EP2419559B1 - Kondensationstrockner mit einer filtervorrichtung - Google Patents

Kondensationstrockner mit einer filtervorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2419559B1
EP2419559B1 EP10710335A EP10710335A EP2419559B1 EP 2419559 B1 EP2419559 B1 EP 2419559B1 EP 10710335 A EP10710335 A EP 10710335A EP 10710335 A EP10710335 A EP 10710335A EP 2419559 B1 EP2419559 B1 EP 2419559B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
condensate
lint
process air
condensation
air
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP10710335A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2419559A1 (de
Inventor
Klaus Grunert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BSH Hausgeraete GmbH
Original Assignee
BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeraete GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeraete GmbH filed Critical BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeraete GmbH
Priority to PL10710335T priority Critical patent/PL2419559T3/pl
Publication of EP2419559A1 publication Critical patent/EP2419559A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2419559B1 publication Critical patent/EP2419559B1/de
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F58/00—Domestic laundry dryers
    • D06F58/20—General details of domestic laundry dryers 
    • D06F58/22—Lint collecting arrangements
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F58/00—Domestic laundry dryers
    • D06F58/20—General details of domestic laundry dryers 
    • D06F58/24—Condensing arrangements
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/58—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers related to condensation, e.g. condensate water level
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00—Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/34—Filtering, e.g. control of lint removal devices
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F58/00—Domestic laundry dryers
    • D06F58/32—Control of operations performed in domestic laundry dryers 
    • D06F58/34—Control of operations performed in domestic laundry dryers  characterised by the purpose or target of the control
    • D06F58/45—Cleaning or disinfection of machine parts, e.g. of heat exchangers or filters

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a condensation dryer with a drying chamber for objects to be dried, a process air duct in which there is a heater for heating the process air and a fan for conveying the process air, a lint-loadable component, a condensate pan, a condensate collection vessel, a rinsing device for rinsing of lint from the component by means of condensate from the condensate collecting vessel, wherein the component is followed by a first filter device with a filter bag for collecting the purged lint and a condensate pump for conveying the condensate in the condensate collecting vessel.
  • process air In a condensation dryer air (so-called process air) is passed through a fan via a heater in a wet laundry containing drum as a drying chamber. The hot air absorbs moisture from the laundry to be dried. After passage through the drum, the then moist process air is passed into a heat exchanger, which is usually preceded by a lint filter. As the contamination of the lint filters increases with time, occasional cleaning of the lint filters is necessary.
  • a dryer for drying laundry by means of an air flow is known.
  • a screen for filtering lint from an air flow in the process air guide is arranged in the region of a bearing plate, which screen forms a first lint filter.
  • the lint collected in the process air duct on the screen is stripped off the screen fabric of the lint filter and stored in a container arranged adjacent to the doctor blade and to the screen.
  • the container is relatively small due to the space available in the area of the squeegee. It can be used to collect lint from about seven to ten drying processes.
  • the dryer Since the lint is stored in the dry state, they occupy a relatively large volume. To the one is limited in these dryers the accessibility to the collecting container, and on the other hand limits the collection volume by placing it in a space-limited zone of the dryer, resulting in a relatively frequent Maintenance interval for disposal of lint from the container results.
  • the dryer also has a heater as a heat source and an air-to-air heat exchanger as a heat sink in the process air duct.
  • condensation dryers are known in which a filter bag for catching lint is present.
  • a filter bag for catching lint is present.
  • heat exchangers used in the condensation dryer with the aid of condensate of lint located thereon or to rinse them and transport them into a filter bag.
  • Such a filter bag must therefore not only lint, but at least temporarily record condensate. Due to the presence of condensate, the capacity for lint in the filter bag is lowered.
  • lint and condensate must not be present in the filter bag in such an amount that the filter bag is already completely filled and the lint-containing condensate overflows.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a dryer of the type defined in which the collection and disposal of lint is improved in comparison to the prior art.
  • the invention thus relates to a condensation dryer with a drying chamber for objects to be dried, a process air duct in which there is a heater for heating the process air and a fan for conveying the process air, a lint-loadable component, a condensate pan, a condensate collecting vessel, a flushing device for rinsing lint from the component by means of condensate from the condensate collecting vessel, wherein the component is followed by a first filter device with a filter bag for collecting the rinsed lint and a condensate pump for conveying the condensate into the condensate collecting vessel.
  • the filter bag comprises a nonwoven fabric.
  • a nonwoven fabric according to the invention is generally defined according to DIN EN 29092 (ISO 9092).
  • a nonwoven fabric is in particular a textile fabric of individual fibers, in which, in contrast to a nonwoven, the fibers are at least partially connected.
  • Spunbonded nonwoven fabrics and needled nonwovens are particularly suitable as nonwoven fabrics.
  • a polymer such as a polyester or a polypropylene is heated in an extruder and brought to a high pressure for production.
  • the polymer is then pressed through a spinneret or die plate.
  • the resulting filaments are then suitably isolated.
  • the resulting nonwoven fabric is then suitably solidified by the fibers fuse at certain contact points by concentrated heat. Possibly.
  • a low-melting polymer which acts as a hot-melt adhesive under the action of heat.
  • solidification of the nonwoven fabric generally takes place with various types of needles, e.g. Crown needles. Recently, water jets are also frequently used for the production of needled nonwovens.
  • the nonwoven fabric used in the condensation dryer according to the invention is preferably a spunbonded nonwoven fabric.
  • the nonwoven fabric used preferably comprises polyester and / or polypropylene.
  • the nonwoven fabric and in particular the spunbonded nonwoven fabric consists of polyester.
  • the polyester is preferably polyethylene terephthalate or polybutylene terephthalate.
  • the nonwoven fabric may be single-ply or multi-ply, and in the multi-ply embodiment, the individual plies may be of the same or different material.
  • the nonwoven fabric preferably has a basis weight of from 20 g / m 2 to 180 g / m 2, and more preferably from 40 g / m 2 to 80 g / m 2 .
  • the nonwoven fabrics used according to the invention generally have an air permeability 100 Pa, measured according to DIN EN ISO 9237, in the range of 1500 l / m 2 sec to 5000 l / m 2 sec.
  • the nonwoven fabric is generally used with a thickness in the range of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm.
  • the filter bag comprising a nonwoven fabric
  • the retention capacity for particles depends on the material used and in particular its weight per unit area.
  • the condensate or generally an aqueous liquid may generally flow from a filled filter bag within 0.1 second to 1 second.
  • water bound in the filter bag is essentially only due to the moistening of the lint, so that the absorption capacity of the filter bag used according to the invention is significantly increased. This considerably increases the service life of a filter bag. Overall, it results for a user that the time interval after which the user must replace the filter bag or clean significantly extended.
  • nonwovens which are particularly suitable according to the invention are the polyester nonwovens with the designation Viledon® cooltex 7230, 7250, 7270 and H7210 from Freudenberg.
  • the first filter device with the filter bag made of nonwoven fabric can be used in different ways in the condensation dryer according to the invention.
  • the flushing device comprises a flushing line, which projects into the process air duct between the drying chamber and a heat exchanger.
  • condensate can be used for cleaning various parts of the condensation dryer, which then contaminated Condensate, for example, by linting, using the first filter device can be filtered with the filter bag made of nonwoven fabric.
  • the component which can be loaded with fluff is a second filter device which is provided for collecting lint from the process air in the process air duct and is arranged between the condensate collecting vessel and the first filter device.
  • the second filter device can thus be removed by rinsing with an aqueous liquid, e.g. Condensate obtained by condensation of moisture contained in the moist process air after passing through the drying chamber.
  • the then contaminated aqueous liquid or contaminated condensate can then be filtered using the first filter device with the filter bag made of nonwoven fabric.
  • the component which can be loaded with lint is a heat exchanger for cooling the process air in the process air duct.
  • the heat exchanger can thus also be removed by rinsing with an aqueous liquid, e.g. Condensate, to be cleaned.
  • the then contaminated aqueous liquid or contaminated condensate can then be filtered using the first filter device with the filter bag made of nonwoven fabric.
  • the first filter device is preferably accessible via an openable flap.
  • the filter bag can then be removed in a particularly simple manner by a user of the condensation dryer for cleaning or disposal.
  • the condensation dryer according to the invention has in this context several advantageous options for the removal of the resulting lint. Because in addition to the disposal of inventively used filter bag and their easy cleaning is possible. It has surprisingly been found that only a slight drying of the wet filter bag made of nonwoven fabric removed from the first filter device leads to the filter cake being able to be easily detached and disposed of as a compact mass. With an already dry filter bag, even this method is unnecessary, and the filter cake can be easily removed as a compact mass.
  • the condensation dryer according to the invention preferably comprises means for detecting and displaying a filling level of the filter bag. Thus, for example, could be determined by a suitable sensor, the weight of the filter bag and informed when reaching or exceeding a predetermined upper limit for the weight of the filter bag on an optical display device of the condensation dryer on a necessary cleaning or disposal of the filter bag.
  • the condensation dryer is equipped with a heat pump.
  • condensation dryer equipped with a known type of heat pump
  • the cooling of the warm, moisture-laden process air essentially takes place in the evaporator of the heat pump, where the heat transferred is used to evaporate a refrigerant used in the heat pump.
  • refrigerant vaporized due to the heating is supplied via a compressor to a second heat exchanger, hereinafter also referred to as "condenser”, where heat is released due to the condensation of the gaseous refrigerant, which in turn is used to heat the process air before entering the drum.
  • the liquefied refrigerant passes through a throttle, which reduces its pressure, back to the evaporator to evaporate there, with renewed absorption of heat from the process air.
  • the evaporator thus serves as a heat sink, in which heat is removed from the process air flowing through.
  • the condenser serves as a heat source, since in it the process air heat flows from the heat pump. This heat has pumped the heat pump mainly from the heat sink to the heat source.
  • heat pumps There are also other types of heat pumps are known in which the pumping of heat from the heat sink to the heat source takes place in other ways, for example by exploiting the Peltier effect or by means of a regenerative gas process.
  • a lint filter To remove the lint is in a process air duct in general a lint filter.
  • the fluff will remain suspended in a fine-mesh sieve and are then mechanically removed by the user after drying. Even with the use of a lint filter, however, not all lint is retained. Finer lint can pass through the lint filter and deposit in other places in the process air duct and thereby hinder the heat exchange, for example, in a downstream heat exchanger.
  • the invention has the advantage that the removal of lint in the condensation dryer can be performed better. Lint occurring in a condensation dryer according to the invention can not only be bound by means of branched-off condensate, but also be flushed out and easily separated from the condensate, which can be supplied for reuse.
  • the improved heat exchange in the heat exchanger due to the improved cleaning in the condensation dryer enables the operation of the condensation dryer with a more favorable energy balance.
  • a possibly present in the condensation dryer heat pump is spared.
  • the in Fig. 1 illustrated exhaust air dryer 1 has a rotatable about a horizontal axis drum 2 as a drying chamber, are mounted within which driver 21 for moving laundry during a drum rotation.
  • Process air is conducted by means of a blower 12 via a heater 11 and through the drum 2 in a process air duct 10.
  • the process air duct 10 is supplied via a supply air duct 14 room air or sucked by the blower 12. After passing through the drum 2, the then moist, warm process air enters an exhaust duct 23.
  • heated air from the rear 11, ie from the side of the drum 2 opposite a door 19, is directed through the perforated bottom into the drum 2 , comes there with the laundry to be dried in contact and flows through the filling opening of the drum 2 to a lint filter 22 within a closing the filling opening door 19. Subsequently, the process air flow in the door 19 is deflected downward.
  • the process air is supplied in the exhaust air duct 23 to an air-to-air heat exchanger 16 in which the warm, moisture-laden process air is cooled and then conducted to an exhaust air outlet 15.
  • the separated moisture is collected in a condensate tray 9, from where it is transported by means of the condensate pump 24 into the condensate collecting vessel 25.
  • room air supplied to the dryer 1 is used in the air-air heat exchanger 16 via the supply air duct 14. This supply air is heated by the warm, laden with moisture process air and then before entering the drum 2 by means of the heater 11.
  • the drum 2 is at the in Fig. 1 shown embodiment at the rear bottom by means of a pivot bearing and front mounted by means of a bearing plate 17, wherein the drum 2 rests with a brim on a sliding strip 18 on the bearing plate 17 and from this and not visible in the figure roles on which the brim can rum from, is held at the front end.
  • a purge line 27 to the exhaust duct 23 above a second filter device 29.
  • the condensate pump 24 in the condensate collecting vessel 25 promoted condensate for flushing the second filter device 29, that is, for rinsing located on the second filter device 29 lint can be used .
  • the flushed by condensate lint reach the first filter device 3, which contains a filter bag 33 made of a polyester nonwoven fabric with the name Viledon® cooltex 7230, 7250 or 7270 Freudenberg.
  • the basis weight of the spunbonded nonwovens used is 30, 50 and 70 g / m 2 .
  • the lint located in the condensate remain in the filter bag 33, while the filtered in this way condensate flows via a drain line 28 back into the condensate tray 9, from which it can be transported by means of the condensate pump 24 to the condensate collecting vessel 24 and there for further purification steps available stands.
  • 26 means a display means for reproducing information about the degree of filling of filter bag 33 of the first filter device 3.
  • the program control 4 means for detecting a degree of filling of filter bag 33 are included. This may be a clock, not shown here, which adds up the duration of drying processes and is set to zero again during a filter change or a filter cleaning, or an evaluation unit for a possibly existing weight sensor.
  • Fig. 2 shows a vertical section through a condensation dryer according to a second embodiment.
  • a first condensate tray 9 and a second condensate tray 13 are connected via a condensate pump 24 to a condensate collecting vessel 25.
  • the condensate collecting vessel 25 From the condensate collecting vessel 25 is a purge line 27 to the exhaust duct 23 above the air-to-air heat exchanger 16.
  • the condensate pump 24 in the Condensate trap 25 conveyed condensate used to flush the air-to-air heat exchanger 16 of adhering lint.
  • the lint washed off by condensate first reaches the first condensate tray 9 and then a first filter device 3 which contains a filter bag 33 made of a polyester nonwoven fabric named Viledon® cooltex 7230, 7250 or 7270 from Freudenberg ,
  • the basis weight of the spunbonded nonwovens used is 30, 50 and 70 g / m 2 .
  • the lint located in the condensate remain in the filter bag 33, while the filtered in this way condensate can either continue to flow into the second condensate tray 13 or by means of the condensate pump 24 can be transported back to the condensate collecting vessel 25 and is there for further purification steps available.
  • the dryer 1 shown also has a drum rotatable about a horizontal axis as a drying chamber 2, within which drivers 21 are mounted for moving laundry during a drum rotation.
  • Process air is, however, at the in Fig. 2 shown embodiment by means of a fan 12 via a heater 11, guided by a drum 3, an air-air heat exchanger 16 and a heat pump 5,6,7,8 in a process air duct 10 in a closed circuit. After passage through the drum 2, the moist, warm process air is cooled and reheated after condensation of moisture contained in the process air.
  • heated air from the rear 11, ie from the side of the drum 3 opposite a door 19, is passed through the perforated bottom into the drum 3, where it comes into contact with the laundry to be dried and flows through the filling opening of the drum 3 to a lint filter 22 within a closing the filling opening door 19.
  • the air flow in the door 19 is deflected downward and directed from the process air duct 10 to the air-air heat exchanger 16.
  • the moisture absorbed by the process air from the items of laundry condenses there and is collected in a first condensate tray 9.
  • the somewhat cooled process air to the evaporator 5 of the heat pump 5,6,7,8 out, where it is further cooled.
  • the condensate accumulating in the first condensate tray 9 and / or the second condensate tray 13 is pumped by means of a condensate pump 24 into the condensate collecting vessel 25.
  • the vaporized in the evaporator 5 refrigerant of the heat pump 5,6,7,8 is passed through a compressor 6 to the condenser 7.
  • the refrigerant liquefies with heat being released to the process air.
  • the refrigerant which is now in liquid form, is in turn led via a throttle valve 8 to the evaporator 5, whereby the refrigerant circuit is closed.
  • the cooling air is taken from the room air and fed back to the room air after passage through the air-to-air heat exchanger 16. In the cooling air channel 31, this is a cooling air blower 32nd
  • FIG. 2 is also a representative of a dryer 1, which does not have an air-to-air heat exchanger 16 in addition to the heat pump 5,6,7,8.
  • the evaporator 5 or another heat sink depending on the type of heat pump
  • the heater 11 may be dispensable.
  • the drum 2 is mounted on the rear floor by means of a pivot bearing and front by means of a bearing plate 7, wherein the drum 3 rests with a brim on a sliding strip 8 and non-visible rollers on the bearing plate 7 and is held at the front end.
  • the control of the circulating air dryer via a control device 4, which can be controlled by the user via an operating unit 20.
  • Fig. 3 shows a vertical section of the present essential parts of a condensation dryer according to a third embodiment.
  • the flow direction of the process air is represented by large arrows.
  • the process air exits from the top right of the drying chamber 2 and flows through a relatively inclined to her second filter device 29 in a direction vertically downwards to arrive after a deflection in a horizontal direction to the heat exchanger 16.
  • From the only hinted visible condensate collecting vessel 25 condensate flows as illustrated by the small arrows on the inclined second filter device 29, where it absorbs deposited lint.
  • the condensate then passes into a first filter device 3, which is equipped with a filter bag 33.
  • the first filter device 3 has an openable flap 30 and a partition 34.
  • the dividing wall 34 is permeable so that the filtered condensate can pass through and to the condensate tray 9.
  • Behind the flap 30 is a filter bag 33 made of polyester nonwoven fabric, which receives in the embodiment shown here flushed off by means of the condensate lint. If the filter bag 33 is filled with lint, which may be monitored by a suitable monitoring device and, for example, displayed on a display means not described here in more detail, it can be removed by opening the flap 30. This allows the lint to be disposed of without having to be touched directly.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Detail Structures Of Washing Machines And Dryers (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
EP10710335A 2009-04-15 2010-03-25 Kondensationstrockner mit einer filtervorrichtung Active EP2419559B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL10710335T PL2419559T3 (pl) 2009-04-15 2010-03-25 Suszarka kondensacyjna z urządzeniem filtracyjnym

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102009002389A DE102009002389A1 (de) 2009-04-15 2009-04-15 Kondensationstrockner mit einer Filtervorrichtung sowie Verfahren zu seinem Betrieb
PCT/EP2010/053882 WO2010118939A1 (de) 2009-04-15 2010-03-25 Kondensationstrockner mit einer filtervorrichtung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2419559A1 EP2419559A1 (de) 2012-02-22
EP2419559B1 true EP2419559B1 (de) 2012-11-21

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP10710335A Active EP2419559B1 (de) 2009-04-15 2010-03-25 Kondensationstrockner mit einer filtervorrichtung

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20120017456A1 (zh)
EP (1) EP2419559B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN102395727B (zh)
DE (1) DE102009002389A1 (zh)
EA (1) EA018642B1 (zh)
PL (1) PL2419559T3 (zh)
WO (1) WO2010118939A1 (zh)

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AU2004277943A1 (en) * 2003-09-29 2005-04-14 Self Propelled Research And Development Specialists, Llc Heat pump clothes dryer
DE102005026156A1 (de) * 2005-06-06 2006-12-28 Carl Freudenberg Kg Filterschlauch
DE102005054681A1 (de) 2005-11-16 2007-05-24 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Hausgerät mit einer linear bewegbaren Komponente
DE102005054683A1 (de) * 2005-11-16 2007-05-24 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Vorrichtung zum Trocknen von Wäsche mittels eines Luftstroms
EP1936022A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2008-06-25 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. Clothes tumble dryer
DE102007016074A1 (de) * 2007-04-03 2008-10-09 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Reinigen eines Bauteiles, insbesondere eines Verdampfers einer Kondensatoreinrichtung sowie Wasch- oder Wäschetrockner mit einer solchen Vorrichtung
CN101387059B (zh) * 2007-09-11 2010-11-03 博西华电器（江苏）有限公司 设有烘干程序的衣物洗涤设备的控制方法
DE102007060851A1 (de) * 2007-12-18 2009-06-25 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Hausgerät zur Pflege von Wäschestücken und Verfahren zum Entfernen von Flusen
DE102008041998A1 (de) * 2008-09-11 2010-03-18 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Trockner mit einem Flusenfilter und einer Reinigungsvorrichtung

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11186943B2 (en) 2017-10-09 2021-11-30 Whirlpool Corporation Filter configured for being used in a machine for drying laundry and machine for drying laundry equipped with such a filter
US11761141B2 (en) 2017-10-09 2023-09-19 Whirlpool Corporation Filter configured for being used in a machine for drying laundry and machine for drying laundry equipped with such a filter

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US20120017456A1 (en) 2012-01-26
CN102395727A (zh) 2012-03-28
DE102009002389A1 (de) 2010-10-21
PL2419559T3 (pl) 2013-04-30
WO2010118939A1 (de) 2010-10-21
EA018642B1 (ru) 2013-09-30
CN102395727B (zh) 2014-03-12
EP2419559A1 (de) 2012-02-22
EA201171226A1 (ru) 2012-04-30

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