Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
  • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
  • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
  • F02G1/0435—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines the engine being of the free piston type
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
  • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
  • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
  • F02G1/053—Component parts or details
  • F02G1/055—Heaters or coolers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
  • F02G1/06—Controlling
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G2270/00—Constructional features
  • F02G2270/10—Rotary pistons

Definitions

• this invention is a power unit with heat extraction, in which several of the heat engines described below, as described below and with reference to the figures 1-18, are used in series behind each other to the available heat either largely for Power generation or mostly for other purposes, such as Heating, or at the same time for both in any relationship to use.
• the heat engine used in the present invention is one having an external heat source operating on the principle of the Stirling cycle process in combination with a Clausius-Rankine cycle.
• the single cycle process consists of six state changes: two isobars, two isochores, two isotherms.
• several of the above-described cycle process take place simultaneously but offset in time.
• ORC Organic Rankine Cycle
• thermodynamic process ideally consists of four changes of state: compression at constant temperature (isotherm), heat supply at constant volume (isochore), expansion at constant temperature (isotherm) and heat removal at constant volume (isochore).
• the working gas is pushed at high pressures between a warm and a cold room back and forth. Between these rooms, a regenerator is connected to improve the efficiency, to which the gas flowing to the cold side releases heat and absorbs heat during the return flow.
• the Stirling plant As a low-temperature thermal power plant, the Stirling plant is economically hardly usable, since the thermodynamic efficiency is very low. The available power is largely consumed internally by the mechanical losses.
• the Stirling engine as a hot gas engine and the steam power plants (including ORC plants) according to the Clausius-Rankine comparison process are the only heat engines with external heat generation used as standard.
• the Clausius Rankine process consists of 2 isobars and 2 isentropes.
• the invention is based on the object to use the heat generated in many processes waste heat through a better utilization of isochori- see changes in state, in order to achieve a lower design effort at the same time.
• the heat engine used according to the present invention has a relatively high efficiency even in the low temperature range. With this heat engine, among other things, a part of the waste heat from industry or power plants, which would be lost by blowing away warm or hot air, to be recovered.
• the basic principle of this heat engine is based on two cycle processes (the Stirling cycle and the Clausius-Rankine cycle) which run simultaneously and complement each other.
• the Clausius-Rankine cycle process takes place practically within the Stirling cycle in such a way that the isentropes of the Clausius-Rankine process merge into the isotherms of the Stirling cycle.
• the Clausius-Rankine cycle consists in this case of two isobars and two isotherms, these isotherms being part of both cycles (see Figs. 16 to 18 in the drawing).
• an agent is selected whose boiling point is at a correspondingly selected pressure between the two temperature levels required for the operation of the heat engine.
• the heat exchangers used are divided into two parts.
• the two halves are connected together by means of an insulating layer in such a way that the heat flow through their sheath is minimized from one half to the other.
• the working substance can flow unimpeded from one half to the other.
• a working cylinder with a free piston the changes in the state of the working substance are converted into work.
• the heat exchangers are connected to the working cylinder, via which an exchange of the working material between the heat exchanger and the working cylinder can take place.
• heat exchangers can be connected to the cylinder on both sides of the piston.
• the minimum number is 3 with one-sided connection to the working cylinder. At least 6 heat exchangers are required with two-sided connection to the working cylinder, 3 on each side.
• the number of heat exchangers is not limited. On each side of the working cylinder, only an odd number of heat exchangers may be connected. The number of both sides must be equal.
• each connecting pipe there is a valve which is opened by a valve control (eg cam disk or by means of electric drive) during a certain period of time.
• a valve control eg cam disk or by means of electric drive
• the valve is opened and closed twice, once for compression and once for expansion.
• the heat exchangers are arranged in a star shape around the working cylinder and rigidly connected thereto. Together with the working cylinder, they form a rotor, which constantly turns around its own longitudinal axis. In one complete revolution, a complete cycle has taken place in each heat exchanger.
• the piston in the working cylinder is free-running.
• the circular processes act on both sides of the piston. While compression on one side, expansion on the other side takes place at the same time.
• the working substance is cooled at a constant volume in a heat exchanger.
• the heat exchanger itself consists of 2 halves, which are thermally decoupled in the middle by means of insulating layer. Only one half of the heat exchanger is cooled down to the condensation temperature of the working substance.
• Heat exchanger opens and further vapor of the working fluid flows, due to the compression, in the heat exchanger on, partly by the
• the condensate of the working fluid passes from the cooled half in the other half of the heat exchanger and is heated by the heating medium to the upper temperature level here. This temperature is higher than the boiling point of the working substance. Part of the working substance evaporates.
• the connection opening between the two halves is mechanically closed or the cooled part of the heat exchanger is heated by a regeneration process.
• the working material By heating the heat exchanger to the upper temperature level, the working material evaporates.
• the condensate of the working material evaporates until the pressure within the heat exchanger has reached the vapor pressure of the working substance at this temperature.
• the valve is opened again. Because of the pressure, the working fluid flows from the heat exchanger into the working cylinder, while the heat exchanger is supplied with further heat. Due to the falling pressure and continuous heat supply, another part of the condensate evaporates at constant steam pressure.
• FIGS. 13A, 13B and 13C schematically illustrate this sequence of the various processes and their relationship to one another.
• Fig. 12 is a possible model of this heat engine, in which both the Stirling and the Clausius-Rankine cycle can be realized schematically shown.
• the present invention relates to a heat engine, but more particularly to a power plant with heat extraction described with reference to FIGS. 19 to 21.
• thermal power couplings are used in many large and small power plants.
• cogeneration plants which are operated according to the Rankine cycle, the steam after leaving the turbines is first partially or completely condensed via heat exchangers, the remaining steam is then condensed in the cooling tower, air condensers or in other processes. The heat recovered via the heat exchangers is then available for heating purposes in district heating or other applications.
• Organic Rankine cycle plants part of the heat that is generated from combustion processes is diverted into a thermal oil cycle, which in turn evaporates the organic agent in the Organic Rankine Cycle plants, there in a Clausius Rankine Cycle a turbine and power generator to power.
• the heat generated during the condensation of the working substance is used to heat the heating water Return used or delivered via an air condenser to the atmosphere.
• the waste heat from cooling water, oil cooler and from the combustion gases is used for heating purposes or other purposes.
• the state of the art is also referred to heating systems in which by means of Stirling engines, a part of the heating heat generated is converted into electricity.
• the combined heat and power plant can be operated with full load throughout the year because electricity or heat, or both, can be generated together with almost the same efficiency. This achieves a much higher level of annual impact and efficiency. Electricity can also be coupled out of accumulating process waste heat with this invention.
• FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the basic module of the heat engine, in which the essential components and their relationship to each other are shown in order to illustrate the realization of the Stirling cycle.
• Fig. 2 details of the valve control 5 and 6th
• Fig. 3 shows the basic module of FIG. 1, supplemented by electric coil 8 and magnet 7 for direct power generation.
• Fig. 4 the basic module of Fig. 1, supplemented with a pressure equalization tank 9, for an indeterminate operating pressure of the working gas.
• Fig. 5 shows another embodiment of the basic module, wherein the heat exchanger 1, connecting pipes 4, valves 5 and valve control 6 are arranged on both sides of the working cylinder 2.
• Fig. 6 is a schematic representation as in Fig. 5, with representation of the media flow, which simultaneously flows through opposite heat transfer medium 1.
• Fig. 7 is a schematic representation in which at certain heat exchangers 1 several modules consisting of connecting pipes 4, valves 5, working cylinder 2 and working piston 3 are connected.
• Fig. 8 is a schematic model of the basic module in an embodiment in which the heat exchanger 1 are arranged in a star shape around the working cylinder 2 and thus form a rotor. Together they rotate around the common longitudinal axis.
• the arrangement and function of the connecting pipes 4, the valves 5 and the valve control 6 are highlighted.
• the heating and cooling sections of the heat exchanger 1 are identified.
• FIG. 9A symbol description
• FIG. 9B representation of clock 1 to clock 4
• FIG. 9C representation of clock 5 to clock 6
• Fig. 10 is a schematic model of the basic module in an embodiment in which each 3 pieces heat exchanger 1 are connected to both sides of the working cylinder 2. Also in this model, the heat exchanger 1 are arranged in a star shape around the working cylinder 2 and thus form a rotor. Together they rotate around the common longitudinal axis.
• FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of the rotor with the combined Stirling-Clausius-Rankine cycle, with 10 pieces of heat exchangers 1, which are arranged in a star shape around the working cylinder 2. Half of the heat exchanger 1 is connected to the front and the other half on the back of the cylinder 2. The heating, cooling and regeneration sections (circulating air) are indicated.
• FIG. 13A symbol description
• FIG. 13B representation of clock 1 to clock 4"
• 13C representation of clock 5 to clock 7
• FIG. 13A represents the first 7 clocks of 10 clocks of the process flow based on that shown in Fig. 6 Model, however, each with 5 heat exchangers 1 on each side of the working cylinder 2.
• FIG. 14A symbol Description
• FIG. 14B representation of clock 1 to clock 4"
• 14C representation of clock 5 to clock 7
• Fig. 15 is a schematic representation of the basic module, with heat exchanger 1 in the form of a radiation absorber, wherein a possible construction of the shading element and the housing of the irradiated absorber surface is shown schematically.
• Fig. 16 Pressure-enthalpy diagram with CCI 2 Fb, Frigen R12 as working substance.
• Fig. 19 possible construction of a thermal power plant according to the invention, shown schematically.
• Fig. 21 Diagram, in which the approximate temperature profile of the cooling and
• Heating medium is shown approximately
• the lower temperature medium is referred to as the "cooling medium” and the higher temperature medium is referred to as the "heating medium”.
• thermodynamic process consists of 4 state changes, which are similar to the Stirling comparison process.
• heat exchanger 1 In a closed room with a large heat exchange surface (hereinafter called heat exchanger 1) located working gas is periodically heated or cooled by a medium flowing around the closed space (liquid or gas). Also, heating of the working gas by radiant energy (e.g., solar energy) is possible. The caused by heating or cooling pressure changes are transmitted to a working piston 3, after a valve 5 between the closed heat exchanger 1 and the displacement of the working cylinder 2 is opened.
• radiant energy e.g., solar energy
• the four state changes of the working gas are:
• Valve 5 Expansion at constant temperature (isotherm) (with heat input) - Valve 5 is open.
• Valve 5 Compression at constant temperature (isotherm) (with heat removal) - Valve 5 is open.
• the main difference between the Stirling engine and this heat engine is that the compression stroke following the expansion stroke of the piston 3 does not occur from one and the same heat exchanger 1. At least three heat exchangers 1 are required, which are alternately and periodically warmed or cooled.
• each individual heat exchanger 1 together with the common working cylinder 2 and piston 3 takes place, offset in time to all other heat Transmitters 1, a separate cycle process instead.
• the individual Stirling cycle processes are coordinated with one another in such a way that, following isothermal expansion from a heat exchanger 1, isothermal compression of another heat exchanger 1 follows in the common working cylinder 2. After this compression is followed again by an isothermal expansion of another heat exchanger 1, etc.
• the illustrated heat engine consists of: 1.
• Heat exchangers 1A, 1B and 1C which are arranged in the shape of a star in the form of a rotor around a working cylinder 2 and rotate with it about its longitudinal axis.
• the heat exchangers 1A, 1B, 1C, etc. are referenced 1 in their entirety.
• the heat exchangers 1 are each rotated by one half of the cooling medium flow (cooling section) and half by the heating medium. Current (heating section) out, so that they are alternately flows around with cooling and heating medium.
• Heat exchanger 1 are closed spaces with a connection to the working cylinder 2.
• the heat exchanger 1 are in one
• Each heat exchanger 1 is closed, except for an opening inside.
• the opening is connected to a connecting pipe 4 and via a valve 5 to the working cylinder 2, through which the trapped working gas can flow out and in.
• the heat exchangers 1 are made of a material with very good thermal conductivity (eg Ag, Cu or Al).
• a piston 3 can move freely back and forth. For good efficiency on the inside of a surface with low heat capacity and poor thermal conductivity and good sliding property (eg Teflon) is required. (As little heat as possible should be transferred from the working gas to the working cylinder 2 or vice versa).
• an electric coil 8 is set to generate electricity.
• the working cylinder 2 is made of a non-metallic material (glass, ceramic, plastic or the like). On one or both sides are openings at which the connecting pipes 4 are connected to the displacement of the working cylinder 2.
• a piston 3 free running without connecting rod or other mechanical connection. He can move freely in the working cylinder 2 back and forth.
• connections in particular connecting pipes 4A, 4B and 4C are connections which spatially connect the individual heat exchangers 1A, 1B and 1C and working cylinder 2.
• 4A, 4B, 4C, etc. are referenced 4 in their entirety.
• These connecting pipes 4 are kept as short as possible in order to avoid unnecessary dead space.
• the connecting pipes 4 have a low heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Where these connecting pipes 4 are not flowed around by cooling / heating medium, they are isolated from heat exchange with the environment.
• control valves 5 are installed, as far as they are not integrated in the working cylinder 2.
• control valves 5, consisting of individual valves 5, which are located in the connecting pipe 4 between the heat exchanger 1 and cylinder 2 and control the actual process.
• the use of these Ven- tile 5, but not their design, is an essential feature of this heat engine.
• a valve 5A, 5B and 5C is provided for each heat exchanger 1A, 1B and 1C.
• Valves 5A, 5B, 5C, etc. are referenced 5 in their entirety.
• the valves 5 are alternately opened and closed in order to connect or separate the space enclosed in the individual heat exchangers 1 with the working cylinder 2.
• the space in each heat exchanger 1 is connected directly to the working cylinder 2 when the valve 5 is open.
• the valves 5 are sealed and are designed for the maximum pressure difference between the heat exchanger 1 and cylinder 2.
• a valve control 6 is provided for opening and closing the valves 5, at the right moment.
• the valve controller 6 may be mechanical (e.g., with a camshaft) or electrically / electronically.
• the valves 5 are opened and closed in the same rhythm as the heating and cooling of the heat exchanger 1 takes place. At the end of a heating or cooling process on a heat exchanger 1 opens the heat exchanger 1 associated valve 5 and thus triggers the expansion or compression. The valve 5 closes after expansion or compression, but before the heat exchanger 1 from Schuetz the cooling medium, or vice versa, changes.
• the field current is transmitted by means of sliding contacts from the cylinder 2 to the piston 3.
• An electric coil 8 which is placed around the working cylinder 2, in which, by the movement of the magnetized piston 3, power is generated.
• a pressure equalization tank 9 which is used only in such work cylinders 2, where only one side heat exchanger 1 are connected.
• a circulating air blower 10 or a circulating pump 10 which for circulating the medium of the heated heat exchangers 1, immediately after the expansion process (after closing the valve 5) to the cooled heat exchangers 1 at the end of the compression process
• An isolated separation which is located between the hot and the cold area (see Fig. 12), and which is formed like a tube to separate the heating medium from the cooling medium within the rotor.
• the outer shell 13 forms a channel around each heat exchanger. 1 14.
• An inner shell 14 to produce a tubular boundary of the media channel to the working cylinder 2.
• the separating webs 15 are delimitations between the individual heat exchangers 1. Together with the inner shell 14 and outer shell 13, they guide the heating / cooling medium during the rotation around the respective heat transfer medium 1.
• the process flow is shown using a model with warm air as the energy source. This model is shown schematically in FIG. 8. The process flow is shown schematically in FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C.
• the model consists of 3 heat exchangers 1, which are arranged in a star shape around the working cylinder 2.
• the angle between the adjacent heat exchangers 1 is 120 ° in each case.
• the heat exchanger 1 are rigidly connected to the working cylinder 2 and rotate with this, as well as with the outer shell 13 and inner shell 14, about its longitudinal axis.
• the heat exchangers 1 move alternately in a region through which heating or cooling medium flows, designated in FIG. 8 as a heating and cooling section. Cooling and heating medium leading lines are connected to the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger 1.
• Each of the two types of media occupies half of the annular channel in which the heat exchanger 1 are located.
• the valve control 6 is shown in this model as a cam and is arranged so that the plungers of the valves 5 follow the contours of the cam 6 during rotation.
• the cam itself is fixed.
• the cam has two opposed cams. They are arranged that the valves 5 are opened when the associated heat exchanger 1 has covered about 2/3 of the respective cooling or heating distance.
• the valve 5 closes shortly before the heat exchanger 1 from the cooling medium in the heating medium (or vice versa) passes.
• the process sequence in the individual heat exchangers 1 runs as shown schematically in FIGS. 9A to 9C.
• the heat exchanger 1A is already flowed through with hot air and the trapped working gas is already heated. Due to the heating and the limited volume, the pressure in the heat exchanger 1A has increased at the same volume (Isochore).
• the valve 5A By rotating over the cam plate 6, the valve 5A opens and the pressurized working gas expands into the working cylinder 2 and performs work with the piston 3. During the expansion of the heat exchanger 1A is still flowing around with hot air. There is thus an isothermal expansion.
• valve 5A As the piston 3 moves away from the valve 5A, the power cylinder 2 and heat exchanger 1 continue to rotate and valve 5A closes. At the same time, another valve 5B opens, which connects the air space in the working cylinder 2 with that of the heat exchanger 1B. This was previously circulated with cooling medium. In the affected heat exchanger 1 B, the trapped gas was cooled, at a constant volume, and there was thus a negative pressure.
• the valve 5B is opened, the air from the working cylinder 2 compresses into the heat exchanger 1B and the piston 3 moves back to the valve 5 due to the pressure difference. During this compression process, the heat exchanger 1B still constantly flows through cooling medium and into the working gas heat is extracted from the compression, it is an isothermal compression. Heat exchanger 1A is already partially traversed by cold air at this time.
• Cycle 3 The rotation of the third heat exchanger 1 C, in the time during which the piston 3 moved back and forth, flowed through with heating medium. With a constant volume, the pressure of the working medium in the heat exchanger 1C increased. With opening of the valve 5C, the working gas expands isothermally from heat exchanger 1 C in the working cylinder 2 and pushes the piston 3 away from the valve 5 again.
• each heat exchanger 1 must be connected twice via the valves 5 to the working cylinder 2, ie once for the expansion and once for the compression.
• Working cylinder 2 is made of a non-metallic material (glass, ceramic, plastic or the like). To the working cylinder 2 is a
• Coil 8 is laid with wire windings for power generation.
• the freely movable piston 3 is magnetized by permanent magnets 7, o- means of excitation current.
• power is generated in the coil 8 to the working cylinder.
• FIG. 13 shows the process sequence for such a double unit, but with 5 heat exchangers on each side of the working cylinder 2.
• This variant corresponds essentially to the third variant with the difference that the heat exchanger 1, which are connected to the back of Häzy- Linders 2, are located directly behind those that are connected to the front, so that the heating / cooling medium after passing the heat exchanger 1 of the front side, those on the back also happened. In this case, the heating and cooling medium is always guided simultaneously through the directly successive heat exchanger 1. (Fig. 13)
• this variant corresponds to those of the third and fourth.
• all heat exchangers 1 are arranged in a star shape around the working cylinder 2.
• a valve control 6 is required on each side of the working cylinder 2.
• the heat exchangers 1 are connected alternately times on the front, sometimes on the rear side of the working cylinder 2. If half of the sum of all heat exchangers 1 corresponds to an odd number, at each angle of rotation of the rotor always a heat exchanger 1 with the one side of the working cylinder 2 and another heat exchanger 1 with the opposite side to the working cylinder 2 connected.
• the valves 5 will always connect heat exchanger 1 with different states of the working gas with the working cylinder 2. The process flow is as shown in FIG. 14.
• the heat exchanger 1 itself, the actual envelope of the working gas, alternately heat up and cool down, requires a considerably higher energy expenditure than that which is required to heat the working gas or to cool it. So much of the energy that should be recovered is lost.
• a regenerator is provided in a module as described in the fifth variant.
• the regenerator is a circulation system which, by circulating the cooling / heating medium, uses the heat of the heated heat exchanger 1 to heat the cooled heat exchanger 1 and simultaneously cooled with the cooled by the cooled heat exchangers 1, air itself.
• the regenerator consists of a fan for gaseous heating / cooling media, or a pump 10 for liquid media and Umlenkka- channels or tubes 11, the medium from one segment of the rotor directly after the heating line, directly to another segment of the rotor after the cooling section and back again.
• the heat exchanger 1 are formed as a radiation absorber.
• Working cylinder 2, piston 3 and valves 5 retain their function, as described for the basic module.
• the heat exchanger 1 (as absorber) are aligned so that the available radiant heat can be optimally absorbed. They have a flat shape and are coated with an absorbent surface. As the heat absorbed back to the environment must be a construction that allows for optimized convection.
• the heat exchanger 1 with working cylinder 2, connecting pipes 4 and valves 5 rotate about the longitudinal axis of the working cylinder 2 as described in the basic module. As a result, the heat exchanger 1 are alternately heated by the radiation and, by releasing the heat to the environment, cooled again.
• valves 5, as described in the basic module, are operated so that alternately a cooled and heated heat exchanger 1 are connected to the working cylinder 2 in order to perform work by expansion or compression.
• Each individual heat exchanger 1 is divided into two halves (see Fig. 12).
• the two halves are connected in the middle with an intermediate insulating layer.
• the insulating layer forms a thermal decoupling of the two halves, so that the heat is not transferred via the metal wall of the heat exchanger from one half to the other.
• the heat exchanger 1 rotate together with the working cylinder 2 about the longitudinal axis and thus form a s.g. Rotor.
• a compression and an expansion by means of valve control 6 is triggered alternately on each side. Likewise, if there is compression on the front, expansion on the back, or vice versa.
• split heat exchanger 1 are installed so that the outer half of the individual heat exchanger 1 the cold media flow, the inner (the working cylinder 2 facing) half are exposed to the warm media flow.
• a cylindrical separation 12 In the spaces between the heat exchangers 1 is a cylindrical separation 12, with which the heating medium from the cooling medium, is separated within the rotor inserted.
• a cylindrical separation 12 Outside around the heat transfer 1 around as inside (between heat exchanger 1 and cylinder 2) are also concentrically arranged tubes (13 and 14), which form together with the separation between the heat exchangers 1, two annular channels in which each of the "cooled” or “heated” Part of the heat transmitter is located.
• these tubes are referred to as outer13 and inner14 sheaths.
• Each individual heat exchanger 1 is also separated from the adjacent heat exchangers 1 by means of a separating web 15 which extends from the outer casing 13 to the inner casing 14. By means of these dividers 15, the heating and cooling medium is channeled within the rotor. In each segment between two dividers 15 there is only a single heat exchanger. 1
• the heating or cooling media conveying lines are connected.
• the heating medium lines are connected to the upper semicircle of the inner annular channel
• the cooling medium lines are connected to the lower semicircle of the outer annular channel. Only half of the respective circular rings is flowed through with heating or cooling medium, since the heating and cooling take place alternately.
• the cooling section begins after closing the valve 5 at the end of an expansion process within the heating section.
• the heating section begins after closing the valve 5 at the end of the compression process within the cooling section.
• the working substance in the closed heat exchanger 1 with a surface whose temperature is below the dew point of the working substance, condense on this surface until the pressure within the closed heat exchanger 1 corresponds to the vapor pressure of the working substance.
• the entire envelope of the 'cooled' warehousing Half of meüber here have this temperature, because the cooling medium of this half of the heat exchanger 1 constantly extracts the heat of condensation.
• the heated half of the heat exchanger 1 Since the heated half of the heat exchanger 1 is communicatively connected to the cooled half, the condensate would evaporate in this part as far as it could flow there. However, since the (previously) heated part of the heat exchanger 1 is located above the cooled half during the cooling process, it is not physically possible. The situation is different in the heated part of the heat exchanger 1. If the working material evaporates with constant supply of heat, the steam will condense again when the connection to the (previously) cooled part communicates. This process will take place until the heat transfer tube (now without heat removal) has reached the vapor pressure temperature of the working material. To prevent this, three options are considered here:
• connection opening (s) between heated and cooled half are closed mechanically.
• the cooled half of a heat exchanger 1 By the rotation of the rotor is the outer, the cooled half of a heat exchanger 1, times below the heated half times over. It is therefore useful to choose the cooling section so that the cooled half of the heat exchanger 1 is located at the bottom during the cooling process.
• the resulting condensate then collects in the lower and thus in the outer area of the heat exchanger 1. Due to the rotation, the cooled above the heated half moves. From a certain position, the condensate will flow from the cooled to the heated half. (This process replaces the feed pump in the classical Clausius-Rankine process.) Now, the largest mass of the working substance is on the heated side of the heat exchanger 1. The evaporation process begins. To avoid simultaneous condensation on the cooled half, the connection openings between the heated and cooled halves are mechanically closed.
• the isochoric cooling process is initially started, with reference to FIG. 12 of the drawing.
• The, in consideration, heat exchanger 1 is located in the cooling section directly after the closure of the expansion valve 5.
• the heat exchanger 1 is continuously withdrawn heat on this route.
• the working material condenses until the vapor pressure (of the working substance) is reached at cooling medium temperature. Since the valve 5 is closed during this process, the total volume within the heat exchanger 1 remains constant. By the rotation of the point at which the valve 5 is opened to the working cylinder 2, is reached.
• the valve 5 opens and now connects the space in the heat exchanger 1 with that of the working cylinder 2.
• the working gas flows because of the negative pressure in the heat exchanger 1 and because of the simultaneous expansion process on the other side of the working piston 3, from the working cylinder 2 in the heat exchanger 1 inside.
• the working material condenses again until the, corresponding to the temperature, vapor pressure is reached.
• Fig. 17. Point 2 to Point 3 During the compression of the working gas, the heat exchanger 1, through the cooling medium, constantly withdrawn heat. So there is an isothermal compression.
• Fig. 17 point 3 to point 4 This change in state belongs both to the previously described Stirling cycle process and to the Clausius-Rankine cycle process described here. Due to the isothermal and non-isentropic compression of the working gas, the Clausius-Rankine cyclic process described here deviates from the classical one
• connection between the heated and the cooled half is mechanically opened again.
• the cooled part may be used for any form of heat transfer, e.g. Eg for free convection, water cooling, heat exchangers for gaseous or liquid cooling media, etc. be constructed.
• Working cylinder 2, piston 3, connecting pipes 4, valve 5, valve controls 6, etc. have the same function as described in the ninth variant, they rotate together with the heat exchangers 1 about a common axis. In this variant, the connections between the heated and the cooled part of the heat exchanger 1 are closed during the heating process.
• the radiation-exposed absorbent surface of the heat exchanger 1 is protected against convective losses.
• the cooled part of the heat exchanger 1 is shaded analogously, as described in the variant seven, against the radiation energy.
• a rotor with heat exchangers 1, connecting pipes 4, valves 5 and valve control 6 is used as described in the Ninth Variant but without working cylinder 2 and piston 3.
• valve controls 6 there are not two valve controls 6, (on both sides of the working cylinder are arranged) but compression and expansion of all heat exchanger 1 take place at the same valve control 6.
• a rotary engine is used, such.
• the valves 5 Since in the rotor described, consisting of heat exchanger 1, connecting pipes 4, working cylinder 2, etc., the valves 5 always open for expansion in the same place, can be introduced with a suitable valve construction, the expanding working gas in a fixed line. This initiates the working gas in the high pressure side of the rotary engine. Similarly, for compression, a line from the low-pressure side of the rotary engine to the point at which the valves 5 open for the compression process, return the working gas to the heat exchangers 1 again. In such a machine, a rotating shaft is provided with which a power generator or other machine can be driven. The rotation can also be used to drive the heat exchanger rotor. By carefully adjusting the rotational speeds of the rotor and rotary machine, it is ensured that the correct amount of working gas is present in the rotary engine.
• the heat engine of this heat engine is operated with an external heat source, therefore it is different from all heat engines with internal combustion.
• this heat engine differs from conventional machines, which run either only with a Stirling cycle or only with a Rankine cycle.
• each heat exchanger 1 has a complete Stirling cycle process with four state changes or a complete Stirling cycle.
• Clausius-Rankine-Keisrind with 6 state changes go through d. H.
• Each valve 5 between the individual heat exchangers 1 and common cylinder 2 has opened and closed twice. This means for each heat exchanger 1 in each case an expansion and a compression.
• the moving parts are a freely movable working piston 3 in a working cylinder 2 and a rotating rotor consisting of: heat exchanger 1, connecting pipes 4, valves 5, inner 14 and outer 13 sheaths and partitions 15.
• heat exchanger 1 a freely movable working piston 3 in a working cylinder 2
• rotating rotor consisting of: heat exchanger 1, connecting pipes 4, valves 5, inner 14 and outer 13 sheaths and partitions 15.
• valves 5 is opened only when the warm-up or cool down process is completed. Over the shortest path, the working gas can expand into the working cylinder 2 or compressed from the working cylinder 2.
• a difference of this heat engine to the conventional thermal power plants lies in the fact that in conventional systems, the working gas or agent, eg. B. in steam power plants, from the warm heat exchanger 1 to the cold heat exchanger 1 and moved back again, in this heat engine, however, the majority of the working gas in the same heat exchanger 1 remains there alternately warmed or cooled.
• the working gas or agent eg. B. in steam power plants
• the piston 3 of this free-piston engine is magnetized by permanent magnets 7 or exciting current and runs in a non-metallic working cylinder 2, around which an electric coil 8 is mounted. This converts the mechanical work directly into electrical current without detours. In addition to the friction losses of the free piston 3 occur when power generation, no further mechanical losses.
• FIG. 19 of the drawing A possible construction of a thermal power plant according to the invention is shown in FIG. 19 of the drawing.
• a suitable number of heat engines A e.g. A1, A2, A3, .... An, arranged in series.
• the air 22 provided for combustion is passed through the cooled part of the individual heat engines A1, A2, A3,... An one after another and, after leaving the last heat engine, fed to a combustion process in the combustion chamber 25 as combustion air.
• the combustion gases 30 from the combustion process in the combustion chamber 25 flows through the heated part of the individual heat engines An ... A2, A1 in the opposite direction and in the reverse order as the cooling medium 22 with a similar temperature difference but with each different temperature level at each heat engine A, as approximately shown in the diagram of Fig. 21 of the drawings.
• the working substance in each heat engine A is selected so that it is adapted to the respective temperatures occurring there.
• the fuel is stored in a fuel tank 26.
• the fuel container 26 may be designed for solids (eg wood chips) as a funnel or for liquids or gases as a tank.
• the fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber 25 by means of a conveyor 27 (as a cell sluice or screw in the case of solid substances or a pump in the case of liquids).
• a combustion grate 28 is provided which is designed so that the fuel as optimally distributed over the surface.
• the cooling and combustion air 22 may be pure ambient air but also cooled air or air emerging from other processes, which are suitable for burning the fuel used. It will be Blower 21 through the heat exchanger 1 of the individual heat engines A up to the combustion chamber 25 promoted.
• the warmed up air is used after leaving the heat exchanger 1 of the last heat engine An as combustion air.
• control valves 23 a portion of the cooling air through the combustion chamber 25 and a part passed to the combustion chamber 25 over. After combustion, the two air streams are brought together again and mixed.
• the flaps 23 are controlled by a temperature control loop, consisting of a temperature sensor 31, controller and servo motor 24 so that a constant temperature of the combustion gases 30 is achieved.
• These combustion gases 30 are hereinafter referred to as hot gases.
• the hot gases 30 are introduced into the heat exchangers 1 of the heat engine An, through which the cooling air 22 was last carried out. Further, the hot gases flow through all the other heat engines A in the reverse order and direction as the cooling air. By discharging the heat to the heat exchanger 1, the temperature in each heat exchanger 1 decreases. Since the temperature decreases in the opposite direction as the cooling air increases in each heat engine A, more or less, same temperature differences occur which are required to implement the heat in work.
• the outlet temperature of the hot gases depends on the selected number of heat engines A, the working materials, especially in the last stages and the construction of the heat engines A. It can be similar to a condensing boiler at about 50 0 C. This means that the heat of vaporization of the water in the combustion gases 30 also contributes to power generation. The upper calorific value of the fuel is uses. Also, the heat of evaporation that is consumed to evaporate the water in wet fuels is not lost.
• the last heat engine A1 In order to use the residual heat of the hot gases after leaving the last heat engine A1 for heating purposes, it is passed through the primary side of a heat exchanger 35. Heating water for district heating 36 is circulated through the secondary side of the heat exchanger. If more heat is needed for heating purposes than the residual heat in the hot gases 30 after the last heat engine An, the last heat engine A1 can be stopped, so that the heat can pass unused. If this is insufficient for the heat demand, then the second-to-last thermal engine A2 can be stopped. This can be continued until the heat engine is stopped on and the entire heat is used only for heating purposes.
• the hot gases are finally fed to a chimney 38.
• a flue gas cleaning 37 between the combined heat and power plant and chimney 38 can be provided.
• the individual heat engines A - compare Fig. 20 are equipped with a magnetized Koben 3 and the cylinder 2 is enclosed with an electric coil 8 such that the piston 3, an electric current is generated by induction.
• each machine A produces a type of alternating current, each with different frequencies.
• This current is converted into direct current via rectifier 40 and stored in accumulators 42 while at the same time the direct current is also converted via an inverter 43 into alternating current at mains frequency.
• For each machine A own power drainage 41 is provided.
• heat engine A described above is listed in several variants, different variants of the heat engine A can be used in this type of cogeneration. It would be z. B. advantageous if at very high temperatures heat engines, which are operated according to the Stirling cycle, and at low temperatures heat engines which are operated with combined Stirling Clausius Rankine cycle, are used.

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• 2005
  • 2005-03-22 DE DE102005013287A patent/DE102005013287B3/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2006
  • 2006-01-27 WO PCT/EP2006/000728 patent/WO2006079551A2/fr active Application Filing
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