EP2299097A2 - Moteur thermique - Google Patents

Moteur thermique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2299097A2
EP2299097A2 EP10007462A EP10007462A EP2299097A2 EP 2299097 A2 EP2299097 A2 EP 2299097A2 EP 10007462 A EP10007462 A EP 10007462A EP 10007462 A EP10007462 A EP 10007462A EP 2299097 A2 EP2299097 A2 EP 2299097A2
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EP
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Prior art keywords
heat
heat exchanger
und
der
working
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EP10007462A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2299097A3 (fr
Inventor
Jürgen Misselhorn
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Maschinenwerk Misselhorn MWM GmbH
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Maschinenwerk Misselhorn MWM GmbH
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Publication of EP2299097A2 publication Critical patent/EP2299097A2/fr
Publication of EP2299097A3 publication Critical patent/EP2299097A3/fr
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/0435—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines the engine being of the free piston type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/053—Component parts or details
    • F02G1/055—Heaters or coolers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/06—Controlling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2270/00—Constructional features
    • F02G2270/10—Rotary pistons

Definitions

  • this invention is a power plant with heat extraction, in which several of the heat engines described below, as described below and on the basis of Figures 1-18 be used in series in order to use the available heat either largely for power generation or mostly for other purposes, such as heating, or at the same time for both in any ratio to each other.
  • ORC Organic Rankine Cycle
  • thermodynamic process In the Stirling thermal power plant, an enclosed gas mass is periodically heated and cooled, the pressure changes caused thereby are converted by a working piston into mechanical work.
  • the thermodynamic process ideally consists of four state changes: constant temperature compression (isothermal), constant volume heat input (isochore), constant temperature expansion (isotherm), and constant volume heat removal (isochore).
  • the working gas is pushed at high pressures between a warm and a cold room back and forth. Between these rooms, a regenerator is connected to improve the efficiency, to which the gas flowing to the cold side releases heat and absorbs heat during the return flow.
  • the Stirling plant is economically hardly usable, since the thermodynamic efficiency is very low. The available power is largely consumed internally by the mechanical losses.
  • the Stirling engine as a hot gas engine and the steam power plants (including ORC plants) according to the Clausius-Rankine comparison process are the only heat engines with external heat generation used as standard.
  • the Clausius Rankine process consists of 2 isobars and 2 isentropes.
  • the heat engine used according to the present invention has a relatively high efficiency even in the low temperature range.
  • This heat engine among other things, a part of the waste heat from industry or power plants, which would be lost by blowing away warm or hot air, to be recovered. Similarly, a portion of the waste heat from liquids that would be discharged via recooling systems or the like to the environment, be recovered. Above all, a part of the heat, which usually can not be used economically because of the low temperature level, to be converted by means of this heat engine into electricity.
  • the basic principle of this heat engine is based on two cycle processes (the Stirling cycle and the Clausius-Rankine cycle) which run simultaneously and complement each other.
  • the Clausius-Rankine cycle process takes place practically within the Stirling cycle in such a way that the isentropes of the Clausius-Rankine process merge into the isotherms of the Stirling cycle.
  • the Clausius-Rankine cycle consists in this case of two isobars and two isotherms, these isotherms being part of both cycles. (Comp. Fig.16 to 18 in the drawing)
  • an agent is chosen whose boiling point is at a correspondingly selected pressure, between the two required for the operation of the heat engine temperature levels.
  • the heat exchangers used are divided into two parts.
  • the two halves are connected to each other by means of an insulating layer so that the heat flow is minimized via the shell from one half to the other.
  • the working substance can flow unimpeded from one half to the other.
  • heat exchangers are connected to the working cylinder, via which an exchange of the working material between the heat exchanger and the working cylinder can take place. Because of the free-running piston (i.e., the piston is not connected to a crankshaft or the like via a connecting rod), heat exchangers may be connected to the cylinder on both sides of the piston.
  • the minimum number is 3 with one-sided connection to the working cylinder. At least 6 heat exchangers are required with two-sided connection to the working cylinder, 3 on each side.
  • the number of heat exchangers is not limited. On each side of the working cylinder, only an odd number of heat exchangers may be connected. The number of both sides must be equal.
  • each connecting pipe there is a valve which is opened by a valve control (eg cam disk or by means of electric drive) during a certain period of time.
  • a valve control eg cam disk or by means of electric drive
  • the valve is opened and closed twice, once for compression and once for expansion.
  • the heat exchangers are arranged in a star shape around the working cylinder and rigidly connected thereto. Together with the working cylinder, they form a rotor, which constantly turns around its own longitudinal axis. In one complete revolution, a complete cycle has expired in each heat exchanger.
  • the piston in the working cylinder is free-running.
  • the circular processes act on both sides of the piston. While compression on one side, expansion on the other side takes place at the same time.
  • the working substance is cooled at a constant volume in a heat exchanger.
  • the heat exchanger itself consists of 2 halves, which are thermally decoupled in the middle by means of insulating layer. Only one half of the heat exchanger is cooled down to the condensation temperature of the working substance.
  • the working fluid liquefies at constant pressure and temperature.
  • the valve between cylinder and heat exchanger opens and further vapor of the working fluid flows, due to the compression, in the heat exchanger, partly by the negative pressure in selbigem heat exchanger, partly by external pressure on the piston in the working cylinder. Because of the continuous cooling further vapor of the working fluid is liquefied.
  • the condensate of the working fluid passes from the cooled half in the other half of the heat exchanger and is heated by the heating medium to the upper temperature level here. This temperature is higher than the boiling point of the working substance. Part of the working substance evaporates.
  • the connection opening between the two halves is mechanically closed or the cooled part of the heat exchanger is heated by a regeneration process.
  • the working material By heating the heat exchanger to the upper temperature level, the working material evaporates.
  • the condensate of the working material evaporates until the pressure within the heat exchanger has reached the vapor pressure of the working substance at this temperature.
  • the valve is opened again. Because of the pressure, the working fluid flows from the heat exchanger into the working cylinder, while the heat exchanger is supplied with further heat. Due to the falling pressure and continuous heat supply, another part of the condensate evaporates at constant steam pressure.
  • Fig. 12 is a possible model of this heat engine, in which both the Stirling and the Clausius-Rankine cycle can be realized, shown schematically.
  • the present invention relates to a heat engine, but more particularly to one with reference to FIGS. 19 to 21 described power plant with heat extraction.
  • thermal power couplings are used in many large and small power plants.
  • cogeneration plants which are operated according to the Rankine cycle, the steam after leaving the turbines is first partially or completely condensed via heat exchangers, the remaining steam is then condensed in the cooling tower, air condensers or in other processes. The heat recovered through the heat exchangers is then available for heating purposes in district heating or other applications.
  • Organic Rankine cycle plants part of the heat generated from combustion processes is diverted into a thermal oil cycle, which in turn vaporizes the organic material in the Organic Rankine Cycle plant to be in a Rankine Rankine Cycle a turbine and power generator to power.
  • the heat generated by the condensation of the working fluid heats up the heating water return used or released via an air condenser to the atmosphere.
  • the waste heat from cooling water, oil cooler and from the combustion gases is used for heating purposes or other purposes.
  • the state of the art is also referred to heating systems in which by means of Stirling engines, a part of the heating heat generated is converted into electricity.
  • the cogeneration plant can be operated at full load throughout the year, because with almost the same efficiency, electricity or heat or both can be generated together. This achieves a much higher level of annual impact and efficiency. Electricity can be decoupled with this invention also from accumulating process waste heat.
  • the lower temperature medium is referred to as the "cooling medium” and the higher temperature medium is referred to as the "heating medium”.
  • thermodynamic process consists of 4 state changes, which are similar to the Stirling comparison process.
  • heat exchanger 1 In a closed room with a large heat exchange surface (hereinafter called heat exchanger 1) located working gas is periodically heated or cooled by a medium flowing around the closed space (liquid or gas). Also, heating of the working gas by radiant energy (e.g., solar energy) is possible. The caused by heating or cooling pressure changes are transmitted to a working piston 3, after a valve 5 between the closed heat exchanger 1 and the displacement of the working cylinder 2 is opened.
  • radiant energy e.g., solar energy
  • the main difference between the Stirling engine and this heat engine is that the compression stroke following the expansion stroke of the piston 3 does not occur from one and the same heat exchanger 1. At least three heat exchangers 1 are required, which are alternately and periodically warmed or cooled.
  • each individual heat exchanger 1 together with the common working cylinder 2 and piston 3 takes place, offset in time to all other heat transferors 1, a separate cycle process instead.
  • the individual Stirling cycle processes are coordinated so that an isothermal compression of another heat exchanger 1 follows in the common working cylinder 2 after an isothermal expansion from a heat exchanger 1. After this compression is followed again by an isothermal expansion of another heat exchanger 1, etc.
  • the process flow is represented by a model with warm air as an energy source. This model is schematic in Fig. 8 shown. The process flow is schematic in Fig. 9A . 9B and 9C shown.
  • the model consists of 3 heat exchangers 1, which are arranged in a star shape around the working cylinder 2.
  • the angle between the adjacent heat exchangers 1 is 120 °.
  • the heat exchanger 1 are rigidly connected to the working cylinder 2 and rotate with this, as well as with the outer shell 13 and inner shell 14, about its longitudinal axis.
  • the heat exchanger 1 move alternately in a flow-through with heating or cooling medium area, in Fig. 8 referred to as heating and cooling section. Cooling and heating medium leading lines are connected to the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger 1.
  • Each of the two types of media occupies half of the annular channel in which the heat exchanger 1 are located.
  • the valve control 6 is shown in this model as a cam and is arranged so that the plungers of the valves 5 follow the contours of the cam 6 during rotation.
  • the cam itself is fixed.
  • the cam has two opposed cams. They are arranged that the valves 5 are opened when the associated heat exchanger 1 has covered about 2/3 of the respective cooling or heating distance.
  • the valve 5 closes shortly before the heat exchanger 1 from the cooling medium in the heating medium (or vice versa) passes.
  • the process flow in the individual heat exchangers 1 runs as in Figs. 9A to 9C shown schematically. In this model it is assumed that the rotation of the heat exchanger 1 and cylinder 2 is performed by an external drive.
  • the heat exchanger 1A is already flowed through with hot air and the trapped working gas is already heated. Due to the heating and the limited volume, the pressure in the heat exchanger 1A has increased at the same volume (Isochore).
  • the valve 5A By rotating over the cam plate 6, the valve 5A opens and the pressurized working gas expands into the working cylinder 2 and performs work with the piston 3. During the expansion of the heat exchanger 1A is still flowing around with hot air. There is thus an isothermal expansion.
  • valve 5A As the piston 3 moves away from the valve 5A, the power cylinder 2 and heat exchanger 1 continue to rotate and valve 5A closes. At the same time another valve 5 B opens, which connects the air space in the working cylinder 2 with that of the heat exchanger 1 B. This was previously flowed around with cooling medium. In the affected heat exchanger 1 B, the trapped gas was cooled, at a constant volume, and there was thus a negative pressure. When opening the valve 5B, the air from the working cylinder 2, compressed in the heat exchanger 1 B and the piston 3 moves through the pressure difference back to the valve 5. Since during this compression process, the heat exchanger 1B still constantly flows through the cooling medium and the working gas in the Compression heat is extracted, it is an isothermal compression. Heat exchanger 1A is already partially traversed by cold air at this time.
  • each heat exchanger 1 must be connected twice via the valves 5 to the working cylinder 2, ie once for the expansion and once for the compression.
  • Heat engine as described for the basic module, in which the working cylinder 2 is made of a non-metallic material (glass, ceramic, plastic or the like). To the working cylinder 2, a coil 8 is placed with wire windings for power generation.
  • a non-metallic material glass, ceramic, plastic or the like.
  • the freely movable piston 3 is magnetized by permanent magnets 7, or by excitation current. By the reciprocation of the piston 3 2 power is generated in the coil 8 to the working cylinder.
  • This variant corresponds essentially to the third variant with the difference that the heat exchanger 1, which are connected to the back of the working cylinder 2, are located directly behind those which are connected to the front, so that the heating / cooling medium after passing the heat exchanger 1 the front side, those on the back also happened. In this case, the heating and cooling medium is always performed simultaneously through the heat transfer medium 1 directly behind one another. ( Fig. 13 )
  • this variant corresponds to those of the third and fourth.
  • all heat exchangers 1 are arranged in a star shape around the working cylinder 2.
  • a valve control 6 is required on each side of the working cylinder 2.
  • the heat exchanger 1 are connected alternately times on the front, sometimes on the rear side of the working cylinder 2. If half of the sum of all heat exchangers 1 corresponds to an odd number, at each angle of rotation of the rotor always a heat exchanger 1 with the one side of the working cylinder 2 and another heat exchanger 1 with the opposite side to the working cylinder 2 connected.
  • the valves 5 are always heat exchanger 1 with different states of the working gas to the working cylinder 2 connect. The process takes place as in Fig. 14 shown.
  • the heat exchanger 1 itself, the actual envelope of the working gas, alternately heat and cool, requires a significantly higher energy expenditure than that which is required to heat or cool the working gas. So much of the energy that should be recovered is lost.
  • a regenerator is provided in a module as described in the fifth variant.
  • the regenerator is a circulation system which, by circulating the cooling / heating medium, uses the heat of the heated heat exchanger 1 to heat the cooled heat exchanger 1 and at the same time to be cooled by the cooled by the cooled heat exchanger 1, air itself.
  • the regenerator consists of a fan for gaseous heating / cooling media, or a pump 10 for liquid media and deflection channels or tubes 11, the medium from one segment of the rotor directly after the heating line, to another segment of the rotor directly after the cooling section and lead back again.
  • the heat exchanger 1 are formed as a radiation absorber.
  • Working cylinder 2, piston 3 and valves 5 retain their function, as described for the basic module.
  • the heat exchanger 1 (as absorber) are aligned so that the available radiant heat can be optimally absorbed. They have a flat shape and are coated with an absorbent surface. As the heat absorbed back to the environment must be a construction that allows for optimized convection. Similar to the basic module only half the absorber surface of the heat exchanger 1 is exposed to radiation. The other half is shadowed.
  • Half of the heat exchanger 1, which is exposed to the radiation should absorb as much of the heat and therefore be protected against loss by convection
  • the heat exchanger 1 with working cylinder 2, connecting pipes 4 and valves 5 rotate about the longitudinal axis of the working cylinder 2 as described in the basic module.
  • the heat exchanger 1 are alternately heated by the radiation and, by releasing the heat to the environment, cooled again.
  • the valves 5, as described in the basic module are operated so that alternately a cooled and heated heat exchanger 1 are connected to the working cylinder 2 to perform work by expansion or compression.
  • Heat engine as described in variant seven only that each half of the heat exchanger 1 are connected to one, the other half on the other sides of the working cylinder 2.
  • the heat exchanger 1 are all located on the same side of the working cylinder 2 and are arranged in a star shape in the form of a disc.
  • the process flow corresponds to that described in variant five and in Fig. 14 is shown.
  • Each individual heat exchanger 1 is divided into two halves (see Fig. 12 ).
  • the two halves are connected in the middle with an interposed insulating layer.
  • the insulating layer forms a thermal decoupling of the two halves, so that the heat is not transferred via the metal wall of the heat exchanger from one half to the other.
  • the heat exchanger 1, as described in the sixth variant arranged in a star shape around the working cylinder 2 and alternately connected to the front and back of the working cylinder 2. Also in this variant, the heat exchanger 1 rotate together with the working cylinder 2 about the longitudinal axis and thus form a so-called rotor.
  • split heat exchanger 1 are installed so that the outer half of the individual heat exchanger 1 the cold media flow, the inner (the working cylinder 2 facing) half are exposed to the warm media flow. In the spaces between the heat exchangers 1 is a cylindrical separation 12, with which the heating medium from the cooling medium, is separated within the rotor inserted.
  • Each individual heat exchanger 1 is also separated from the adjacent heat exchangers 1 by means of a separating web 15 which extends from the outer casing 13 to the inner casing 14. By means of these dividers 15, the heating and cooling medium is channeled within the rotor. In each segment between two dividers 15 there is only a single heat exchanger. 1
  • the heating or cooling media conveying lines are connected.
  • the heating medium lines are connected to the upper semicircle of the inner annular channel
  • the cooling medium lines are connected to the lower semicircle of the outer annular channel. Only half of the respective circular rings is flowed through with heating or cooling medium, since the heating and cooling take place alternately.
  • the cooling section begins after closing the valve 5 at the end of an expansion process within the heating section.
  • the heating section begins after closing the valve 5 at the end of the compression process within the cooling section.
  • the working substance in the closed heat exchanger 1 is, with a surface whose temperature is below the dew point of the working fluid, as long as condense on this surface until the pressure within the closed heat exchanger 1, the, corresponds to the vapor pressure of the working fluid.
  • the entire shell of the "cooled" heat exchanger half have this temperature, because the cooling medium of this half of the heat exchanger 1 constantly extracts the heat of condensation.
  • the cooled half of a heat exchanger 1 By the rotation of the rotor is the outer, the cooled half of a heat exchanger 1, times below the heated half times over. It is therefore useful to choose the cooling section so that the cooled half of the heat exchanger 1 is located at the bottom during the cooling process.
  • the resulting condensate then collects in the lower and thus in the outer region of the heat exchanger 1. Due to the rotation, the cooled moves over the heated half. From a certain position, the condensate will flow from the cooled to the heated half. (This process replaces the feed pump in the classical Clausius-Rankine process.) Now, the largest mass of the working substance is on the heated side of the heat exchanger 1. The evaporation process begins. To avoid simultaneous condensation on the cooled half, the connection openings between the heated and cooled halves are mechanically closed.
  • connection between the heated and the cooled half is mechanically opened again.
  • the cooled part may be used for any form of heat transfer, e.g. B. for free convection, water cooling, heat exchangers for gaseous or liquid cooling media u.s.w. be constructed.
  • Working cylinder 2, piston 3, connecting pipes 4, valve 5, valve controls 6, etc. have the same function as described in the ninth variant, they rotate together with the heat exchangers 1 about a common axis. In this variant, the connections between the heated and the cooled part of the heat exchanger 1 are closed during the heating process.
  • the radiation-exposed, absorbent surface of the heat exchanger 1 is protected from convection losses.
  • the cooled part of the heat exchanger 1 is shaded analogously, as described in the variant seven, against the radiation energy.
  • a rotor with heat exchangers 1, connecting pipes 4, valves 5 and valve control 6 is used as described in the Ninth Variant but without working cylinder 2 and piston 3.
  • valve controls 6 there are not two valve controls 6, (on both sides of the working cylinder are arranged) but compression and expansion of all heat exchanger 1 take place at the same valve control 6.
  • a rotary engine is used, such.
  • valves 5 Since in the rotor described, consisting of heat exchanger 1, connecting pipes 4, working cylinder 2, etc., the valves 5 always open for expansion in the same place, can be introduced with a suitable valve construction, the expanding working gas in a fixed line. This initiates the working gas in the high pressure side of the rotary engine. Similarly, for compression, a line from the low-pressure side of the rotary engine to the point at which the valves 5 open for the compression process, return the working gas to the heat exchangers 1 again. In such a machine, a rotating shaft is provided with which a power generator or other machine can be driven. The rotational movement can also be used to drive the heat exchanger rotor.
  • the heat engine of this heat engine is operated with an external heat source, therefore it is different from all heat engines with internal combustion.
  • this heat engine differs from conventional machines, which run either only with a Stirling cycle or only with a Rankine cycle.
  • each heat exchanger 1 has a complete Stirling cycle process with four state changes or a complete Stirling Clausius Rankine key process with 6 state changes go through d. H.
  • Each valve 5 between the individual heat exchangers 1 and common cylinder 2 has opened and closed twice. This means for each heat exchanger 1 in each case an expansion and a compression.
  • the moving parts are a freely movable working piston 3 in a working cylinder 2 and a rotating rotor consisting of: heat exchanger 1, connecting pipes 4, valves 5, inner 14 and outer 13 sheaths and partitions 15.
  • valves 5 Through the use of valves 5, this heat engine differs from the classic Stirling engine. The state changes can therefore be exploited almost completely. By careful design of the components, the actual efficiency can be brought very close to the theoretically possible.
  • the valve 5 is opened only when the warm-up or cool down process is completed. Over the shortest path, the working gas can expand into the working cylinder 2 or compressed from the working cylinder 2.
  • a difference of this heat engine to the conventional thermal power plants lies in the fact that in conventional systems, the working gas or agent, eg. B. in steam power plants, from the warm heat exchanger 1 to the cold heat exchanger 1 and moved back again, in this heat engine, however, the largest part of the working gas in the same heat exchanger 1 remains there alternately warmed or cooled.
  • the working gas or agent eg. B. in steam power plants
  • the piston 3 of this free-piston engine is magnetized by permanent magnets 7 or exciting current and runs in a non-metallic working cylinder 2, around which an electric coil 8 is mounted. This converts the mechanical work directly into electrical current without detours. In addition to the friction losses of the free piston 3 occur when power generation, no further mechanical losses.
  • the invention also relates to a heat engine of the type described above, the invention is directed in particular to a power plant with heat extraction described below.
  • FIG. 19 A possible construction of a thermal power plant according to the invention is in Fig. 19 the drawing shown.
  • a suitable number of heat engines A for example, A1, A2, A3, .... An, arranged in series.
  • the intended for combustion air 22 is as a cooling medium the cooled part of the individual heat engines A1, A2, A3, ... An succession flow through and fed after leaving the last heat engine to a combustion process in the combustion chamber 25 as combustion air.
  • the combustion gases 30 from the combustion process in the combustion chamber 25 flows through the heated part of the individual heat engines An ... A2, A1 in the opposite direction and in the reverse order as the cooling medium 22 with a similar temperature difference but with each different temperature level at each heat engine A, as in the diagram Fig. 21 the drawing is shown.
  • the working substance in each heat engine A is selected so that it is adapted to the respective temperatures occurring there.
  • the fuel is stored in a fuel tank 26.
  • the fuel container 26 may be designed for solids (eg wood chips) as a funnel or for liquids or gases as a tank.
  • the fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber 25 by means of a conveyor 27 (as a cell sluice or screw in the case of solid substances or a pump in the case of liquids).
  • a combustion grate 28 is provided which is designed so that the fuel as optimally distributed over the surface.
  • the cooling and combustion air 22 may be pure ambient air but also cooled air or air emerging from other processes, which are suitable for burning the fuel used. She is using a blower 21 through the heat exchanger 1 of the individual heat engines A up to the combustion chamber 25 promoted.
  • the warmed up air is used after leaving the heat exchanger 1 of the last heat engine An as combustion air.
  • control valves 23 a portion of the cooling air through the combustion chamber 25 and a part passed to the combustion chamber 25 over. After combustion, the two air streams are brought together again and mixed.
  • the flaps 23 are controlled via a temperature control loop, consisting of a temperature sensor 31, controller and actuator 24, so that a constant temperature of the combustion gases 30 is achieved. These combustion gases 30 are hereinafter referred to as hot gases.
  • the hot gases 30 are introduced into the heat exchangers 1 of the heat engine An, through which the cooling air 22 was last carried out. Further, the hot gases flow through all the other heat engines A in the reverse order and direction as the cooling air. By discharging the heat to the heat exchanger 1, the temperature in each heat exchanger 1 decreases. Since the temperature decreases in the opposite direction as the cooling air increases in each heat engine A, more or less, same temperature differences occur which are required to implement the heat in work.
  • the outlet temperature of the hot gases depends on the selected number of heat engines A, the working materials, especially in the last stages and the construction of the heat engines A. It can be similar to a condensing boiler at about 50 ° C. This means that the heat of vaporization of the water in the combustion gases 30 also contributes to power generation. The upper calorific value of the fuel is used. Also, the heat of evaporation that is consumed to evaporate the water in wet fuels is not lost.
  • the last heat engine A1 In order to use the residual heat of the hot gases after leaving the last heat engine A1 for heating purposes, it is passed through the primary side of a heat exchanger 35. Heating water for district heating 36 is circulated through the secondary side of the heat exchanger. If more heat is needed for heating purposes than the residual heat in the hot gases 30 after the last heat engine An, the last heat engine A1 can be stopped, so that the heat can pass unused. If this is not sufficient for the heat demand, then the second-last thermal engine A2 can be stopped. This can be continued until the heat engine is stopped on and the entire heat is used only for heating purposes.
  • the vapor pressure of the working material located there can rise so high at too high temperatures that it can damage the construction of the heat exchanger 1, therefore, when stopping the heat engine A, the hot gases are not through the heat exchanger of the heat engine led but by Umschaltklappen with drive 34 to these past and directed directly into the heat exchanger 35. There is Umschaltklappen with drive 34 before each heat engine A, whereby the hot gases can be passed to the subsequent heat engines A to use the heat for other purposes.
  • the hot gases are finally fed to a chimney 38. If necessary, a flue gas cleaning 37 between the cogeneration plant and chimney 38 can be provided.
  • the individual heat engines A - compare Fig. 20 - Are equipped with a magnetized Koben 3 and the cylinder 2 is enclosed with an electric coil 8 such that the piston 3, an electric current is generated by induction.
  • each machine A produces a type of alternating current, each with different frequencies.
  • This current is converted into direct current via rectifier 40 and stored in accumulators 42 while at the same time the direct current is also converted via an inverter 43 into alternating current at mains frequency.
  • heat engine A described above is listed in several variants, different variants of the heat engine A can be used in this type of cogeneration. It would be z. B. advantageous if at very high temperatures heat engines, which are operated according to the Stirling cycle, and at low temperatures heat engines which are operated with combined Stirling Clausius Rankine cycle can be used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
EP10007462A 2005-01-27 2006-01-27 Moteur thermique Withdrawn EP2299097A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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DE102005003896 2005-01-27
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EP1841964A2 (fr) 2007-10-10
EP1841964B1 (fr) 2010-09-01
ATE479833T1 (de) 2010-09-15
WO2006079551A2 (fr) 2006-08-03
DE102005013287B3 (de) 2006-10-12
WO2006079551A3 (fr) 2007-01-04
US7823381B2 (en) 2010-11-02
EP2299097A3 (fr) 2012-10-24
DE502006007773D1 (de) 2010-10-14
JP2008528863A (ja) 2008-07-31

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