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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B59/00—Introduction of isotopes of elements into organic compounds ; Labelled organic compounds per se
  • C07B59/001—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds
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  • C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
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  • C07C15/00—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing only six-membered aromatic rings as cyclic parts
  • C07C15/20—Polycyclic condensed hydrocarbons
  • C07C15/24—Polycyclic condensed hydrocarbons containing two rings
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  • C07C15/00—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing only six-membered aromatic rings as cyclic parts
  • C07C15/20—Polycyclic condensed hydrocarbons
  • C07C15/27—Polycyclic condensed hydrocarbons containing three rings
  • C07C15/30—Phenanthrenes
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  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
  • C07B2200/05—Isotopically modified compounds, e.g. labelled
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • C07C2531/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • C07C2531/025—Sulfonic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2603/00—Systems containing at least three condensed rings
  • C07C2603/02—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems
  • C07C2603/04—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings
  • C07C2603/22—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing only six-membered rings
  • C07C2603/24—Anthracenes; Hydrogenated anthracenes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2603/00—Systems containing at least three condensed rings
  • C07C2603/02—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems
  • C07C2603/40—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing four condensed rings
  • C07C2603/42—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing four condensed rings containing only six-membered rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2603/00—Systems containing at least three condensed rings
  • C07C2603/02—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems
  • C07C2603/40—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing four condensed rings
  • C07C2603/42—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing four condensed rings containing only six-membered rings
  • C07C2603/48—Chrysenes; Hydrogenated chrysenes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2603/00—Systems containing at least three condensed rings
  • C07C2603/02—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems
  • C07C2603/40—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing four condensed rings
  • C07C2603/42—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing four condensed rings containing only six-membered rings
  • C07C2603/50—Pyrenes; Hydrogenated pyrenes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2603/00—Systems containing at least three condensed rings
  • C07C2603/02—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems
  • C07C2603/52—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing five condensed rings

Definitions

• This disclosure relates in general to methods for preparing deuterated aromatic compounds.
• Deuterium has a natural abundance of approximately 0.015%.
• Deuterated compounds in which the level of deuterium is enriched, are well known.
• Deuterated aromatic compounds have been used to study chemical reactions and metabolic pathways. They also have uses as raw materials for pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, functional materials, and analytical tracers. Methods of forming deuterated aromatic
• non-deuterated compounds include treatment of the non-deuterated analog with materials such as D 2 SO 4 or D 3 PO 4 » BF 3 /D 2 O over a period of many hours or days. It is also known to treat the non-deuterated analog with a deuterated solvent in the presence of a Lewis acid H/D exchange catalyst, such as aluminum trichloride or ethyl aluminum chloride. Alternatively, the non-deuterated analog can be treated with D 2 O under high temperature and high pressure conditions, such as supercritical D 2 O or microwave irradiation and may be either acid or base-catalyzed. Such methods can be costly and/or time consuming. Other known methods of forming deuterated aromatic compounds include the use of transition metal catalysts to affect the H/D exchange of the non-deuterated analog with D 2 gas, or D 2 O, or a deuterated organic solvent such as CeD 6 .
• aromatic compound is intended to mean an organic compound comprising at least one unsaturated cyclic group having delocalized pi electrons.
• the term is intended to encompass both hydrocarbon aromatic compounds and heteroaromatic compounds.
• hydrocarbon aromatic ring or “hydrocarbon aromatic compound” refer to an aromatic ring or compound in which the aromatic moieties have only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• heteroheteroaromatic ring or “heteroaromatic compound' refer to an aromatic ring or compound wherein in at least one aromatic moiety one or more of the carbon atoms within the cyclic group has been replaced by another atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or the like.
• aromatic hydrogen refers to a hydrogen directly bonded to an aromatic ring.
• deuterated refers to a compound or group in which deuterium is present in at least 100 times the natural abundance level.
• deutero-acid refers to a compound capable of ionizing to donate a deuterium ion to a Bransted base. As used herein, no ionizable hydrogens are present in a deutero-acid.
• perdeuterated refers to compounds or groups in which all hydrogens have been replaced with deuterium.
• perdeuterated is synonymous with "100% deuterated”.
• the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
• a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
• “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
• the method comprises:
• the aromatic compound has at least one hydrocarbon aromatic ring. In some embodiments, the compound has multiple hydrocarbon aromatic rings. In some embodiments, the rings are further substituted with one or more substituents. Exemplary substituent groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, silyl groups, siloxane groups, aryl groups, aryloxy groups and amino groups. In some embodiments, the compound has no heteroaromatic rings.
• the aromatic compound has fused aromatic rings.
• aromatic rings include, but are not limited to, naphthalene, anthracene, naphthacene, pentacene, phenanthrene, chrysene, pyrene, and triphenylene.
• the deuterated solvent is a material which is a liquid at room temperature and in which the aromatic compound can be dissolved or dispersed to form a homogeneous liquid composition.
• the choice of deuterated solvent will depend on the choice of aromatic compound.
• the deuterated solvent has at least one deuterium which can be exchanged for hydrogen.
• the deuterated solvent may have hydrogens, however, the hydrogens should be significantly less likely to exchange than the deuterium.
• the deuterated solvent is perdeuterated.
• the deuterated solvent is a perdeuterated organic liquid.
• Some exemplary deuterated solvents include, but are not limited to, D 2 O, perdeuterated benzene ("benzene- D6"), perdeuterated toluene (“toluene-D8”), perdeuterated xylenes
• the acid has a pKa in water that is no greater than 1 .
• the pKa refers to the ionization of the first proton.
• the pKa is no greater than -1 ; in some embodiments, no greater than -2.
• the acid is a deutero-acid.
• the pKa of the deutero-acid is herein considered to be the same as the pKa for the analogous protonic acid.
• the deutero-acid may have covalently bonded hydrogens, but only ionizable deuteriums.
• Some examples of deutero- acids include, but are not limited to, deutero-sulfuric acid (D 2 SO 4 ), deutero-trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO 2 D), d1 -methanesulfonic acid
• the aromatic compound is dispersed in the solvent to form the first liquid composition.
• the liquid composition is then treated with the acid. This can be accomplished by adding the acid to the liquid composition with stirring.
• the acid can be in the form of a liquid, liquid solution, or solid that is dispersible in the solvent.
• the acid is on a polymeric support.
• the acid is on a silica support, such as a dispersion of silica particles. When the acid is on any type of support, it is referred to herein as "supported acid".
• a fluorosulfonic acid is on a silica support.
• the acid itself is a polymeric material, such as Nafion®. The polymeric material may be in the form of particles, beads,
• the supported acid or solid polymeric acid material can be immersed in the liquid composition to effect treatment.
• the liquid composition can be passed by or through the supported acid or solid polymeric acid material in a continuous process.
• the equivalent ratio of deuterated solvent to aromatic compound is in the range of 2-150; in some embodiments, 5-100.
• the equivalent ratio of acid to aromatic compound is in the range of 0.1 -10; in some embodiments, 1 -5. In some embodiments, the equivalent ratio of acid to aromatic compound is in the range of 0.1 -10.0.
• the equivalent ratio of deuterium atoms to aromatic hydrogens is at least about 2. It will be understood that the term "deuterium atoms" refers to covalently bonded D in the solvent and/or ionizable D in the acid.
• the number of equivalents of deuterium atoms is equal to the number of moles times the number of ionizable deuteriums.
• the number of equivalents of deuterium atoms is equal to the number of moles of solvent times the number of deuterium atoms in the compound.
• the number of equivalents of aromatic hydrogens is equal to the number of moles of aromatic
• the equivalent ratio of deuterium atoms to aromatic hydrogens is in the range of about 2-50; in some embodiments, about 10-30.
• the acid is a protonic acid.
• the equivalent ratio of protonic acid to aromatic compound is in the range of 0.1 -10.0.
• a deutero-acid is used with the deuterated solvent.
• the equivalent ratio of total D to aromatic hydrogens is at least about 2.
• the treatment with acid is carried out at atmospheric pressure.
• atmospheric pressure it is meant that the pressure is not adjusted in any way.
• atmospheric pressure is in the range of 730-770 torr.
• the treatment with acid is carried out at room temperature.
• room temperature it is meant that the composition is not heated or cooled.
• room temperature is in a range of 20-25°C.
• the treatment with acid is carried out at an elevated temperature. In most cases the temperature will not exceed the boiling point of the solvent. In some embodiments, the temperature is in a range of 25-75°C; in some embodiments, 40-60°C.
• the treatment with acid is carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
• the treatment with acid is carried out for nor more than 24 hours; in some embodiments, no more than two hours; in some embodiments, no more than one hour.
• the first deuterated compound has 30-100% of the aromatic hydrogens replaced with deuterium; in some embodiments, has 30-100% of the aromatic hydrogens replaced with deuterium; in some
• At least some of the non-aromatic hydrogens are also replaced with deuterium.
• the first deuterated material can be isolated using any known techniques. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, precipitation, evaporation, distillation, chromatography, and the like.
• the first deuterated material is then dissolved or dispersed in a second deuterated solvent, as in step (a), to form a second liquid composition.
• the second deuterated solvent can be the same as or different than the first deuterated solvent. In some embodiments, the second deuterated solvent is the same as the first deuterated solvent.
• the second liquid composition is then treated with a second acid, as in step (b).
• the second acid can be the same as or different than the first acid. In some embodiments, the second acid is the same as the first acid.
• the materials are added so that the equivalent ratio of deuterium atoms to aromatic hydrogens remaining in the first deuterated material is at least 2; in some embodiments, 2-50; in some embodiments, 10-30.
• the same molar ratio of aromatic material to solvent to acid is used as in step (b).
• the ratio of equivalents of deuterium atoms to equivalents of aromatic hydrogens originally present in the aromatic compound is at least 2; in some embodiments, 2-50; in some embodiments, 10-30.
• step (e) is carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In some embodiments, step (e) is carried out for 24 hours or less; in some embodiments, for two hours or less; in some embodiments, for one hour or less.
• the second deuterated material is isolated and further treated with deuterated solvent and acid, analogous to steps (c) through (e).
• the process described herein is advantageous in that it does not introduce any inorganic impurities into the deuterated products.
• inorganic impurities such as metals and/or halogens, can have undesirable effects.
• the process results in more exchange than processes using weaker acids.
• a relatively low equivalent ratio of deuterium atoms to aromatic hydrogens is sufficient to effect significant exchange.
• the starting non-deuterated compound was dissolved in benzene-D6 in a dry glass vial. To this was added deuterated triflic acid. The pKa of triflic acid is reported to be in the range of -13 to -15. The resulting liquid was stirred at the temperature indicated with periodic sampling to determine the extent of deuteration by UPLC-MS and/or GC-MS. When the desired amount of deuterium exchange had taken place the reaction was quenched with Na2CO3 in D 2 O. The organic layer was isolated,
• D/H ratio is the equivalent ratio of D to aromatic H; h is hours; r.t. is room temperature
• Example 7 the procedure of Example 1 was repeated.
• Comparative Example A the procedure of Example 1 was repeated substituting phosphoric acid for the deuterated triflic acid.
• Example B For Comparative Example B, the procedure of Example 1 was repeated substituting acetic acid for the deuterated triflic acid.
• Example 7 there is complete exchange after one hour of treatment.
• the acids have a pKa greater than 1 . Even after 20 hours there is no H exchanged for D.

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