EP2791606B2 - Geschlossenes transportfluidsystem zum ofeninternen wärmeaustausch zwischen glühgasen - Google Patents

Geschlossenes transportfluidsystem zum ofeninternen wärmeaustausch zwischen glühgasen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2791606B2
EP2791606B2 EP12806412.8A EP12806412A EP2791606B2 EP 2791606 B2 EP2791606 B2 EP 2791606B2 EP 12806412 A EP12806412 A EP 12806412A EP 2791606 B2 EP2791606 B2 EP 2791606B2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
annealing
gas
furnace
transport fluid
furnace chamber
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EP12806412.8A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2791606A1 (de
EP2791606B1 (de
Inventor
Robert Ebner
Heribert Lochner
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Ebner Industrieofenbau GmbH
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Ebner Industrieofenbau GmbH
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0006—Details, accessories not peculiar to any of the following furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/34—Methods of heating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
    • C21D9/663—Bell-type furnaces
    • C21D9/677—Arrangements of heating devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B11/00—Bell-type furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D17/00—Arrangements for using waste heat; Arrangements for using, or disposing of, waste gases
    • F27D17/004—Systems for reclaiming waste heat
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F27D99/0001—Heating elements or systems
    • F27D2099/0061—Indirect heating
    • F27D2099/0065—Gas

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a furnace for the heat treatment of annealing material and a method for the heat treatment of annealing material in a furnace.
  • AT508776 discloses a method for preheating annealing material in a bell annealing system with annealing bases receiving the annealing material under a protective hood in a transport fluid atmosphere.
  • the annealing material to be subjected to heat treatment in a protective hood is preheated with the aid of a gaseous heat carrier, which flows around the protective hoods from the outside in a circuit and absorbs heat from an annealing material that has already been heat-treated in one protective hood and transfers it to an annealing material that is to be preheated in another protective hood.
  • At least one additional annealing base with a protective hood that can be heated from the outside via burners is used for the heat treatment of the annealed material.
  • the hot exhaust gases from the heating of this protective hood are mixed with the heated heat transfer medium to preheat the annealing material.
  • AT507423 discloses a method for preheating annealing material in a hood annealing system with two annealing bases receiving the annealing material under a protective hood.
  • the annealing material to be subjected to heat treatment in a protective hood is preheated with the aid of a gaseous heat carrier, which is circulated between the two protective hoods and absorbs heat from an annealing material heat-treated in one protective hood and transfers it to the annealing material to be preheated in the other protective hood.
  • the circulated flow of heat transfer fluid flows around the two protective hoods from the outside, while a transport fluid is circulated inside the protective hoods.
  • AT411904 discloses a bell annealing furnace, in particular for coils of steel strip or wire, with an annealing base receiving the material to be annealed and with a protective hood fitted in a gas-tight manner. Furthermore, a radial fan mounted in the annealing base is provided, which comprises an impeller and a diffuser enclosing the impeller for circulating a transport fluid in the protective hood. A heat exchanger for cooling the transport fluid is connected on the inlet side via a flow channel to the pressure side of the radial fan and opens out on the outlet side in an annular gap between the diffuser and the protective hood.
  • a deflection device that can be displaced axially into the flow path of the radial fan on the pressure side is used for the optional connection of the flow channel leading to the heat exchanger (water-cooled annular tube bundle) to the radial fan.
  • the protective hood is mounted in a gas-tight manner via an annular flange, namely pressed onto the base flange.
  • the heat exchanger (cooler) is below the annular flange.
  • the flow channel consists of an annular channel starting from the outer circumference of the diffuser and concentric to the annular gap.
  • the deflection device is designed as an annular deflection slide enclosing the diffuser on the outside.
  • SU1740459A1 discloses a top hat furnace having two sealed furnace chambers.
  • a heat exchanger is arranged outside the furnace chambers.
  • the heat exchanger is coupled to the furnace chamber, so that thermal energy can be released from one furnace chamber to the other furnace chamber and vice versa by means of the heat exchanger.
  • U.S. 2,479,102A discloses a bell annealing furnace in whose inner volume coils or sheet-like material are stacked and heated.
  • a heat exchanger assembly is shown having tubes that extend in concentric loops about the central axis of the bell annealer.
  • combustion gas or hot gas is flown through the heat exchange tubes to heat the gas or internal atmosphere within the bell annealer, and in a subsequent cooling mode, air is flown through the heat exchange tubes.
  • a furnace for heat treating annealing material has a closable first furnace chamber, which is designed to receive and heat-treat annealed material by means of thermal interaction of the annealed material with heatable first annealing gas in the first furnace chamber.
  • a first heat exchanger which is designed for thermal exchange between the first annealing gas and a transport fluid, is arranged in the first furnace chamber.
  • the first heat exchanger is arranged within a housing section (for example within a protective hood, in particular within an innermost protective hood) of the first furnace chamber.
  • This housing section encloses the first annealing gas inside the first furnace chamber (in particular, this housing section, which accommodates the material to be annealed, is in direct contact with the first annealing gas and seals it hermetically or gas-tight from the environment). Furthermore, a closable second furnace chamber is provided, which is designed to receive and heat-treat annealed material by means of thermal interaction of the annealed material with heatable second annealing gas in the second furnace chamber. A second heat exchanger, which is designed for thermal exchange between the second annealing gas and the transport fluid, is arranged in the second furnace chamber.
  • the second heat exchanger is arranged within a housing section (for example within a protective hood, in particular within an innermost protective hood) of the second furnace chamber.
  • This Housing section encloses the second annealing gas inside the second furnace space (together with annealing material) (in particular, it, which accommodates annealing material, is in direct contact with the second annealing gas and hermetically seals it from the environment).
  • a closed transport fluid path is operatively connected to the first heat exchanger and to the second heat exchanger in such a way that thermal energy can be transferred between the first annealing gas and the second annealing gas by means of the transport fluid.
  • a method for heat-treating annealing material in a furnace in which method annealing material is accommodated in a closable first furnace chamber and is heat-treated in the first furnace chamber by means of thermal interaction of the annealing material with heatable first annealing gas. Furthermore, a thermal exchange between the first annealing gas and a transport fluid is brought about by means of a first heat exchanger arranged in the first furnace chamber. The first heat exchanger is arranged within a housing portion of the first furnace space. This housing section encloses the first annealing gas inside the first furnace chamber.
  • the material to be annealed is accommodated in a lockable second furnace chamber and heat-treated in the second furnace chamber by means of thermal interaction of the material to be annealed with heatable second annealing gas.
  • a thermal exchange between the second annealing gas and the transport fluid is effected by means of a second heat exchanger arranged in the second furnace space, the second heat exchanger being arranged within a housing section of the second furnace space. This housing section encloses the second annealing gas inside the second furnace chamber.
  • a closed transport fluid path which is operatively connected to the first heat exchanger and to the second heat exchanger, is controlled in such a way that thermal energy is transferred between the first annealing gas and the second annealing gas by means of the transport fluid.
  • a fluidic path provided separately from the glow gas in different bases or furnace chambers of a furnace also referred to as a closed transport fluid path
  • a closed transport fluid path can be provided, which is provided with respective heat exchangers (which are provided separately from protective hoods, in particular inside them).
  • respective heat exchangers which are provided separately from protective hoods, in particular inside them.
  • operatively connected to each other in the furnace chambers in order to exchange thermal energy between two separate annealing gases in the two furnace chambers. It is important that direct mechanical contact between the transport fluid and the annealing gas in the furnace chambers is avoided. Only a thermal exchange between these gases or fluids is made possible by means of the respective heat exchanger.
  • thermal energy from a furnace chamber that is currently in a cooling phase can be used to preheat another furnace chamber that is currently in a heating-up phase.
  • a separate and closed transport fluid path is provided according to the invention, which is brought into fluid connection with the heat exchangers arranged within the furnace chambers (which are thus in particular each completely flushed, ie in full flow, by the respective annealing gas).
  • the annealing gas of one base e.g. 100% hydrogen
  • the annealing gas of the heat-exchanging partner base e.g. also 100% hydrogen).
  • the transport fluid path is fluidly but not thermally decoupled from the annealing gas in the two furnace chambers, it is also possible to design the transport fluid used specifically to meet the needs of efficient heat transfer, in particular to use a transport fluid with high thermal conductivity. For example, 100% H2, 100% He or other gases with good thermal conductivity can be used.
  • a transport fluid with high thermal conductivity For example, 100% H2, 100% He or other gases with good thermal conductivity can be used.
  • the transport fluid path as a high-pressure path, so that the heat transfer in the transport fluid under high pressure can be significantly increased and at the same time a particularly large amount of heat can be transported without the relatively low pressure gas ratios in the individual furnace chambers would be adversely affected as a result.
  • the transport path can also be used to provide heating or cooling energy for selectively heating or cooling a respective one of the furnace chambers. It is crucial for the transport fluid path that it acts directly in the full flow. Thus, according to the configuration according to the invention, the transport fluid path can be used both for heat exchange between different furnace chambers and for heating or cooling.
  • the arrangement can be made very compact. This advantage is made possible by positioning the heat exchangers as the only heat supply units for the respective annealing gas inside the annealing chamber (ie under the protective hood). Furthermore, with the elimination of heating or cooling hoods, the effort in connection with the required crane clearances for handling the individual hoods is significantly reduced. A crane is essentially only required to transport the annealing charge and the protective hoods to the furnace chambers, no longer to maneuver the cooling or heating hoods.
  • the furnace can be designed as a furnace that can be operated in batches, in particular as a hood furnace or chamber furnace.
  • a furnace that can be operated in batches is understood to mean a furnace into which a batch of annealing material, for example strips to be heat-treated, is introduced. The corresponding furnace chamber is then closed and the annealing material introduced in batches is subjected to the heat treatment.
  • a batch furnace is a batch furnace.
  • the first oven chamber can be closed with a removable first protective hood (as the above-mentioned housing section of the first oven chamber) and the second oven chamber can be closed with a removable second protective hood (as the above-mentioned housing section of the second oven chamber).
  • the respective thermally insulated protective hood for the furnace chamber can be designed in such a way that it hermetically or gas-tightly seals the interior of the furnace chamber, so that an incandescent gas that can be admitted into the respective furnace chamber is reliably protected from escaping from the respective furnace chamber.
  • the first protective hood can be the outermost hood, in particular the only hood, of the first furnace chamber.
  • the second protective hood can be the outermost hood, in particular the only one, of the second furnace chamber.
  • the furnace can be equipped with a single hood per furnace space. Compared to conventional hood furnaces, in which a protective hood and, in addition, an outer heating or cooling hood are fitted, the construction of the furnace according to the invention with a single protective hood per base is significantly simpler.
  • the first protective hood and the second protective hood can each have a heat-resistant inner housing, in particular made of metal, and an insulating sleeve made of a heat-insulating material. Since the energy is no longer supplied via the protective hood according to this exemplary embodiment (for example the burner of the heating hood from the outside), the wall temperature of the protective hoods is lower, the heat-resistant material is less stressed and the wall heat losses decrease. According to this configuration, the protective hood for hood furnaces can be designed significantly differently than conventional protective hoods.
  • the conventional protective hoods should all be made of a thermally highly conductive material in order to achieve thermal compensation between the glow gas under the respective protective hood and another gas between the two hoods
  • the described embodiment takes into account the fact that a thermal Interaction through the protective hood is no longer necessary and no longer desired.
  • the protective hood can be formed at least partially from a thermally insulating material in order to suppress heat losses to the outside.
  • the protective hood and/or the further protective hood can have an outer housing that is not necessarily heat-resistant, in particular made of metal, and an inner insulating sleeve made of a heat-insulating material when the furnace is designed as a chamber furnace.
  • the transport fluid path can have a heating unit for generating thermal heat.
  • the heating unit can be set up for the direct heating of the transport fluid or the first heat exchanger or the second heat exchanger.
  • the first furnace space can be heated by means of thermal transfer of the heat generated to the first glow gas.
  • the second furnace space can be heated by means of thermal transfer of the heat generated to the second glow gas.
  • the heating unit can be placed outside the furnace chambers, i.e. outside the heated area. If the transport fluid path is coupled to a separate heating unit, the transport fluid itself can not only be used for heat exchange between the annealing gas in the different furnace chambers, but can also transport thermal energy from the heating unit into the interior of the respective furnace chamber.
  • the tube bundle itself can also be used or used as a transmission medium for electric current, which (preferably at low voltage and high current intensity) is caused by ohmic losses (according to the principle of electrical resistance heating ) in the respective heat exchanger can be converted into thermal energy.
  • a low-impedance tube wall of the transport fluid path can be used as a corresponding coupling element, for example, to which the respective heat exchanger (in particular a tube bundle) is connected. Passing the coupling element through a floor or a furnace base of the furnace chamber allows the protective hood to be designed simply and without interruption, since it is no longer necessary to pass a supply line to the heat exchanger through the protective hood.
  • a gas heating unit when using a gas heating unit, it may be preferable to heat the transport fluid itself and to cause it to thermally interact with the annealing gas inside the respective furnace space by fans along the transport fluid path via the respective heat exchanger.
  • This heating unit external to the glow chamber can be, for example, a gas heating unit, an oil heating unit, a pellet heating unit or an electric heating unit.
  • the heating e.g. with gas
  • the heating can take place via a heat exchanger external to the annealing chamber, the tube bundle of which heats the hot compressed gas, for example using natural gas burners, which can be transported with a pressure fan to the respective annealing gas chamber heat exchanger.
  • Heating with electrical energy can also be done via a transformer directly through the tube bundle of the heat exchanger external to the annealing chamber in order to transfer electrical energy to the hot compressed gas and to transport the thermal energy contained therein to the respective annealing gas chamber heat exchanger.
  • the furnace can be operated in an environmentally friendly manner, for example because no carbon dioxide and no nitrogen oxides are produced with an electric heating unit (internal or external).
  • an electric heating unit internal or external
  • An oil heating unit can burn oil to generate thermal energy.
  • a pellet heating unit can burn wood pellets to generate thermal energy.
  • other types of thermal power generation units can also be used according to the invention.
  • the first furnace space can be closed with a removable first heating hood, which encloses the first protective hood.
  • the second furnace space can be closed with a removable second heating hood, which encloses the second protective hood.
  • the first oven chamber can have a first heating unit for heating an intermediate space between the first heating hood and the first protective hood.
  • the second furnace chamber can have a second heating unit for heating an intermediate space between the second heating hood and the second protective hood.
  • a further heating hood is provided for each base or furnace chamber.
  • the transport fluid path can be provided exclusively for exchanging thermal energy between the glow gases. It is also possible to place a cooling hood on the respective furnace chamber in order to initiate cooling of the annealing gas.
  • the first heating unit and the second heating unit may each be a gas heating unit.
  • a gas heating unit can be a gas burner that heats between the heating hood and the protective hood.
  • the first heat exchanger and/or the second heat exchanger can be designed as a tube bundle heat exchanger made from tubes bent into a bundle.
  • a tube bundle heat exchanger can be understood to mean a heat exchanger that is formed by a bundle of tubes that are wound in a circle, for example.
  • the inside of the tube can be part of the transport fluid path and through which the transport fluid can flow.
  • the outside of the tube can be directly connected to the respective glow gas.
  • a tube bundle heat exchanger can be formed from tubes arranged parallel to one another.
  • the tube wall can be gas-tight and heat-resistant.
  • the arrangement can be configured in such a way that the transport fluid is pressed or conveyed through the interior of the tubes and is separated from the respective glow gas by the tube wall.
  • the bundle of tubes can provide a large effective thermal exchange surface, so that the transport gas and the respective annealing gas can exchange a large amount of thermal energy.
  • exemplary embodiments of the invention can be used in a fully automatic mode.
  • a tube bundle can be used as a heat exchanger in the individual furnace chambers, which can be placed in the full flow. This is then used for heat exchange between a cooling batch of annealing material and a heating batch of annealing material. Furthermore, the shell and tube heat exchangers can be used to heat up to glowing temperature. Cooling to a final temperature (for example a removal temperature of the annealing material) can also be carried out using the same tube bundle heat exchanger.
  • the first furnace chamber can have a first annealing gas fan and the second furnace chamber can have a second annealing gas fan, with the respective annealing gas fan being set up to direct the respective annealing gas onto the respective heat exchanger and onto the respective annealing material.
  • a respective glow gas fan can be arranged in a lower area of the respective base or furnace chamber and can circulate the annealing gas in order to bring it into good thermal interaction with the annealing material in the respective furnace chamber.
  • the respective glow gas fan can steer the glow gas in a certain direction by means of a diffuser.
  • the transport fluid can be a transport gas with good thermal conductivity, in particular hydrogen or helium.
  • the transport fluid can be a liquid or a gas.
  • hydrogen or helium use can be made of their good thermal conductivity.
  • these gases can also be used well under high pressure.
  • the transport fluid in the transport fluid path can be under a pressure of approximately 2 bar to approximately 20 bar or higher, in particular under a pressure of approximately 5 bar to approximately 10 bar.
  • a significant overpressure of the transport fluid relative to atmospheric pressure can be created, which can exceed the only slight overpressure to which annealing gas in the furnace can be subjected.
  • the heat exchange can be configured particularly efficiently without the need for high-pressure capability in the first and second furnace chambers.
  • the transport fluid in the transport fluid path can be brought to a temperature in a range between approximately 400°C and approximately 1100°C, in particular in a range between approximately 600°C and approximately 900°C.
  • the transport fluid in the transport fluid path can be brought to a temperature in a range between 700°C and 800°C.
  • the transport fluid can thus be used to generate temperatures in the furnace chambers that are required for the treatment of annealing material, such as strips or wires or profiles made of steel, aluminum or copper and/or their alloys.
  • the furnace can also have at least one closable third furnace chamber, which is designed to hold and heat-treat annealing material by means of thermal interaction of the annealing material with heatable third annealing gas in the third furnace chamber, and a third heat exchanger arranged in the third furnace chamber, which for thermal exchange between the third annealing gas and the transport fluid is formed.
  • the third heat exchanger can also be arranged within a housing section of the third furnace chamber, which housing section encloses the third annealing gas inside the third furnace chamber.
  • the closed transport fluid path can also be operatively connected to the third heat exchanger in such a way that thermal energy can be transferred between the first annealing gas and the second annealing gas and the third annealing gas by means of the transport fluid.
  • at least three furnace chambers can be coupled to one another. Then an energy-exchanging heating cycle, a heating cycle and a cooling cycle can be distinguished for each of the furnace chambers.
  • two of the three furnace chambers can be thermally coupled by means of the transport fluid, for example to pre-cool one furnace and pre-heat the other.
  • the third oven in each case can then be subjected to a heating or a cooling procedure.
  • the heat exchange between the furnace chambers can be provided in one stage when using two furnace chambers, in two stages when using three furnace chambers or in multiple stages when using more than three furnace chambers.
  • the furnace can have a control unit that is set up to control the transport fluid path in such a way that, by means of thermal exchange between the transport fluid and the first annealing gas and the second annealing gas, one of the first furnace chamber and the second furnace chamber is selectively in a preheating mode, a heating mode , a pre-cooling mode or a final cooling mode is operable.
  • a control unit can be, for example, a microprocessor that coordinates the operation of the different furnace chambers.
  • the control unit can, for example, control the heating unit, the cooling unit or valves of the fluidic system in order to carry out an operating sequence in an automated manner.
  • a preheating mode can be understood to mean an operating mode of a furnace chamber in which a annealing gas is brought to an elevated intermediate temperature by thermal energy from another annealing gas being supplied to the annealing gas.
  • An annealing gas can be subjected to one or more consecutive preheating phases.
  • a heating unit gas, electric, etc.
  • external to the furnace chamber can be switched on to an already preheated annealing gas in one or more stages in the above manner in order to bring the annealing gas to a high final temperature.
  • a annealing gas can be subjected to pre-cooling (quasi the inverse process to the above preheating), in which the annealing gas is brought to a lowered intermediate temperature by the annealing gas thermal energy another annealing gas taking a detour via the transport fluid gas supplies indirectly.
  • the fluid gas and thus the annealing gas can be connected to a furnace-external cooling unit (for example water cooling) in order to cool the annealing gas to a lower temperature.
  • the transport fluid path can have a transport fluid fan for conveying the transport fluid through the transport fluid path.
  • the transport fluid fan can thus promote the transport fluid along predetermined paths that can be predetermined by corresponding valve positions.
  • the transport fluid path can have a switchable cooler for cooling the transport fluid in the transport fluid path.
  • a switchable cooler for example based on the principle of water cooling of a tube bundle
  • the heat exchanger in the oven can be designed to be pressure-tight or can have a pressure vessel which encloses at least part of the transport fluid path in a pressure-tight manner.
  • the entire transport fluid path which can be operated under high pressure of, for example, 10 bar, can be designed with pressure-resistant pipes, valves and transport fluid fans, or housed in a pressure vessel or other pressure protection device.
  • the first heat exchanger can be arranged relative to a first glow gas fan for driving the first glow gas and/or the second heat exchanger relative to a second glow gas fan for driving the second glow gas such that in every operating state of the furnace, the first glow gas fan driven by the first glow gas fan Annealing gas flows through the first heat exchanger and/or that in every operating state of the furnace or a respective furnace chamber, the second annealing gas driven by the second annealing gas fan flows through the second heat exchanger.
  • a significant advantage of such an embodiment is that in every operating state (in particular for heating by means of a heating device, for cooling by means of a cooling device and for heat exchange between glow gas and heat exchange device), the glow gas conveyed by the fan is directed directly onto the respective heat exchanger.
  • Such a direct or immediate flow of annealing gas driven by a fan can in particular take place in full flow, i.e. completely along a circumference (for example an imaginary circle) around the fan.
  • a very efficient thermal coupling can be achieved between the glow gas and the respective heat exchanger.
  • the respective heat exchanger can in particular be stationarily mounted or provided immovably on the furnace to ensure that the glow gas conveyed by the fan is directed via baffles or the like onto a roughly circular tube bundle heat exchanger or another heat exchanger.
  • the respective heat exchanger should be arranged stationarily and immovably at a corresponding point of the furnace or permanently fixed there.
  • the possible operating states of the furnace or a respective furnace chamber can be a heating operating state for heating using a heating unit, a cooling operating state for cooling using a cooling unit, and a heat exchange operating state for exchanging heat between different furnace chambers using the transport fluid path (for preheating or pre-cooling).
  • the first annealing gas and the second annealing gas can remain in contact with the transport fluid in the furnace. In this way, it can be constructively ensured that the Glow gas does not come into contact with the transport fluid gas, so that no sooting occurs.
  • a bell annealer 100 is described according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • the hood furnace 100 is designed for the heat treatment of annealing material 102 .
  • annealing material 102 is arranged on a first base So1 of the top hat furnace 100 and another part on a second base So2 of the top hat furnace 100 .
  • the annealing material 102 which is 1 shown only schematically, it can be, for example, steel strip or wire bundles or the like (eg bulk material on floors) that are to be subjected to heat treatment.
  • the hood furnace 100 has a first closable furnace chamber 104, which is assigned to the first base So1.
  • the first furnace chamber 104 is used to receive and heat treat the annealing material 102, which is fed to the first base So1 in batches.
  • the first furnace space 104 is sealed gas-tight with a first protective hood 120 .
  • the first protective hood 120 is bell-shaped and can be maneuvered by means of a crane (not shown).
  • First annealing gas 112 for example hydrogen, can then be introduced as a protective gas into first furnace space 104, which is hermetically sealed by means of first protective hood 120, and heated, as will be described in more detail below.
  • a first glow gas fan 130 (or pedestal fan) in the first furnace cavity 104 may be driven in rotation to circulate the glow gas 112 in the first furnace cavity 104 .
  • the heated first annealing gas 112 can be brought into active thermal contact with the annealing material 102 to be heat-treated.
  • a first tube bundle heat exchanger 108 is arranged in the first furnace space 104 . This is formed from several turns of tubes, with the transport gas 116 described in more detail below having a tube inlet is supplied, flows through the interior of the tube and is discharged through a tube outlet. An outer surface of the tube bundle is in direct contact with the first annealing gas 112.
  • the first tube bundle heat exchanger 108 is used for thermal interaction between the first annealing gas 112 and the transport gas 116, which, according to one embodiment, is a gas with good thermal conductivity, such as hydrogen or helium, under high pressure for example 10 bar.
  • the first shell-and-tube heat exchanger 108 can be viewed as a plurality of coiled tubes, with the transport gas being able to be conducted through the interior of the tubes and via the, for example, metallic, wall of the tubes that is thermally well conductive, in thermal interaction with that around the outer wall of the tubes circulating first glow gas 112 is brought.
  • the first glow gas 112 and the transport gas 116 are fluidly decoupled or immiscibly separated from one another, but a thermal interaction can take place in the full flow by means of the first tube bundle heat exchanger 108 .
  • the first tube bundle heat exchanger 108 is arranged relative to the first annealing gas fan 130 for driving the annealing gas in such a way that the annealing gas driven by the first annealing gas fan 130 flows through the first tube bundle heat exchanger 108 in every operating state of the furnace 100 .
  • the underlying mechanism is presented in 16 described in more detail.
  • the pipes of the transport gas path 118 can be provided in small dimension, resulting in a compact structure.
  • the pressure of the transport gas 116 can be selected to be significantly higher than the pressure of the annealing gas 112 and the annealing gas 114 in the respective furnace chamber 104, 106 (for example a slight overpressure of between 20 mbar and 50 mbar above atmospheric pressure).
  • the second base So2 is constructed identically to the first base So1.
  • This contains a second annealing gas fan 132 for circulating second annealing gas 114, for example also hydrogen, in a second furnace chamber 106.
  • the second furnace chamber 106 can be sealed off hermetically from the environment by means of a second protective hood 122.
  • a second tube bundle heat exchanger 110 enables a thermal, but non-contact interaction between the second annealing gas 114 and the transport gas 116.
  • two sockets So1, So2 are shown, but in other exemplary embodiments two or more sockets can be operated in active coupling with one another.
  • the first oven cavity 104 is bounded below by a first oven base 170 (i.e., a thermally insulated base base), while the second oven cavity 106 is bounded below by a second oven base 172 .
  • first oven base 170 i.e., a thermally insulated base base
  • second oven cavity 106 is bounded below by a second oven base 172 .
  • the transport gas 116 can be supplied through the first furnace base 170 to the pipe interior of the first tube bundle heat exchanger 108 .
  • the transport gas 116 can be supplied through the second furnace base 172 to the tube interior of the second tube bundle heat exchanger 110 .
  • the fact that the transport gas 116 is introduced through the respective furnace base 170, 172 into the respective furnace space 104, 106 or discharged therefrom on the floor side means that energy is also supplied to the respective base So1 or So2 and the energy is removed from the respective base So1 or .So2 through the furnace bases 170,172.
  • the transport gas 116 is circulated through a closed transport gas path 118, which can also be referred to as a closed transport circuit. Closed means that the transport gas 116 is enclosed gas-tight in the heat-resistant and pressure-resistant transport gas path 118 and is protected from leakage out of the system or from mixing with other gases and from pressure equalization with the environment. Therefore, the transport gas 116 circulates through the transport gas path 118 for many cycles before the transport gas 116 can be replaced, for example, by pump down or the like. A contact-based interaction or a mixing of the transport fluid gas 116 with the glow gas 112 or 114 is prevented due to the purely thermal coupling by means of the tube bundle heat exchanger 108, 110.
  • the first tube bundle heat exchanger 108 is used functionally as a heat dissipation device or heat acceptance device which—apart from the supply and discharge lines—is located entirely inside the first oven space 104 that is closed off by the first protective hood 120 .
  • the second tube bundle heat exchanger 110 is also used functionally as a heat dissipating device or heat receiving device which—apart from the supply and discharge lines—is located entirely inside the second oven space 106 closed by the second protective hood 122 .
  • the heat is released to the respective annealing gas 112, 114 by means of tube bundle heat exchangers 108, 110 arranged inside the respective furnace chamber 104, 106 (which are provided separately or independently of the protective hoods 120, 122 and are covered by them) as a heat release device or heat acceptance device. Due to this supply of heat to the glow gas 112, 114 exclusively within the protective hoods 120, 122, the provision of additional hoods outside of the protective hoods 120, 122 is unnecessary according to the invention. In other words, according to the invention, the entire thermal interaction between the glow gas 112, 114 and the heat source is implemented within the respective single protective hood 120, 122 of the respective base So1, So2. This allows a compact design of the hood furnace 100 and reduces the effort with crane games.
  • the closed transport gas path 118 is functionally connected to the first tube bundle heat exchanger 108 and to the second tube bundle heat exchanger 110 in such a way that thermal energy can be transferred between the first annealing gas 112 and the second annealing gas 114 by means of the transport gas 116.
  • thermal energy of the still hot first glow gas 112 can be transferred to the transport gas 116 by means of a heat exchange in the first tube bundle heat exchanger 108 .
  • the transport gas 116 heated in this way can be brought into thermal operative connection with the second glow gas 114 via the second tube bundle heat exchanger 110 and can thus be used to heat or preheat the second base So2.
  • thermal energy may alternatively be transferred from the second glow gas 114 to the first glow gas 112 .
  • the transport gas path 118 and the transport gas 116 flowing therein being strictly mechanically decoupled from the annealing gas 112 and the annealing gas 114, it is possible to keep the transport gas 116 in the transport gas path 118 under high pressure, for example 10 bar.
  • This high pressure allows a high level of thermal energy to be exchanged very efficiently between the first glow gas 112 and the second glow gas 114 .
  • An electrical supply unit 124 is also provided as part of the transport gas path 118 .
  • the electrical supply unit 124 includes a two-socket transformer 174 operatively coupled to an electrical supply unit 176 for providing a high voltage.
  • an electric current is transmitted directly to the tube bundle 108 or 110 via terminals 180 or 182 and via connecting tubes 126 of the transport gas path 118 .
  • a transformer can also be provided for each base in order to switch over on the primary side at only about 1/10 of the current intensity.
  • the electrical supply unit 124 can also be completely deactivated.
  • the electrical current is conducted to the significantly higher-impedance tube bundle heat exchanger 108, where the electrical current is converted into heat, which is generated by ohmic losses.
  • the tube wall 126 thus serves as a current conductor, while the actual heating takes place further up the tube bundle. Heat energy is thus transferred to the first tube bundle heat exchanger 108 and from there to the first glow gas 112 or from the second tube bundle heat exchanger 110 to the second glow gas 114 .
  • the electrical supply unit 124 causes the tube bundle heat exchanger 108, 110 can be heated.
  • a first electrical insulation device 184 in the area of the first base So1 and a second electrical insulation device 186 in the area of the second base So2 ensure electrical decoupling of the pipe wall above and below these insulation elements 184, 186.
  • a transport gas fan 140 is provided, which is designed to convey the transport gas 116 through the transport gas path 118 .
  • a hot-pressure blower can be used as the transport gas fan 140 .
  • the transport gas path 118 also contains a switchable cooler 142 for cooling the transport gas 116 in the transport gas path 118 using a gas-water heat exchanger (alternatively, an electric cooling unit can also be used at this point).
  • One-way valves 144 are arranged at various points of the transport gas path 118, which can be switched electrically or pneumatically, for example, in order to open or close a specific gas line path.
  • multi-way valves 146 are attached at other points of the transport gas path 118, which can be switched electrically or pneumatically between a number of positions corresponding to a number of possible gas line paths.
  • the switching of the valves 144, 146 and the switching on or off of the transport gas fan 140, heating unit 124 or cooling unit 142 can also take place by means of electrical signals.
  • the system can be done either manually by an operator or by a control unit such as a microprocessor incorporated in 1 not shown, and may effect an automated cycle of operation of the bell annealer 100.
  • a pressure vessel 148 may also selectively enclose the transport gas fan 140 .
  • the pressure vessel 148 advantageously serves as pressure protection when the transport gas path 118 can be operated with a pressure of 10 bar, for example.
  • Other components of the transport gas path 118 can be designed to be pressure-resistant or can also be arranged inside a pressure vessel.
  • FIG 1 also shows a control unit 166, which is set up to control and switch the individual components of the furnace 100, as in FIG 1 is indicated schematically with arrows.
  • FIG. 2 to 5 Referred to, in which different operating states of the hood furnace 100 are shown, which can be set by appropriate control (with the control unit 166) of the position of the fluidic valves 144, 146 and the electrical switch 178.
  • the transport gas fan 140 is thermally coupled to the second glow gas 114, so that the transport gas 116 removes heat from the second glow gas 114 and supplies it to the first glow gas 112.
  • the first furnace chamber 104 is thus preheated and the second furnace chamber 106 is precooled, in that the transport gas 116 transfers thermal energy from the first annealing gas 112 to the second annealing gas 114 .
  • the charge (the annealing material) of the base So1 is heated and the charge (the annealing material) of the second base So2 is cooled.
  • FIG. 3 shows a second operating state II of the hood furnace 100, which follows the first operating state I.
  • the tube bundle 108 with the electrical supply unit 124 heats the first furnace chamber 104 electrically by closing a corresponding electrical path.
  • the transport gas fan 140 supplies the transport gas 116 to the cooler 142 , which is now switched on, for cooling the second glow gas 114 .
  • the now cooled transport gas 116 is thermally coupled to the second annealing gas 114 in order to cool the second furnace space 106 .
  • the charge (the annealing material) of the first base So1 is thus further heated, whereas the charge (the annealing material) of the second base So2 is further cooled.
  • the batch of annealing material 102 which has now been heat-treated and cooled down in the meantime, is removed from the second base So2.
  • a crane can remove the second protective hood 122, then remove the annealing material 102 arranged in the second base So2 and introduce a new batch of annealing material 102 into the second base So2.
  • a third operating state III which 4 is shown.
  • the transport fluid fan 140 thermally couples the transport fluid 116 to the first glow gas 112 so that the transport gas 116 removes heat from the first glow gas 112 and supplies it to the second glow gas 114 .
  • the second furnace chamber 104 is preheated and the first furnace chamber 106 is precooled.
  • a subsequent fourth operating state IV is activated, which figure 5 is shown.
  • the tube bundle 110 with the electrical supply unit 124 continues to heat only the second furnace space 106 electrically.
  • the transport fluid fan 140 supplies the transport gas 116 to the cooler 142, which is now switched on, for cooling.
  • the cooled transport gas 116 is thermally coupled with the first annealing gas 112 to further cool the first furnace space 104 .
  • the charge (the annealing material) of the first base So1 is thus further cooled and the charge (the annealing material) of the second base So2 is further heated electrically.
  • the batch of annealing material 102 which has now been heat-treated and cooled down in the meantime, is removed from the first base So1.
  • a crane can remove the first protective hood 120, then remove the annealing material 102 arranged in the first base So1 and introduce a new batch of annealing material 102 into the first base So1.
  • FIG. 6 shows an enlarged view of part of the first base So1 of the hood furnace, from which the arrangement of the tube bundle heat exchanger 108 in full flow with feed and discharge can be seen in detail.
  • the thermal insulation of the protective hood 120 is marked with reference number 600 .
  • the first glow gas fan 130 is a radial fan whose impeller 602 is driven by a motor 604 .
  • the impeller 602 is surrounded by a diffuser 608 with guide vanes.
  • the annealing material 102 resting on the annealing base which is only indicated schematically, is covered by the protective hood 120, which is supported by an annular flange 612, which ensures a gas-tight closure of the protective hood 120 via a circumferential seal 614.
  • FIG. 7 12 shows a bell annealing furnace 100 according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • a gas heating unit 700 arranged outside the furnace is provided instead of the electrically heated furnace-internal heat exchange bundle 108/110 with electrical supply unit 124 .
  • an electric heating unit can be used as an external heating unit.
  • the gas heating unit 700 is assigned a separate heating fan 704, which transports transport gas 116 heated by the gas heating unit 700 through a pipe system. According to 7 is conveyed by the gas heating unit 700 heated transport gas 116 through the shell and tube heat exchanger 108, 110.
  • a control unit 702 is provided, which is designed via various control lines 720 to switch the various valves 144, 146 and to switch the cooler 142, the gas heating unit 700 or the fans 140, 704 on or off.
  • the fan 140 can be designed as a cold pressure fan, whereas the fan 704 is a hot pressure fan.
  • the gas heating unit 700 functions as a heater and is designed as a gas-heated heat exchanger for transferring thermal energy to the transport gas 116 .
  • the area below the furnace bases 170, 172 in 7 may be mounted in whole or in part inside a high pressure vessel to provide protection against the high pressure in the transport gas system 118.
  • Figures 8 to 11 show four operating states of the bell annealer 100 according to FIG 7 , which are functionally in accordance with the operating states I to IV Figures 2 to 5 correspond.
  • the cooler 142 is isolated from the rest of the system.
  • the gas heating unit 700 is switched off. Heat is transferred from the second glow gas 114 of the second socket So2 to the first glow gas 112 in the first socket So1.
  • the first base So1 is further heated by the gas heating unit 700 that is now switched on, while the cooler 142 is now activated in a separate other gas path and the second glow gas 114 in the second base So2 is actively further cooled.
  • the annealing material 102 can be removed from the second base So2 and replaced by a new batch of annealing material 102 to be heat-treated.
  • FIG. 10 shows the third operating state III, in which thermal energy is now transferred from the first glow gas 112 in the first base So1 to the second glow gas 114 in the second base So2.
  • the cooler 142 and the gas heating unit 700 are switched off in this state.
  • Operating state III will then be replaced by operating state IV, which in 11 is shown.
  • the cooler 142 is activated and actively cools the first base So1 further.
  • the second base So2 is actively heated further in a separate fluid path by means of the gas heating unit 700 .
  • the annealing material 102 can be removed from the first base So1 and replaced by a new batch of annealing material 102 .
  • the first diagram 1200 has an abscissa 1202 along which the time during the implementation of the operating states I to IV is plotted.
  • the temperature of the respective annealing gas or annealing material while operating states I to IV are being carried out is plotted along an ordinate 1204 .
  • the abscissa 1202 and the ordinate 1204 are also chosen accordingly in the second diagram 1250 .
  • the first diagram 1200 relates to a temperature profile of the first glow gas 112 or the material to be heated in the first base So1 while passing through the individual operating states I to IV
  • the second diagram 1250 relates to a temperature profile of the second glow gas 114 or the material to be glowed in the second Base So2 according to the operating states I to IV 1 or 7 relates.
  • first operating state I thermal energy is transferred from the second glow gas 114 in base So2 to the first glow gas 112 in base So1 (first heat exchange WT1 with energy transfer E).
  • the first base So1 with annealing material is actively further heated (H)
  • the second base So2 with annealing material is actively further cooled (K).
  • thermal energy is now transferred from the first annealing gas 112 or the annealing material in the first base So1 to the second annealing gas 114 or the annealing material in the second base So2 (second heat exchange WT2 with energy transfer E).
  • second heat exchange WT2 with energy transfer E second heat exchange WT2 with energy transfer E.
  • the fourth operating state IV the first base So1 with annealing material continues to be actively cooled, whereas the second base So2 with annealing material continues to be actively heated.
  • Such a one-stage heat exchange ie a one-stage preheating of a base with annealing material by supplying heat from the other base before active further heating by means of a heating unit
  • Such an embodiment is simple and reduces the energy by 40% as a result of the reuse of waste heat from a base to be cooled in each case with annealing material.
  • FIG. 13 13 shows a first diagram 1300, a second diagram 1320, a third diagram 1340 and a fourth diagram 1360 of a two-stage heat exchange system in which, unlike in FIG 1 and 7 two bases, but three bases are provided in a hood furnace.
  • a base with annealing material is preheated in two stages by supplying annealing gas heat to the other two bases with annealing material (successively, ie in two stages) before active further heating by means of a heating unit.
  • a third base So3 is pre-cooled and, by means of the transport gas, transfers thermal energy from the third annealing gas to the first annealing gas in order to preheat a base So1.
  • a second base So2 which is separate from the first and the third base in this operating state, is heated to a final temperature by means of a heating device.
  • the base So3 is actively cooled by means of a cooler, while the base So2, which is now to be pre-cooled, transfers thermal energy from its second glow gas to the first glow gas of the first base So1. As a result, the first base So1 is further preheated.
  • a third operating state III the third base So3 is heated again by thermal energy being transferred from the second base So2 to the third base So3 by means of the transport gas. As a result, the third base So3 is preheated. Since the second base So2 transfers thermal energy from its second glow gas to the third glow gas of the third base So3, its energy drops in the third operating state III. The first base So1 is now isolated from the other bases So2 and So3 and is heated by means of a heating device heated to a final temperature.
  • the first base So1 is pre-cooled by thermal energy being transferred from the first glow gas to the third glow gas of the base So3.
  • the third base So3 is further preheated.
  • the second base So2 is separated from the other two bases So1, So3 and is actively further cooled with a cooler in order to then reach its lower final temperature at the end of the fourth operating mode IV.
  • the third base So3 becomes active and is connected to the heating unit separately from the other bases So1, So2 in order to be brought to the final temperature.
  • the base So1 to be further cooled transfers thermal energy from its glow gas to the second glow gas of the second base So2. The latter is thus subjected to a first preheating phase.
  • a subsequent sixth operating mode VI thermal energy is transferred from the third base So3, which is now to be pre-cooled, to the second base So2.
  • the second base So2 is subjected to a second preheating and the third base So3 is precooled.
  • the first base So1 is isolated from bases So2, So3 and is cooled down to a final temperature by a cooler.
  • the cycle begins again with the first operating state I.
  • 14 16 shows a schematic view of an oven 1600 with generally n sockets according to another exemplary embodiment.
  • a first socket So1 1602, a second socket So2 1604 and an nth socket SoN 1606 are shown schematically.
  • the architecture according to 16 can be applied to any number of sockets.
  • a variety of one-way valves 144 are also in 14 shown.
  • a cooling unit 142 and an external heating unit 700 in this case a gas heating unit, although this could alternatively be an electrical resistance heater). If the tube bundle heat exchanger is used directly, i.e. internally as electrical resistance heating, one electrical supply unit is provided for each base (1241, 1242, ..., 124n).
  • a fan unit is provided for WT1 and WT2 for a two-stage heat exchange.
  • the protective hood 1700 has a continuous inner housing made of a heat-resistant material 1702 and a thermal insulation 1704 on the outside in order to protect the respective base from heat loss through the protective hood 1700.
  • the configuration shown can be used advantageously for a hood furnace.
  • a chamber furnace on the other hand, it can be advantageous to combine an inner wall made of a thermally insulating material with an outer wall of steel, ie to illustrate reference numbers 1702 and 1704 to be exchanged.
  • FIG. 16 shows a plan view of a bell annealer in 6 shown type, in which a tube bundle heat exchanger 108 directed by means of a annealing gas fan 130 (and preferably substantially over the entire circumference) is flown with heated annealing gas.
  • a tube bundle heat exchanger 108 directed by means of a annealing gas fan 130 (and preferably substantially over the entire circumference) is flown with heated annealing gas.
  • Good thermal coupling between the glow gas fan 130 and the tube bundle heat exchanger 108 can thus be ensured for all operating states of the top hat furnace, ie for heating a base, for cooling a base or for exchanging heat between bases.
  • an impeller 602 of the glow gas fan 130 is driven in rotation, see reference number 1642.
  • the glow gas from the glow gas fan 130 is circulated.
  • the glow gas therefore moves outwardly, directed under the influence of the stationary airfoils 1640 of a nozzle.
  • the annealing gas comes into thermal interaction with the tube bundle heat exchanger 108 and on to the charge (annealing material) in a targeted manner.
  • the tube bundle heat exchanger 108 is therefore in full flow.
  • an oven 1800 is shown in accordance with yet another exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • the 1800 oven is similar to that in 1 formed, but has on its first base, in addition to the first protective hood 120, a removable first heating hood 1802 enclosing this.
  • the second protective hood 122 of the second base is covered by a second heating hood 1804.
  • the first heating burners 1806 are provided in a space 1810 between the first heating hood 120 and the first protective hood 1802 for heating the protective gas inside the protective hood.
  • the second heating burners 1808 for heating an intermediate space 1812 between the second heating hood 122 and the second protective hood 1804 are correspondingly provided in the second furnace chamber 106 . It is possible to provide electrical resistance heating elements in place of the heating burners 1806,1808.
  • the electrical supply unit 124 according to 1 is in 17 omitted.
  • the switchable gas-water heat exchanger 142 is retained.
  • the main heating of the first annealing gas 112 or the second annealing gas 114 is thus effected by the thermal interaction between the heated gas in the intermediate space 1810 and the first annealing gas 112 or the heated gas in the intermediate space 1812 and the second annealing gas 114 (or an electrical resistance heater) accomplished.
  • the transport fluid path 118 is used for thermal compensation between the first glow gas 112 and the second glow gas 114 in order to pre-cool or pre-heat and thus save energy.
  • a final cooling can be carried out by a cooling unit 142 which is assigned to the transport gas path 118 .

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DE102011088634B4 (de) * 2011-12-14 2014-07-31 Ebner Industrieofenbau Gmbh Geschlossenes Transportfluidsystem zum ofeninternen Wärmeaustausch zwischen Glühgasen
DE102011088633A1 (de) * 2011-12-14 2013-06-20 Ebner Industrieofenbau Gmbh Haubenofen mit innerhalb einer Schutzhaube positioniertem Wärmeabgabegerät, insbesondere gespeist von einer ofenraumexternen Energiequelle, zum Abgeben von Wärme an Glühgas
CN105953584B (zh) * 2016-05-19 2017-12-15 海宁华悦电子有限公司 一种改进的磁芯烧结炉
US10403124B1 (en) 2018-03-26 2019-09-03 Motorola Solutions, Inc. Stun gun detect
CN115446311B (zh) * 2022-09-19 2023-07-25 株洲坤锐硬质合金有限公司 一种硬质合金生产用真空脱脂烧结炉

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.Taschenbuch für Wärmeprozess Technik", 5. Auflage, Vulkan-Verlag, Essen, ISBN 3-8027-2901-3, 1999, Seiten 24, 25 und 30 bis 33 †
Axel von Starck et al., Praxisbuch - Thermoprozess-Technik", Band II, „Prozesse -Komponenten - Sicherheit", Vulkan-Verlag GmbH, Essen, ISBN 3-8027-2923-4, 2003, Seiten 258 bis 263 †
Peter Wendt und Udo Dengel, Wasserstoffrecycling - Eine Maßnahme zur Steigerung der Effizienz von HPH®-Haubenglühanlagen". Sonderdruck aus der Zeitschrift GASWÄRME International, Nr. 3/2009, 8 Seiten †

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US20140374969A1 (en) 2014-12-25
EP2791606A1 (de) 2014-10-22
WO2013087648A1 (de) 2013-06-20
CN104114968A (zh) 2014-10-22
CN104114968B (zh) 2016-11-16
CA2859244A1 (en) 2013-06-20
US9528166B2 (en) 2016-12-27
DE102011088634B4 (de) 2014-07-31
EP2791606B1 (de) 2015-10-28
DE102011088634A1 (de) 2013-06-20
KR20140103162A (ko) 2014-08-25
JP2015507084A (ja) 2015-03-05
BR112014014216A2 (pt) 2017-06-13

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