase gene is convenient and efficient.
  • the origin of the glucokinase gene to be introduced is not particularly limited, but in terms of shikimic acid productivity, the genus Corynebacterium, in particular, Corynebacterium glutamicum is preferred.
  • Examples of the glucokinase gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum include the DNA consisting of the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, or 5 (corresponding to glk1, glk2, or ppgK).
  • a DNA consisting of a base sequence which has 90% or more, in particular 95% or more, in particular 98% or more of identity with the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, or 5 and which encodes a polypeptide having glucokinase activity can also be used.
  • a DNA which hybridizes to a DNA consisting of a complementary base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, or 5 under stringent conditions and which encodes a polypeptide having glucokinase activity can also be used.
  • the protein encoded by the DNA is measured for glucokinase activity.
  • the enhancement of the glucokinase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the glucokinase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that converts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
  • GAPDH activity is enhanced.
  • a coryneform bacterium transformant in which a pts gene was disrupted and the non-PTS glucose permease-mediated glucose intake and the glucokinase activity were enhanced exhibited significant accumulation of dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a metabolite produced by dephosphorization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate as a metabolic intermediate in the glycolytic system.
  • DHA dihydroxyacetone
  • the intracellular concentrations of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and other upstream metabolic intermediates in the glycolytic pathway were remarkably increased. It was assumed that the reaction step catalyzed by GAPDH was the rate-limiting step of the glycolytic metabolism-dependent sugar consumption activity in the coryneform bacterium transformant, and resulting overflow metabolism caused the DHA accumulation.
  • the present invention is characterized in that enhanced GAPDH activity in the coryneform bacterium transformant releases the rate limitation in the glycolysis to promote sugar consumption and to improve shikimic acid production ability.
  • the group of present inventors found that, in matter production under oxygen deprivation conditions by a coryneform bacterium, the GAPDH activity is inhibited by NADH, which accumulates specifically in oxygen deprivation conditions, and sugar consumption mediated by the glycolytic system is inhibited ( Inui, M. et. al., Metabolic analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum during lactate and succinate productions under oxygen deprivation conditions. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7: 182-196 (2004 )).
  • NADH et. al.
  • the present invention is characterized in that, even under aerobic conditions, where NADH concentration is kept relatively low, enhancement of the GAPDH activity in a coryneform bacterium transformant depending on enhanced non-PTS glucose permease dependent sugar transport remarkably increases sugar metabolism activity, leading to higher production of the objective compound.
  • the GAPDH activity can be enhanced by introduction of a GAPDH gene for enhancement of the expression thereof, or mutation introduction into or sequence substitution (in the control sequence or in the gene coding region) of a chromosomal GAPDH gene of a coryneform bacterium, leading to increase in the expression amount of the gene or increase in the activity of the product of the gene.
  • enhancement of the GAPDH activity by introduction of the GAPDH gene is convenient and efficient.
  • the origin of the GAPDH gene to be introduced is not particularly limited, but in terms of shikimic acid productivity, the genus Corynebacterium, in particular, Corynebacterium glutamicum is preferred.
  • GAPDH gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum examples include the DNA consisting of the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (gapA).
  • a DNA consisting of a base sequence which has 90% or more, in particular 95% or more, in particular 98% or more of identity with the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 and which encodes a polypeptide having GAPDH activity can also be used.
  • a DNA which hybridizes to a DNA consisting of a complementary base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 under stringent conditions and which encodes a polypeptide having GAPDH activity can also be used.
  • the polypeptide encoded by the DNA is measured for GAPDH activity.
  • the enhancement of the GAPDH activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the GAPDH activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  • DHAP phosphatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorization of DHAP, i.e., the conversion of DHAP to dihydroxyacetone (DHA).
  • DHA dihydroxyacetone
  • the DHAP phosphatase activity is preferably prevented, inhibited, or reduced.
  • the shikimic acid producing strain of a coryneform bacterium which depends for intracellular sugar uptake on highly expressed non-PTS glucose permease and glucokinase highly produces DHA as a by-product. Therefore, it is thought that, by blocking the pathway, more carbon can be supplied for the production of aromatic compounds, such as shikimic acid.
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum has HAD (haloacid dehalogenase) super family phosphatase (HdpA) as an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorization of DHAP.
  • HAD haloacid dehalogenase
  • HdpA super family phosphatase
  • the DHAP phosphatase activity of Corynebacterium glutamicum can be prevented, inhibited, or reduced by disruption, deletion, or mutation of the DHAP phosphatase gene (hdpA) on the chromosome.
  • the prevention, inhibition, or reduction of the DHAP phosphatase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the DHAP phosphatase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • an enzyme solution to be tested is added to a mixture for reaction consisting of a 100 mM tris-malate buffer (pH 7.5), 5 mM magnesium sulfate, and 5 mM DAHP at 33°C to allow the reaction to start, and inorganic phosphate ions released from DHAP were quantified by a known colorimetry method ( Gawronski, J.
  • 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate as the first metabolite in the common pathway for biosynthesis of aromatic compounds is produced by condensation of PEP and E4P.
  • DAHP is further converted into shikimic acid through continuous reactions by 3-DHQ synthase, 3-DHQ dehydratase, and shikimate dehydrogenase.
  • 3-DHQ synthase is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion from DAHP to 3-dehydroquinic acid
  • 3-DHQ dehydratase is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion from 3-DHQ to 3-DHS
  • shikimate dehydrogenase is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion from 3-DHS to shikimic acid.
  • the carbon flow from DAHP to shikimic acid can be enhanced, and thereby the productivity of objective aromatic compounds, such as shikimic acid, can be improved.
  • coryneform bacterium of the present invention preferred is that one or more of these enzyme activities are enhanced, and more preferred is that all of the activities are enhanced.
  • the 3-DHQ synthase activity, the 3-DHQ dehydratase activity, and the shikimate dehydrogenase activity can be enhanced by introduction of the gene encoding each enzyme, or mutation introduction into or sequence substitution in the control sequence or in the gene coding region of the chromosomal gene of a coryneform bacterium encoding each enzyme, leading to increase in the expression amount of the gene or increase in the activity of the product of the gene.
  • enhancement of the enzyme activity by introduction of the enzyme gene is convenient and efficient.
  • each enzyme gene to be introduced is not particularly limited, but in terms of shikimic acid productivity, the genus Corynebacterium, in particular, Corynebacterium glutamicum is preferred.
  • Examples of the 3-DHQ synthase gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum include the DNA consisting of the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 (aroB)
  • examples of the 3-DHQ dehydratase gene include the DNA consisting of the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 (aroD)
  • examples of the shikimate dehydrogenase gene include the DNA consisting of the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 (aroE).
  • a DNA consisting of a base sequence which has 90% or more, in particular 95% or more, in particular 98% or more of identity with the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, 8, or 9 and which encodes a polypeptide having 3-DHQ synthase activity, 3-DHQ dehydratase activity, or shikimate dehydrogenase activity can also be used.
  • a DNA which hybridizes to a DNA consisting of a complementary base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, 8, or 9 under stringent conditions and which encodes a polypeptide having 3-DHQ synthase activity, 3-DHQ dehydratase activity, or shikimate dehydrogenase activity can also be used.
  • the protein encoded by the DNA is measured for 3-DHQ synthase activity.
  • the 3-DHQ synthase activity is measured by a known method ( Meudi, S. et al., Dehydroquinate synthase from Escherichia coli, and its substrate 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate. Methods. Enzymol. 142: 306-314 (1987 )).
  • the enhancement of the 3-DHQ synthase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the 3-DHQ synthase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • the protein encoded by the DNA is measured for 3-DHQ dehydratase activity.
  • the 3-DHQ dehydratase activity is measured by a known method ( Chaudhuri, S. et al., 3-Dehydroquinate dehydratase from Escherichia coli. Methods. Enzymol. 142: 320-324 (1987 )).
  • the enhancement of the 3-DHQ dehydratase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the 3-DHQ dehydratase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • the protein encoded by the DNA is measured for shikimate dehydrogenase activity.
  • the shikimate dehydrogenase activity is measured by a known method ( Chaudhuri, S. et al., Shikimate dehydratase from Escherichia coli. Methods. Enzymol. 142: 315-320 (1987 )).
  • a known method Chaudhuri, S. et al., Shikimate dehydratase from Escherichia coli. Methods. Enzymol. 142: 315-320 (1987 )
  • an enzyme solution to be tested is added to a mixture for reaction consisting of a 100 mM tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5), 0.2 mM NADPH, and 0.
  • the enhancement of the shikimate dehydrogenase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the shikimate dehydrogenase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • transketolase catalyzes two types of reactions.
  • transketolase catalyzes, as the first type of reactions, the conversion from D-xylulose-5-phosphate (X5P) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) and the conversion from D-ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) to sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (S7P) .
  • X5P D-xylulose-5-phosphate
  • GAP glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  • R5P D-ribose-5-phosphate
  • S7P sedoheptulose-7-phosphate
  • transketolase catalyzes, as the second type of reactions, the conversion from D-fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) to erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) and the conversion from GAP to X5P. These reactions are reversible and conjugated.
  • transaldolase catalyzes the conversion from GAP to E4P, and the conversion from S7P to F6P. These reactions are conjugated.
  • transketolase and transaldolase are involved in the production of E4P, which is one of the precursors of aromatic compound biosynthesis. It is expected that enhancement of these enzyme activities increases intracellularly supplied E4P and thereby improves the productivity of aromatic compounds, such as shikimic acid.
  • coryneform bacterium of the present invention preferred is that either of the enzyme activities is enhanced, and more preferred is that both the activities are enhanced.
  • the transketolase activity and the transaldolase activity can be enhanced by introduction of each enzyme gene for enhancement of the expression thereof, or mutation introduction into or sequence substitution in (the control sequence or the gene coding region of) each enzyme gene on the chromosome of a coryneform bacterium, leading to increase in the expression amount of the gene or increase in the activity of the product of the gene.
  • enhancement of the enzyme activity by introduction of each enzyme gene is convenient and efficient.
  • each enzyme gene to be introduced is not particularly limited, but in terms of shikimic acid productivity, the genus Corynebacterium, in particular, Corynebacterium glutamicum is preferred.
  • transketolase gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum examples include the DNA consisting of the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 (tkt), and examples of the transaldolase gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum include the DNA consisting of the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 (tal).
  • a DNA consisting of a base sequence which has 90% or more, in particular 95% or more, in particular 98% or more of identity with the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11 and which encodes a polypeptide having transketolase activity or transaldolase activity can also be used.
  • a DNA which hybridizes to a DNA consisting of a complementary base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11 under stringent conditions and which encodes a polypeptide having transketolase activity or transaldolase activity can also be used.
  • the protein encoded by the DNA is measured for transketolase activity.
  • the transketolase activity is measured by a known method ( Ikeda, M. et al., Cloning of the transketolase gene and the effect of its dosage on aromatic amino acid production in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 51: 201-206 (1999 )), and in the cases where the transketolase activity is detected, the protein is judged to be transketolase.
  • the enhancement of the transketolase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the transketolase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • the protein encoded by the DNA is measured for transaldolase activity.
  • the transaldolase activity is measured by a known method ( Lu, JL. et al., Metabolic engineering and control analysis for production of aromatics: Role of transaldolase., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 53: 132-138 (1997 )).
  • the enhancement of the transaldolase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the transaldolase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • Shikimate kinase is an enzyme which catalyzes, in the common pathway for biosynthesis of aromatic compounds, the conversion from shikimic acid to shikimate-3-phosphate, 3-dehydroshikimic acid dehydratase is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion from 3-dehydroshikimic acid to protocatechuic acid, and quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase is an enzyme which mainly catalyzes the conversion from shikimic acid to 3-dehydroshikimic acid.
  • coryneform bacterium of the present invention preferred is that one or more of the enzyme activities are prevented, inhibited, or reduced, and more preferred is that all of these activities are prevented, inhibited, or reduced.
  • the activity of each of these enzymes can be prevented, inhibited, or reduced by disruption, deletion, or mutation of each enzyme gene on the chromosome of a coryneform bacterium.
  • the prevention, inhibition, or reduction of the shikimate kinase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the shikimate kinase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • the shikimate kinase activity is measured by a known method ( Feyter, RD. et al., Shikimate kinases from Escherichia coli K12. Methods. Enzymol. 142: 355-361 (1987 )), and in the cases where the measured value decreases or turns to zero, the shikimate kinase activity is judged to have been reduced, inhibited, or prevented.
  • the prevention, inhibition, or reduction of the 3-DHS dehydratase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the 3-DHS dehydratase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • the 3-DHS dehydratase activity is measured by a known method ( Stroman, P. et al., Purification and characterization of 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase, an enzyme in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 4593-4598 (1978 )), and in the cases where the measured value decreases or turns to zero, the 3-DHS dehydratase activity is judged to have been reduced, inhibited, or prevented.
  • the prevention, inhibition, or reduction of the quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase activity of a coryneform bacterium transformant is confirmed by measuring the quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase activity in a cell extract of the coryneform bacterium transformant.
  • the quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase activity is measured by a known method ( Kubota, T. et al. , Characterization of shikimate dehydrogenase homologs of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol. 97: 8139-8149 (2013 )), and in the cases where the measured value decreases or turns to zero, the quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase activity is judged to have been reduced, inhibited, or prevented.
  • coryneform bacteria are a group of microorganisms defined in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Vol. 8, 599 (1974 ), and are not particularly limited as long as they grow under normal aerobic conditions.
  • the specific examples include the genus Corynebacterium, the genus Brevibacterium, the genus Arthrobacter, the genus Mycobacterium and the genus Micrococcus.
  • the genus Corynebacterium is preferred as the host microorganism of the present invention.
  • Corynebacterium examples include Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium efficiens, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium halotolerance, and Corynebacterium alkanolyticum.
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum is preferred as the host microorganism of the present invention for safety and high shikimic acid production.
  • preferred strains include Corynebacterium glutamicum R (FERM BP-18976), ATCC13032, ATCC13869, ATCC13058, ATCC13059, ATCC13060, ATCC13232, ATCC13286, ATCC13287, ATCC13655, ATCC13745, ATCC13746, ATCC13761, ATCC14020, ATCC31831, MJ-233 (FERM BP-1497), and MJ-233AB-41 (FERM BP-1498). These strains are deposited internationally under the Budapest Treaty and available to the public. Among them, strains R (FERM BP-18976), ATCC13032, and ATCC13869 are preferred.
  • coryneform bacteria such as Brevibacterium flavum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Brevibacterium divaricatum, and Corynebacterium lilium are standardized to Corynebacterium glutamicum ( Liebl, W. et al., Transfer of Brevibacterium divaricatum DSM 20297T, "Brevibacterium flavum” DSM 20411, “Brevibacterium lactofermentum” DSM 20412 and DSM 1412, and Corynebacterium glutamicum and their distinction by rRNA gene restriction patterns. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41:255-260. (1991 ); and Kazuo Komagata et al., “Classification of the coryneform group of bacteria", Fermentation and industry, 45:944-963 (1987 )).
  • Brevibacterium ammoniagenes for example, ATCC6872.
  • ATCC6872 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes
  • Arthrobacter examples include Arthrobacter globiformis (for example, ATCC8010, ATCC4336, ATCC21056, ATCC31250, ATCC31738 and ATCC35698). These strains are deposited internationally under the Budapest Treaty and available to the public.
  • Mycobacterium bovis for example, ATCC19210 and ATCC27289. These strains are deposited internationally under the Budapest Treaty and available to the public.
  • Micrococcus freudenreichii for example, NO. 239 (FERM P-13221)
  • Micrococcus leuteus for example, NO. 240 (FERM P-13222)
  • Micrococcus ureae for example, IAM1010
  • Micrococcus roseus for example, IF03764.
  • the coryneform bacterium described above may be further engineered, and may be, for example, a disruptant in which a gene of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ppc), or malate dehydrogenase (mdh) is disrupted.
  • a disruptant in which a lactate dehydrogenase gene is disrupted.
  • the lactate dehydrogenase gene is disrupted and the metabolic pathway from pyruvic acid to lactic acid is blocked.
  • a disruptant of Corynebacterium glutamicum especially the R (FERM BP-18976) strain in which the lactate dehydrogenase gene is disrupted.
  • Such a disruptant can be prepared based on a conventional gene engineering process.
  • a lactate dehydrogenase gene disruptant and the preparation process thereof are described in WO 2005/010182 A1 , for example.
  • a wild-type strain of a coryneform bacterium is usually incapable of utilizing pentoses, such as D-xylose and L-arabinose, but the coryneform bacterium of the present invention is preferably capable of utilizing D-glucose and pentoses (one or more of D-xylose and L-arabinose, for example) in parallel, and more preferably capable of simultaneous parallel utilization thereof to produce an organic compound, such as shikimic acid, from a pentose also.
  • a microorganism preferentially consumes glucose even if other sugars coexist.
  • the microorganism when a microorganism has an ability of utilizing D-glucose and a pentose in parallel, the microorganism is capable of simultaneously consuming glucose and a pentose under conditions where both sugars coexist, and as a result, the time needed for the production of the objective substance can be reduced.
  • Examples of the method of providing a coryneform bacterium with D-xylose utilizing ability include a method in which a D-xylose metabolism-related gene of another species is transferred into a coryneform bacterium.
  • the metabolism from D-xylose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate in procaryotes and some kinds of fungi is performed in two steps catalyzed by two enzymes, xylose isomerase (xylA) that catalyzes a reaction from D-xylose to D-xylulose and xylulokinase (xylB) that catalyzes a reaction from D-xylulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate.
  • xylose isomerase xylA
  • xylulokinase xylB
  • a coryneform bacterium with a D-xylose-utilizing ability by transferring a xylA gene and a xylB gene of Escherichia coli as D-xylose metabolism-related genes, and allowing them to be expressed ( Appl. Environ. Microbiol., Vol.72, 3418-3428 (2006 )).
  • a coryneform bacterium can be provided with D-xylose utilizing ability by the introduction of the xylA gene and the xylB gene of various organism species including Escherichia coli thereinto.
  • the xylA gene and the xylB gene are usually carried by microorganisms capable of metabolizing D-xylose.
  • each of the xylA gene and the xylB gene is from a microorganism independently selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum (having a xylB gene only), Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus halodurans, Sinorhizobium meliloti, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. More preferred are the xylA gene and the xylB gene of Escherichia coli.
  • the coryneform bacterium By introducing a gene encoding L-arabinose isomerase (araA), a gene encoding L-ribulokinase (araB), and a gene encoding L-ribulose-5-phosphate-4-epimerase (araD) into a coryneform bacterium, the coryneform bacterium can be provided with arabinose utilizing ability.
  • arabinose L-arabinose isomerase
  • arabinose L-arabinose isomerase
  • arabinose L-ribulokinase
  • arabinose utilizing ability By introducing a gene encoding L-ribulokinase (araB), and a gene encoding L-ribulose-5-phosphate-4-epimerase (araD) into a coryneform bacterium, the coryneform bacterium can be provided with arabinose utilizing ability.
  • araA, aeaB, and araD of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC31831, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus halodurans, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, or Mycobacterium smegmatis may be used.
  • araE L-arabinose transport system proton symporter
  • Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol., Vol. 179, 7705-7711 (1997 )
  • Klebsiella oxytoca 8017 J. Bacteriol., Vol. 177, 5379-5380 (1995 )
  • Escherichia coli J. Biol. Chem., Vol.
  • an araE gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC31831, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, or Salmonella typhimurium is preferably used.
  • L-arabinose proton symporter gene improves not only the L-arabinose uptake ability but also the D-xylose uptake ability, and as a result, also further improves the D-xylose utilizing ability.
  • the coryneform bacterium of the present invention preferably has an improved cellobiose utilizing ability, so that the coryneform bacterium is capable of producing an organic compound, such as shikimic acid, from cellobiose also.
  • the cellobiose utilizing ability can be obtained by, for example, the method described in JP 2004-089029 A , i.e., introducing a mutation into a coryneform bacterium and selecting a strain growing on a medium containing cellobiose as an only carbon source.
  • Examples of a strain obtained in this way include FERM P-18977 and FERM P-18978 ( JP 2004-089029 A ).
  • examples of an artificially obtained recombinant strain capable of utilizing cellobiose include FERM P-18979 ( JP 2004-089029 A ).
  • the DNA corresponding to the gene may be integrated into the chromosome of a host or be cloned into a suitable vector replicable in a host and then introduced into the host.
  • the plasmid vector may be any plasmid vector as long as it comprises a gene responsible for autonomously replicating function in a coryneform bacterium.
  • Specific examples of the plasmid vector include pAM330 of Brevibacterium lactofermentum 2256 ( JP 58-67696 A ; Miwa, K. et al., Cryptic plasmids in glutamic acid-producing bacteria. Agric. Biol. Chem. 48: 2901-2903 (1984 ); and Yamaguchi, R. et al., Determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the Brevibacterium lactofermentum plasmid pAM 330 and the analysis of its genetic information. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser.
  • promoter PgapA as a promoter of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A gene (gapA)
  • promoter Pmdh as a promoter of the malate dehydrogenase gene (mdh)
  • promoter PldhA as a promoter of lactate dehydrogenase A gene (ldhA), all of which are of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, and inter alia, PgapA is preferred.
  • Examples of a preferred terminator include terminator rrnB T1T2 of Escherichia coli rRNA operon, terminator trpA of Escherichia coli, and terminator trp of Brevibacterium lactofermentum, and inter alia, terminator rrnB T1T2 is preferred.
  • any publicly known method can be used without limitation.
  • examples of such a known method include the calcium chloride/rubidium chloride method, the calcium phosphate method, DEAE-dextran transfection, and electroporation.
  • electroporation preferred for a coryneform bacterium is electroporation, which can be performed by a known method ( Kurusu, Y. et al., Electroporation-transformation system for Coryneform bacteria by auxotrophic complementation. , Agric. Biol. Chem. 54: 443-447 (1990 )).
  • the transformant is cultured using a culture medium usually used for culture of microorganisms.
  • the culture medium may be a natural medium or a synthetic medium containing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, inorganic salts, other nutritional substances, etc.
  • Examples of the carbon source include carbohydrates and sugar alcohols such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose, maltose, mannitol, xylose, arabinose, galactose, starch, molasses, sorbitol and glycerol; organic acids such as acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and gluconic acid; and alcohols such as ethanol and propanol. These carbon sources may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds . The concentration of these carbon sources in the culture medium is usually about 0.1 to 10 w/v%.
  • the nitrogen source examples include inorganic or organic ammonium compounds, such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium acetate; urea; aqueous ammonia; sodium nitrate; and potassium nitrate.
  • Nitrogen-containing organic compounds such as corn steep liquor, meat extract, peptone, N-Z-amine, protein hydrolysate, amino acid, etc. may also be used. These nitrogen sources may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds. The concentration of these nitrogen sources in the culture medium varies depending on the kind of the nitrogen compound, but is usually about 0.1 to 10 w/v%.
  • the inorganic salts include potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, iron(II) nitrate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and calcium carbonate. These inorganic salts may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds.
  • the concentration of the inorganic salts in the culture medium varies depending on the kind of the inorganic salts, but is usually about 0.1 to 1 w/v%.
  • the nutritional substances include, for example, meat extract, peptone, poly peptone, yeast extract, dry yeast, corn steep liquor, skim milk powder, defatted soybean hydrochloric acid hydrolysate, and extract from animals, plants or microorganisms, and degradation products thereof.
  • concentration of the nutritional substances in the culture medium is usually about 0.1 to 10 w/v%.
  • vitamins may be added as needed. Examples of the vitamins include biotin, thiamine, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, inositol, nicotinic acid, etc.
  • the pH of the culture medium is preferably about 6 to 8.
  • the microbial culture medium include A medium ( Inui, M. et al., Metabolic analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum during lactate and succinate productions under oxygen deprivation conditions. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7:182-196 (2004 )), BT medium ( Omumasaba, C. A. et al., Corynebacterium glutamicum glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoforms with opposite, ATP-dependent regulation. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8:91-103 (2004 )), etc.
  • a medium Inui, M. et al., Metabolic analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum during lactate and succinate productions under oxygen deprivation conditions. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7:182-196 (2004 )
  • BT medium Omumasaba, C. A. et al., Coryn
  • the culture temperature is about 15 to 45°C, and the culture period is about 1 to 7 days.
  • An organic compound can be produced by a process comprising a step of reacting the above-described coryneform bacterium of the present invention in a reaction mixture containing sugars, and a step of collecting the organic compound from the reaction mixture.
  • organic compound examples include, in addition to shikimic acid, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP), 3-dehydroquinic acid (3-DHQ), 3-dehydroshikimic acid (3-DHS), shikimate 3-phosphate, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, chorismic acid, prephenic acid, phenylpyruvic acid, isochorismic acid, aromatic amino acids including phenylalanine, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), tyrosine, pretyrosine, and tryptophan, folate (vitamin M, vitamin B9), menaquinone (vitamin K), p-hydroxybenzoic acid or ubiquinone derived therefrom (coenzyme Q10), p-aminobenzoic acid (vitamin H), p-aminophenol, 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate, anthranilic
  • shikimic acid 3-dehydroshikimic acid, 3-dehydroquinic acid, protocatechuic acid, chorismic acid, gallic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, anthranilic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, phenol, and catechol.
  • Glucose is preferred as the sugar, but monosaccharides including fructose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, and galactose, and other sugars that are metabolized to glucose can also be used.
  • Such other sugars include oligosaccharides and polysaccharides having a glucose unit, and examples thereof include disaccharides, such as cellobiose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, trehalose, cellobiose, and xylobiose; polysaccharides, such as dextrin and soluble starch; etc.
  • molasses which contains these starting compounds, can also be used, for example.
  • a saccharified solution which is obtainable by saccharifying, using a diastatic enzyme, non-edible agricultural waste including straw (rice straw, barley straw, wheat straw, rye straw, oat straw, etc.), bagasse, and corn stover; energy crops including switchgrass, napier grass, and Miscanthus; wood waste; waste paper; etc. and which contains two or more kinds of sugars, including glucose, can also be used.
  • the transformant is preferably cultured and grown under aerobic conditions at about 25 to 40°C for about 12 to 48 hours.
  • the culture medium used for aerobic culture of the transformant before the reaction may be a natural medium or a synthetic medium containing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, inorganic salts, other nutritional substances, etc.
  • Examples of the carbon source that can be used include sugars (monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, and galactose; disaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose, xylobiose, and trehalose; polysaccharides such as starch; and molasses); sugar alcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, and glycerol; organic acids such as acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and gluconic acid; alcohols such as ethanol and propanol; and hydrocarbons such as normal paraffin.
  • sugars monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, and galactose
  • disaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose, xy
  • These carbon sources may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds.
  • nitrogen source examples include inorganic or organic ammonium compounds, such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium acetate; urea; aqueous ammonia; sodium nitrate; and potassium nitrate.
  • Nitrogen-containing organic compounds such as corn steep liquor, meat extract, peptone, N-Z-amine, protein hydrolysate, amino acid, etc. may also be used. These nitrogen sources may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds. The concentration of these nitrogen sources in the culture medium varies depending on the kind of the nitrogen compound, but is usually about 0.1 to 10 w/v%.
  • the inorganic salts include potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, iron(II) nitrate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and calcium carbonate. These inorganic salts may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds.
  • the concentration of the inorganic salts in the culture medium varies depending on the kind of the inorganic salts, but is usually about 0.01 to 1 w/v%.
  • the nutritional substances include meat extract, peptone, poly peptone, yeast extract, dry yeast, corn steep liquor, skim milk powder, defatted soybean hydrochloric acid hydrolysate, and extract from animals, plants or microorganisms, and degradation products thereof.
  • concentration of the nutritional substances in the culture medium varies depending on the kind of the nutritional substances, but is usually about 0.1 to 10 w/v%.
  • vitamins may be added as needed.
  • examples of the vitamins include biotin, thiamine (vitamin B1), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), pantothenic acid, inositol, nicotinic acid, etc.
  • the pH of the culture medium is preferably about 6 to 8.
  • the preferable culture medium for coryneform bacteria include A medium ( Inui, M. et al., Metabolic analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum during lactate and succinate productions under oxygen deprivation conditions. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7:182-196 (2004 )), BT medium ( Omumasaba, C. A. et al., Corynebacterium glutamicum glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoforms with opposite, ATP-dependent regulation. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8:91-103 (2004 )), etc.
  • Such a culture medium can be used after prepared so as to contain a sugar at a concentration in the above-mentioned range.
  • the reaction mixture may be a natural or synthetic reaction mixture containing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, inorganic salts, other nutritional substances, etc.
  • the carbon source may be one or more of the above-described starting compounds, or a molasses or a saccharified solution containing such compounds.
  • sugars sugar alcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, and glycerol; organic acids such as acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and gluconic acid; alcohols such as ethanol and propanol; and hydrocarbons such as normal paraffin can also be used.
  • These carbon sources may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds.
  • the concentration of the starting compound in the reaction mixture is preferably about 1 to 20 w/v%, more preferably about 2 to 10 w/v%, and still more preferably about 2 to 5 w/v%.
  • the total concentration of the carbon sources including the starting compound in the reaction mixture is usually about 2 to 5 w/v%.
  • nitrogen source examples include inorganic or organic ammonium compounds, such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium acetate; urea; aqueous ammonia; sodium nitrate; and potassium nitrate.
  • Nitrogen-containing organic compounds such as corn steep liquor, meat extract, peptone, N-Z-amine, protein hydrolysate, amino acid, etc. may also be used.
  • These nitrogen sources may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds. The concentration of these nitrogen sources in the reaction mixture varies depending on the kind of the nitrogen compound, but is usually about 0.1 to 10 w/v%.
  • the inorganic salts include potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, iron(II) nitrate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and calcium carbonate. These inorganic salts may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds. The concentration of the inorganic salts in the reaction mixture varies depending on the kind of the inorganic salts, but is usually about 0.01 to 1 w/v%.
  • vitamins may be added as needed.
  • examples of the vitamins include biotin, thiamine (vitamin B1), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), pantothenic acid, inositol, nicotinic acid, etc.
  • the pH of the reaction mixture is preferably about 6 to 8.
  • the preferable reaction mixture for coryneform bacteria include the above-mentioned BT medium, etc.
  • a culture medium can be used after prepared so as to contain a sugar at a concentration in the above-mentioned range.
  • the reaction temperature that is, the temperature for keeping the transformant alive during the reaction is preferably about 15 to 50°C, and more preferably about 25 to 45°C. When the temperature is in the above range, an organic compound can be efficiently produced.
  • the reaction period is preferably about 1 to 7 days, and more preferably about 1 to 3 days.
  • the culture may be a batch process, a fed-batch process, or a continuous process.
  • a fed-batch fermentor which allows controlling the temperature, the pH, the aeration conditions, and the oxygen concentration.
  • the reaction may be performed under aerobic conditions or reducing conditions.
  • the organic compound production ability of the transformant of the present invention is higher under aerobic conditions.
  • the dissolved oxygen concentration (D.O.) in the culture medium is preferably maintained at the D.O. of about 5 to 30% of air saturation.
  • aerobic conditions favor the growth of the transformant and the starting compound is consumed for the growth of the bacterial cells . Accordingly, the efficiency of the organic compound production is lowered.
  • the reaction is performed under aerobic conditions where the transformant does not grow.
  • “does not grow” includes “substantially does not grow” and "hardly grows”.
  • it is preferred to inhibit the growth of the transformant by the use of a reaction mixture having deficiency or limitation in one or more of vitamins, such as biotin and thiamine, metal salts, nitrogen sources, etc. as compounds which do not have influence on the production of the objective compound by the transformant but are indispensable for the growth of the microorganism.
  • coryneform bacteria substantially do not grow, and therefore, the starting compound is not consumed for the growth, which leads to a higher efficiency of organic compound production.
  • the "reducing conditions" is defined based on the oxidation-reduction potential of the reaction mixture.
  • the oxidation-reduction potential of the reaction mixture is preferably about -200 mV to -500 mV, and more preferably about -150 mV to -500 mV.
  • the reducing conditions of the reaction mixture can be simply estimated using resazurin indicator (in reducing conditions, decolorization from blue to colorless is observed) .
  • a redox-potential meter for example, ORP Electrodes made by BROADLEY JAMES is used.
  • any publicly known method can be used without limitation.
  • a liquid medium for preparation of the reaction mixture an aqueous solution for a reaction mixture may be used instead of distillated water or the like.
  • the method for preparing a culture medium for strictly anaerobic microorganisms such as sulfate-reducing microorganisms ( Pfennig, N. et al.: The dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria, In The Prokaryotes, A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria, Ed. by Starr, M. P. et al.
  • distillated water or the like by treating distillated water or the like with heat or under reduced pressure for removal of dissolved gases, an aqueous solution for a reaction mixture under reducing conditions can be obtained.
  • distillated water or the like may be treated under reduced pressure of about 10 mmHg or less, preferably about 5 mmHg or less, more preferably about 3 mmHg or less, for about 1 to 60 minutes, preferably for about 5 to 40 minutes.
  • a suitable reducing agent for example, thioglycolic acid, ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, mercaptoacetic acid, thiol acetic acid, glutathione, sodium sulfide, etc.
  • a suitable reducing agent for example, thioglycolic acid, ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, mercaptoacetic acid, thiol acetic acid, glutathione, sodium sulfide, etc.
  • reaction under reducing conditions it is preferred to maintain the reducing conditions of the reaction mixture during the reaction.
  • oxygen from the outside of the reaction system is prevented to the utmost extent from entering the system.
  • Specific examples of the method employed for this purpose include a method comprising encapsulating the reaction system with inert gas, such as nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, etc.
  • inert gas such as nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, etc.
  • the objective organic compound is produced in the reaction mixture.
  • the objective organic compound can be recovered by collecting the reaction mixture, and it is also feasible to isolate the objective organic compound from the reaction mixture by a known method. Examples of such a known method include the ion-exchange resin method, the concentration method, the crystallization method, the membrane separation method, the organic solvent extraction method, various adsorption methods, etc.
  • chromosomal DNA was recovered from the collected cells using a DNA extraction kit (trade name: GenomicPrep Cells and Tissue DNA Isolation Kit, made by Amersham) according to the instruction manual.
  • a DNA fragment comprising a promoter sequence of the gapA gene encoding the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, and a DNA fragment comprising an rrnBT1T2 bidirectional terminator sequence (hereinafter abbreviated as terminator sequence) of a cloning vector pKK223-3 (made by Pharmacia) were amplified by the following method.
  • the following sets of primers were synthesized based on a gene sequence comprising the gapA promoter of Corynebacterium glutamicum R (SEQ ID NO: 12: Corynebacterium glutamicum gapA promoter sequence) and a cloning vector pKK223-3 (SEQ ID NO: 13: pKK223-3), and were used.
  • Primer (a-1) has a PstI restriction enzyme site added thereto, and primer (b-1) has HindIII restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • Primer (a-2) has a SphI restriction enzyme site added thereto, and primer (b-2) has HindIII restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the chromosomal DNA extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum R and the plasmid pKK223-3 were used.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above set of 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of chloramphenicol.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzymes to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 0.5-kb inserted fragment of the gapA promotor sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was confirmed.
  • Lgap4 The obtained plasmid comprising the gapA promotor sequence from Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named Lgap4.
  • CIP Calf Intestinal
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of chloramphenicol.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzymes to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 0.4-kb inserted fragment of the rrnB terminator sequence of the plasmid pKK223-3 was confirmed.
  • the obtained cloning vector comprising the gapA promoter sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum R and the rrnB terminator sequence of the plasmid pKK223-3 was named pCRB240.
  • a DNA fragment comprising the aroG gene which encodes the 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase gene from Escherichia coli K-12 was amplified by the PCR method as described below.
  • the set of primers shown below was synthesized based on a gene sequence comprising the aroG gene from Escherichia coli K-12 (SEQ ID NO: 18: Escherichia coli aroG gene), and used.
  • the chromosomal DNA extracted from Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 was used as the template DNA.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc. : 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR. *)
  • a combination of primers (a-3) and (b-3) was used.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 55°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 72°C, 67 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 1.1-kb inserted fragment of the aroG gene of Escherichia coli K-12 was confirmed.
  • the plasmid comprising the aroG gene of Escherichia coli K-12 was named pSKM1.
  • a mutant having phenylalanine (F) at the S180 site was prepared by Inverse PCR.
  • the set of primers shown below was synthesized based on SEQ ID NO: 18 (Escherichia coli aroG gene), and used for introduction of mutation to the S180 site of the aroG gene.
  • the plasmid pSKM1 comprising the aroG gene of Escherichia coli K-12 was used.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less) The above 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc. : 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L The above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 60°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 68°C, 374 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • the purified amplification product was phosphorylated using T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (made by Takara Bio, Inc.) and then purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.).
  • the obtained phosphorylated DNA fragment was allowed to self-ligate using the DNA Ligation Kit (made by Takara Bio, Inc.).
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( J. Mol. Biol. 53:159-162 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • a growing strain on the culture medium was subjected to liquid culture in the usual manner. Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture, and the introduction of the mutation into the S180 site of the aroG gene was confirmed by the sequence analysis of the plasmid.
  • the obtained plasmid was named pCRB237.
  • the outline of gene recombination of the plasmid is shown in Table 1 below.
  • the set of primers shown below was synthesized based on SEQ ID NO: 18 (Escherichia coli aroG gene), and used for introduction of mutation to the P150 site of the aroG gene.
  • the plasmid pSKM1 comprising the aroG gene of Escherichia coli K-12 was used.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less) The above 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc. : 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L The above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 60°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 68°C, 374 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • the purified amplification product was phosphorylated using T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (made by Takara Bio, Inc.) and then purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.).
  • the obtained phosphorylated DNA fragment was allowed to self-ligate using the DNA Ligation Kit (made by Takara Bio, Inc.).
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( J. Mol. Biol. 53:159-162 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture, and the introduction of the mutation into the P150 site of the aroG gene was confirmed by the sequence analysis of the plasmid.
  • the obtained plasmid was named pCRB239.
  • the outline of gene recombination of the plasmid is shown in Table 1.
  • DNA fragments comprising the aroB gene which encodes 3-dehydroquinate synthase gene, the aroD gene which encodes 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase, and the aroE gene which encodes shikimate dehydrogenase of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, were amplified by the PCR method as described below.
  • the following sets of primers were synthesized based on a gene sequence comprising the aroB gene (SEQ ID NO: 25: Corynebacterium glutamicum aroB gene), a gene sequence comprising the aroD gene (SEQ ID NO: 26: Corynebacterium glutamicum aroD gene), and a gene sequence comprising the aroE gene (SEQ ID NO: 27: Corynebacterium glutamicum aroE gene), and were used.
  • Primer (a-6) has an EcoRI restriction enzyme site added thereto, and primer (b-6) has a SmaI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • Primer (a-7) has an EcoRI restriction enzyme site added thereto, and primer (b-7) has a SmaI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • Primer (a-8) has a SmaI restriction enzyme site added thereto, and primer (b-8) has PstI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less) The above set of 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L The above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • the about 1.1-kb DNA fragment comprising the aroB gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, the about 0.4-kb DNA fragment comprising the aroD gene, and the about 0.8-kb DNA fragment comprising the aroE gene, which fragments were amplified by the above PCR, were cut with the use of restriction enzymes EcoRI and SmaI (aroB gene and aroD gene) or SmaI and PstI (aroE gene), and were purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.).
  • a cloning vector pKK223-3 (made by Pharmacia) comprising the Ptac promoter was cut with the use of restriction enzymes EcoRI and SmaI (aroB gene and aroD gene) or SmaI and PstI (aroE gene), purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.), and then subjected to dephosphorization using Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP).
  • EcoRI and SmaI aroB gene and aroD gene
  • SmaI and PstI aroE gene
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzymes to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 4. 6-kb DNA fragment of the plasmid pKK223-3 an about 1.1-kb inserted fragment of the aroB gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, an about 0.4-kb inserted fragment of the aroD gene, and an about 0.8-kb inserted fragment of the aroE gene were confirmed.
  • the obtained plasmid comprising the aroB gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM2
  • the plasmid comprising the aroD gene was named pSKM3
  • the plasmid comprising the aroE gene was named pSKM4.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzymes to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • the plasmid comprising the araD gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM5.
  • the above plasmid pSKM2 comprising the aroB gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme SalI.
  • a restriction enzyme SalI After agarose gel electrophoresis, an about 1.7-kb DNA fragment comprising the aroB gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was recovered from the agarose gel with the use of QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (made by QIAGEN).
  • the above plasmid pSKM5 comprising the aroD gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme SalI, and subjected to dephosphorization using Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP).
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • the plasmid comprising the aroB gene and the araD gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM6.
  • a DNA fragment comprising the aroE gene was amplified from the plasmid pSKM4 comprising the aroE gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R by the PCR method as described below.
  • the following set of primers was synthesized based on the gene sequence of the plasmid pSKM4 comprising the aroE gene (SEQ ID NO: 34: pSKM4 plasmid sequence), and was used.
  • Primers (a-9) and (b-9) each have an KpnI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the plasmid pSKM4 comprising the aroE gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum was used.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR. *)
  • a combination of primers (a-9) and (b-9) was used.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 55°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 72°C, 63 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • CIP Calf Intestinal
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • the plasmid comprising the aroB gene, the aroD gene, and the aroE gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM7.
  • a DNA fragment comprising the aroB gene, the aroD gene, and the aroE gene was amplified from the plasmid pSKM7 comprising the aroB gene, the aroD gene, and the aroE gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R by the PCR method as described below.
  • the following set of primers was synthesized based on the gene sequence of the plasmid pSKM7 comprising the aroB gene, the aroD gene, and the aroE gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R (SEQ ID NO: 37: pSKM7 plasmid sequence), and was used.
  • the plasmid pSKM7 comprising the aroB gene, the aroD gene, and the aroE gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was used.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase(2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less) The above 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L The above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR. *) For amplification of the aroB gene, the aroD gene, and the aroE gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, a combination of primers (a-10) and (b-10) was used.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 55°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 72°C, 215 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • the purified amplification product was phosphorylated using T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (made by Takara Bio, Inc.) and then purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.).
  • a cloning vector pCRB1 J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 8 (4) :243-254 (2004 )
  • SmaI restriction enzyme
  • CIP Calf Intestinal
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of chloramphenicol.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • the plasmid comprising the aroB gene, the aroD gene, and the aroE gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pCRB238.
  • the outline of gene recombination of the plasmid is shown in Table 1.
  • Table 1 Plasmids for shikimic acid-producing gene expression Plasmids Introduced gene Origin of gene ori Drug marker pCRB237 aroG (S180F) Escherichia coli pCASE1 Kanamycin pCRB239 aroG (P150L) Escherichia coli pCASE1 Kanamycin pCRB238 aroB, aroD, aroE Corynebacterium glutamicum pBL1 Chloramphenicol
  • a DNA fragment comprising the tkt gene encoding the transketolase of Corynebacterium glutamicum R and the tal gene encoding the transaldolase of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was amplified by the PCR method as described below.
  • the set of primers shown below was synthesized based on the gene sequence comprising the tkt gene and the tal gene (SEQ ID NO: 40: Corynebacterium glutamicum tkt-tal gene), and was used.
  • Primers (a-11) and (b-11) each have an NdeI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the chromosomal DNA extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum R was used as the template DNA.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR. *)
  • a combination of primers (a-11) and (b-11) was used.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 55°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 72°C, 225 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 3.4-kb inserted fragment comprising the tkt-tal gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was confirmed.
  • the plasmid comprising the tkt-tal gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM8.
  • a DNA region necessary for markerless introduction of the tkt-tal gene into the chromosome of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was determined based on the sequences reported to be nonessential for Corynebacterium glutamicum R to grow ( Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Vol. 71, 3369-3372 (2005 )) (SSI region).
  • the DNA region (SSI9 region) was amplified by the PCR method as described below.
  • the set of primers shown below was synthesized based on the gene sequence comprising the SSI9 region (SEQ ID NO: 43: Corynebacterium glutamicum SSI9 region), and was used.
  • Primers (a-12) and (b-12) each have an Sse8387I restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the chromosomal DNA extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum R was used as the template DNA.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR. *)
  • a combination of primers (a-12) and (b-12) was used.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 55°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 72°C, 180 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 3.0-kb inserted fragment of the SSI9 region of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was confirmed.
  • the plasmid comprising the SSI9 region of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM9.
  • the above-described plasmid pSKM9 was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme NaeI, purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.), and then subjected to dephosphorization using Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP) .
  • 10 ⁇ L of the DNA fragment comprising the tkt-tal gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R and 2 ⁇ L of the pSKM9 plasmid fragment were mixed, and 1 ⁇ L of T4 DNA ligase 10 ⁇ buffer solution and 1 unit of T4 DNA ligase (made by Takara Bio, Inc.) were added thereto.
  • Sterile distilled water was added thereto so that the total amount was 10 ⁇ L, and the mixture was allowed to react at 15°C for 3 hours for ligation.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • pSKM10 The obtained plasmid for introduction of the SSI9 region of the tkt-tal gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM10.
  • the set of primers shown below was synthesized based on the gene sequence comprising the iolT1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 46: Corynebacterium glutamicum iolT1 gene), and was used.
  • Primers (a-13) and (b-13) each have an NdeI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the chromosomal DNA extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum R was used as the template DNA.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR. *)
  • a combination of primers (a-13) and (b-13) was used.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 55°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 72°C, 97 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • a DNA region necessary for markerless introduction of the iolT1 gene into the chromosome of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was determined based on the sequences reported to be nonessential for Corynebacterium glutamicum R to grow ( Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Vol. 71, 3369-3372 (2005 )) (SSI region).
  • the DNA region (SSI3 region) was amplified by the PCR method as described below.
  • the set of primers shown below was synthesized based on the gene sequence comprising the SSI3 region (SEQ ID NO: 49: Corynebacterium glutamicum SSI3 region), and was used.
  • Primers (a-14) and (b-14) each have a SalI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the chromosomal DNA extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum R was used as the template DNA.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR. *)
  • a combination of primers (a-14) and (b-14) was used.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 55°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 72°C, 181 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 3.0-kb inserted fragment comprising the SSI3 region of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was confirmed.
  • pSKM11 The obtained plasmid comprising the SSI3 region of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM11.
  • the set of primers shown below was synthesized based on the gene sequence comprising the SSI3 region (SEQ ID NO: 49: Corynebacterium glutamicum SSI3), and was used.
  • Primers (a-15) and (b-15) each have a BgIII restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the plasmid pSKM11 comprising the SSI3 region of Corynebacterium glutamicum was used.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • a combination of primers (a-15) and (b-15) was used.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 60°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 68°C, 448 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • the purified amplification product was subjected to BgIII treatment, and then allowed to self-ligate using the DNA Ligation Kit (made by Takara Bio, Inc.).
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( J. Mol. Biol. 53:159-162 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • LB agar medium 1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar
  • a growing strain on the culture medium was subjected to liquid culture in the usual manner. Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture, and the introduction of the BglI restriction enzyme site into the SSI3 region was confirmed by the sequence analysis of the plasmid.
  • the tac promoter-comprising cloning vector pCRB214 ( FEBS Letters, 586 (23):4228-4232 (2012 )) was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme BamHI. After agarose gel electrophoresis, an about 0.7-kb DNA fragment in which the tac promoter and the rrnB terminator were coupled was recovered from the agarose gel with the use of QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (made by QIAGEN) .
  • the plasmid pSKM12 comprising the SSI3 region of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme BglII, purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.), and then subjected to dephosphorization using Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP) .
  • BglII restriction enzyme
  • CIP Calf Intestinal
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • the obtained plasmid comprising the tac promoter, the rrnB terminator, and the SSI3 region was named pSKM13.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 1.6-kb inserted fragment of the iolT1 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was confirmed.
  • pSKM14 The obtained plasmid for introduction of the SSI3 region of the iolT1 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM14.
  • a DNA fragment comprising the glk1 gene, the glk2 gene, and the ppgK gene encoding glucokinase of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was amplified by the PCR method as described below.
  • the following sets of primers were synthesized based on the gene sequence comprising the glk1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 54: Corynebacterium glutamicum glk1 gene), the gene sequence comprising the glk2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 55: Corynebacterium glutamicum glk2 gene), and the gene sequence comprising the ppgK gene (SEQ ID NO: 56: Corynebacterium glutamicum ppgK gene), and were used.
  • Primers (a-16) and (b-16) each have a SphI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • Primers (a-17) and (b-17) each have an NdeI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the chromosomal DNA extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum R was used as the template DNA.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above set of 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of chloramphenicol.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 1.0-kb inserted fragment of the glk1 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was confirmed.
  • the plasmid comprising the glk1 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM15.
  • the about 0.9-kb DNA fragment comprising the glk2 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R and the about 1.2-kb DNA fragment comprising the ppgK gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, which fragments were amplified by the above PCR, were cut with the use of a restriction enzyme NdeI, and were purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.).
  • a cloning vector pCRB210 ( WO2012/033112 ) comprising the gapA promoter was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme NdeI, purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.), and then subjected to dephosphorization using Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP) .
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 5.1-kb DNA fragment of the plasmid pCRB210 an about 0.9-kb inserted fragment in the case of the glk2 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, and an about 1.2-kb inserted fragment in the case of the ppgK gene were confirmed.
  • the obtained plasmid comprising the glk2 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM16, and the plasmid comprising the ppgK gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM17.
  • a DNA region necessary for markerless introduction of the glucokinase gene into the chromosome of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was determined based on the sequences reported to be nonessential for Corynebacterium glutamicum R to grow ( Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Vol. 71, 3369-3372 (2005 )) (SSI region).
  • the DNA regions (SSI9, 10, 6 regions) were amplified by the PCR method as described below.
  • the following sets of primers were synthesized based on the gene sequence comprising the SSI9 region (SEQ ID NO: 63: Corynebacterium glutamicum SSI9 region), the gene sequence comprising the SSI10 region (SEQ ID NO: 64: Corynebacterium glutamicum SSI10 region), and the gene sequence comprising the SSI6 region (SEQ ID NO: 65: Corynebacterium glutamicum SSI6 region), and were used.
  • Primers (a-19) and (b-19) each have an Sse8387I restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • Primers (a-20) and (b-20) each have an Sse8387I restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • Primers (a-21) and (b-21) each have an Sse8387I restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the chromosomal DNA extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum R was used as the template DNA.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above set of 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final cone. : 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • the about 3.2-kb DNA fragment comprising the SSI9 region of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, the about 2.5-kb DNA fragment comprising the SSI10 region, and the about 3.1-kb DNA fragment comprising the SSI6 region, which fragments were amplified by the above PCR, were cut with the use of a restriction enzyme Sse8387I, and were purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.). Also, a plasmid for markerless gene introduction, pCRA725 ( J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
  • JP 2006-124440 A was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme Sse8387I, purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.), and then subjected to dephosphorization using Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP).
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • 4-kb DNA fragment of the plasmid pCRA725, an about 3.2-kb inserted fragment comprising the SSI9 region of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, an about 2.5-kb inserted fragment comprising the SSI10 region, and an about 3.1-kb inserted fragment comprising the SSI6 region were confirmed.
  • the obtained plasmid comprising the SSI9 region of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM18, the plasmid comprising the SSK10 region was named pSKM19, and the plasmid comprising the SSI6 region was named pSKM20.
  • Inverse PCR was performed to introduce a restriction enzyme site (unique site) for gene integration into the plasmid pSKM18 comprising the SSI9 region and into the plasmid pSKM20 comprising the SSI6 region.
  • the following sets of primers were synthesized based on the gene sequence comprising the SSI9 region (SEQ ID NO: 63: Corynebacterium glutamicum SSI9 region) and the gene sequence comprising the SSI6 region (SEQ ID NO: 65: Corynebacterium glutamicum SSI6 region), and were used.
  • Primers (a-23) and (b-23) each have a Seal restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the plasmid pSKM18 comprising the SSI9 region and the plasmid pSKM20 comprising the SSI6 region were used.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less) The above set of 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final cone.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L The above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • the above amplified DNA fragment comprising the SSI9 region was treated with a restriction enzyme EcoRV and the above amplified DNA fragment comprising the SSI6 region was treated with a restriction enzyme Seal. Both were purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.), and then allowed to self-ligate using the DNA Ligation Kit (made by Takara Bio, Inc.). Using the obtained ligation liquid, Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( J. Mol. Biol. 53:159-162 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • LB agar medium 1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture, and the introduction of the EcoRV restriction enzyme site into the SSI9 region or the introduction of the Seal restriction enzyme site into the SSI6 region was confirmed by the sequence analysis of the plasmid.
  • the obtained plasmid comprising the SSI9 region of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM21, and the plasmid comprising the SSI6 region was named pSKM22.
  • the above plasmid pSKM15 was cut with the use of restriction enzymes PstI and HindIII. After agarose gel electrophoresis, an about 1.9-kb DNA fragment comprising the gkl1 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was recovered from the agarose gel with the use of QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (made by QIAGEN), and then blunting was performed with the use of DNA Blunting Kit (made by Takara Bio, Inc.).
  • the above-described plasmid pSKM21 was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme EcoRV, purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.), and then subjected to dephosphorization using Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP).
  • 10 ⁇ L of the DNA fragment comprising the glk1 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R and 2 ⁇ L of the pSKM21 plasmid fragment were mixed, and 1 ⁇ L of T4 DNA ligase 10 ⁇ buffer solution and 1 unit of T4 DNA ligase (made by Takara Bio, Inc.) were added thereto.
  • Sterile distilled water was added thereto so that the total amount was 10 ⁇ L, and the mixture was allowed to react at 15°C for 3 hours for ligation.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • pSKM23 The plasmid for introduction of the gkl1 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R into the chromosomal SSI9 region was named pSKM23.
  • the above plasmid pSKM16 was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme SalI. After agarose gel electrophoresis, an about 1.9-kb DNA fragment comprising the gk12 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was recovered from the agarose gel with the use of QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (made by QIAGEN) . Also, the above-described plasmid pSKM19 was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme XhoI, purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.), and then subjected to dephosphorization using Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP).
  • SalI restriction enzyme
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • pSKM24 The plasmid for introduction of the gk12 gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R into the chromosomal SSI10 region was named pSKM24.
  • the above plasmid pSKM17 was cut with the use of restriction enzymes XbaI and PstI. After agarose gel electrophoresis, an about 1.9-kb DNA fragment comprising the ppgK gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was recovered from the agarose gel with the use of QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (made by QIAGEN), and then blunting was performed with the use of DNA Blunting Kit (made by Takara Bio, Inc.).
  • the above-described plasmid pSKM22 was cut with the use of a restriction enzyme Seal, purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.), and then subjected to dephosphorization using Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP) .
  • 10 ⁇ L of the DNA fragment comprising the ppgK gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R and 2 ⁇ L of the pSKM22 plasmid fragment were mixed, and 1 ⁇ L of T4 DNA ligase 10 ⁇ buffer solution and 1 unit of T4 DNA ligase (made by Takara Bio, Inc.) were added thereto.
  • Sterile distilled water was added thereto so that the total amount was 10 ⁇ L, and the mixture was allowed to react at 15°C for 3 hours for ligation.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • pSKM25 The plasmid for introduction of the ppgK gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R into the chromosomal SSI6 region was named pSKM25.
  • DNA fragments necessary for the construction of plasmids for markerless disruption of the chromosomal qsuB gene encoding 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase, the qsuD gene encoding quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase, and the hdpA gene encoding dihydroxyacetone phosphate phosphatase (HAD (haloacid dehalogenase) superfamily phosphatase) were amplified by the PCR method as described below.
  • the following sets of primers were synthesized based on a sequence comprising the qsuB gene (SEQ ID NO: 76: Corynebacterium glutamicum qsuB gene), a sequence comprising the qsuD gene (SEQ ID NO: 77: Corynebacterium glutamicum qsuD gene), and a sequence comprising the hdpA gene (SEQ ID NO: 78: Corynebacterium glutamicum hdpA gene), and were used.
  • SEQ ID NO: 76 Corynebacterium glutamicum qsuB gene
  • SEQ ID NO: 77 Corynebacterium glutamicum qsuD gene
  • hdpA gene Corynebacterium glutamicum hdpA gene
  • Primers (a-24) and (b-25) each have a SalI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • Primers (a-26) and (b-27) each have a SalI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • Primer (a-28) has a PstI restriction enzyme site added thereto, and primer (b-29) has XbaI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the chromosomal DNA extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum R was used as the template DNA.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above set of 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 55°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 72°C, 50 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 30 times.
  • the DNA fragments were used as a mixture of qsuB-1 with qsuB-2, qsuD-1 with qsuD-2, and hdpA-1 with hdpA-2.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (1.25 U/ ⁇ L) 1 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L DNA fragments 1 ⁇ L each Sterile distilled water 34 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • Denaturation step 98°C, 10 seconds Annealing step: 50°C, 5 seconds Extension step: 68°C, 90 seconds
  • a cycle consisting of the above 3 steps was repeated 15 times.
  • reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Reaction mixture after the ligation 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above set of 2 primers *) 1 ⁇ L each (final conc.: 0.2 ⁇ M) Sterile distilled water 32.5 ⁇ L
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR.
  • the DNA fragment comprising the qsuB gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R and the DNA fragment comprising the qsuD gene were cut with the use of a restriction enzyme SalI, and the DNA fragment comprising the hdpA gene was cut with the use of restriction enzymes PstI and XbaI, and then purification using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up (made by Takara Bio, Inc.) was performed.
  • a plasmid for markerless gene disruption, pCRA725 J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( J. Mol. Biol. 53:159-162 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • LB agar medium 1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzyme(s) to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 4.0-kb DNA fragment of the plasmid pCRB725 an about 1.6-kb fragment in the case of the qsuB gene, an about 1.5-kb DNA fragment in the case of the qsuD gene, and an about 1.8-kb fragment in the case of the hdpA gene were detected.
  • the obtained plasmid for disruption of the qsuB gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was named pSKM26
  • the plasmid for disruption of the qsuD gene was named pSKM27
  • the plasmid for disruption of the hdpA gene was named pSKM28.
  • a DNA fragment necessary for the construction of a plasmid for markerless disruption of the aroK gene encoding the shikimate kinase of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was amplified by the PCR method as described below.
  • the set of primers shown below was synthesized based on the gene sequence comprising the aroK gene (SEQ ID NO: 91: Corynebacterium glutamicum aroK gene), and was used.
  • Primers (a-30) and (b-31) each have a SphI restriction enzyme site added thereto, and primers (a-31) and (b-30) each have a SmaI restriction enzyme site added thereto.
  • the chromosomal DNA extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum R was used as the template DNA.
  • Reaction mixture PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/ ⁇ L) 0.5 ⁇ L 5 ⁇ PrimeSTAR HS Buffer (Mg 2+ plus) 10 ⁇ L dNTP Mixture (2.5 mM each) 4 ⁇ L Template DNA 1 ⁇ L (DNA content: 1 ⁇ g or less)
  • the above ingredients were mixed, and 50 ⁇ L of the reaction mixture was subjected to PCR. *) For amplification of the aroK-1, a combination of primers (a-30) and (b-30), and for amplification of the aroK-2, a combination of primers (a-31) and (b-31) were used.
  • Escherichia coli HST02 was transformed by the calcium chloride method ( Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970 )) and was applied to LB agar medium (1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% sodium chloride, and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture medium and cut with the use of the restriction enzymes to confirm the inserted fragment.
  • an about 2.0-kb inserted fragment having partially deleted aroK gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R was confirmed.
  • Vector pCRA725 for markerless chromosomal gene transfection is a plasmid that cannot be replicated within Corynebacterium glutamicum R.
  • plasmid pCRA728 J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8(4):243-254 (2004 )
  • transformation of Corynebacterium glutamicum X5C1 strain Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 81(4) :691-699 (2008 ) was performed by electroporation ( Agric. Biol. Chem., Vol. 54, 443-447 (1990 ) and Res. Microbiol., Vol.
  • a agar medium (A liquid medium and 1.5% agar) containing 50 ⁇ g/mL of kanamycin.
  • the single crossover strain obtained on the above medium was applied to BT agar medium (2 g of (NH 2 ) 2 CO, 7 g of (NH 4 ) 2SO 4 , 0.5 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 , 0.5 g of MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O, 1 mL of 0.06% (w/v) Fe 2 SO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O + 0.042% (w/v) MnSO 4 ⁇ 2H 2 O, 1 mL of 0.02% (w/v) biotin solution, and 2 mL of 0.01% (w/v) thiamin solution dissolved in 1 L of distilled water, and 1.5% agar) containing 10% (w/v) sucrose.
  • the strain shows kanamycin resistance due to expression of the kanamycin-resistant gene on pCRA728 but lacks growing ability in culture medium containing sucrose due to expression of the sacR-sacB gene of Bacillus subtilis.
  • the strain shows kanamycin sensitivity due to deletion of the kanamycin-resistant gene from pCRA728 and growing ability in culture medium containing sucrose due to deletion of the sacR-sacB gene from pCRA728.
  • the markerless chromosomal gene disruptant shows kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability on a culture medium containing sucrose.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • the obtained strain having chromosomally introduced arabinose utilization gene was named Corynebacterium glutamicum A1X5C1 ⁇ ldhA.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • the obtained strain having a chromosomally introduced arabinose transporter gene was named Corynebacterium glutamicum A1X5C1araE ⁇ ldhA.
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM8 A strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • the Corynebacterium glutamicum R qsuB gene disruptant was named Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM8.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • This strain obtained by markerless disruption of the qsuD gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, was named Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM9.
  • the single crossover strain obtained in the above culture medium was applied to BT agar medium containing aromatic amino acids (BT liquid medium containing 1.5% agar, supplemented with 20 ⁇ g/mL each of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, and 10 ⁇ g/mL of p-aminobenzoic acid) and 10% (w/v) sucrose.
  • aromatic amino acids BT liquid medium containing 1.5% agar, supplemented with 20 ⁇ g/mL each of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, and 10 ⁇ g/mL of p-aminobenzoic acid
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM1 A strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium. This strain, obtained by markerless disruption of the aroK gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, was named Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM1.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • the strain obtained by Corynebacterium glutamicum R tkt-tal gene markerless chromosomal introduction was named Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM2.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • the strain obtained by Corynebacterium glutamicum R iolT1 gene markerless chromosomal introduction was named Corynebacterium glutamicum LHglc553.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • This strain obtained by markerless disruption of the ptsH gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, was named Corynebacterium glutamicum LHglc567.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • the strain obtained by Corynebacterium glutamicum R ppgK gene markerless chromosomal introduction was named Corynebacterium glutamicum LHglc594.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • the strain obtained by Corynebacterium glutamicum R glk1 gene markerless chromosomal introduction was named Corynebacterium glutamicum LHglc611.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • the strain obtained by Corynebacterium glutamicum R glk2 gene markerless chromosomal introduction was named Corynebacterium glutamicum LHglc618.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • the strain obtained by Corynebacterium glutamicum R gapA gene markerless chromosomal introduction was named Corynebacterium glutamicum LHglc741.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • This strain obtained by markerless disruption of the hdpA gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, was named Corynebacterium glutamicum LHglc753.
  • a strain having kanamycin sensitivity and growing ability in a culture medium containing sucrose was selected from growing strains on the medium.
  • the strain obtained by Corynebacterium glutamicum R gapA gene markerless chromosomal introduction was named Corynebacterium glutamicum LHglc573.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture and cut with the use of a restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted plasmids. As a result, introduction of the above-constructed plasmid pCRB237 was confirmed.
  • the obtained strain was named Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM3.
  • the outline of gene recombination of the plasmid is shown in Table 3.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture and cut with the use of a restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted plasmids. As a result, introduction of the above-constructed plasmids pCRB237 and pCRB238 was confirmed.
  • the transformants obtained by introducing the plasmids pCRB237 and pCRB238 into each of Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM2, LHglc618, LHglc741, LHglc753, and SKM1 were named Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM4, SKM5, SKM6, SKM7, and SKM10, respectively.
  • the outline of gene recombination of the plasmids is shown in Table 3.
  • Plasmid DNA was extracted from the culture and cut with the use of a restriction enzyme to confirm the inserted plasmids. As a result, introduction of the above-constructed plasmids pCRB239 and pCRB238 was confirmed.
  • the obtained strains were named Corynebacterium glutamicum SK11 and SKM12.
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM7 was deposited in Incorporated Administrative Agency National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, NITE Patent Microorganisms Depositary (2-5-8 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi, Chiba 292-0818 Japan) under Accession Number NITE BP-01903 on July 29, 2014.
  • a shikimic acid-producing strain SKM6 (see Example 1 (Table 3) constructed based on the A1X5C1araE ⁇ ldhA strain, which is a mixed sugar utilization strain obtained from a shikimic acid-producing transformant of Corynebacterium glutamicum R, a shikimic acid-production experiment was conducted by aerobic fed-batch reaction with use of a jar fermentor (made by Able Corp., Type: BMJ1L) as described below.
  • the SKM6 strain was inoculated into 10 mL of A liquid medium (2 g of (NH 2 ) 2 CO, 7 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.5 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 , 0.5 g of MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O, 1 mL of 0.06% (w/v) Fe 2 SO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O+0.042% (w/v) MnSO 4 ⁇ 2H 2 O, 1 mL of 0.02% (w/v) biotin solution, 2 mL of 0.01% (w/v) thiamin solution, 2 g of yeast extract, 7 g of vitamin assay casamino acid, and 40 g of glucose dissolved in 1 L of distilled water) containing 20 ⁇ g/mL each of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, 10 ⁇ g/mL of p-aminobenzoic acid, 50 ⁇ g/
  • the Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM6 strain grown under the conditions as above was inoculated into 100 mL of A liquid medium (2 g of (NH 2 ) 2 CO, 7 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.5 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 , 0.5 g of MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O, 1 mL of 0.06% (w/v) Fe 2 SO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O+0.042% (w/v) MnSO 4 ⁇ 2H 2 O, 1 mL of 0.02% (w/v) biotin solution, 2 mL of 0.01% (w/v) thiamin solution, 2 g of yeast extract, 7 g of vitamin assay casamino acid, and 40 g of glucose dissolved in 1 L of distilled water) containing 20 ⁇ g/mL each of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, 10 ⁇ g/mL of
  • the bacterial cells of the Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM6 strain grown under the conditions as above were collected by centrifugation (4°C, 3000 ⁇ g, 10 min) and suspended at a concentration corresponding to an OD 610 of 0.5 in 600 mL of A (-urea, 3x ammonium sulfate, 5 ⁇ g/L of biotin, 2 ⁇ yeast extract, 2 ⁇ vitamin assay casamino acid) liquid medium (21 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.5 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 , 0.5 g of MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O, 1 mL of 0.06% (w/v) Fe 2 SO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O+0.042% (w/v) MnSO 4 ⁇ 2H 2 O, 25 ⁇ L of 0.02% (w/v) biotin solution, 2 mL of 0.01% (w/v) thiamin solution, 4 g of yeast extract,
  • the bacterial cells of the Corynebacterium glutamicum SKM6 strain grown under the conditions as above were collected by centrifugation (4°C, 5000 ⁇ g, 10 min), washed once with 0.9% sodium chloride aqueous solution, and suspended at a concentration corresponding to 100 g wet bacterial cells/L (10% by weight of wet bacterial cells per medium volume) in 250 mL of BT (-urea, -biotin) liquid medium (7 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.5 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 , 0.5 g of MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O, 1 mL of 0.06% (w/v) Fe 2 SO 4 .7H 2 O+0.042% (w/v) MnSO 4 ⁇ 2H 2 O, and 2 mL of 0.01% (w/v) thiamin solution dissolved in 1 L of distilled water) containing 10% glucose in a 1000-mL jar ferment
  • the glucose concentration in the reaction mixture was monitored using a glucose sensor (Oji Scientific Instruments, BF-5i), and glucose replenishment was performed before complete depletion.
  • the aromatic metabolite concentration in the culture supernatant was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (separated using Prominence HPLC device (made by Shimadzu), COSMOSIL Packed column 5C18-AR-II, mobile phase: 20% methanol and 0.07% perchloric acid) . The results are shown in Table 4.
  • the amount of consumed glucose was 1119 mM, and the sugar-based yield (mol/(mol glucose), %) was 42.9% for shikimic acid and 51.6% for shikimic acid combined with 3-DHS and 3-DHQ.
  • the reaction of shikimic acid production by the SKM6 strain bacterial cell growth was not observed.
  • the shikimic acid productivity of the SKM6 strain was significantly higher than that of Escherichia coli SP1.1 pts-/pSC6.090B (shikimic acid production rate: 1.8 g/L ⁇ h, shikimic acid yield: 27% (Patent Literature 4 ( US 6472169 ))), which is known to be the most highly productive recombinant strain of Escherichia coli in the fermentation method from sugars using minimal medium.
  • the above shikimic acid-producing strain of Escherichia coli is seriously disadvantageous in that quinate as a by-product is produced in a large amount and is hard to separate from shikimic acid in a later step of purification of shikimic acid (Patent Literature 3 ( US 6613552 ) and Patent Literature 4 ( US 6472169 )).
  • the SKM6 strain of the present invention hardly produced quinate and therefore is advantageous in that the step of purification of shikimic acid is not hindered.
  • the supernatant of the reaction mixture was subjected to quantitative analysis for organic acids by HPLC (Prominence HPLC (made by Shimadzu), TSK-gel Oapak-A column (made by Tosoh)).
  • the SKM6 strain remarkably accumulated dihydroxyacetone (DHA) produced by the dephosphorization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which is a metabolic intermediate in the glycolytic pathway.
  • DHA dihydroxyacetone
  • DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  • GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • the results show that the amount of shikimic acid production (Table 4) by the SKM6 strain having the gapA gene introduced thereinto (described in Example 2) was 22% higher than the amount produced by the SKM5 strain and that the higher expression of the GAPDH gene in the transformant leads to remarkably increased shikimic acid production.
  • the SKM6 strain exhibited, as compared to the SKM5 strain, a considerably (27%) increased glucose consumption and a slightly decreased sugar-based yields of shikimic acid and of shikimic acid combined with 3-DHS and 3-DHQ. From these facts, the main cause of the increased shikimic acid productivity of the SKM6 strain is considered to be the increased shikimic acid-production rate associated with the increased glucose consumption.
  • the enhancement of the GAPDH activity in the transformant activates the glucose consumption and thereby improves the shikimic acid productivity.
  • a crude enzyme extract was obtained from the bacterial cells of each strain and was measured for the GAPDH activity.
  • the GAPDH activity of the SKM6 strain (5.4 U/mg protein) was about 4.3 times higher than that of the SKM5 strain (1.3 U/mg protein), which confirmed the enhancement of the GAPDH activity in the SKM6 strain having the chromosomally introduced gapA gene.
  • gapA gene higher expression was examined using, as a reference, a shikimic acid-producing strain which depends on PTS for intracellular uptake of glucose.
  • SKM11 being a shikimic acid-producing strain having a non-disrupted ptsH gene and SKM12 having the same genotype as that of SKM11 except for highly expressing the gapA gene as a result of chromosomal introduction of the gene under the control of a promoter for high expression
  • aroK gene, qsuB gene, and qsuD gene were disrupted, and tkt-tal gene and shikimic acid biosynthetic pathway genes (aroG, aroB, aroD, and aroE) had been introduced
  • an experiment of shikimic acid production was conducted under the same conditions and in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the bacterial cell concentration for use in the reaction was 50 g wet cells/L (the weight of wet cells was 5% of the medium volume).
  • the DAHP synthase gene introduced into these two strains was aroG(P150L).
  • the mutation site of this gene is different from that of other shikimic acid-producing strains, but it has already been confirmed that the product of this gene has almost the same enzymatic characteristic (feedback inhibition resistance to aromatic amino acids) as that of the DAHP synthase encoded by aroG(S180F), and when introduced into Corynebacterium glutamicum, exhibits the same effect on shikimic acid production.
  • the SKM11 strain produced 139 mM of shikimic acid and 24.5 mM of 3-DHS, while the SKM12 strain produced 115 mM of shikimic acid and 17.2 mM of 3-DHS in 24 hours of reaction.
  • the bacterial cells of each strain were collected, and each crude enzyme extract obtained therefrom was measured for the GAPDH activity.
  • the GAPDH activity of the SKM12 strain, into which the gapA gene had been introduced was about 10 times higher than that of the SKM11 strain, which did not have the gene. Therefore, it was confirmed that the GAPDH activity was enhanced in the SKM12 strain.
  • the shikimic acid-producing strain constructed in the present invention into which strain genes for mixed sugar utilization have been introduced, can simultaneously utilize xylose, arabinose, and cellobiose, in addition to glucose ( Sasaki, M., et al, Engineering of pentose transport in Corynebacterium glutamicum to improve simultaneous utilization of mixed sugars. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 85: 105-115 (2009 )). To confirm this, with the use of the SKM7 strain, an experiment of shikimic acid production was conducted using mixed sugars of glucose, xylose, and arabinose as carbon sources.
  • the shikimic acid-production experiment was conducted under the same conditions and in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the medium used for the reaction contained 60 g/L of glucose, 35 g/L of xylose, and 5 g/L of arabinose (initial concentrations) as carbon sources. (When the concentrations of the carbon sources decreased, the three kinds at the same ratio as above were added before depletion.)
  • 656 mM of glucose, 497 mM of xylose, and 75 mM of arabinose were consumed, and therefore, the sugar-based yield (mol/mol, %) was 45.8% for shikimic acid and 57.2% for shikimic acid combined with 3-DHS and 3-DHQ.
  • the SKM7 strain exhibits almost the same level of shikimic acid-productivity and yield based on sugar even in a reaction using mixed sugars of glucose, xylose, and arabinose as carbon sources as in a reaction using glucose as a single carbon source. Also, it was confirmed that the transformant is capable of simultaneously utilizing the sugars.
  • the SKM3 strain is a strain into which, in addition to the genetic modifications in SKM2 (disruption of aroK gene, qsuB gene, and qsuD gene, and higher expression of tkt gene and tal gene), a feedback inhibition-resistant DAHP synthase gene (aroG (S180F)) of Escherichia coli has been introduced using a plasmid.
  • the SKM2 strain and the SKM3 strain were separately inoculated into 10 mL of A liquid medium (2 g of (NH 2 ) 2 CO, 7 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.5 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 , 0.5 g of MgSO 4 -7H 2 O, 1 mL of 0.06% (w/v) Fe 2 SO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O+0 ⁇ 042% (w/v) MnSO 4 ⁇ 2H 2 O, 1 mL of 0.02% (w/v) biotin solution, 2 mL of 0.01% (w/v) thiamin solution, 2 g of yeast extract, 7 g of vitamin assay casamino acid, and 40 g of glucose dissolved in 1 L of distilled water) containing 20 ⁇ g/mL each of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, and 10 ⁇ g/mL of p-aminobenzo
  • the bacterial cells grown in the above conditions were inoculated at a concentration corresponding to an OD 610 of 0.5 into 10 mL of A liquid medium containing 20 ⁇ g/mL each of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, and 10 ⁇ g/mL of p-aminobenzoic acid (and 50 ⁇ g/mL (final concentration) of kanamycin for the culture of the SKM3 strain) in a test tube, and aerobically cultured with shaking at 33°C for 24 hours.
  • the SKM2 strain produced 10.2 mM of shikimic acid and 2.5 mM of 3-DHS (sugar-based yield of shikimic acid and the total sugar-based yield of shikimic acid and 3-DHS were 8.6% and 10.6%, respectively), while the SKM3 strain produced 18.9 mM of shikimic acid and 6.6 mM of 3-DHS (sugar-based yield of shikimic acid and the total sugar-based yield of shikimic acid and 3-DHS were 16.0% and 21.9%, respectively) in 24 hours of aerobic culture.
  • the amounts of 3-DHQ produced by the two strains were both very slight (1 mM or less).
  • the results show that higher expression of the feedback inhibition-resistant DAHP synthase gene (aroG (S180F)) of Escherichia coli greatly increases the amounts of shikimic acid and 3-DHS produced.
  • the SKM4 strain produced 28.8 mM of shikimic acid and 4.9 mM of 3-DHS (sugar-based yield of shikimic acid and the total sugar-based yield of shikimic acid and 3-DHS were 28.7% and 33.0%, respectively) .
  • Comparison of these results and the results of the SKM3 strain not having the aroB gene, the aroD gene, or the aroE gene introduced thereinto show that the SKM4 strain produced a greatly (52%) increased amount of shikimic acid. Meanwhile, the SKM4 strain produced a 26% reduced amount of 3-DHS as compared to the SKM3 strain.
  • the shikimic acid productivity was compared among the A1X5C1araE ⁇ ldhA strain (the original strain of the shikimic acid-producing strains, a mixed sugar utilization strain), the SKM1 strain, the SKM8 strain, and the SKM9 strain (see Example 1, Table 3).
  • organic compounds such as shikimic acid
  • glucose or the like can be produced from glucose or the like with a practical efficiency.

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Claims (14)

  1. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme modifié par les (A) à (E) suivants :
    (A) l'augmentation de l'activité 3-désoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase ;
    (B) la prévention, l'inhibition ou la réduction de l'absorption de sucre intracellulaire médiée par le système phosphoénolpyruvate : sucre phosphotransférase (PTS) ;
    (C) l'augmentation de l'activité d'absorption de sucre intracellulaire médiée par un transporteur de sucre différent du système phosphoénolpyruvate : sucre phosphotransférase ;
    (D) l'augmentation de l'activité glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénase (GAPDH) ; et
    (E) l'augmentation de l'activité glucokinase,
    dans lequel le transporteur de sucre différent du système phosphoénolpyruvate : sucre phosphotransférase (PTS) est un transporteur d'inositol.
  2. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'activité dihydroxyacétone phosphate phosphatase est prévenue, inhibée ou réduite.
  3. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel l'une ou plusieurs parmi l'activité 3-déshydroquinate synthase, l'activité 3-déshydroquinate déshydratase et l'activité shikimate déshydrogénase sont augmentées.
  4. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel l'une ou plusieurs parmi l'activité transcétolase et l'activité transaldolase sont augmentées.
  5. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel l'une ou plusieurs parmi l'activité shikimate kinase, l'activité quinate/shikimate déshydrogénase et l'activité 3-déshydroshikimate déshydratase sont prévenues, inhibées ou réduites.
  6. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel l'activité 3-désoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase est augmentée par un ADN introduit dans celui-ci, l'ADN étant
    (a) un ADN constitué de la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 1 ; ou
    (b) un ADN constitué d'une séquence de bases qui présente 90 % ou plus d'identité avec la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 1 et code pour la 3-désoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase.
  7. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, dans lequel l'absorption de sucre intracellulaire médiée par le système phosphoénolpyruvate :sucre phosphotransférase (PTS) est prévenue, inhibée ou réduite par rupture, délétion ou mutation d'un ou plusieurs parmi ptsH codant pour la protéine histidine-phosphorylable (HPr), ptsl codant pour l'enzyme I et ptsG codant pour l'enzyme II spécifique pour le glucose en tant que gènes codant pour des composants de PTS.
  8. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, dans lequel l'activité d'absorption de sucre intracellulaire médiée par le transporteur d'inositol est augmentée par un ADN introduit dans celui-ci, l'ADN étant
    (c) un ADN constitué de la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 2 ; ou
    (d) un ADN constitué d'une séquence de bases qui présente 90 % ou plus d'identité avec la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 2 et code pour le transporteur d'inositol.
  9. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, dans lequel l'activité glucokinase est augmentée par un ADN introduit dans celui-ci, l'ADN étant
    (e) un ADN constitué de la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 3, 4, ou 5 ; ou
    (f) un ADN constitué d'une séquence de bases qui présente 90 % ou plus d'identité avec la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 3, 4 ou 5 et code pour la glucokinase.
  10. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, dans lequel l'activité glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénase est augmentée par un ADN introduit dans celui-ci, l'ADN étant
    (g) un ADN constitué de la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 6 ; ou
    (h) un ADN constitué d'une séquence de bases qui présente 90 % ou plus d'identité avec la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 6 et code pour la glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénase.
  11. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon l'une quelconque des revendications 3 à 10, dans lequel l'augmentation de l'activité 3-déshydroquinate synthase est obtenue par l'introduction de
    (i) un ADN constitué de la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 7 ou
    (j) un ADN constitué d'une séquence de bases qui présente 90 % ou plus d'identité avec la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 7 et code pour la 3-déshydroquinate synthase ;
    l'augmentation de l'activité 3-déshydroquinate activité est obtenue par l'introduction de
    (k) un ADN constitué de la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 8 ou
    (l) un ADN constitué d'une séquence de bases qui présente 90 % ou plus d'identité avec la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 8 et code pour la 3-déshydroquinate déshydratase ; et
    l'augmentation de l'activité shikimate déshydrogénase est obtenue par l'introduction de
    (m) un ADN constitué de la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 9 ou
    (n) un ADN constitué d'une séquence de bases qui présente 90 % ou plus d'identité avec la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 9 et code pour la shikimate déshydrogénase.
  12. Transformant de bactérie corynéforme selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 à 11, dans lequel l'augmentation de l'activité transcétolase est obtenue par l'introduction de
    (o) un ADN constitué de la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 10 ou
    (p) un ADN constitué d'une séquence de bases qui présente 90 % ou plus d'identité avec la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 10 et code pour la transcétolase ; et l'augmentation de l'activité transaldolase est obtenue par l'introduction de
    (q) un ADN constitué de la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 11 ou
    (r) un ADN constitué d'une séquence de bases qui présente 90 % ou plus d'identité avec la séquence de bases de SEQ ID NO : 11 et code pour la transaldolase.
  13. Procédé de production d'un composé organique, qui comprend une étape de culture du transformant selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12 dans un mélange de réaction contenant un sucre, et une étape de récupération d'au moins un type de composé organique choisi dans le groupe constitué de l'acide shikimique, l'acide 3-déshydroshikimique, l'acide 3-déshydroquinique, l'acide protocatéchuique, l'acide chorismique, l'acide gallique, la phénylalanine, la tyrosine, le tryptophane, l'acide anthranilique, l'acide p-hydroxybenzoïque, l'acide p-aminobenzoïque, le phénol et le catéchol à partir du mélange de réaction.
  14. Procédé selon la revendication 13, dans lequel le transformant de bactérie corynéforme est cultivé dans des conditions aérobies dans lesquelles le transformant de bactérie corynéforme ne croît pas.
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US20180044688A1 (en) 2018-02-15
JP6302073B2 (ja) 2018-03-28
CN106795486B (zh) 2021-06-08
WO2016027870A1 (fr) 2016-02-25
CN106795486A (zh) 2017-05-31
EP3184626A4 (fr) 2018-03-07
EP3184626A1 (fr) 2017-06-28
JPWO2016027870A1 (ja) 2017-06-01
US10208313B2 (en) 2019-02-19

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