EP2300861A2 - Dispositif métapolariseur optique - Google Patents

Dispositif métapolariseur optique

Info

Publication number
EP2300861A2
EP2300861A2 EP09818141A EP09818141A EP2300861A2 EP 2300861 A2 EP2300861 A2 EP 2300861A2 EP 09818141 A EP09818141 A EP 09818141A EP 09818141 A EP09818141 A EP 09818141A EP 2300861 A2 EP2300861 A2 EP 2300861A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
polarity
light
incident light
wavelength
effective
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP09818141A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2300861B1 (fr
EP2300861A4 (fr
Inventor
Wil Mccarthy
Richard M. Powers
Wounjhang Park
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
RavenBrick LLC
Original Assignee
RavenBrick LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by RavenBrick LLC filed Critical RavenBrick LLC
Publication of EP2300861A2 publication Critical patent/EP2300861A2/fr
Publication of EP2300861A4 publication Critical patent/EP2300861A4/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2300861B1 publication Critical patent/EP2300861B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/30—Polarising elements
    • G02B5/3025—Polarisers, i.e. arrangements capable of producing a definite output polarisation state from an unpolarised input state
    • G02B5/3058—Polarisers, i.e. arrangements capable of producing a definite output polarisation state from an unpolarised input state comprising electrically conductive elements, e.g. wire grids, conductive particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/002—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials
    • G02B1/007—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials made of negative effective refractive index materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0086—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials

Definitions

  • This technology relates to the polarization of light with less attenuation than normally associated with absorptive or reflective polarizers.
  • WGPs Wire-grid polarizers
  • Such a device consists of a sub-wavelength scale array of closely spaced, parallel metal wires on a transparent substrate, such that light of one linear polarity that strikes the wires is reflected while light of opposite linear polarity is transmitted through the substrate.
  • DBR distributed Bragg reflector
  • Such reflective polarizers are used in video displays to enhance brightness by recapturing, rather than absorbing, the attenuated light, as described for example in U.S. Patent No. 7,038,745 to Weber, et al. and U.S. Patent No. 6,099,758 to Verrall, et al.
  • Such reflective polarizers can exhibit specular reflection, as in a mirror, or diffuse reflection, as in a coating of white paint, or a combination of the two.
  • reflective polarizers can be made from certain types of liquid crystals. Whereas wire-grid polarizers and stretched polymer polarizers are linearly polarizing, these liquid crystal polarizers (LCPs) are generally circularly polarizing. Thus, light of one circular polarization (i.e.., right-handed or left-handed) is transmitted and light of the opposite circular polarization is absorbed or reflected.
  • LCPs liquid crystal polarizers
  • Reflective polarizers of various types are a component of liquid-crystal-based video displays and thermoreflective optical filters. Typically these are linear rather than circular polarizers, as high contrast ratio and broad viewing angles may be more difficult to achieve using circular polarizers.
  • polarity-rotating materials also known as “retarders” or “waveblocks” or “waveplates”.
  • these are structured devices such as twisted nematic liquid crystal cells or liquid crystal polymers, but more frequently they are simply birefringent materials, i.e., materials which exhibit a direction- dependent index of refraction.
  • birefringent materials i.e., materials which exhibit a direction- dependent index of refraction.
  • Such devices typically act across a range of wavelengths and, within that range, they operate equally on all polarities of light and act reversibly such that a photon passing through in one direction may be rotated clockwise whereas a photon passing through in the opposite direction may be rotated counterclockwise.
  • a "Faraday rotator” rotates the polarization of light in a non-reversible way.
  • a photon passing through the Faraday rotator in one direction and then reflected back in the other direction experiences double rotation rather than net-zero rotation.
  • very efficient Faraday rotator materials such as terbium gallium garnet require strong magnetic fields and long optical paths in order to achieve meaningful rotation, making them impractical for most applications.
  • metamaterials are generally transmissive only when £ ⁇ , and /4 ⁇ have the same sign, i.e., "double positive” (alternatively “right-handed” or “positive index”) and “double negative” (alternatively “left-handed” or “negative index”) materials are transmissive to some degree, whereas “single positive” materials are opaque.
  • a device with such a metamaterial is a planar microwave antenna with negative £ and //based on a meander line or space-filling curve. See, Barbagallo, S., et al., “Synthesis of novel metamaterials," Chapter 2 (VDM Verlag 2008).
  • a "plasmonic nanowire composite metamaterials” is described that consistsdx of metallic nanowire segments distributed on or within a dielectric substrate, either randomly or periodically and either singly or in pairs See, “Negative refraction metamaterials," Chapter 8, Sarychev et al. (Wiley 2005)..
  • the £ ⁇ JU ⁇ and n ej f of the composite material can, for a given range of wavelengths, be adjusted to positive, negative, or mixed values.
  • Mismatched values of E ⁇ and ⁇ can rotate the polarity of a photon by shifting its electric and magnetic phases by different amounts.
  • a metamaterial of this type can serve as a kind of waveblock, i.e., a device that rotates the polarity of photons within a particular wavelength range across a particular distance by a particular amount.
  • metamaterials can be designed for which the effective permittivity, permeability, and refractive index (and thus the overall optical properties) are different depending on the polarity of the incident light.
  • One example of such a design is a chiral, planar structure consisting of "fish scale” patterns of aluminum nanowire on a transparent substrate. See, Fedotov, V. A., et al., "Asymmetric propagation of electromagnetic waves through a planar chiral structure, " Physical Review Letters 97, 167401, (17 October 2006).
  • the structure is a type of wire grid polarizer, although it reflects and transmits circularly polarized light rather than linearly polarized light.
  • this structure Because its chiral nature is different depending on which surface of the polarizer is being observed, for light of mixed, random polarity (e.g., sunlight), this structure has an additional property of being asymmetrically transmissive, i.e., it is more transmissive to light passing through it in one direction than in the other.
  • Another example is a bi-layered metamaterial that is capable of altering (rotating) the azimuth of circularly polarized light in a manner comparable to a retarder or waveplate although in a much thinner structure. See, Rogacheva, A.V., et al., "Giant gyrotropy due to electromagnetic-field coupling in a bilayered chiral sStructure " Physical Review Letters 97, 177401 (27 October 2006).
  • a further example is a planar, chiral metamaterial that is capable of rotating the azimuth of circularly polarized light, in such a way that the degree of rotation depends on the input azimuth.
  • the reflective and absorptive polarizer types described above may be classified as polarity-sensitive metamaterials with positive £ ⁇ , fl ⁇ , and ⁇ i ⁇ such that one polarity of light may be reflected or absorbed and an alternate polarity of light may be transmitted.
  • the technology disclosed herein produces a structure that selectively rotates the polarity of photons of a given polarity, while having a much smaller effect on photons of opposite polarity.
  • a traditional polarizer whether absorptive or reflective, at least 50% of incoming light may be attenuated through interaction with the polarizer. This occurs because the incoming light from a typical light source consists of randomly polarized photons. The photons whose polarity is parallel to that of the polarizer are strongly transmitted through it with only mild reflection and/or absorption, and the photons of perpendicular polarity are weakly transmitted, and are strongly reflected and/or absorbed.
  • the total transmissivity of the device in its most transparent state is typically well under 50%, and often as low as 30%. The remainder of the light energy is reabsorbed within the device and ultimately dissipated as waste heat.
  • the use of traditional polarizers places severe limitations on the brightness, energy efficiency, and total light flux of polarizing devices.
  • the polarizer is approximately 100% efficient, which is a convenient, simplifying assumption for the purposes of this discussion. It should be understood that less efficient polarizers are possible, and that such polarizers may have greater than 50% transmissivity to unpolarized light, and may exhibit substantially less than 100% rejection of light with mismatched polarization. When used in video displays and optical filters, such polarizers may result in very low contrast ratios and may therefore be considered undesirable. Nevertheless, many commercially available polarizers may be significantly less than 100% efficient. In addition, many polarizers exhibit significant rejection of photons of matched polarity, which may result in lower total transmission even when the polarization efficiency is high.
  • the resulting device shall be known as a "metapolarizer.”
  • the metapolarizer may transmit only (or at least predominantly) light of a single polarity.
  • the metapolarizer may not absorb or reflect a large percentage of the incident light in order to achieve this.
  • the total transmissivity of the metapolarizer to unpolarized or randomly polarized incident light may be well in excess of 50%, and in fact may approach 100% in the theoretical limit, even when the polarization efficiency is also close to 100%
  • thermoabsorptive or thermoreflective optical attenuators e.g., window films with temperature-dependent reflectivity and/or absorptivity. Implementations of this technology may be made in non- chiral forms to avoid introduction of ellipticity to the polarized light and therefore avoid inhibition in the contrast ratio of devices such as twisted nematic liquid crystal displays.
  • the word "metallic” shall refer to any substance, material, structure or device with a high density of conduction electrons (including for example, a highly doped semiconductor, or the electron gas confined within a quantum well, quantum wire, or quantum dot), and the word “dielectric” shall refer to any substance, material, structure or device with a low or zero density of conduction electrons.
  • this definition includes free space, which for the purposes of this document may be regarded as a dielectric medium.
  • metapolarizer shall refer to any artificial material constructed of metallic or dielectric features (whether randomly, periodically, or fractally distributed) on a dielectric substrate or within a dielectric medium, wherein the feature sizes are larger than natural atoms and significantly smaller than the wavelengths of light the material is designed to affect.
  • birefringent shall refer to any material or structure which exhibits an index of refraction that varies with direction.
  • a metapolarizer may be a metamaterial structure that forms both a polarity- specific waveblock and a polarity-rotating (as opposed to absorptive or reflective) polarizer.
  • the metamaterial may have the following characteristics:
  • direction may resemble a pure dielectric such as glass.
  • Any inductive or capacitive features on the surface may be widely spaced, i.e., their spacing may be significantly more than 1/4 the wavelength of the affected light.
  • JU ⁇ small number
  • £ ⁇ large number.
  • _ direction may resemble a highly capacitive, low-induction structure, with features spaced within 1/6 wavelength or less to allow for significant capacitive coupling.
  • Fig. 1 is from the prior art and is a schematic view of a negative-index microwave antenna.
  • This antenna offers a good compromise between small electrical size and wide bandwidth for low resonant frequencies, along with low cross-polarization (i.e., it is responsive only to one polarization).
  • the size may be approximately 1/7 ⁇ of the first resonant frequency.
  • Fig. 2 is from the prior art and is a schematic view of a lossy, polarity-rotating polarizer incorporating only classical components.
  • Fig. 3 is from the prior art and is a schematic view of four different planar metamaterial unit cells that are capable of exhibiting a negative £ and that exhibit vertical, horizontal, and diagonal symmetry.
  • the unit cell size may be between approximately l/l th and l/lO 111 of the resonant wavelength.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic view of four planar metamaterial unit cells, modified from the versions in Fig. 3 such that are capable of exhibiting a negative £ and that exhibit vertical and horizontal symmetry but not diagonal symmetry.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of another exemplary embodiment of a metapolarizer in the form of a planar array of carefully spaced metal dots on a dielectric substrate.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic top plan view of a smooth wire and a roughened wire incorporating a capacitive gap for use in embodiments of a metapolarizer.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic top plan view of another exemplary embodiment of a metapolarizer in the form of a planar array of carefully sized and spaced wire pairs.
  • Fig. 8 is a 3-dimendional plot of the classical antenna-like behavior of the embodiment of Fig. 7 for the vertical polarization.
  • Fig. 9 is a 3-dimensional plot of the classical antenna-like behavior of the embodiment of Fig. 7 for the horizontal polarization.
  • Fig. 10 is a 3-dimensional plot of the classical antenna-like behavior of the embodiment of Fig. 7 with optional inductive shunts for the vertical polarization.
  • Fig. 11 is a 3-dimensional plot of the classical antenna-like behavior of the embodiment of Fig. 7 with optional inductive shunts for the horizontal polarization.
  • Figs. 12A-D are a series of 2-dimensional plots showing the effective parameters ⁇ e ff, ⁇ e ff, and n e ff for both the electric and magnetic fields of an incident photon for each polarization of light.
  • Figs. 13A-13C are a series of 2-dimentsional graphs showing the performance of an ideal light source, a standard polarizer, and a 100% efficient metapolarizer.
  • Fig. 14 is a schematic view of another embodiment of a metapolarizer incorporating transmission line unit cells oriented vertically on the dielectric substrate.
  • Fig. 15 is a schematic, top plan view of another exemplary embodiment of a metapolarizer, wherein the wire pairs of Fig. 7 are replaced with unit cells exhibiting symmetry across a vertical axis, but not horizontal or diagonal symmetry.
  • Fig. 16 is a schematic view of another exemplary embodiment of a metapolarizer using a space-filling curve antenna composed of roughened wire segments.
  • Fig. 17 is a schematic view of another exemplary embodiment of a metapolarizer, employing two or more layers of metamaterial.
  • Fig. 18 is a schematic view of another embodiment of a metapolarizer, wherein strips of birefringent material with a sub-wavelength spatial frequency are used to create different values of birefringence for parallel and perpendicularly polarized photons.
  • Fig 19 is a schematic view of a further embodiment of a metapolarizer, wherein form birefringence replaces material birefringence in the birefringent strips.
  • Fig 20 is a schematic, plan view of an exemplary use of a metapolarizer, in a light shutter or video display pixel, in the bright or transmitting state.
  • Fig 21 is a schematic, plan view of an exemplary use of a metapolarizer in a light shutter or video display pixel in the dark or non-transmitting state.
  • Metamaterials as disclosed herein with effective permittivity and permeability ( ⁇ eff and (l eff ) in either a double-positive (DPS), single-negative (SNG), or double-negative (DNG) state may be employed in such a way that the permittivity and permeability may differ for different polarities of light.
  • ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff may be such that the metamaterial is largely transmissive, with minimal reflection, absorption, or phase shifting.
  • ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff may be such that the metamaterial remains largely transmissive with minimal reflection and absorption, but with a substantial phase- shifting effect that alters the relative phase of electric and magnetic fields of a photon, such that the polarity of the photon may be rotated.
  • the metamaterial device may act as a metapolarizer, i.e., the light exiting the device may be entirely or largely composed of a single polarity, but of an intensity generally greater than 50% of the intensity of unpolarized or randomly polarized light incident on the device. In the theoretical extreme, the transmissivity of the device may approach 100%. [0049] Fig.
  • FIG. 1 is from the prior art, and is a schematic view of a negative-index microwave antenna disclosed in Chapter 2 of "Synthesis of Novel Metamaterials” (S. Barbagallo, VDM Verlag, 2008).
  • the structure is a planar "meander line” or “fractal” or “space filling curve” microwave antenna with negative ⁇ and ⁇ , which responds predominantly to one polarization of radiation while having little effect on the other polarization.
  • the antenna also has a much greater effect on the electric field of the wave than on the magnetic field of the wave.
  • this structure is intended for use as an antenna and is not disclosed, described, or employed as a metapolarizer, when electrically isolated in free space or on a dielectric substrate it has many attributes that may be desirable for a metapolarizer. As described, the device operates only in microwave frequencies.
  • Fig. 2 was previously presented in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0015902 to Powers et al., and is a schematic representation of an exemplary form of a polarity-rotating polarizer device, incorporating only classical optical elements.
  • the device may consist of a reflective polarizer 201, a mirror 202, and a depolarizer (waveblock) 203.
  • a depolarizer waveblock
  • the reflected light may pass through a permanent depolarizer 203 (also known as a retarder, waveblock or waveplate) that rotates its polarity by a specific amount (e.g., 90 degrees).
  • a permanent depolarizer 203 also known as a retarder, waveblock or waveplate
  • the polarity of the reflected light now matches the polarity of the transmitted light. Therefore, the polarity-rotating polarizer transmits approximately 100% of the light that strikes it, while ensuring that all of the light is of the same polarization.
  • the mirror 202 blocks the transmission of light from directly behind it, the overall transmissivity of this structure, like that of a standard polarizer, may be no greater than 50%.
  • Fig. 3 is from the prior art (Padilla et.
  • Padilla further discloses that with unit cell sizes between approximately III th and 1110 th of the resonant wavelength, and spacing of between approximately 115 th and III th of the resonant wavelength, regular planar arrays of these unit cells may yield metamaterials with negative ⁇ eff at wavelengths slightly shorter than the resonant wavelength, and with ⁇ eff that may be largely unaffected by the unit cell structure or spacing. Thus, even with a fixed array spacing and unit cell size, the shape of the unit cells may be altered to yield different values of n eff for a given range of wavelengths, and thus different optical properties for the metamaterial. These unit cells are shown here for exemplary purposes only. Furthermore, the metamaterials disclosed by Padilla et al.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic view of four planar metamaterial unit cells, modified from the versions in Fig 3. These unit cells are capable of exhibiting a negative ⁇ and may exhibit vertical and horizontal symmetry but not diagonal symmetry. These structures are adapted from examples in Padilla et. al., and because they lack diagonal symmetry they are capable of producing non-isotropic effects and/or polarity- sensitive or polarity- specific effects. This breaking of diagonal symmetry may increase the inductance of the unit cells and thus the ⁇ eff of a metamaterial made from a planar array of such unit cells.
  • ⁇ eff may be adjusted along with ⁇ eff through design of the shape of the unit cells, to yield planar metamaterials with tailored electrical and magnetic properties.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic, top plan view of one embodiment of a metapolarizer composed of an array of carefully spaced metallic dots 501 on a dielectric substrate 500.
  • metal dots on a dielectric surface may be electrically isolated and capable of storing a significant excess charge or having a time- varying charge distribution. This arrangement may make the metal dots highly capacitive, which may tend to increase the absolute value of the effective permittivity, and decrease or leave alone the absolute value of effective permeability.
  • Large permittivity and small permeability may also yield a low impedance, which may minimize reflectivity, and yield a larger phase shift to the electrical component of a photon passing perpendicularly through the surface than to the photon's magnetic component, thus rotating the photon's polarity.
  • the dots are regularly spaced in a symmetrical grid, this effect may apply equally to incoming photons of any polarity.
  • the dots are instead arranged into rows and columns, where an exemplary spacing between columns may be approximately half the affected wavelength (e.g., 275 nm for green light in the middle of the visible spectrum), and an exemplary spacing between dots within a column may be much smaller — roughly one-sixth of the affected wavelength (or 92 nm for green light) or less — the dots may effect the phase of incoming photons of only a particular incoming polarity.
  • the diameter of the dots may be smaller still, roughly one-twentieth of a wavelength (27.5 nm for green light), so that they may cover less than one tenth of the total surface area of the device and may therefore not be a significant source of attenuation for the light passing through the device.
  • a photon of one linear polarity traveling perpendicular to the plane of the dot array, interacts with this structure, it may "see” a larger number of dots and therefore a high permittivity and high phase shift to its electrical component.
  • a photon of opposite (i.e., perpendicular) linear polarity interacts, it may "see” a smaller number of dots and therefore a smaller permittivity and a smaller phase shift.
  • the effective permittivity, permeability, and refractive index of this structure may all be positive.
  • the structure may be given a negative refractive index by placing an optional continuous wire (not pictured) above, below, or adjacent to each column of dots to serve as a ground plane (or ground wire in the transmission line analogy) or as a literal source of inductive coupling.
  • the metal dots may be replaced with other types of metamaterial unit cells including, but not limited to the exemplary forms shown in Fig. 3, which may be vertically, horizontally, and diagonally symmetric and may therefore be predominantly capacitive in nature.
  • the unit cells themselves are not sensitive to the polarization of an incoming photon, the overall structure responds differently to parallel and perpendicular polarizations because of the anisotropy in the unit cell spacing.
  • the multiplicity of unit cells may rotate one polarity of light significantly more than the other polarity of light and may thus serve as a metapolarizer.
  • the structure may be employed, for example, to reduce the -50% polarizer-related energy losses in a liquid crystal video display.
  • Fig. 6 is an isometric view of two wires in an optical device, such as a wire grid polarizer.
  • a multiplicity of smooth rectangular wires 602 may produce a wire grid polarizer, i.e., a reflective linear polarizer that transmits light of a matching polarity and reflects light of perpendicular polarity.
  • the smooth wires 602 may behave very much like a flat, solid metal film. Reflection from the polarizer surface may therefore be specular, resulting in a clear, mirror-like appearance.
  • the "surface" of the polarizer as “seen” by photons of the appropriate wavelength and polarity may appear irregular rather than smooth; both small- and large-scale features (relative to the wavelength of light) are applicable.
  • specular reflection typically requires a microscopically smooth surface
  • reflection from irregular surfaces is typically diffusive
  • the reflected light from such a polarizer may have a white or metallic gray appearance, rather than a mirrored one. Since a certain amount of reflection may be inevitable in almost any metal-dielectric structure, including metamaterials, it may be desirable to control the properties of the reflection.
  • a metamaterial fashioned from irregular wires 604 may create diffuse rather than specular reflections, which may be desirable for applications in optical shutters, "smart window” devices, and video displays.
  • wavelength-dependent optical parameters of a metamaterial may relate directly or indirectly to the diameter of the metal elements used to create it, and because irregular wires have diameters that vary with position along the wire, the bandwidth of a metamaterial (i.e., the range of wavelengths over which it responds) may be broadened by fashioning it from irregular rather than regular metallic elements.
  • placing sub-wavelength-sized breaks or gaps 606 within the smooth wires 602 or irregular wires 604 may increase the series capacitance of the wire 604.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic, top plan view of another embodiment of a metapolarizer wherein the effective permittivity and permeability are controlled by parallel pairs of nanowire segments 701 on a dielectric substrate 700.
  • the effective permittivity ⁇ eff and effective permeability ⁇ eff are dependent mainly on the length and diameter of the individual nanowire segments, which act as antennas and thus have a profound effect on the structure's electromagnetic response at certain resonant wavelengths.
  • a wire length of approximately ⁇ /8 or greater, and an aspect ratio of approximately 6.875:1 yields a strong negative permittivity at wavelengths of ⁇ or greater.
  • the magnitude of ⁇ eff peaks at a wavelength approximately 30% shorter than ⁇ , and decays asymptotically to the permittivity of free space as the wavelength increases.
  • unit cells consisting of parallel wire pairs 701 may exhibit vertical and horizontal symmetry, but not diagonal symmetry, and may therefore have significant inductance as well as capacitance.
  • the wire pair 701 yields a large negative permittivity and a small negative permeability — the conditions already identified for a polarity-rotating effect.
  • the metamaterial features of this embodiment are spaced in columns, wherein the spacing of elements within a column is significantly smaller than the spacing between the columns themselves.
  • the effective permittivity and permeability created by the wire pairs is also strongly dependent on their concentration, i.e., the number of wire pairs in a given volume of space.
  • concentration i.e., the number of wire pairs in a given volume of space.
  • the device can tolerate a large range of spacings without fundamentally changing the way it operates.
  • the ideal value is suspected to be approximately ⁇ /9, as shown in the figure, although we do not wish to be bound by this as values from ⁇ /20 to ⁇ /4 have been shown to work, and many values outside this range are suspected to produce metapolarizing effects as well.
  • the performance of the metamaterial may not be strongly dependent on the orientation or "clock angle" of the wire pairs 701 on the dielectric substrate 700, although the classical polarizing properties of the wires may be compromised if their clock angles vary significantly.
  • the resonant vibration modes for electrons in diagonally symmetric structures may also be symmetric (i.e., with all resonant electrons moving in parallel), whereas for diagonally asymmetric or antisymmetric unit cells the electrons in different parts of the structure may be moving asymmetrically or antisymmetrically.
  • this resonance may "look" like a circulating current to an "observer” (e.g., an incident photon) and thus produce a magnetic field capable of altering the
  • an "observer” e.g., an incident photon
  • the two parallel (or approximately parallel) wires 701 may form a literal transmission line with each wire serving as the ground for the other and with a dielectric substrate (e.g., free space) at each end serving as both the source and the load.
  • a dielectric substrate e.g., free space
  • l eff may be dependent primarily on the length and diameter of the individual nanowire segments, which act as transmission lines and thus have a profound effect on the electromagnetic response of the metapolarizer at certain resonant wavelengths.
  • l eff may peak at a wavelength approximately 30% shorter than ⁇ , and may decay asymptotically to the permittivity of free space as the wavelength increases.
  • the wire pair 701 may yield a large negative permittivity and a small negative permeability — some of the conditions already identified for a polarity-rotating effect.
  • the wire pairs 701 are distributed on the substrate 700 in a symmetrically periodic array (e.g., where the horizontal space between unit cells is identical to the space between wires within a unit cell and the vertical space between unit cells is identical to the length of the wires within a unit cell)
  • this effect may apply equally to photons of either linear polarity and thus no metapolarizing effect may occur.
  • the metamaterial features of this embodiment may be spaced in columns, wherein the spacing of elements within a column is significantly smaller than the spacing between the columns themselves.
  • light of one linear polarity may encounter a large number of wire pairs 701 and therefore a large rotation
  • light of the perpendicular polarity may encounter a smaller number of wire pairs and therefore a smaller rotation.
  • light of one polarity may be strongly rotated with respect to the other, and thus the structure may serve as a metapolarizer.
  • the effective permittivity and permeability created by the wire pairs 701 may also be strongly dependent on the concentration of wire pairs 701, i.e., the number of wire pairs 701 in a given volume of space.
  • concentration of wire pairs 701 i.e., the number of wire pairs 701 in a given volume of space.
  • the device may tolerate a large range of spacings without fundamentally changing the way it operates.
  • the ideal value is suspected to be approximately ⁇ /9, as shown in the figure, although we do not wish to be bound by this as values from ⁇ /20 to ⁇ /4 have been shown to work, and many values outside this range are suspected to produce metapolarizing effects as well.
  • the performance of the metamaterial may not be strongly dependent on the orientation or "clock angle" of the wire pairs 701 on the dielectric substrate 700, although the classical polarizing properties of the wire pairs 701 will be compromised if their clock angles vary significantly.
  • the principal function of the metamaterial may not be strongly dependent on the vertical spacing between wire pairs 701 within a column, except to the extent that this affects the total concentration of wire pairs 701 on the substrate and the relative concentration of columns vs. rows that gives rise to the metapolarizer effect. Changes in these values may affect the exact amount of rotation that photons of each polarity are subjected to, with the extreme of zero concentration resulting in zero rotation.
  • the concentration of wire pairs 701 is larger than a threshold value, and therefore the spacing of wire pairs 701 within a column is smaller than a threshold value, then capacitive and inductive coupling between the wire pairs will create interference that disrupts the normal function and thus radically alter the electromagnetic response of the metamaterial.
  • the ⁇ /8 spacing shown in the figure is within the functional range of the metapolarizer device, which is believed to extend from ⁇ /0 (i.e., infinity, a degenerate case) to approximately ⁇ /20.
  • the device may become a classical wire grid polarizer that has no metapolarizing effects.
  • An optional shunt inductor 702 may be added between the wires of a wire pair 701 in order to increase the inductance of the wire pair and thus tune the ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff of the metamaterial as an alternative to, or in combination with, altering the length, diameter, and spacing of the nanowire segments.
  • the wire pairs 701 may be replaced with other types of unit cells (including but not limited to the types shown in Fig. 4), which may exhibit vertical and horizontal symmetry but not diagonal symmetry. As previously discussed, the exact shape of such unit cells may allow precise control over both capacitance and inductance, even when the spacing between unit cells is fixed, and thus have an effect on both the ⁇ eff and ⁇ ff of the metamaterial.
  • the ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff of the metamaterial may be adjusted precisely through the addition, deletion, or distortion of a variety of features within each unit cell, as demonstrated for example by the unit cells depicted in Fig. 4. Because those unit cells, like the wire pairs 701 (with or without shunt inductors 702), lack diagonal symmetry, they exhibit different responses to photons of parallel and perpendicular polarity. Thus, for this embodiment, the metapolarizing effect arises both from anisotropy in the unit cell spacing and from anisotropy within the unit cells themselves.
  • Fig. 8 is a 3-dimensional plot of the classical, antenna-like behavior of the embodiment of Fig. 7 for the vertical polarization.
  • this embodiment is not an antenna per se, and is not intended to absorb or emit large amounts of radiation but rather to alter the behavior of the radiation passing through it, there may still be diagnostic value in applying a fictional voltage pulse to the structure and examining the resulting emission pattern.
  • the emission is highly symmetrical and omnidirectional, indicating that the response of the metamaterial for this polarization is strong, and may not be highly dependent on incidence angle except where the radiation is very nearly parallel to the nanowires within the structure.
  • Fig. 9 is a 3-dimensional plot of the classical, antenna-like behavior of the embodiment of Fig. 7 for the horizontal polarization. As the plot shows, the theoretical response of the metamaterial for this polarization may be zero, meaning photons of this polarization may not interact with the metamaterial at all. Due to misalignments and defects in a real- world device, the actual response may generally be nonzero, though small enough to be negligible in many circumstances.
  • Fig. 10 is a 3-dimensional plot of the classical, antenna-like behavior of the embodiment of Fig. 7 with the optional inductive shunts 702, for the vertical polarization. As in Fig. 8, the response is highly symmetrical and omnidirectional, indicating that the response of the metamaterial for this polarization may be strong, and may not be highly dependent on incidence angle.
  • Fig. 11 is a 3-dimensional plot of the classical, antenna-like behavior of the embodiment of Fig. 7 with the optional inductive shunts 702, for the horizontal polarization. Unlike Fig. 9, the response of this configuration may be nonzero, though small, for this polarization. Thus, it should be understood that the use of the optional inductive shunts, while potentially advantageous for certain parameters, may introduce "crosstalk" between the two linear polarizations (also known in RF antewnna design as "cross-polarization”) and may thus reduce the efficiency of the metapolarizer.
  • Figs. 12A-12D is a series of 2-dimensional graphs showing showing the effective parameters ⁇ eff ,
  • n eff for both the electric and magnetic fields of an incident photon for each polarization of light in the performance of the metamaterial from Fig. 7.
  • the relationship between wavelength and the effective refractive index n eff for each of two perpendicular directions is different for photons of parallel and perpendicular linear polarization.
  • One polarity experiences a birefringence magnitude ⁇ l of approximately 1.3 (see Fig. 12D), whereas the other experiences a birefringence magnitude of approximately 1.5 (see Fig. 12B).
  • this situation can be described as a continuously varying, polarization-dependent anisotropy in the amount of rotation each photon experiences.
  • the result is a "perfect" metapolarizer. If the difference in retardation between any two photons is equal to their difference in polarization azimuth, the result is a "perfect" metapolarizer. If the difference is equal to zero, the result is a conventional waveplate. In between there are various degrees of while both polarizations are rotated by the metamaterial, one is rotated more strongly. Therefore, the output photons will exhibit a strong polarization bias even when the input photons are randomly polarized. In other words, a metapolarization effect has occurred. In addition, the small imaginary values for ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff show that the structure is minimally absorbing and therefore highly transmissive. Thus, achieving a particular amount of rotation differential between the two polarities (e.g., 90 degrees for an exemplary twisted nematic video display application) is a function of the number of layers of the planar metamaterial the photons pass through.
  • n eff may have a different value for the electrical and magnetic components of an incident photon, meaning the polarity of the photon may rotate in order to keep the electric and magnetic phases of the photon 90 degrees apart as required by Maxwell's equations.
  • the difference in ⁇ l eff between the electric and magnetic components may be larger for the vertical polarization than for the horizontal polarization, meaning the metapolarizer device may rotate one polarity more strongly than the other.
  • these plots describe a metapolarizer that rotates one polarization approximately 15% more than the other, and thus increases total transmissivity to unpolarized or randomly polarized light by approximately 7%.
  • the metapolarizer device may in principle be used, for example, to reduce the energy consumption of an LCD laptop display screen by approximately 7%.
  • the absorption of this structure may also be very low (i.e., the imaginary components of its permittivity and permeability may be close to zero), it may be practical to stack multiple layers of the planar metamaterial of Fig. 7 to produce staged rotation effects. In other words, two layers may produce a 30% metapolarization effect (and thus a 15% energy savings), six layers may produce a 90%and (and thus a 45% energy savings). Seven or more layers of this particular metamaterial may yield something close to 100% metapolarization (i.e., approximately 50% energy savings).
  • the overall transmissivity of such materials may drop as additional layers are added and, at some point (depending on the efficiency of the metapolarizer and the transmissivity of the materials comprising the metapolarizer), the transmissivity gains from the metapolarizer will be overtaken by the transmissivity losses from adding another layer.
  • the transmissivity gains from the metapolarizer will be overtaken by the transmissivity losses from adding another layer.
  • Figs. 13A-13C are a series of 2-dimenstional graphs included for clarity, showing the behavior of an ideal, non-polar light source, a standard optical polarizer of reflective, absorptive, or diffusive type, and a 100% efficient metapolarizer with a cutoff wavelength of around 400 nm.
  • the standard polarizer is only approximately 40% transmissive to unpolarized light, while the metapolarizer can approach 100% transmissivity.
  • both devices transmit light of a single linear polarity.
  • the metapolarizer is clearly superior for polarizing applications where efficiency, brightness, battery life or total energy flux are important.
  • Fig 14 is an isometric view of another embodiment of a metapolarizer, wherein the metamaterial may be composed of literal transmission line unit cells, oriented vertically on the dielectric substrate 1400 so that they may be capable of acting as waveguides for light striking the substrate 1400 at a perpendicular angle.
  • Each unit cell consists of two metal strips 1401 separated by a dielectric (e.g., empty space) of thickness d. Depending on its height and thickness, each unit cell has a characteristic resonant frequency with known effects on the ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff of the resulting metamaterial as described above.
  • Feature sizes and performance of this embodiment may be generally similar to those shown in Fig. 7 and the metal strips may similarly be joined by an optional shunt inductor 1402.
  • Fig 15 shows another embodiment of a metapolarizer, wherein the wire pairs of Fig. 7 may be replaced with elongated split-ring resonators 1501 around a dielectric gap 1502.
  • These structures may allow a finer control over the ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff of the metapolarizer through precise adjustment of the spacing between the two wires in the resonator (proportional to the series capacitance of an equivalent transmission line model), and of the length of the resonators (proportional to the shunt inductance).
  • this structure may be much more inductive than the embodiment in Fig. 7, so care must be taken to keep the capacitance large enough to match the structure's equivalent impedance, at least approximately, to the 377 Ohms of free space..
  • the structure is symmetric around a vertical axis, the structure is neither horizontally nor diagonally symmetric and may thus exhibit a minimal capacity for electrons to resonate symmetrically in parallel portions of the unit cell. Rather, the resonant electrons may tend to move antisymmetrically, leading to the appearance of circulating current and thus a magnetic field, without the necessity for a strong electric field.
  • unit cells may be substituted which may have this same property and in general these may be unit cells with symmetry along only one axis, possibly though not necessarily similar to the unit cells in Fig. 4, but with certain elements deleted, moved, or modified to remove symmetry around the horizontal axis. Completely asymmetric unit cells are also possible but may be computationally prohibitive and/or difficult to reproduce or manufacture.
  • a metapolarizer When a metapolarizer is fashioned from such highly inductive unit cells, care may be taken to keep the capacitance large enough to match the equivalent impedance of the structure, at least approximately, to the 377 Ohms of free space. As the impedance of the structure for one polarity of light increases well above that of free space, the resulting impedance mismatch at the interface between the metamaterial and the free space (or other dielectric material) around it may cause a high coefficient of reflection for that polarity. In the degenerate case, where the resonators are infinitely tall, the structure may be 100% reflective to that polarity while having minimal effect on the perpendicular polarity, and may thus act as a wire grid polarizer rather than a metapolarizer.
  • Fig. 16 is a schematic representation of an implementation of a metapolarizer in which negative-index planar antennas, similar to the ones in Fig. 1, have been arranged in columns. This structure is similar to that of Figs. 7 and 15 in its effects, because the individual unit cells may have a metapolarizing effect.
  • the total length of the horizontal capacitive gaps 1601 is exactly or approximately twice as large as the total length of the vertical capacitive gaps 1602 within the space-filling structure.
  • one polarity of light sees a higher capacitance than the other, and thus a larger ⁇ and smaller ⁇ , which causes the unit cell to act as a metapolarizer as described above.
  • the multiple feature sizes in both the horizontal and vertical directions may allow the total operating bandwidth of the metapolarizer device to be broader than for a simpler unit cell (e.g., the unit cells shown in Figures 3, 4, 7, and 14).
  • This may be analogous to a fractal antenna, which may be thought of as a collection of quarter- wave antennas of various sizes, each responding to a different center wavelength.
  • the unit cells are arranged in a larger grating structure that has polarizing effects of its own, i.e., light of one polarity encounters a much larger number of unit cells than light of the other polarity.
  • light of one linear polarity encounters a significantly different ⁇ and ⁇ than light of the other polarity, and the overall structure acts as a metapolarizer.
  • the width of each unit cell is less than one two-thousandth the width of the microwave antenna in Fig. 1 — a substantial difference in scale from any prior art uses of that structure.
  • metapolarizer structure in this size range are only now becoming manufacturable using nanotechnology methods. For many applications it will also be desirable to form the metapolarizer structure from irregular nanowires rather than regular ones, in order to broaden the wavelength response even further, and also to diffuse any light reflected from the structure (e.g., to minimize glare).
  • Fig 17 shows a schematic plan view of another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, wherein two separate layers of planar metamaterial on dielecrtic, 1701 and 1702, have been stacked.
  • the two metamaterials 1701 and 1702 may be identical, or they may be slightly different versions of the same embodiment wherein the feature sizes have been adjusted to respond to different wavelengths, or they may be different embodiments.
  • a photon 1703 passes through the metamaterial layers 1701 and 1702, it may be rotated or unaffected according to its polarity based on the ⁇ and ⁇ it encounters in each metamaterial layer.
  • This structure may be useful, for example, in increasing the amount of rotation a photon of particular polarity is subjected to by passing the photon through multiple layers of metapolarizer.
  • this multilayered structure could be used in an exemplary fashion to create a device that acts as a metapolarizer for one color of visible light in layer 1701 and for another color in layer 1702, while leaving the remaining visible spectrum unaffected.
  • An arbitrary number of metamaterial layers may be stacked to produce a metapolarizer that operates over any desired wavelength range or ranges or, for example, to provide specific polarizations to various wavelengths.
  • Fig. 18 is a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the present invention, wherein strips, bars, or stripes 1801 of a transparent, birefringent material (typically a dielectric, although a metal meeting this description, if such exists, may also be employed), interleaved with non-birefringent gaps 1802, are employed to produce the metapolarizing effect.
  • a transparent, birefringent material typically a dielectric, although a metal meeting this description, if such exists, may also be employed
  • non-birefringent gaps 1802 are employed to produce the metapolarizing effect.
  • the effective birefringence itself becomes a polarization-dependent quantity.
  • the spatial frequency of the bars is significantly less than a wavelength of light (e.g., ⁇ /4 or less, although we do not wish to be bound by this as larger spatial frequencies may function nearly as well)
  • the fraction of birefringent material "seen" by the photon is fi and the permittivity of the birefringent material is ⁇ 2
  • the fraction of non-birefringent material is f 2 and its permittivity is ⁇ 2
  • the optical anisotropy causes photons of differing polarity to "see" a different amount of birefringent material and therefore a different amount of rotation.
  • the straight bars or lines 1801 of birefringent material could be replaced with non-straight lines or with fractal, space-filling lines, without altering the essential functioning of the embodiment.
  • this embodiment is technically a photonic material rather than a metamaterial, because it does not contain conductive, resonant (i.e., antenna-like) elements.
  • conductive, resonant i.e., antenna-like
  • Fig 19 is a further embodiment derived from the previous embodiment, wherein the physical birefringence of the material is replaced with form birefringence in a non- birefringent material.
  • each bar or strip 1801 has been replaced with a collection 1901 of even narrower strips 1902 which exhibit form birefringence according to the same permittivity relationship given above.
  • the gaps 1902 between the strips are of a non-birefringent material, although in this embodiment there is an additional requirement that the gaps 1902 be filled with a dielectric material (whether a solid, liquid, gas, or free space) having a significantly different index of refraction so that photons can "see" the bars as being distinct from the surrounding medium.
  • the straight lines may be replaced with non-straight lines, including fractal space-filling shapes, without altering the essential functioning of this embodiment.
  • Fig. 20 is a schematic representation of an exemplary use of the present invention, in which a metapolarizer 2001 is used in conjunction with a second standard polarizer 2003 and depolarizer 2002 (waveblock), as in a liquid crystal light shutter or video display pixel.
  • incoming light of matching polarity strikes the metapolarizer 2001 and is transmitted through.
  • Light of opposite polarity strikes the metapolarizer 2001 and is retarded or rotated such that its polarity matches that of the metapolarizer 2001.
  • the polarization output of the metapolarizer 2001 is of opposite polarization to the second polarizer 2003.
  • Fig. 20 depicts the operation of this embodiment in the transmissive state: the polarized light then enters the depolarizer 2002 (of which an exemplary form is a liquid crystal medium), which is in an organized state (e.g., a twisted nematic state) and thus functions to rotate the polarity of all the light passing through it since the light exiting the metapolarizer is of the same polarity, the rotation by the depolarizer matches the polarity of the second polarizer or analyzer, 2003, which is a standard reflective or absorptive polarizer. Since the depolarized light matches the polarity of the second polarizer 2003, it is transmitted through. Therefore, in this embodiment the device is approximately 100% transmissive in the transparent state.
  • the depolarizer 2002 of which an exemplary form is a liquid crystal medium
  • an organized state e.g., a twisted nematic state
  • the rotation by the depolarizer matches the polarity of the second polarizer or analyzer, 2003, which is a standard reflective or
  • Fig 21 is a schematic representation of the same exemplary use as in Fig 20, except that the embodiment is pictures in its opaque state.
  • the depolarizer 2102 becomes disorganized (i.e., the liquid or isotropic state of a liquid crystal medium, or in the electrically aligned molecular state common in twisted nematic displays) and does not affect the polarity of the light passing through it . Therefore, since the light exiting the metapolarizer 2101 is of opposite polarity to the second polarizer 2103, approximately 100% of the light is absorbed or reflected back. Thus, the device is approximately 0% transmissive.
  • Optional components such as coatings, films, spacers, fillers, or support structures may be added to suit the needs of a particular application or a particular manufacturing method, and degraded forms of some embodiments may be produced by deleting or substituting certain components, without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
  • the wires of a metamaterial could be fashioned from imperfect conductors or semiconductors, or from materials (e.g., copper) whose reflection spectra include substantial color anomalies in the wavelength region of concern.
  • the metapolarizer when used in conjunction with a normal absorptive or reflective polarizer, may allow liquid crystal video displays, optical shutters, and thermoreflective or thermoabsorptive attenuators to have transmissivity approaching 100% in the transparent state.
  • the metapolarizer may be used to increase the brightness and/or reduce the power consumption of polarizing video displays.
  • the metapolarizer may be used in place of ordinary reflective or absorptive polarizers in applications including, but not limited to, for example, eyewear, telescopes, microscopes, cameras, sensors, building materials, video displays, projectors, and laser optics.
  • the metapolarizer may be used in place of conventional waveblocks in video displays and other optical applications, to rotate the polarity of incoming light.
  • All directional references e.g., proximal, distal, upper, lower, upward, downward, left, right, lateral, front, back, top, bottom, above, below, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, clockwise, and counterclockwise
  • Connection references e.g., attached, coupled, connected, and joined
  • connection references are to be construed broadly and may include intermediate members between a collection of elements and relative movement between elements unless otherwise indicated. As such, connection references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each other.
  • the exemplary drawings are for purposes of illustration only and the dimensions, positions, order and relative sizes reflected in the drawings attached hereto may vary.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Polarising Elements (AREA)
  • Lenses (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un dispositif métapolariseur optique qui polarise la lumière tout en atténuant les pertes d’absorption ou de réflexion associées aux polariseurs classiques. Ledit dispositif émet une lumière ayant une certaine polarité et tourne l’autre polarité de façon à ce qu'elle soit plus proche de la polarité émise. Il en résulte que, bien que la lumière sortant du dispositif métapolariseur soit fortement polarisée, la transmissivité totale du dispositif peut être bien supérieure à 50 % et peut s’approcher des 100 % dans la limite théorique.
EP09818141.5A 2008-06-19 2009-06-20 Dispositif métapolariseur optique Not-in-force EP2300861B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US7409508P 2008-06-19 2008-06-19
US14629809P 2009-01-21 2009-01-21
PCT/US2009/048069 WO2010039301A2 (fr) 2008-06-19 2009-06-20 Dispositif métapolariseur optique

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2300861A2 true EP2300861A2 (fr) 2011-03-30
EP2300861A4 EP2300861A4 (fr) 2013-04-24
EP2300861B1 EP2300861B1 (fr) 2014-12-17

Family

ID=42060330

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09818141.5A Not-in-force EP2300861B1 (fr) 2008-06-19 2009-06-20 Dispositif métapolariseur optique

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US9116302B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2300861B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN102124382B (fr)
AU (1) AU2009300291B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2754556C (fr)
HK (1) HK1159759A1 (fr)
WO (2) WO2010039301A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (73)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP5399923B2 (ja) 2007-01-24 2014-01-29 レイブンブリック，エルエルシー 温度応答切換型光ダウンコンバーティングフィルタ
WO2009039423A1 (fr) 2007-09-19 2009-03-26 Ravenbrick, Llc Films de fenêtre de faible émissivité et revêtements incorporant des grilles de fil d'échelle nanométrique
US8634137B2 (en) 2008-04-23 2014-01-21 Ravenbrick Llc Glare management of reflective and thermoreflective surfaces
US9116302B2 (en) 2008-06-19 2015-08-25 Ravenbrick Llc Optical metapolarizer device
KR101331058B1 (ko) 2008-08-20 2013-11-20 라벤브릭 엘엘씨 열변색 필터를 제조하는 방법
US8284336B2 (en) * 2009-04-10 2012-10-09 Ravenbrick Llc Thermally switched optical filter incorporating a guest-host architecture
US8867132B2 (en) 2009-10-30 2014-10-21 Ravenbrick Llc Thermochromic filters and stopband filters for use with same
JP5734993B2 (ja) 2009-11-17 2015-06-17 レイブンブリック，エルエルシー 屈折性光学構造を組み込んだ温度応答切換型光学フィルタ
US8350777B2 (en) * 2010-02-18 2013-01-08 Raytheon Company Metamaterial radome/isolator
ES2748829T3 (es) 2010-03-29 2020-03-18 Ravenbrick Llc Dispositivo de cristal líquido termotrópico estabilizado por polímero
GB201006944D0 (en) * 2010-04-26 2010-06-09 Univ Southampton Spectral filter
EP2576934A4 (fr) 2010-06-01 2014-01-01 Ravenbrick Llc Composant de bâtiment multifonctionnel
EP2594971A1 (fr) 2010-07-15 2013-05-22 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Procédé de production d'un métamatériau, et métamatériau
KR101319908B1 (ko) * 2011-02-16 2013-10-18 한국과학기술원 고 굴절률 메타물질
CN102682858B (zh) * 2011-03-15 2015-02-04 深圳光启高等理工研究院 吸波材料
WO2012122823A1 (fr) * 2011-03-15 2012-09-20 深圳光启高等理工研究院 Convertisseur de polarisation de métamatériaux
CN102479988B (zh) * 2011-03-15 2013-06-12 深圳光启高等理工研究院 一种超材料极化转换器
CN102680810B (zh) * 2011-03-18 2014-09-03 深圳光启高等理工研究院 微波暗室实验系统
FR2973585B1 (fr) * 2011-03-31 2013-04-26 Ecole Superieure Electronique De L Ouest Eseo Structures antennaires associant des metamateriaux.
WO2012139369A1 (fr) * 2011-04-12 2012-10-18 深圳光启高等理工研究院 Microstructure artificielle et métamatériau utilisant celle-ci
CN102610923B (zh) * 2011-09-28 2015-02-04 深圳光启高等理工研究院 负磁导率超材料
CN102780094B (zh) * 2011-05-11 2015-10-07 深圳光启高等理工研究院 一种人造微结构以及超材料
CN102790285B (zh) * 2011-05-18 2015-11-18 深圳光启高等理工研究院 线极化波收发装置
CN102480017B (zh) * 2011-06-01 2013-04-24 深圳光启高等理工研究院 一种基于cmos工艺制备的超材料
US9219314B2 (en) * 2011-06-29 2015-12-22 Kuang-Chi Innovative Technology Ltd. Artificial electromagnetic material
CN102903397B (zh) * 2011-07-29 2015-07-22 深圳光启高等理工研究院 一种宽频吸波的人工电磁材料
GB201114625D0 (en) * 2011-08-24 2011-10-05 Antenova Ltd Antenna isolation using metamaterial
CN102969571B (zh) * 2011-09-01 2015-08-19 深圳光启高等理工研究院 负磁导率超材料
CA2847185A1 (fr) 2011-09-01 2013-03-07 Ravenbrick, Llc Volet optique thermotrope incorporant des polariseurs pour revetement
CN103001000B (zh) * 2011-09-16 2015-10-21 深圳光启高等理工研究院 一种具有宽频高折射率和低色散特性的人工电磁材料
CN102480055B (zh) * 2011-09-28 2013-07-03 深圳光启高等理工研究院 一种负磁导率超材料
CN103022720B (zh) * 2011-09-28 2016-09-28 深圳光启高等理工研究院 一种负磁导率超材料
CN102480054B (zh) * 2011-09-30 2013-03-13 深圳光启高等理工研究院 一种半流体超材料及其制备方法
CN103036050B (zh) * 2011-09-30 2016-08-31 深圳光启高等理工研究院 一种负磁导率超材料
CN102723608B (zh) * 2012-02-29 2015-09-09 深圳光启创新技术有限公司 一种超材料
CN103293684B (zh) * 2012-02-29 2017-03-29 深圳光启智能光子技术有限公司 3d显示装置
CN103296409B (zh) * 2012-02-29 2017-04-05 深圳光启高等理工研究院 宽频带超材料天线罩及天线系统
CN102820544B (zh) * 2012-07-03 2015-08-19 深圳光启创新技术有限公司 一种天线反射面相位校正贴膜及反射面天线
CN102842760B (zh) * 2012-07-31 2016-05-25 深圳光启创新技术有限公司 透波材料及其天线罩和天线系统
DE102012016655A1 (de) * 2012-08-24 2014-05-15 Checkpoint Systems, Inc. System zur RFID-Kommunikation
CN102868007B (zh) * 2012-09-18 2015-04-01 中国科学院光电技术研究所 一种基于手性人工电磁结构的双频圆极化器
WO2015021255A1 (fr) * 2013-08-07 2015-02-12 Purdue Research Foundation Amélioration de l'efficacité d'une source de lumière à l'aide de métasurfaces
KR102154708B1 (ko) 2013-09-24 2020-09-11 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 표시 장치
JP6537245B2 (ja) * 2014-10-16 2019-07-03 キヤノン株式会社 光学素子および光学機器
CN104698682B (zh) * 2015-03-20 2017-12-22 广东海信电子有限公司 一种模组及液晶显示装置
US10161797B2 (en) * 2015-07-05 2018-12-25 Purdue Research Foundation Sub-millimeter real-time circular dichroism spectrometer with metasurfaces
CN105182462B (zh) * 2015-10-23 2017-10-24 电子科技大学 一种基于双杆天线结构的中红外偏振转换器
US11231544B2 (en) 2015-11-06 2022-01-25 Magic Leap, Inc. Metasurfaces for redirecting light and methods for fabricating
JP6538881B2 (ja) 2015-12-28 2019-07-03 日本電信電話株式会社 受動素子
JP6961619B2 (ja) 2016-05-06 2021-11-05 マジック リープ, インコーポレイテッドMagic Leap, Inc. 光を再指向させるための非対称格子を有するメタ表面および製造方法
KR102551162B1 (ko) 2017-01-27 2023-07-04 매직 립, 인코포레이티드 메타표면들을 위한 반사 방지 코팅들
EP4206752A1 (fr) 2017-01-27 2023-07-05 Magic Leap, Inc. Réseaux de diffraction formés par des métasurfaces présentant des nano-faisceaux orientés différemment
KR102429878B1 (ko) * 2017-07-24 2022-08-05 삼성전자주식회사 빔 스티어링 장치 및 이를 포함하는 시스템
JP7461294B2 (ja) 2017-08-31 2024-04-03 メタレンズ，インコーポレイテッド 透過型メタサーフェスレンズ統合
US11519857B2 (en) * 2017-09-21 2022-12-06 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Nanostructured plasmonic materials and methods of making and use thereof
US10578492B2 (en) 2017-09-29 2020-03-03 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Polarimeter for detecting polarization rotation
FI129517B (fi) 2017-10-10 2022-03-31 Stealthcase Oy Rakennustarvike
EP3477363B1 (fr) 2017-10-31 2022-04-20 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Dispositif de modulation optique et appareil le comprenant
US12007276B2 (en) 2018-03-22 2024-06-11 Purdue Research Foundation Sensor for hyperspectral imaging based on a metasurface-integrated light detector array
CN110609422B (zh) * 2018-06-15 2021-01-22 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 超材料结构单元、超材料及电子装置
CN109346847A (zh) * 2018-11-22 2019-02-15 云南大学 一种超材料结构单元
CN110061358B (zh) * 2019-01-02 2023-12-15 云南大学 双频段圆回形左手材料单元
US11654635B2 (en) 2019-04-18 2023-05-23 The Research Foundation For Suny Enhanced non-destructive testing in directed energy material processing
CN109976065B (zh) * 2019-04-29 2022-06-07 泉州师范学院 基于旋转场天线的辐射场产生可旋转光学焦场的方法
CN114286953A (zh) 2019-07-26 2022-04-05 梅特兰兹股份有限公司 孔隙-超表面和混合折射-超表面成像系统
CN110718770A (zh) * 2019-09-29 2020-01-21 山西大学 一种全极化可重构mimo天线
CN111129783B (zh) * 2020-01-10 2020-12-25 山西大学 一种功能可重构的超材料宽带极化转换器/吸收器
CN111323929B (zh) * 2020-04-09 2021-05-04 南开大学 手性光学元件、手性光学加密组件及手性元件设计方法
CN111509390A (zh) * 2020-04-21 2020-08-07 长安大学 带有负磁导率材料的ism频段微带阵列天线及制作方法
CN113552072B (zh) * 2021-04-13 2023-03-21 哈尔滨工程大学 一种基于全反射增强机制的光学传感器
US11927769B2 (en) 2022-03-31 2024-03-12 Metalenz, Inc. Polarization sorting metasurface microlens array device
CN115173203B (zh) * 2022-07-28 2024-06-25 国科大杭州高等研究院 一种基于非对称超表面结构的全光可调等离激元纳米光学器件及其应用
CN115313059B (zh) * 2022-09-01 2023-09-08 中国人民解放军空军工程大学 一种极化不敏感的极端入射角下的电磁增透超表面

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050221128A1 (en) * 2003-12-31 2005-10-06 Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc. Negative refractive index and opto-magnetic materials and method of fabricating same
US20060262398A1 (en) * 2005-05-23 2006-11-23 Suguru Sangu Polarization control device
US20070215843A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2007-09-20 Iowa State University Research Foundation Structures With Negative Index Of Refraction
JP2007272016A (ja) * 2006-03-31 2007-10-18 Optoelectronic Industry & Technology Development Association 偏光板

Family Cites Families (230)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3089142A (en) * 1959-10-30 1963-05-07 Sylvania Electric Prod Artificial dielectric polarizer
US3436143A (en) * 1965-11-30 1969-04-01 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Grid type magic tee
US3754271A (en) * 1972-07-03 1973-08-21 Gte Sylvania Inc Broadband antenna polarizer
GB1400525A (en) * 1972-08-04 1975-07-16 Secr Defence Antenna incorporating artificial dielectric material
JPS4994145U (fr) 1972-12-08 1974-08-14
GB1505344A (en) 1974-02-28 1978-03-30 Secretary Industry Brit Radiant energy collectors
US3990784A (en) 1974-06-05 1976-11-09 Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc. Coated architectural glass system and method
JPS5810717B2 (ja) 1975-08-18 1983-02-26 株式会社日立製作所 原子炉炉心異常診断方法
US4155895A (en) 1978-05-30 1979-05-22 American Can Company Thermotropic ink
US4456335A (en) 1978-12-20 1984-06-26 Allied Corporation Thermal-pane window with liquid crystal shade
US4268126A (en) 1978-12-20 1981-05-19 Allied Chemical Corporation Thermal-pane window with liquid crystal shade
DE3023562C2 (de) * 1980-06-24 1982-10-28 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Einrichtung zur Polarisationsumwandlung elektromagnetischer Wellen
DE3027094C2 (de) * 1980-07-17 1987-03-19 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Umpolarisiereinrichtung zur Erzeugung zirkular polarisierter elektromagnetischer Wellen
US4475031A (en) 1981-04-23 1984-10-02 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Solar-powered sun sensitive window
US4491390A (en) 1982-05-06 1985-01-01 Tong Shen Hsieh Automatic liquid-crystal light shutter
US4512638A (en) 1982-08-31 1985-04-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Wire grid polarizer
DE3239753C1 (de) 1982-10-27 1984-03-29 Dornier System Gmbh, 7990 Friedrichshafen Farbneutrale,solarselektive Waermereflexionsschicht fuer Glasscheiben und Verfahren zur Herstellung der Schichten
JPS59231516A (ja) 1983-06-13 1984-12-26 Sharp Corp 液晶表示セル
US4640583A (en) 1983-07-22 1987-02-03 Kabushiki Kaisha Seiko Epson Display panel having an inner and an outer seal and process for the production thereof
US4641922A (en) 1983-08-26 1987-02-10 C-D Marketing, Ltd. Liquid crystal panel shade
DE3588046T2 (de) 1984-03-19 1996-01-11 Univ Kent Lichtmodulierendes Material, das in einer Kunstharzmatrix dispergierte Flüssigkristalle umfasst.
US4688901A (en) 1984-06-11 1987-08-25 Johnson Light Valve Inc. Liquid crystal light valve method and apparatus using right and left-handed twist cholesteric liquid crystal
US4755673A (en) 1984-10-24 1988-07-05 Hughes Aircraft Company Selective thermal radiators
US4786914A (en) * 1985-01-25 1988-11-22 E-Systems, Inc. Meanderline polarization twister
JPS61223719A (ja) 1985-03-28 1986-10-04 Futaba Corp 光制御素子
US4712881A (en) * 1985-06-21 1987-12-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Birefringent artificial dielectric structures
JPS63502377A (ja) 1986-01-27 1988-09-08 オ−トデイスプレイ・エイ／エス 表示又は計器盤の配置
JPH0743526B2 (ja) 1986-04-21 1995-05-15 コニカ株式会社 ハロゲン化銀カラ−写真感光材料の処理方法
FR2606418B1 (fr) 1986-11-07 1994-02-11 Commissariat A Energie Atomique Dispositifs optiques a cristal liquide lyotrope commandables thermiquement, electriquement ou magnetiquement
US5377042A (en) 1986-12-31 1994-12-27 Chahroudi; Day Structure and preparation of automatic light valves
US5525430A (en) 1986-12-31 1996-06-11 Chahroudi; Day Electrically activated thermochromic optical shutters
JPH0815663B2 (ja) 1987-01-12 1996-02-21 株式会社ダイヘン 薄肉部の自動ア−ク溶接方法
JPH0547275Y2 (fr) 1987-02-10 1993-12-13
US4756758A (en) 1987-04-24 1988-07-12 Videojet Systems International, Inc. Thermochromic jet ink
US5152111A (en) 1987-06-25 1992-10-06 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual-pane thermal window with liquid crystal shade
US4848875A (en) 1987-06-25 1989-07-18 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual-pane thermal window with liquid crystal shade
US4899503A (en) 1987-06-25 1990-02-13 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual-pane thermal window with liquid crystal shade
US5009044A (en) 1987-06-25 1991-04-23 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual-pane thermal window with liquid crystal shade
US4893902A (en) 1987-06-25 1990-01-16 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual-pane thermal window with liquid crystal shade
US5025602A (en) 1987-06-25 1991-06-25 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual-pane thermal window with liquid crystal shade
US5111629A (en) 1987-06-25 1992-05-12 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual-pane thermal window with liquid crystal shade
US4964251A (en) 1987-06-25 1990-10-23 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual-pane thermal window with liquid crystal shade
US5304323A (en) 1987-10-20 1994-04-19 Dainippon Ink And Chemicals, Inc. Liquid crystal devices and process for producing the same
US4859994A (en) 1987-10-26 1989-08-22 Malcolm Zola Closed-captioned movie subtitle system
US4871220A (en) 1988-06-15 1989-10-03 Litton Systems, Inc. Short wavelength pass filter having a metal mesh on a semiconducting substrate
US5308706A (en) 1988-07-27 1994-05-03 Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. Heat reflecting sandwich plate
US4877675A (en) 1988-09-29 1989-10-31 Waqidi Falicoff Light transmitting or reflective sheet responsive to temperature variations
JPH0289426U (fr) 1988-12-27 1990-07-16
GB8904314D0 (en) 1989-02-24 1989-04-12 Saitek Ltd Sun exposure monitoring device
JP2631015B2 (ja) 1989-06-06 1997-07-16 株式会社リコー 液晶性高分子の配向方法
SG50560A1 (en) 1989-11-01 2000-10-24 Rolic Ag Light control systems with liquid crystals
DE4007144A1 (de) 1990-03-07 1991-09-12 Hoechst Ag Verfahren zur orientierung fluessigkristalliner polymere und ihr einsatz als orientierungsschicht in fluessigkristall-, schalt- und -anzeigevorrichtungen
US5013918A (en) 1990-04-02 1991-05-07 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Multicolor infrared photodetector
JP2529476B2 (ja) 1991-03-05 1996-08-28 松下電器産業株式会社 照明装置
US5347140A (en) 1991-08-27 1994-09-13 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Resonant electron transfer device
JPH05147983A (ja) 1991-11-25 1993-06-15 Nippondenso Co Ltd 光透過率可変ガラス
US5940150A (en) 1991-11-27 1999-08-17 Reveo, Inc. Electro-optical glazing structures having total-reflection and transparent modes of operation for use in dynamical control of electromagnetic radiation
GB2261989B (en) 1991-11-27 1995-07-12 Hitachi Europ Ltd Switching device
US6912018B2 (en) 1991-11-27 2005-06-28 Inventqjaya Sdn. Bhd. Electro-optical glazing structures having total-reflection and transparent modes of operation for use in dynamical control of electromagnetic radiation
US6671008B1 (en) 1991-11-27 2003-12-30 Reveo, Inc. Electro-optical glazing structures having scattering and transparent modes of operation and methods and apparatus for making the same
US6633354B2 (en) 1991-11-27 2003-10-14 Reveo, Inc. Spectrum-controllable reflective polarizers having electrically-switchable modes of operation
US6559903B2 (en) 1991-11-27 2003-05-06 Reveo, Inc. Non-absorptive electro-optical glazing structure employing composite infrared reflective polarizing filter
JPH06158956A (ja) 1992-03-18 1994-06-07 Afuiniteii Kk 呈色積層体及びそれを使用した窓
US5212584A (en) 1992-04-29 1993-05-18 At&T Bell Laboratories Tunable etalon filter
US5274246A (en) 1992-05-04 1993-12-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Optical modulation and switching with enhanced third order nonlinearity multiple quantum well effects
US5197242A (en) 1992-07-17 1993-03-30 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual-pane thermal window with liquid crystal shade
WO1994002313A1 (fr) 1992-07-28 1994-02-03 Day Chahroudi Structure d'isolation thermique traversee par la lumiere
US6160597A (en) 1993-02-17 2000-12-12 Rolic Ag Optical component and method of manufacture
US5434587A (en) * 1993-09-10 1995-07-18 Hazeltine Corporation Wide-angle polarizers with refractively reduced internal transmission angles
JPH0786615A (ja) 1993-09-14 1995-03-31 Fujitsu Ltd 半導体量子ドット装置
US6333516B1 (en) 1993-09-16 2001-12-25 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Quantum effect device
US5481400A (en) 1993-11-09 1996-01-02 Hughes Aircraft Company Survivable window grids
US6025897A (en) 1993-12-21 2000-02-15 3M Innovative Properties Co. Display with reflective polarizer and randomizing cavity
US20070091230A1 (en) 1993-12-21 2007-04-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Display incorporating reflective polarizer
US5530263A (en) 1994-08-16 1996-06-25 International Business Machines Corporation Three dot computing elements
EP0783784B1 (fr) 1994-09-29 2000-11-08 BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS public limited company Fibre optique comportant des points quantiques
US5585640A (en) 1995-01-11 1996-12-17 Huston; Alan L. Glass matrix doped with activated luminescent nanocrystalline particles
US5686979A (en) 1995-06-26 1997-11-11 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Optical panel capable of switching between reflective and transmissive states
US5574286A (en) 1995-06-30 1996-11-12 Huston; Alan L. Solar-blind radiation detector
US5714766A (en) 1995-09-29 1998-02-03 International Business Machines Corporation Nano-structure memory device
JPH09124348A (ja) 1995-10-30 1997-05-13 Affinity Kk 複合管パネルおよびそれを使用した窓
JP3213529B2 (ja) 1995-11-30 2001-10-02 三洋電機株式会社 撮像装置
JP3323725B2 (ja) 1995-12-08 2002-09-09 キヤノン株式会社 偏波変調レーザ、その駆動方法及びそれを用いた光通信システム
US5750265A (en) 1996-01-11 1998-05-12 Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. Coated glass article having a pyrolytic solar control coating
US5763307A (en) 1996-11-08 1998-06-09 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Block select transistor and method of fabrication
JPH10287449A (ja) 1997-02-12 1998-10-27 Affinity Kk 高分子水溶液積層体およびその製法
JP3853905B2 (ja) 1997-03-18 2006-12-06 株式会社東芝 量子効果装置とｂｌトンネル素子を用いた装置
JP3921268B2 (ja) 1997-03-19 2007-05-30 富士通株式会社 半導体光変調器
JPH10311189A (ja) 1997-05-09 1998-11-24 Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd 調光ガラスおよびそれを使用してなる窓
AT405109B (de) 1997-05-21 1999-05-25 Wasshuber Christoph Dipl Ing D Ein-elektron speicherbauelement
US6281519B1 (en) 1997-08-13 2001-08-28 Fujitsu Limited Quantum semiconductor memory device including quantum dots
JP3866836B2 (ja) 1997-08-14 2007-01-10 富士通株式会社 非線形光学装置
US6099758A (en) 1997-09-17 2000-08-08 Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung Broadband reflective polarizer
JP4028043B2 (ja) 1997-10-03 2007-12-26 コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 液晶光変調素子および液晶光変調素子の製造方法
US6486997B1 (en) 1997-10-28 2002-11-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Reflective LCD projection system using wide-angle Cartesian polarizing beam splitter
US6512242B1 (en) 1998-01-12 2003-01-28 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Resonant-tunneling electronic transportors
US6926952B1 (en) 1998-01-13 2005-08-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Anti-reflective polymer constructions and method for producing same
CN1154005C (zh) 1998-04-28 2004-06-16 时至准钟表股份有限公司 反射式彩色液晶显示装置
US6208463B1 (en) * 1998-05-14 2001-03-27 Moxtek Polarizer apparatus for producing a generally polarized beam of light
GB2338592A (en) 1998-06-19 1999-12-22 Secr Defence Single electron transistor
US6240114B1 (en) 1998-08-07 2001-05-29 Agere Systems Optoelectronics Guardian Corp. Multi-quantum well lasers with selectively doped barriers
US6218018B1 (en) 1998-08-21 2001-04-17 Atofina Chemicals, Inc. Solar control coated glass
US6084702A (en) 1998-10-15 2000-07-04 Pleotint, L.L.C. Thermochromic devices
US6260414B1 (en) 1998-10-22 2001-07-17 Jackson - Kie, Inc. Liquid crystal liquid level indicator
AU3076300A (en) 1999-01-21 2000-08-07 Miwa Science Laboratory Inc. Image recording medium, image recording/erasing device, and image recording method
US6055089A (en) 1999-02-25 2000-04-25 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Photovoltaic powering and control system for electrochromic windows
US6381068B1 (en) 1999-03-19 2002-04-30 3M Innovative Properties Company Reflective projection screen and projection system
US6515785B1 (en) 1999-04-22 2003-02-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Optical devices using reflecting polarizing materials
US6304784B1 (en) 1999-06-15 2001-10-16 Arizona Board Of Regents, Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Flexible probing device and methods for manufacturing the same
US6288840B1 (en) 1999-06-22 2001-09-11 Moxtek Imbedded wire grid polarizer for the visible spectrum
US6122103A (en) 1999-06-22 2000-09-19 Moxtech Broadband wire grid polarizer for the visible spectrum
US20040005451A1 (en) 1999-08-03 2004-01-08 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Diffuse reflective articles
ATE534511T1 (de) 1999-09-29 2011-12-15 Cygnet Works Inc Thermochrome mehrschichtfilme sowie verfahren zur temperaturkontrolle einer struktur
US6724512B2 (en) 1999-11-03 2004-04-20 Optodot Corporation Optical switch device
US6493482B1 (en) 1999-11-23 2002-12-10 L3 Optics, Inc. Optical switch having a planar waveguide and a shutter actuator
GB9928166D0 (en) 1999-11-29 2000-01-26 Microgrin Limited Reflective diffuser
US6718086B1 (en) 2000-02-10 2004-04-06 Agere Systems, Inc. Article comprising a tunable filter
JP4873335B2 (ja) 2000-04-28 2012-02-08 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 情報処理構造体
IL152425A (en) 2000-05-01 2006-12-10 Bae Systems Information Methods and apparatus for compensating a radiation sensor for temperature variations of the sensor
DE60136703D1 (de) 2000-05-04 2009-01-08 Schott Donnelly Llc Verfahren zur Herstellung einer electrochromen Tafel
US7837361B2 (en) 2000-07-14 2010-11-23 Ledalite Architectural Products Light control devices implemented with diffusers having controllable diffusion characteristics
US6329668B1 (en) 2000-07-27 2001-12-11 Mp Technologies L.L.C. Quantum dots for optoelecronic devices
KR100378596B1 (ko) 2000-08-10 2003-03-31 한국전자통신연구원 반도체 광변조기 구조
US6600169B2 (en) 2000-09-22 2003-07-29 Andreas Stintz Quantum dash device
US6816525B2 (en) 2000-09-22 2004-11-09 Andreas Stintz Quantum dot lasers
US6611640B2 (en) 2000-10-03 2003-08-26 Evident Technologies Optical dispersion compensator
KR100355675B1 (ko) 2000-10-10 2002-10-11 한국과학기술원 표면감쇠파 미소공진기 레이저
FR2819802B1 (fr) 2001-01-24 2004-07-23 Saint Gobain Structure, notamment pour vitrage thermochrome, comportant une substance contenue entre deux substrats en verre
US6606142B2 (en) 2001-02-12 2003-08-12 Viztec, Inc. Electrooptical displays with polymer localized in vicinities of substrate spacers
US20020152191A1 (en) 2001-02-23 2002-10-17 Hollenberg Lloyd Christopher Leonard Method of interrogating a database using a quantum computer
US20030107927A1 (en) 2001-03-12 2003-06-12 Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. Method using a synthetic molecular spring device in a system for dynamically controlling a system property and a corresponding system thereof
EP1262911A1 (fr) 2001-05-30 2002-12-04 Hitachi Europe Limited Ordinateur quantique
JP4731728B2 (ja) 2001-06-01 2011-07-27 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 赤外線調光素子
WO2003012834A1 (fr) 2001-07-31 2003-02-13 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois Dispositif semi-conducteur a points quantiques et a puits quantiques couples et procede de production de ce dernier
US20030066998A1 (en) 2001-08-02 2003-04-10 Lee Howard Wing Hoon Quantum dots of Group IV semiconductor materials
US6978070B1 (en) 2001-08-14 2005-12-20 The Programmable Matter Corporation Fiber incorporating quantum dots as programmable dopants
US7166797B1 (en) 2001-08-23 2007-01-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Tandem filters using frequency selective surfaces for enhanced conversion efficiency in a thermophotovoltaic energy conversion system
JP4961650B2 (ja) 2001-09-18 2012-06-27 富士通株式会社 量子回路装置
SE0103198D0 (sv) 2001-09-26 2001-09-26 Andris Azens Electrochromic film and device comprising the same
US6985291B2 (en) 2001-10-01 2006-01-10 3M Innovative Properties Company Non-inverting transflective assembly
EP1304161B1 (fr) 2001-10-19 2007-02-28 Pacific Corporation Thermotropique, liquide cristallin microcapsules polmériques, leur procédé de préparation, et compositions cosmétiques
US20030138209A1 (en) 2002-01-10 2003-07-24 Chan Edward Keat Leam Filter device using thermo-optically controlled bragg grating
JP2003248204A (ja) 2002-02-25 2003-09-05 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 半導体光素子、半導体光変調素子、及び半導体光受光素子
US6847662B2 (en) 2002-03-25 2005-01-25 Fujitsu Limited Wavelength-selectable laser capable of high-speed frequency control
AU2003224809A1 (en) 2002-03-27 2003-10-13 Avery Dennison Corporation Switchable electro-optical laminates
JP4370396B2 (ja) 2002-04-22 2009-11-25 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 多機能自動調光断熱ガラス及び空調方法
US6785050B2 (en) 2002-05-09 2004-08-31 Moxtek, Inc. Corrosion resistant wire-grid polarizer and method of fabrication
US20030214632A1 (en) 2002-05-16 2003-11-20 Jiaying Ma Projection display system
US7042615B2 (en) 2002-05-17 2006-05-09 The Regents Of The University Of California Electrochromic devices based on lithium insertion
US20040036993A1 (en) 2002-05-17 2004-02-26 Tin Hla Ngwe Transparent heat mirror for solar and heat gain and methods of making
US7355668B2 (en) 2002-05-22 2008-04-08 Kent State University Polymer enhanced liquid crystal devices built with rigid or flexible substrates
CA2430795A1 (fr) * 2002-05-31 2003-11-30 George V. Eleftheriades Metamateriaux planaires pour commander et guider le rayonnement electromagnetique et applications connexes
JP2004012818A (ja) 2002-06-06 2004-01-15 Junzo Shimada 液晶ブラインド付き透明パネル
US7026641B2 (en) 2002-08-15 2006-04-11 Sarnoff Corporation Electrically tunable quantum dots and methods for making and using same
AU2002950888A0 (en) 2002-08-20 2002-09-12 Unisearch Limited Quantum device
US7522124B2 (en) * 2002-08-29 2009-04-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Indefinite materials
EP1394821A3 (fr) 2002-08-30 2006-06-14 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation composition magnetique, dispositif magnetique et procédé de fabrication
AU2003279249A1 (en) * 2002-10-10 2004-05-04 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Tunable electromagnetic band-gap composite media
KR100495061B1 (ko) 2002-11-28 2005-06-14 엘지전자 주식회사 드럼세탁기의 캐비닛 조립구조
US7113335B2 (en) 2002-12-30 2006-09-26 Sales Tasso R Grid polarizer with suppressed reflectivity
JP2004291345A (ja) 2003-03-26 2004-10-21 Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd 日射調整ガラス
JP4233431B2 (ja) 2003-04-01 2009-03-04 日東電工株式会社 光学素子、偏光素子、照明装置および液晶表示装置
US7088405B2 (en) 2003-05-05 2006-08-08 3M Innovative Properties Company Structured transflectors for enhanced ambient and backlight operation of transmissive liquid crystal displays
US7154451B1 (en) * 2004-09-17 2006-12-26 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Large aperture rectenna based on planar lens structures
US7068234B2 (en) * 2003-05-12 2006-06-27 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Meta-element antenna and array
JP4237544B2 (ja) 2003-05-19 2009-03-11 日東電工株式会社 光学素子、集光バックライトシステムおよび液晶表示装置
US7221827B2 (en) 2003-09-08 2007-05-22 Aegis Semiconductor, Inc. Tunable dispersion compensator
US7161737B2 (en) 2003-09-08 2007-01-09 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Projection screen and projection system comprising the same
US20050068629A1 (en) 2003-09-26 2005-03-31 Primal Fernando Adjustably opaque window
US8164721B2 (en) 2003-12-11 2012-04-24 Tan Kim L Grating trim retarders
US7318651B2 (en) 2003-12-18 2008-01-15 Avago Technologies Ecbu Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Flash module with quantum dot light conversion
US6946697B2 (en) 2003-12-18 2005-09-20 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Synthetic antiferromagnet structures for use in MTJs in MRAM technology
TWI230834B (en) * 2003-12-31 2005-04-11 Ind Tech Res Inst High-transmissivity polarizing module constituted with sub-wavelength structure
JP4027940B2 (ja) 2004-01-15 2007-12-26 シャープ株式会社 表示素子および表示装置
TW201809727A (zh) 2004-02-06 2018-03-16 日商尼康股份有限公司 偏光變換元件
JP4457699B2 (ja) 2004-03-04 2010-04-28 日産自動車株式会社 調光材料およびこれを用いた車両
JP4766694B2 (ja) 2004-03-19 2011-09-07 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 液晶表示素子
WO2005122266A2 (fr) 2004-06-04 2005-12-22 The Programmable Matter Corporation Film composite stratifie comprenant des points quantiques servant de dopants programmables
WO2005122349A1 (fr) 2004-06-07 2005-12-22 Nl Nanosemiconductor Gmbh Dispositif optoelectronique a cavite resonante de longueur d'onde electrooptiquement accordable pour transfert a grande vitesse de donnees
KR20060000059A (ko) 2004-06-28 2006-01-06 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 Ｌｃｄ 패널용 봉지장치
US8545030B2 (en) 2004-07-12 2013-10-01 Gentex Corporation Rearview mirror assemblies with anisotropic polymer laminates
JP4795344B2 (ja) 2004-07-23 2011-10-19 ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティ オブ カリフォルニア メタマテリアル
US7414784B2 (en) 2004-09-23 2008-08-19 Rohm And Haas Denmark Finance A/S Low fill factor wire grid polarizer and method of use
KR20070091314A (ko) 2004-11-30 2007-09-10 아구라 테크놀로지스, 인코포레이티드 대규모 와이어 그리드 편광기들에 대한 응용 및 제조기술들
US7351346B2 (en) 2004-11-30 2008-04-01 Agoura Technologies, Inc. Non-photolithographic method for forming a wire grid polarizer for optical and infrared wavelengths
US20060147810A1 (en) 2004-12-14 2006-07-06 Koch Gene C Holographic optical elements, devices and methods
US7619816B2 (en) * 2004-12-15 2009-11-17 Api Nanofabrication And Research Corp. Structures for polarization and beam control
CN100550085C (zh) 2004-12-24 2009-10-14 日本发条株式会社 识别介质、具备识别介质的物品、识别方法和识别装置
US8271241B2 (en) * 2005-01-18 2012-09-18 University Of Massachusetts Lowell Chiral metamaterials
CN101840077B (zh) 2005-02-16 2015-09-02 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 发光物体及其应用
JP2006243485A (ja) 2005-03-04 2006-09-14 Toshiba Corp 透過光自動調光セル及び部材
US7525604B2 (en) 2005-03-15 2009-04-28 Naxellent, Llc Windows with electrically controllable transmission and reflection
US7304801B2 (en) 2005-03-30 2007-12-04 Xerox Corporation Distributed Bragg reflector systems and methods
US7421178B2 (en) * 2005-05-13 2008-09-02 Podolskiy Viktor A Left-handed materials and structures based on strong dielectric anisotropy
JP4680677B2 (ja) 2005-05-23 2011-05-11 株式会社リコー 偏光制御素子
JP4669744B2 (ja) * 2005-06-20 2011-04-13 独立行政法人理化学研究所 光学材料、それを用いた光学素子およびその作製方法
JP4715846B2 (ja) 2005-07-25 2011-07-06 トヨタ自動車株式会社 発電装置
JP4664865B2 (ja) 2006-06-02 2011-04-06 株式会社リコー 光処理素子
US7876489B2 (en) 2006-06-05 2011-01-25 Pixtronix, Inc. Display apparatus with optical cavities
US7749593B2 (en) 2006-07-07 2010-07-06 Certainteed Corporation Solar heat responsive exterior surface covering
US7601946B2 (en) 2006-09-12 2009-10-13 Ravenbrick, Llc Electromagnetic sensor incorporating quantum confinement structures
CN101535882B (zh) 2006-11-15 2011-02-09 大日本印刷株式会社 液晶显示元件的制造方法
US7889421B2 (en) 2006-11-17 2011-02-15 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute High-power white LEDs and manufacturing method thereof
US20080160321A1 (en) 2007-01-03 2008-07-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Single pane glazing laminates
CA2620005C (fr) 2007-01-24 2011-04-19 Ravenbrick, Llc Filtre optique a conversion vers le bas active par la chaleur
JP5399923B2 (ja) 2007-01-24 2014-01-29 レイブンブリック，エルエルシー 温度応答切換型光ダウンコンバーティングフィルタ
US8363307B2 (en) 2007-02-28 2013-01-29 Ravenbrick, Llc Multicolor light emitting device incorporating tunable quantum confinement devices
US7936500B2 (en) 2007-03-02 2011-05-03 Ravenbrick Llc Wavelength-specific optical switch
WO2008112886A1 (fr) 2007-03-13 2008-09-18 Evident Technologies, Inc. Affichage infrarouge avec points quantiques luminescents
TW200839320A (en) 2007-03-28 2008-10-01 Far Eastern Textile Ltd Polarizer and its manufacturing method, and liquid crystal display panel
US7973998B2 (en) 2007-05-18 2011-07-05 Serious Materials, Inc. Temperature activated optical films
US20080292820A1 (en) 2007-05-23 2008-11-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Light diffusing solar control film
JP4785790B2 (ja) 2007-06-06 2011-10-05 株式会社リコー 偏光変換素子
CN101802679B (zh) 2007-07-11 2012-12-12 雷文布里克有限责任公司 热开关反射型光闸
US20090040132A1 (en) * 2007-07-24 2009-02-12 Northeastern University Anisotropic metal-dielectric metamaterials for broadband all-angle negative refraction and superlens imaging
JP2009046742A (ja) 2007-08-22 2009-03-05 Toppan Printing Co Ltd メタルワイヤーパタンの製造方法、バックライトシステム及びそれらを用いた液晶ディスプレイ
WO2009039423A1 (fr) 2007-09-19 2009-03-26 Ravenbrick, Llc Films de fenêtre de faible émissivité et revêtements incorporant des grilles de fil d'échelle nanométrique
US7629569B2 (en) * 2007-11-08 2009-12-08 University Of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Elliptical polarizers, tags and identification systems using frequency selective surfaces
US8169685B2 (en) 2007-12-20 2012-05-01 Ravenbrick, Llc Thermally switched absorptive window shutter
US8634137B2 (en) 2008-04-23 2014-01-21 Ravenbrick Llc Glare management of reflective and thermoreflective surfaces
US9116302B2 (en) 2008-06-19 2015-08-25 Ravenbrick Llc Optical metapolarizer device
WO2010003112A2 (fr) 2008-07-03 2010-01-07 Ravenbrick, Llc Unité de verre isolant comme contenant d’expédition
TWI372294B (en) 2008-07-21 2012-09-11 Au Optronics Corp Liquid crystal display panel and fabricating method thereof
KR101331058B1 (ko) 2008-08-20 2013-11-20 라벤브릭 엘엘씨 열변색 필터를 제조하는 방법
KR100982991B1 (ko) 2008-09-03 2010-09-17 삼성엘이디 주식회사 양자점 파장변환체, 양자점 파장변환체의 제조방법 및 양자점 파장변환체를 포함하는 발광장치
US8284336B2 (en) 2009-04-10 2012-10-09 Ravenbrick Llc Thermally switched optical filter incorporating a guest-host architecture
US8867132B2 (en) 2009-10-30 2014-10-21 Ravenbrick Llc Thermochromic filters and stopband filters for use with same
JP5734993B2 (ja) 2009-11-17 2015-06-17 レイブンブリック，エルエルシー 屈折性光学構造を組み込んだ温度応答切換型光学フィルタ
ES2748829T3 (es) 2010-03-29 2020-03-18 Ravenbrick Llc Dispositivo de cristal líquido termotrópico estabilizado por polímero
EP2576934A4 (fr) 2010-06-01 2014-01-01 Ravenbrick Llc Composant de bâtiment multifonctionnel

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050221128A1 (en) * 2003-12-31 2005-10-06 Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc. Negative refractive index and opto-magnetic materials and method of fabricating same
US20060262398A1 (en) * 2005-05-23 2006-11-23 Suguru Sangu Polarization control device
US20070215843A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2007-09-20 Iowa State University Research Foundation Structures With Negative Index Of Refraction
JP2007272016A (ja) * 2006-03-31 2007-10-18 Optoelectronic Industry & Technology Development Association 偏光板

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DOLLING G ET AL: "CUT-WIRE PAIRS AND PLATE PAIRS AS MAGNETIC ATOMS FOR OPTICAL METAMATERIALS", OPTICS LETTERS, OSA, OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, WASHINGTON, DC, US, vol. 30, no. 23, 1 December 2005 (2005-12-01), pages 3198-3200, XP001237626, ISSN: 0146-9592, DOI: 10.1364/OL.30.003198 *
See also references of WO2010039301A2 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2010039301A3 (fr) 2010-06-17
US20100232017A1 (en) 2010-09-16
EP2300861B1 (fr) 2014-12-17
CN102124382A (zh) 2011-07-13
WO2010036290A3 (fr) 2010-06-17
EP2300861A4 (fr) 2013-04-24
AU2009300291A1 (en) 2010-04-08
WO2010039301A2 (fr) 2010-04-08
CN102124382B (zh) 2013-08-21
AU2009300291B2 (en) 2013-10-10
WO2010036290A2 (fr) 2010-04-01
CA2754556C (fr) 2014-03-11
US9116302B2 (en) 2015-08-25
HK1159759A1 (en) 2012-08-03
CA2754556A1 (fr) 2010-04-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US9116302B2 (en) Optical metapolarizer device
KR101262519B1 (ko) 광학 메타편광자 장치
Luo et al. Taming the electromagnetic boundaries via metasurfaces: from theory and fabrication to functional devices
Wu et al. Observation of giant extrinsic chirality empowered by quasi-bound states in the continuum
He et al. Recent progress and applications of terahertz metamaterials
US20110261441A1 (en) Spectral Filter
Vendik et al. Tunable metamaterials for controlling THz radiation
Sieber et al. Reconfigurable broadband infrared circularly polarizing reflectors based on phase changing birefringent metasurfaces
Zhang et al. Dual-function tuneable asymmetric transmission and polarization converter in terahertz region
Cao et al. Enhancement of circular dichroism by a planar non-chiral magnetic metamaterial
Dong et al. Dynamic chiroptical responses in transmissive metamaterial using phase-change material
Nascimento et al. Tunable reflectance spectra of multilayered cholesteric photonic structures with anisotropic defect layers
Chen et al. A review of recent progress on directional metasurfaces: concept, design, and application
Cai et al. Ultra-wideband tunable reflective linear-to-circular polarization converter realized by GST-based metasurface at terahertz frequency
Chettiar et al. Optical metamagnetism and negative-index metamaterials
Shuvo et al. Wide-angle broadband polarization independent bend-able nano-meta absorber employed in optical wavelength
Ullah et al. Angularly stable and broadband chiral metamaterial based design for asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized waves
Li et al. Ultra-compact chiral metamaterial with negative refractive index based on miniaturized structure
Fang et al. Dual-band terahertz chiral metamaterial with giant optical activity and negative refractive index based on cross-wire strucure
Peng et al. Electromagnetic near-field coupling induced polarization conversion and asymmetric transmission in plasmonic metasurfaces
Nemati et al. Electrically tunable polarization-insensitive MIM plasmonic metasurface operating in transmission mode
Labadie et al. A novel compact volumetric metamaterial structure with asymmetric transmission and polarization conversion
CN211741623U (zh) 一种基于两个十字形共振体的圆偏振单元及偏振片
Yogesh et al. Metamaterial frequency selective surfaces as polarizers
CN112305659B (zh) 基于单层各向异性超材料的宽频带四分之一波片

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20110113

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL BA RS

DAX Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)
A4 Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched

Effective date: 20130327

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Ipc: G02B 5/30 20060101AFI20130321BHEP

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R079

Ref document number: 602009028456

Country of ref document: DE

Free format text: PREVIOUS MAIN CLASS: G02B0005300000

Ipc: H01Q0015240000

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Ipc: G02B 5/30 20060101ALI20140516BHEP

Ipc: H01Q 15/24 20060101AFI20140516BHEP

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

INTG Intention to grant announced

Effective date: 20140710

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: RAVENBRICK, LLC

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: FG4D

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: IE

Ref legal event code: FG4D

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: AT

Ref legal event code: REF

Ref document number: 702459

Country of ref document: AT

Kind code of ref document: T

Effective date: 20150115

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R096

Ref document number: 602009028456

Country of ref document: DE

Effective date: 20150129

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: NV

Representative=s name: LEMAN CONSULTING S.A., CH

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

Ref country code: FI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

Ref country code: NO

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20150317

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: LT

Ref legal event code: MG4D

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

Ref country code: HR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

Ref country code: LV

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

Ref country code: GR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20150318

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: AT

Ref legal event code: MK05

Ref document number: 702459

Country of ref document: AT

Kind code of ref document: T

Effective date: 20141217

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CZ

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

Ref country code: EE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

Ref country code: SK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

Ref country code: RO

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

Ref country code: IS

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20150417

Ref country code: PL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R097

Ref document number: 602009028456

Country of ref document: DE

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20150918

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LU

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20150620

Ref country code: SI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 8

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: HU

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT; INVALID AB INITIO

Effective date: 20090620

Ref country code: BG

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 9

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CY

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20170613

Year of fee payment: 9

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20170613

Year of fee payment: 9

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20170614

Year of fee payment: 9

Ref country code: IE

Payment date: 20170609

Year of fee payment: 9

Ref country code: MC

Payment date: 20170609

Year of fee payment: 9

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: TR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: NV

Representative=s name: IP PARTNERS J. WENGER, CH

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: MK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: PT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20141217

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 20180614

Year of fee payment: 10

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: MT

Payment date: 20170614

Year of fee payment: 9

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R119

Ref document number: 602009028456

Country of ref document: DE

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20180620

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: IE

Ref legal event code: MM4A

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: MC

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20180702

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20180630

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20190101

Ref country code: IE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20180620

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20180620

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20190630

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20190630

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: MT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20180620