EP2275130A2 - PCV2 ORF2 immunogenische Zusammensetzung - Google Patents

PCV2 ORF2 immunogenische Zusammensetzung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2275130A2
EP2275130A2 EP10174456A EP10174456A EP2275130A2 EP 2275130 A2 EP2275130 A2 EP 2275130A2 EP 10174456 A EP10174456 A EP 10174456A EP 10174456 A EP10174456 A EP 10174456A EP 2275130 A2 EP2275130 A2 EP 2275130A2
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Prior art keywords
pcv2
group
pigs
day
antigen
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EP10174456A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2275130A3 (de
Inventor
Michael B. Roof
Marc Allan Eichmeyer
Greg Nitzel
Phillip Wayne Hayes
Merrill Lynn Schaeffer
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Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc
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Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc
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Application filed by Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc filed Critical Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of an immunogenic composition comprising a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) antigen for treatment of several clinical manifestations (diseases).
  • PCV2 porcine circovirus type 2
  • the present invention is concerned with an immunological composition effective for providing an immune response that reduces, or lessens the severity, of the clinical symptoms associated with PCV2 infection.
  • the immunological composition comprises a recombinantly produced antigen of PCV2.
  • the PCV2 antigen is a recombinantly produced protein encoded by one of the open reading frames (ORFs) in the PCV2 genome.
  • ORFs open reading frames
  • the antigen is PCV2 ORF2 protein.
  • the present invention is concerned with an immunological composition effective for treatment of clinical sypmtoms associated with PCV2 infections in swine receiving the immunological composition, and wherein the composition comprises the protein expressed by ORF2 of PCV2.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is the use of any of the compositions provided herewith as a medicament, preferably as a veterinary medicament, even more preferably as a vaccine.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of any of the compositions described herein, for the preparation of a medicament for reducing or lessening the severity of clinical symptoms associated with PCV2 infection.
  • the medicament is for the prevention of a PCV2 infection, even more preferably in swine.
  • a further aspect of the present invention relates to a process for the production of a medicament, comprising an immunogenic composition of PCV2 for the treatment of several clinical manifestations.
  • Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a small (17 -22 nm in diameter), icosahedral, non-enveloped DNA virus, which contains a single-stranded circular genome.
  • PCV2 shares approximately 80% sequence identity with porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1).
  • PCV1 porcine circovirus type 1
  • PMWS Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome
  • PMWS is clinically characterized by wasting, paleness of the skin, unthriftiness, respiratory distress, diarrhea, icterus, and jaundice.
  • PCV2 has been associated with several other infections including pseudorabies, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), Glasser's disease, streptococcal meningitis, salmonellosis, postweaning colibacillosis, dietetic hepatosis, and suppurative bronchopneumonia.
  • PRRS porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
  • researchers thus far has not confirmed whether any of these clinical symptoms are in fact, the direct result of a PCV2 infection.
  • it is not yet known whether any of these clinical symptoms can be effectively reduced or cured by an active agent directed against PCV2.
  • an immunogenic composition for the treatment of several clinical manifestations. Further, what is needed in the art is an immunological composition which confers protective immunity against PCV2 infection but which can also be used to treat existing clinical symptoms associated with PCV2 infection.
  • the present invention overcomes the problems inherent in the prior art and provides a distinct advance in the state of the art.
  • the present invention provides a medicinal use(s) of immunogenic composition(s) comprising PCV2 antigen.
  • the immunogenic compositions used herein appear to be safe when administered to young pigs, preferably to pigs not older than 15 weeks of age, more preferably not older than 6 weeks of age, even more preferably not older than 3 weeks, most preferably not older than 2 weeks.
  • the administration of the immunogenic compositions of the present invention occur within at least 2 and preferably within at least 3 weeks of exposure to virulent PCV.
  • the immunogenic compositions used herein for any medicinal use described herein is adminstered to pigs of 3 weeks of age or older, preferably of 2 weeks of age or older, most preferably but not older than 15 weeks of age.
  • the therapeutic use of the immunogenic compositions described below is effective for lessening the severity of various clinical symptoms in swine.
  • the therapeutic use of the immunogenic compositions of the present invention, and specifically compositions comprising PCV2 ORF2 antigen is effective for reducing or lessening lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion and/or multinucleated/giant histiocytes in swine infected with PCV2.
  • an antigenic composition as provided herewith, and that comprises PCV2 antigen, preferably ORF2 antigen, reduces the overall circovirus load and its immunosuppressive impact, thereby resulting in a higher level of general disease resistance and a reduced incidence of PCV-2 associated diseases and symptoms.
  • one aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, preferably recombinant PCV2 antigen, and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein as provided herewith, for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention, lessening and/or reduction of lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion and/or multinucleated/giant histiocytes in swine.
  • said medicament is effective for the prevention, lessening and/or reduction of lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion and/or multinucleated/giant histiocytes associated with PCV2 infections in swine.
  • said medicament is effective for the prevention, lessening and/or reduction of lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion and/or multinucleated/giant histiocytes associated with PCV2 infections in pigs, when administered to pigs not older than 15 weeks of age, more preferably not older than 6 weeks of age, even more preferably not older than 3 weeks, and most preferably not older than 2 weeks.
  • the administration of the immunogenic compositions of the present invention occur within at least 2 and preferably within at least 3 weeks of exposure to virulent PCV.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for the treatment of lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion and/or multinucleated/giant histiocytes in swine, comprising the administration of an immunogenic composition as provided herewith, to a pig, said immunogenic composition comprising a PCV2 antigen, preferably a recombinant PCV2 antigen, and morepreferably PCV2 ORF2 protein.
  • the present invention provides a method for the treatment of lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion and/or multinucleated/giant histiocytes associated with a PCV2 infection in swine, comprising the administration of an immunogenic composition as provided herewith, to a pig, said immunogenic composition comprising a PCV2 antigen, preferably a recombinant PCV2 antigen and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein.
  • said treatment results in the lessening, reduction, prevention, and/or cure of the lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion and/or multinucleated/giant histiocytes in swine receiving said immunogenic composition.
  • said methods for treatment further comprise the administration of said immunogenic composition to pigs not older than 15 weeks of age, more preferably not older than 6 weeks of age, even more preferably not older than 3 weeks, and most preferably not older than 2 weeks.
  • the administration of the immunogenic compositions of the present invention occur within at least 2 and preferably within at least 3 weeks of exposure to virulent PCV.
  • an immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, preferably a recominant PCV2 antigen, and most prefereably PCV2 ORF2 protein, as provided herewith, can reduce or lessen lymphadenopathy in combination with one or a multiple of the following symptoms in affected swine: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers, (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies, etc.
  • one aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, preferably a recombinant PCV2 antigen and more preferably, PCV2 ORF2 protein as provided herewith, for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention, lessening and/or reduction of lymphadenopathy in combination with one or a multiple of the following symptoms in pigs: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers, (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies, etc., in pigs.
  • PCV2 antigen preferably a recombinant PCV2 antigen and more preferably, PCV2 ORF2 protein as provided herewith
  • said medicament is effective for the prevention, lessening and/or reduction of lymphadenopathy in combination with one or a multiple of the following symptoms associated with PCV2 infection in pigs: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers , (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies, etc.
  • said medicament is effective for the prevention, lessening and/or reduction of lymphadenopathy in combination with one or a multiple of the following symptoms in pigs: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers , (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies, etc., in pigs, when administered to pigs not older than 15 weeks of age, more preferably not older than 6 weeks of age, even more preferably not older than 3 weeks, and most preferably not older than 2 weeks.
  • the administration of the immunogenic compositions of the present invention occur within at least 2 and preferably within at least 3 weeks of exposure to virulent PCV..
  • the present invention also relates to a method for the treatment of lymphadenopathy in combination with one or a multiple of the following symptoms in pigs: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers , (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies, etc., said method comprising the administration of an immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, preferably a recombinant PCV2 antigen, and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein as provided herewith.
  • an immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, preferably a recombinant PCV2 antigen, and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein as provided herewith.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for the treatment of lymphadenopathy in combination with one or a multiple of the following symptoms associated with PCV2 infection in pigs: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers, (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies, etc., said method comprising the administration of an immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, prefereably recombinant PCV2 antigen and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein, as provided herewith, to a pig.
  • an immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, prefereably recombinant PCV2 antigen and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein, as provided herewith, to a pig.
  • said treatment results in the lessening or reduction of the lymphadenopathy, and one or multiple of the following symptoms associated with PCV2 infection in pigs: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers , (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies, etc.
  • said methods for treatment further comprise administration of the immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, preferably recombinant PCV2 antigen and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein, as provided herein, to pigs not older than 15 weeks of age, more preferably not older than 6 weeks of age, even more preferably not older than 3 weeks, and most preferably not older than 2 weeks.
  • the administration of the immunogenic compositions of the present invention occur within at least 2 and preferably within at least 3 weeks of exposure to virulent PCV.
  • an immunogenic composition comprising PCV antigen, preferably recombinant PCV2 antigen and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein as provided herewith, can also reduce or lessen Pia like lesions, normally known to be associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infections (Ileitis).
  • one aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an immunogenic composition
  • an immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, preferably recombinant PCV2 antigen and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein as provided herewith, for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention, lessening the severity of and/or reduction of Pia like lesions, normally known to be associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infections in swine.
  • said medicament is effective for the prevention, lessening of the severity of and/or reduction of Pia like lesions, normally known to be associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infections, when administered to pigs not older than 15 weeks of age, more preferably not older than 6 weeks of age, even more preferably not older than 3 weeks, and most preferably not older than 2 weeks.
  • the administration of the immunogenic compositions of the present invention occur within at least 2 and preferably within at least 3 weeks of exposure to virulent PCV.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for the treatment of Pia like lesions, normally known to be associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infections, said method comprising the administration of an immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, preferably recombinant PCV2 antigen and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein as provided herein, to a pig.
  • said treatment results in the lessening or reduction of the Pia like lesions, normally known to be associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infections.
  • the methods for treatment described above further comprise the administration of the immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 antigen, preferably recombiant PCV2 antigen, and more preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein as provided herein, to pigs not older than 15 weeks of age, more preferably not older than 6 weeks of age, even more preferably not older than 3 weeks, and most preferably not older than 2 weeks.
  • the administration of the immunogenic compositions of the present invention occur within at least 2 and preferably within at least 3 weeks of exposure to virulent PCV.
  • the immunogenic composition is an immunogenic composition
  • the immunogenic composition as used herein is effective for inducing an immune response against PCV2 and preventing, reducing and/or lessening the severity of the clinical symptoms associated with PCV2 infection.
  • the composition generally comprises at least one PCV2 antigen.
  • immunogenic composition refers to any pharmaceutical composition containing a PCV2 antigen, which composition can be used to prevent or treat a PCV2 infection-associated disease or condition in a subject.
  • a preferred immunogenic composition can induce, stimulate or enhance the immune response against PCV2.
  • the term thus encompasses both subunit immunogenic compositions, as described below, as well as compositions containing whole killed, or attenuated and/or inactivated PCV2.
  • subunit immunogenic composition refers to a composition containing at least one immunogenic polypeptide or antigen, but not all antigens, derived from or homologous to an antigen from PCV2. Such a composition is substantially free of intact PCV2.
  • a "subunit immunogenic composition” is prepared from at least partially purified or fractionated (preferably substantially purified) immunogenic polypeptides from PCV2, or recombinant analogs thereof.
  • a subunit immunogenic composition can comprise the subunit antigen or antigens of interest substantially free of other antigens or polypeptides from PCV2, or in fractionated from.
  • a preferred immunogenic subunit composition comprises the PCV2 ORF2 protein as described below.
  • an "immunological or immune response" to a composition or vaccine is the development in the host of a cellular and/ or antibody-mediated immune response to the composition or vaccine of interest.
  • an “immune response” includes but is not limited to one or more of the following effects: the production or activation of antibodies, B cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, and/or cytotoxic T cells and/or yd T cells, directed specifically to an antigen or antigens included in the composition or vaccine of interest.
  • the host will display either a therapeutic or protective immunological response such that resistance to new infection will be enhanced and/or the clinical severity of the disease reduced. Such protection will be demonstrated by either a reduction in number or severity of, or lack of one or more of the symptoms associated with PCV2 infections as described above.
  • immunogenic protein or polypeptide or “antigen” refer to an amino acid sequence which elicits an immunological response as described above.
  • immunogenic fragment refers to a fragment of a protein which includes one or more epitopes and thus elicits the immunological response described above. Such fragments can be identified using any number of epitope mapping techniques, well known in the art. See, e.g., Epitope Mapping Protocols in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 66 (Glenn E.
  • linear epitopes may be determined by e.g., concurrently synthesizing large numbers of peptides on solid supports, the peptides corresponding to portions of the protein molecule, and reacting the peptides with antibodies while the peptides are still attached to the supports.
  • Such techniques are known in the art and described in, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,708,871 ; Geysen et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3998-4002 ; Geysen et al. (1986) Molec. Immunol. 23:709-715 .
  • conformational epitopes are readily identified by determining spatial conformation of amino acids such as by, e.g., x-ray crystallography and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. See, e.g., Epitope Mapping Protocols, supra.
  • Synthetic antigens are also included within the definition, for example, polyepitopes, flanking epitopes, and other recombinant or synthetically derived antigens. See, e.g., Bergmann et al. (1993) Eur. J. Immunol. 23:2777-2781 ; Bergmann et al. (1996), J. Immunol. 157:3242-3249 ; Suhrbier, A. (1997), Immunol. and Cell Biol. 75:402-408 ; Gardner et al., (1998) 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, June 28-July 3, 1998 .
  • an immunogenic composition that induces an immune response and, more preferably, confers protective immunity against the clinical signs of PCV2 infection.
  • the composition most preferably comprises the polypeptide, or a fragment thereof, expressed by ORF2 of PCV2, as the antigenic component of the composition.
  • PCV2 ORF2 DNA and protein, used herein for the preparation of the compositions and within the processes provided herein is a highly conserved domain within PCV2 isolates and thereby, any PCV2 ORF2 would be effective as the source of the PCV ORF2 DNA and/or polypeptide as used herein.
  • a preferred PCV2 ORF2 protein is that of SEQ ID NO. 11.
  • a preferred PCV ORF2 polypeptide is provided herein as SEQ ID NO.
  • the antigenic characteristics of an immunological composition can be, for example, estimated by the challenge experiment as provided by Example 4. Moreover, the antigenic characteristic of a modified antigen is still retained, when the modified antigen confers at least 70%, preferably 80%, more preferably 90% of the protective immunity as compared to the PCV2 ORF 2 protein, encoded by the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4.
  • an “immunogenic composition” as used herein means a PCV2 ORF2 protein which elicits an "immunological response" in the host of a cellular and/or antibody-mediated immune response to PCV2 ORF2 protein.
  • this immunogenic composition is capable of eliciting or enhancing an immune response against PCV2 thereby confering protective immunity against PCV2 infection and a reduction in the incidence of, severity of, or prevention of one or more, and preferably all of the clinical signs associated therewith.
  • immunogenic portions of PCV2 ORF2 protein are used as the antigenic component in the composition.
  • immunogenic portion refers to truncated and/or substituted forms, or fragments of PCV2 ORF2 protein and/or polynucleotide, respectively.
  • such truncated and/or substituted forms, or fragments will comprise at least 6 contiguous amino acids from the full-length ORF2 polypeptide.
  • the truncated or substituted forms, or fragments will have at least 10, more preferably at least 15, and still more preferably at least 19 contiguous amino acids from the full-length ORF2 polypeptide.
  • Two preferred sequences in this respect are provided herein as SEQ ID NOs. 9 and 10. It is further understood that such sequences may be a part of larger fragments or truncated forms.
  • a further preferred PCV2 ORF2 polypeptide provided herein is encoded by the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • this sequence could vary by as much as 6-20% in sequence homology and still retain the antigenic characteristics that render it useful in immunogenic compositions.
  • a truncated or substituted form, or fragment of this PVC2 ORF2 polypeptide is used as the antigenic component in the composition.
  • such truncated or substituted forms, or fragments will comprise at least 18 contiguous nucleotides from the full-length ORF2 nucleotide sequence, e.g. of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the truncated or substituted forms, or fragments will have at least 30, more preferably at least 45, and still more preferably at least 57 contiguous nucleotides of the full-length ORF2 nucleotide sequence, e.g. SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • Sequence Identity refers to a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, namely a reference sequence and a given sequence to be compared with the reference sequence. Sequence identity is determined by comparing the given sequence to the reference sequence after the sequences have been optimally aligned to produce the highest degree of sequence similarity, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. Upon such alignment, sequence identity is ascertained on a position-by-position basis, e.g., the sequences are "identical” at a particular position if at that position, the nucleotides or amino acid residues are identical.
  • Sequence identity can be readily calculated by known methods, including but not limited to, those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. N., ed., Oxford University Press, New York (1988 ), Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D.W., ed., Academic Press, New York (1993 ); Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A.M., and Griffin, H.
  • Examples of such programs include, but are not limited to, the GCG program package ( Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 12(1):387 (1984 )), BLASTP, BLASTN and FASTA ( Altschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol., 215:403-410 (1990 ).
  • the BLASTX program is publicly available from NCBI and other sources ( BLAST Manual, Altschul, S. et al., NCVI NLM NIH Bethesda, MD 20894 , Altschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol., 215:403-410 (1990 ), the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference).
  • sequence identity As an illustration, by a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence having at least, for example, 85%, preferably 90%, even more preferably 95% "sequence identity" to a reference nucleotide sequence, it is intended that the nucleotide sequence of the given polynucleotide is identical to the reference sequence except that the given polynucleotide sequence may include up to 15, preferably up to 10, even more preferably up to 5 point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence.
  • a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, preferably 90%, even more preferably 95% identity relative to the reference nucleotide sequence up to 15%, preferably 10%, even more preferably 5% of the nucleotides in the reference sequence may be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 15%, preferably 10%, even more preferably 5% of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence.
  • mutations of the reference sequence may occur at the 5' or 3' terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
  • a polypeptide having a given amino acid sequence having at least, for example, 85%, preferably 90%, even more preferably 95% sequence identity to a reference amino acid sequence it is intended that the given amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is identical to the reference sequence except that the given polypeptide sequence may include up to 15, preferably up to 10, even more preferably up to 5 amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the reference amino acid sequence.
  • a given polypeptide sequence having at least 85%, preferably 90%, even more preferably 95% sequence identity with a reference amino acid sequence up to 15%, preferably up to 10%, even more preferably up to 5% of the amino acid residues in the reference sequence may be deleted or substituted with another amino acid, or a number of amino acids up to 15%, preferably up to 10%, even more preferably up to 5% of the total number of amino acid residues in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence.
  • These alterations of the reference sequence may occur at the amino or the carboxy terminal positions of the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among residues in the reference sequence or in the one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
  • residue positions which are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions. However, conservative substitutions are not included as a match when determining sequence identity.
  • Sequence homology refers to a method of determining the relatedness of two sequences. To determine sequence homology, two or more sequences are optimally aligned, and gaps are introduced if necessary. However, in contrast to “sequence identity", conservative amino acid substitutions are counted as a match when determining sequence homology.
  • the homolog sequence comprises at least a stretch of 50, even more preferably at least 100, even more preferably at least 250, and even more preferably at least 500 nucleotides.
  • a “conservative substitution” refers to the substitution of an amino acid residue or nucleotide with another amino acid residue or nucleotide having similar characteristics or properties including size, hydrophobicity, etc., such that the overall functionality does not change significantly.
  • isolated means altered “by the hand of man” from its natural state, i.e., if it occurs in nature, it has been changed or removed from its original environment, or both.
  • a polynucleotide or polypeptide naturally present in a living organism is not “isolated,” but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is “isolated”, as the term is employed herein.
  • the immunogenic composition as used herein also refers to a composition that comprises PCV2 ORF2 protein, wherein said PCV2 ORF2 protein is anyone of those, described above.
  • said PCV2 ORF2 protein is
  • any of those immunogenic portions have the immunogenic characteristics of PCV2 ORF2 protein that is encoded by the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • PCV2 ORF2 protein is provided in the immunological composition at an antigen inclusion level effective for inducing the desired immune response, namely reducing the incidence of, lessening the severity of, or preventing one or more clinical signs resulting from PCV2 infection.
  • the PCV2 ORF2 protein inclusion level is at least 0.2 ⁇ g antigen / ml of the final immunogenic composition ( ⁇ g/ml), more preferably from about 0.2 to about 400 ⁇ g/ml, still more preferably from about 0.3 to about 200 ⁇ g/ml, even more preferably from about 0.35 to about 100 ⁇ g/ml, still more preferably from about 0.4 to about 50 ⁇ g/ml, still more preferably from about 0.45 to about 30 ⁇ g/ml, still more preferably from about 0.6 to about 15 ⁇ g /ml, even more preferably from about 0.75 to about 8 ⁇ g/ml, even more preferably from about 1.0 to about 6 ⁇ g/ml, still more preferably from about 1.3 to about 3.0 ⁇ g/ml, even more preferably from about 1.4 to about 2.5 ⁇ g/ml, even more preferably from about 1.5 to about 2.0 ⁇ g/ml, and most preferably about 1.6 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the ORF2 antigen inclusion level is at least 0.2 ⁇ g/ PCV2 ORF2 protein as described above per dose of the final antigenic composition ( ⁇ g/dose), more preferably from about 0.2 to about 400 ⁇ g/dose, still more preferably from about 0.3 to about 200 ⁇ g/dose, even more preferably from about 0.35 to about 100 ⁇ g/dose, still more preferably from about 0.4 to about 50 ⁇ g/dose, still more preferably from about 0.45 to about 30 ⁇ g/dose, still more preferably from about 0.6 to about 15 ⁇ g/dose, even more preferably from about 0.75 to about 8 ⁇ g/dose, even more preferably from about 1.0 to about 6 ⁇ g/dose, still more preferably from about 1.3 to about 3.0 ⁇ g/dose, even more preferably from about 1.4 to about 2.5 ⁇ g/dose, even more preferably from about 1.5 to about 2.0 ⁇ g/dose, and most preferably about 1.6 ⁇ g/dose.
  • PCV2 ORF2 polypeptide used in the immunogenic composition in accordance with the present invention can be derived in any fashion including isolation and purification of PCV2 ORF2, standard protein synthesis, and recombinant methodology. Preferred methods for obtaining PCV2 ORF2 polypeptide are provided in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/034,797 , the teachings and content of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • susceptible cells are infected with a recombinant viral vector containing PCV2 ORF2 DNA coding sequences, PCV2 ORF2 polypeptide is expressed by the recombinant virus, and the expressed PCV2 ORF2 polypeptide is recovered from the supernate by filtration and inactivated by any conventional method, preferably using binary ethylenimine, which is then neutralized to stop the inactivation process.
  • the immunogenic composition as used herein also refers to a composition that comprises i) any of the PCV2 ORF2 protein described above, preferably in concentrations described above, and ii) at least a portion of the viral vector expressing said PCV2 ORF2 protein, preferably of a recombinant baculovirus.
  • the immunogenic composition can comprise i) any of the PCV2 ORF2 proteins described above, preferably in concentrations described above, ii) at least a portion of the viral vector expressing said PCV2 ORF2 protein, preferably of a recombinant baculovirus, and iii) a portion of the cell culture supernate.
  • the immunogenic composition as used herein also refers to a composition that comprises i) any of the PCV2 ORF2 proteins described above, preferably in concentrations described above, ii) at least a portion of the viral vector expressing said PCV2 ORF2 protein, preferably of a recombinant baculovirus, and iii) a portion of the cell culture; wherein about 90% of the components have a size smaller than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the immunogenic composition as used herein also refers to a composition that comprises i) any of the PCV2 ORF2 proteins described above, preferably in concentrations described above, ii) at least a portion of the viral vector expressing said PCV2 ORF2 protein, iii) a portion of the cell culture, iv) and inactivating agent to inactivate the recombinant viral vector preferably BEI, wherein about 90% of the components i) to iii) have a size smaller than 1 ⁇ m.
  • BEI is present in concentrations effective to inactivate the baculovirus. Effective concentrations are described above.
  • the immunogenic composition as used herein also refers to a composition that comprises i) any of the PCV2 ORF2 proteins described above, preferably in concentrations described above, ii) at least a portion of the viral vector expressing said PCV2 ORF2 protein, iii) a portion of the cell culture, iv) an inactivating agent to inactivate the recombinant viral vector preferably BEI, and v) an neutralization agent to stop the inactivation mediated by the inactivating agent, wherein about 90% of the components i) to iii) have a size smaller than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the inactivating agent is BEI
  • said composition comprises sodium thiosulfate in equivalent amounts to BEI.
  • the polypeptide is incorporated into a composition that can be administered to an animal susceptible to PCV2 infection.
  • the composition may also include additional components known to those of skill in the art (see also Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. (1990). 18th ed. Mack Publ., East on).
  • the composition may include one or more veterinary-acceptable carriers.
  • a veterinary-acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, adjuvants, stabilizing agents, diluents, preservatives, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic agents, adsorption delaying agents, and the like.
  • the immunogenic composition comprises PCV2 ORF2 protein as provided herewith, preferably in concentrations described above, which is mixed with an adjuvant, preferably Carbopol, and physiological saline.
  • composition used herein may incorporate known injectable, physiologically acceptable sterile solutions.
  • aqueous isotonic solutions such as e.g. saline or corresponding plasma protein solutions
  • the immunogenic and vaccine compositions of the present invention can include diluents, isotonic agents, stabilizers, or adjuvants.
  • Diluents can include water, saline, dextrose, ethanol, glycerol, and the like.
  • Isotonic agents can include sodium chloride, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, and lactose, among others.
  • Stabilizers include albumin and alkali salts of ethylendiamintetracetic acid, among others.
  • adjuvants can include aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate, saponins e.g., Quil A, QS-21 (Cambridge Biotech Inc., Cambridge MA), GPI-0100 (Galenica Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Birmingham, AL), water-in-oil emulsion, oil-in-water emulsion, water-in-oil-in-water emulsion.
  • the emulsion can be based in particular on light liquid paraffin oil (European Pharmacopea type); isoprenoid oil such as squalane or squalene oil resulting from theoligomerization of alkenes, in particular of isobutene or decene; esters of acids or of alcohols containing a linear alkyl group, more particularly plant oils, ethyl oleate, propylene glycol di-(caprylate/caprate), glyceryl tri-(caprylate/caprate) or propylene glycol dioleate; esters of branched fatty acids or alcohols, in particular isostearic acid esters.
  • the oil is used in combination with emulsifiers to form the emulsion.
  • the emulsifiers are preferably nonionic surfactants, in particular esters of sorbitan, of mannide (e.g. anhydromannitol oleate), of glycol, of polyglycerol, of propylene glycol and of oleic, isostearic, ricinoleic or hydroxystearic acid, which are optionally ethoxylated, and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene copolymer blocks, in particular the Pluronic products, especially L121.
  • mannide e.g. anhydromannitol oleate
  • glycol of polyglycerol
  • propylene glycol and of oleic isostearic, ricinoleic or hydroxystearic acid, which are optionally ethoxylated, and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene copolymer blocks, in particular the Pluronic products, especially L121.
  • an adjuvant is a compound chosen from the polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid and the copolymers of maleic anhydride and alkenyl derivative.
  • Advantageous adjuvant compounds are the polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid which are cross-linked, especially with polyalkenyl ethers of sugars or polyalcohols. These compounds are known by the term carbomer ( Phameuropa Vol. 8, No. 2, June 1996 ). Persons skilled in the art can also refer to U. S. Patent No.
  • 2,909,462 which describes such acrylic polymers cross-linked with a polyhydroxylated compound having at least 3 hydroxyl groups, preferably not more than 8, the hydrogen atoms of at least three hydroxyls being replaced by unsaturated aliphatic radicals having at least 2 carbon atoms.
  • the preferred radicals are those containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. vinyls, allyls and other ethylenically unsaturated groups.
  • the unsaturated radicals may themselves contain other substituents, such as methyl.
  • the products sold under the name Carbopol; (BF Goodrich, Ohio, USA) are particularly appropriate. They are cross-linked with an allyl sucrose or with allyl pentaerythritol.
  • Carbopol 974P, 934P and 971P there may be mentioned Carbopol 974P, 934P and 971P. Most preferred is the use of Carbopol, in particular the use of Carbopol 971P, preferably in amounts of about 500 ⁇ g to about 5 mg per dose, even more preferred in an amount of about 750 ⁇ g to about 2.5 mg per dose and most preferred in an amount of about 1 mg per dose.
  • Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, the RIBI adjuvant system (Ribi Inc.), Block co-polymer (CytRx, Atlanta GA), SAF-M (Chiron, Emeryville CA), monophosphoryl lipid A, Avridine lipid-amine adjuvant, heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli (recombinant or otherwise), cholera toxin, IMS 1314, or muramyl dipeptide among many others.
  • the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 100 ⁇ g to about 10 mg per dose. Even more preferably, the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 100 ⁇ g to about 10 mg per dose. Even more preferably, the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 500 ⁇ g to about 5 mg per dose. Even more preferably, the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 750 ⁇ g to about 2.5 mg per dose. Most preferably, the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 1 mg per dose.
  • composition can include one or more pharmaceutical-acceptable carriers.
  • a pharmaceutical-acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, stabilizing agents, diluents, preservatives, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic agents, adsorption delaying agents, and the like.
  • the composition provided herewith contains PCV2 ORF2 protein recovered from the supernate of in vitro cultured cells, wherein said cells were infected with a recombinant viral vector containing PCV2 ORF2 DNA and expressing PCV2 ORF2 protein, and wherein said cell culture was treated with about 2 to about 8 mM BEI, preferably with about 5 mM BEI to inactivate the viral vector, and an equivalent concentration of a neutralization agent, preferably sodium thiosulfate solution to a final concentration of about 2 to about 8 mM, preferably of about 5 mM.
  • a neutralization agent preferably sodium thiosulfate solution
  • the present invention also relates to an immunogenic composition that comprises i) any of the PCV2 ORF2 proteins described above, preferably in concentrations described above, ii) at least a portion of the viral vector expressing said PCV2 ORF2 protein, iii) a portion of the cell culture, iv) an inactivating agent to inactivate the recombinant viral vector preferably BEI, and v) an neutralization agent to stop the inactivation mediated by the inactivating agent, preferably sodium thiosulfate in equivalent amounts to BEI; and vi) a suitable adjuvant, preferably Carbopol 971 in amounts described above; wherein about 90% of the components i) to iii) have a size smaller than 1 ⁇ m.
  • this immunogenic composition further comprises a pharmaceutical acceptable salt, preferably a phosphate salt in physiologically acceptable concentrations.
  • the pH of said immunogenic composition is adjusted to a physiological pH, meaning between about 6.5 and 7.5.
  • the immunogenic composition as used herein also refers to a composition that comprises per one ml i) at least 1.6 ⁇ g of PCV2 ORF2 protein described above, ii) at least a portion of baculovirus expressing said PCV2 ORF2 protein iii) a portion of the cell culture, iv) about 2 to 8 mM BEI, v) sodium thiosulfate in equivalent amounts to BEI; and vi) about 1 mg Carbopol 971, and vii) phosphate salt in a physiologically acceptable concentration; wherein about 90% of the components i) to iii) have a size smaller than 1 ⁇ m and the pH of said immunogenic composition is adjusted to about 6.5 to 7.5.
  • the immunogenic compositions can further include one or more other immunomodulatory agents such as, e.g., interleukins, interferons, or other cytokines.
  • the immunogenic compositions can also include Gentamicin and Merthiolate. While the amounts and concentrations of adjuvants and additives useful in the context of the present invention can readily be determined by the skilled artisan, the present invention contemplates compositions comprising from about 50 ⁇ g to about 2000 ⁇ g of adjuvant and preferably about 250 ⁇ g/ ml dose of the vaccine composition.
  • the immunogenic composition as used herein also refers to a composition that comprises from about 1ug/ml to about 60 ⁇ g/ml of antibiotics, and more preferably less than about 30 ⁇ g/ml of antibiotics.
  • the immunogenic composition as used herein also refers to a composition that comprises i) any of the PCV2 ORF2 proteins described above, preferably in concentrations described above, ii) at least a portion of the viral vector expressing said PCV2 ORF2 protein, iii) a portion of the cell culture, iv) an inactivating agent to inactivate the recombinant viral vector preferably BEI, and v) an neutralization agent to stop the inactivation mediated by the inactivating agent, preferably sodium thiosulfate in equivalent amounts to BEI; vi) a suitable adjuvant, preferably Carbopol 971 in amounts described above; vii) a pharmaceutical acceptable concentration of a saline buffer, preferably of a phosphate salt, and viii) an anti-microbiological active agent; wherein about 90% of the components i) to iii) have a size smaller than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the immunogenic composition comprising the PCV2 ORF2 protein was highly stable over a period of 24 months. It has also been found the immunogenic compositions are very effective in reducing the clinical symptoms associated with PCV2 infections. It was also discovered, that the immunogenic compositions comprising the recombinant baculovirus expressed PCV2 ORF2 protein as described above, are surprisingly more effective than an immunogenic composition comprising the whole PCV2 virus in an inactivated form, or isolated viral PCV2 ORF2 antigen. In particular, it has been surprisingly found, that the recombinant baculovirus expressed PCV2 ORF2 protein is effective in very low concentrations, which means in concentrations up to 0.25 ⁇ g/dose. This unexpected high immunogenic potential of the PCV2 ORF2 protein is increased by Carbopol. Examples 1 to 3 disclose in detail the production of PCV2 ORF2 comprising immunogenic compositions.
  • the immunogenic composition as used herein also refers to Ingelvac® CircoFLEX TM , (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., St Joseph, MO, USA), CircoVac® (Merial SAS, Lyon, France), CircoVent (Intervet Inc., Millsboro, DE, USA), or Suvaxyn PCV-2 One Dose® (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Kansas City, KA, USA).
  • composition according to the invention may be applied intradermally, intratracheally, or intravaginally.
  • the composition preferably may be applied intramuscularly or intranasally, most preferably intramuscularlly.
  • it can prove advantageous to apply the pharmaceutical compositions as described above via an intravenous or by direct injection into target tissues.
  • intravenous, intravascular, intramuscular, intranasal, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, oral, or intrathecal routes are preferred.
  • compositions according to the invention may be administered once or several times, also intermittently, for instance on a daily basis for several days, weeks or months and in different dosages.
  • the present invention also relates to a 1 ml immunogenic composition, comprising PCV-2 antigen as described heren, for reducing or lessening lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion and/or multinucleated/giant histiocytes in pigs infected with PCV2.
  • the present invention also relates to a 1 ml immunogenic composition, comprising PCV-2 antigen as described herein, for reducing or lessening lymphadenopathy in combination with one or a multiple of the following symptoms in pigs: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers, (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies.
  • a 1 ml immunogenic composition comprising PCV-2 antigen as described herein, for reducing or lessening lymphadenopathy in combination with one or a multiple of the following symptoms in pigs: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers, (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies.
  • the immunogenic composition is administered with an immune stimulant.
  • said immune stimulant is given at least twice.
  • at least 3 days, more preferably at least 5 days, even more preferably at least 7 days are in between the first and the second or any further administration of the immune stimulant.
  • the immune stimulant is given at least 10 days, preferably 15 days, even more preferably 20, even more preferably at least 22 days beyond the initial administration of the immunogenic composition provided herein.
  • a preferred immune stimulant is, for example, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), preferably emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (KLH/ICFA).
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
  • ICFA incomplete Freund's adjuvant
  • any other immune stimulant known to a person skilled in the art can also be used.
  • the term "immune stimulant” as used herein, means any agent or composition that can trigger the immune response, preferably without initiating or increasing a specific immune response, for example the immune response against a specific pathogen. It is further instructed to administer the immune stimulant in a suitable dose.
  • the immunogenic potential of the immunogenic compositions used herein preferably those that comprise recombinant baculovirus expressed PCV2 ORF2 protein, even more preferably in combination with Carbopol, can be further confirmed by the administration of the IngelVac PRRS MLV vaccine (see Example 5).
  • PCV2 clinical signs and disease manifestations are greatly magnified when PRRS infection is present.
  • the immunogenic compositions and vaccination strategies as provided herewith lessened this effect greatly, and more than expected. In other words, an unexpected synergistic effect was observed when animals, preferably piglets were treated with any of the PCV2 ORF2 immunogenic compositions, as provided herewith, and the Ingelvac PRRS MLV vaccine (Boehringer Ingelheim).
  • This example compares the relative yields of ORF2 using methods of the present invention with methods that are known in the prior art.
  • Four 1000mL spinner flasks were each seeded with approximately 1.0x10 6 Sf+ cells/ml in 300mL of insect serum free media, Excell 420 (JRH Biosciences, Inc., Lenexa, KS).
  • the master cell culture is identified as SF+ ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) Master Cell Stock, passage 19, Lot#N112-095W.
  • the cells used to generate the SF+ Master Cell Stock were obtained from Protein Sciences Corporation, Inc., Meriden, CT.
  • the SF+ cell line for this example was confined between passages 19 and 59.
  • each flask was incubated at 27°C for four hours. Subsequently, each flask was seeded with a recombinant baculovirus containing the PCV2 ORF2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • the recombinant baculovirus containing the PCV2 ORF2 gene was generated as follows: the PCV2 ORF2 gene from a North American strain of PCV2 was PCR amplified to contain a 5' Kozak's sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and a 3' EcoR1 site (SEQ ID NO: 2), and cloned into the pGEM-T-Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI).
  • the transfer vector pVL1392 (BD Biosciences Pharmingen, San Diego, CA).
  • the subcloned portion is represented herein as SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the pVL1392 plasmid containing the PCV2 ORF2 gene was designated N47-064Y and then co-transfected with BaculoGold® (BD Biosciences Pharmingen) baculovirus DNA into Sf+ insect cells (Protein Sciences, Meriden, CT) to generate the recombinant baculovirus containing the PCV2 ORF2 gene.
  • the new construct is provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the recombinant baculovirus containing the PCV2 ORF2 gene was plaque-purified and Master Seed Virus (MSV) was propagated on the SF+ cell line, aliquotted, and stored at -70°C.
  • the MSV was positively identified as PCV2 ORF2 baculovirus by PCR-RFLP using baculovirus specific primers.
  • Insect cells infected with PCV2 ORF2 baculovirus to generate MSV or Working Seed Virus express PCV2 ORF2 antigen as detected by polyclonal serum or monoclonal antibodies in an indirect fluorescent antibody assay. Additionally, the identity of the PCV2 ORF2 baculovirus was confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing.
  • the PCV2 ORF2 baculovirus MSV was also tested for purity in accordance with 9 C.F.R. 113.27 (c), 113.28, and 113.55.
  • Each recombinant baculovirus seeded into the spinner flasks had varying multiplicities of infection (MOIs).
  • Flask 1 was seeded with 7.52mL of .088 MOI seed; flask 2 was seeded with 3.01mL of 0.36MOI seed; flask 3 was seeded with 1.5mL of 0.18MOI seed; and flask 4 was seeded with 0.75mL of 0.09MOI seed.
  • a schematic flow diagram illustrating the basic steps used to construct a PCV2 ORF2 recombinant baculovirus is provided herein as Figure 1 .
  • the flasks After being seeded with the baculovirus, the flasks were then incubated at 27 ⁇ 2°C for 7 days and were also agitated at 100rpm during that time. The flasks used ventilated caps to allow for air flow. Samples from each flask were taken every 24 hours for the next 7 days. After extraction, each sample was centrifuged, and both the pellet and the supernatant were separated and then microfiltered through a 0.45-1.0 ⁇ m pore size membrane.
  • the resulting samples then had the amount of ORF2 present within them quantified via an ELISA assay.
  • the ELISA assay was conducted with capture antibody Swine anti-PCV2 Pab IgG Prot. G purified (diluted 1:250 in PBS) diluted to 1:6000 in 0.05M Carbonate buffer (pH 9.6). 100 ⁇ L of the antibody was then placed in the wells of the mictrotiter plate, sealed, and incubated overnight at 37°C. The plate was then washed three times with a wash solution which comprised 0.5mL of Tween 20 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 100mL of 10X D-PBS (Gibco Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and 899.5mL of distilled water.
  • a blocking solution (5g Carnation Non-fat dry milk (Nestle, Glendale, CA) in 10mL of D-PBS QS to 100mL with distilled water) was added to each of the wells.
  • the next step was to wash the test plate and then add pre-diluted antigen.
  • the pre-diluted antigen was produced by adding 200 ⁇ L of diluent solution (0.5mL Tween 20 in 999.5mL D-PBS) to each of the wells on a dilution plate.
  • the sample was then diluted at a 1:240 ratio and a 1:480 ratio, and 100 ⁇ L of each of these diluted samples was then added to one of the top wells on the dilution plate (i.e.
  • one top well received 100 ⁇ L of the 1:240 dilution and the other received 100 ⁇ L of the 1:480 dilution).
  • Serial dilutions were then done for the remainder of the plate by removing 100 ⁇ L form each successive well and transferring it to the next well on the plate. Each well was mixed prior to doing the next transfer.
  • the test plate washing included washing the plate three times with the wash buffer. The plate was then sealed and incubated for an hour at 37°C before being washed three more times with the wash buffer.
  • the detection antibody used was monoclonal antibody to PCV ORF2. It was diluted to 1:300 in diluent solution, and 100 ⁇ L of the diluted detection antibody was then added to the wells.
  • Conjugate diluent was then prepared by adding normal rabbit serum (Jackson Immunoresearch, West Grove, PA) to the diluent solution to 1% concentration.
  • Conjugate antibody Goat anti-mouse (H+1)-HRP was diluted in the conjugate diluent to 1:10,000. 100 ⁇ L of the diluted conjugate antibody was then added to each of the wells. The plate was then sealed and incubated for 45 minutes at 37°C before being washed three times with the wash buffer.
  • TMB Peroxidase Substrate Kirkgaard and Perry Laboratories (KPL), Gaithersberg, MD
  • KPL Peroxidase Substrate B
  • Table 1 Day Flask ORF2 in pellet ( ⁇ g) ORF2 in supernatant ( ⁇ g) 3 1 47.53 12 3 2 57.46 22 3 3 53.44 14 3 4 58.64 12 4 1 43.01 44 4 2 65.61 62 4 3 70.56 32 4 4 64.97 24 5 1 31.74 100 5 2 34.93 142 5 3 47.84 90 5 4 55.14 86 6 1 14.7 158 6 2 18.13 182 6 3 34.78 140 6 4 36.88 146 7 1 6.54 176 7 2 12.09 190 7 3 15.84 158 7 4 15.19 152
  • the flask was then incubated at 27°C for a total of 6 days. After incubation, the flask was then centrifuged and three samples of the resulting supernatant were harvested and inactivated. The supernatant was inactivated by bringing its temperature to 37 ⁇ 2°C.
  • a 0.4M solution of 2-bromoethyleneamine hydrobromide which had been cyclized to 0.2M binary ethlylenimine (BEI) in 0.3N NaOH was added to the supernatant to give a final concentration of BEI of 5mM.
  • BEI binary ethlylenimine
  • no BEI was added to the supernatant.
  • This example demonstrates that the present invention is scalable from small scale production of recombinant PCV2 ORF2 to large scale production of recombinant PCV2 ORF2.
  • 5.0 x 10 5 cells/ml of SF+ cells/ml in 7000mL of ExCell 420 media was planted in a 20000mL Applikon Bioreactor. The media and cells were then incubated at 27°C and agitated at 100RPM for the next 68 hours.
  • 41.3mL of PCV2 ORF2 Baculovirus MSV+3 was added to 7000mL of ExCell 420 medium. The resultant mixture was then added to the bioreactor.
  • This example tests the efficacy of seven PCV2 candidate vaccines and further defines efficacy parameters following exposure to a virulent strain of PCV2.
  • Table 4 sets forth the General Study Design for this Example. Table 4.
  • Groups 1 - 7 Seven of the groups (Groups 1 - 7) received doses of PCV2 ORF2 polypeptide, one of the groups acted as a challenge control and received no PCV2 ORF2, and another group acted as the strict negative control group and also received no PCV2 ORF2.
  • Groups 1 through 7 were treated with assigned vaccines. Piglets in Group 7 were given a booster treatment on Day 14. Piglets were observed for adverse events and injection site reactions following vaccination and on Day 19, piglets were moved to the second study site.
  • Groups 1-8 were group housed in one building while Group 9 was housed in a separate building. All pigs received keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)/incomplete Freund's adjuvant (ICFA) on Days 21 and 27 and on Day 24, Groups 1-8 were challenged with a virulent PCV2.
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
  • ICFA incomplete Freund's adjuvant
  • Pre- and post-challenge blood samples were collected for PCV2 serology. Post-challenge, body weight data for determination of average daily weight gain (ADWG), and clinical symptoms, as well as nasal swab samples to determine nasal shedding of PCV2, were collected. On Day 49, all surviving pigs were necropsied, lungs were scored for lesions, and selected tissues were preserved in formalin for Immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing at a later date.
  • IHC Immunohistochemistry
  • Pig 82 (Group 9) on Day -1, Pig No. 56 (Group 6) on Day 3, Pig No. 53 (Group 9) on Day 4, Pig No. 28 (Group 8) on Day 8, Pig No. 69 (Group 8) on Day 7, and Pig No. 93 (Group 4) on Day 9, were each found dead prior to challenge. These six pigs were not included in the final study results. Pig no 17 (one of the extra pigs) was assigned to Group 9. The remaining extra pig, No. 19, was excluded from the study.
  • Group 2 was designed to administer 1ml of vORF2 containing 8 ⁇ g vORF2/ml.
  • mice were housed at the first study site in individual cages in five rooms from birth to approximately 11 days of age (approximately Day 0 of the study). Each room was identical in layout and consisted of stacked individual stainless steel cages with heated and filtered air supplied separately to each isolation unit. Each room had separate heat and ventilation, thereby preventing cross-contamination of air between rooms. Animals were housed in two different buildings at the second study site. Group 9 (The Strict negative control group) was housed separately in a converted finisher building and Groups 1-8 were housed in converted nursery building. Each group was housed in a separate pen (11-12 pigs per pen) and each pen provided approximately 3.0 square feet per pig. Each pen was on an elevated deck with plastic slatted floors. A pit below the pens served as a holding tank for excrement and waste. Each building had its own separate heating and ventilation systems, with little likelihood of cross-contamination of air between buildings.
  • piglets were fed a specially formulated milk ration from birth to approximately 3 weeks of age. All piglets were consuming solid, special mixed ration by Day 19 (approximately 4 1 ⁇ 2 weeks of age).
  • all piglets were fed a custom non-medicated commercial mix ration appropriate for their age and weight, ad libitum. Water at both study sites was also available ad libitum.
  • pigs assigned to Groups 1-6 received 1.0 mL of PCV2 Vaccines 1-6, respectively, IM in the left neck region using a sterile 3.0 mL Luer-lock syringe and a sterile 20g x 1 ⁇ 2" needle.
  • Pigs assigned to Group 7 received 2.0 mL of PCV2 Vaccine No. 7 IM in the left neck region using a sterile 3.0 mL Luer-lock syringe and a sterile 20g x 1 ⁇ 2" needle.
  • pigs assigned to Group 7 received 2.0 mL of PCV2 Vaccine No. 7 IM in the right neck region using a sterile 3.0 mL Luer-lock syringe and a sterile 20g x 1 ⁇ 2" needle.
  • pigs assigned to Groups 1-8 received 1.0 mL of PCV2 ISUVDL challenge material (5.11 log 10 TCID 50 /mL) IM in the left neck region using a sterile 3.0 mL Luer-lock syringe and a sterile 20g x 1" needle.
  • An additional 1.0 mL of the same material was administered IN to each pig (0.5 mL per nostril) using a sterile 3.0 mL Luer-lock syringe and nasal canula.
  • Test pigs were observed daily for overall health and adverse events on Day -4 and from Day 0 to Day 19. Observations were recorded on the Clinical Observation Record. All test pigs were observed from Day 0 to Day 7, and Group 7 was further observed from Day 14 to 21, for injection site reactions. Average daily weight gain was determined by weighing each pig on a calibrated scale on Days -3, 24 and 49, or on the day that a pig was found dead after challenge. Body weights were recorded on the Body Weight Form. Day -3 body weights were utilized to block pigs prior to randomization. Day 24 and Day 49 weight data was utilized to determine the average daily weight gain (ADWG) for each pig during these time points. For pigs that died after challenge and before Day 49, the ADWG was adjusted to represent the ADWG from Day 24 to the day of death.
  • ADWG average daily weight gain
  • venous whole blood was collected from each piglet from the orbital venous sinus on Days -3 and 14.
  • blood was collected from the orbital venous sinus by inserting a sterile capillary tube into the medial canthus of one of the eyes and draining approximately 3.0 mL of whole blood into a 4.0 mL Serum Separator Tube (SST).
  • SST Serum Separator Tube
  • venous whole blood from each pig was collected from the anterior vena cava using a sterile 18g x 1 1 ⁇ 2" Vacutainer needle (Becton Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey), a Vacutainer needle holder and a 13 mL SST.
  • a sterile dacron swab was inserted intra nasally into either the left or right nostril of each pig (one swab per pig) as aseptically as possible, swished around for a few seconds and then removed.
  • Each swab was then placed into a single sterile snap-cap tube containing 1.0 mL of EMEM media with 2% IFBS, 500 units/mL of Penicillin, 500 ⁇ g/mL of Streptomycin and 2.5 ⁇ g/mL of Fungizone.
  • swab was broken off in the tube, and the snap tube was sealed and appropriately labeled with animal number, study number, date of collection, study day and "nasal swab.” Sealed snap tubes were stored at -40 ⁇ 10° C until transported overnight on ice to BIVI-St. Joseph. Nasal swab collections were recorded on the Nasal Swab Sample Collection Form. BIVI-R&D conducted quantitative virus isolation (VI) testing for PCV2 on nasal swab samples. The results were expressed in log 10 values. A value of 1.3 logs or less was considered negative and any value greater than 1.3 logs was considered positive.
  • Pigs that died (Nos. 28, 52, 56, 69, 82, and 93) at the first study site were necropsied to the level necessary to determine a diagnosis. Gross lesions were recorded and no tissues were retained from these pigs.
  • pigs that died prior to Day 49 Nos. 45, 23, 58, 35
  • pigs found dead on Day 49 prior to euthanasia Nos. 2, 43
  • pigs euthanized on Day 49 were necropsied. Any gross lesions were noted and the percentages of lung lobes with lesions were recorded on the Necropsy Report Form.
  • a tissue sample of tonsil, lung, heart, liver, mesenteric lymph node, kidney and inguinal lymph node was placed into a single container with buffered 10% formalin; while another tissue sample from the same aforementioned organs was placed into a Whirl-pak (M-Tech Diagnostics Ltd., Thelwall, UK) and each Whirl-pak was placed on ice. Each container was properly labeled. Sample collections were recorded on the Necropsy Report Form. Afterwards, formalin-fixed tissue samples and a Diagnostic Request Form were submitted for IHC testing. IHC testing was conducted in accordance with standard ISU laboratory procedures for receiving samples, sample and slide preparation, and staining techniques.
  • Results for this example are given below. It is noted that one pig from Group 9 died before Day 0, and 5 more pigs died post-vaccination (1 pig from Group 4; 1 pig from Group 6; 2 pigs from Group 8; and 1 pig from Group 9). Post-mortem examination indicated all six died due to underlying infections that were not associated with vaccination or PMWS. Additionally, no adverse events or injection site reactions were noted with any groups.
  • ADWG Average daily weight gain
  • ADWG Average Daily Weight Gain
  • PCV2 serology results are presented below in Table 7. All nine groups were seronegative for PCV2 on Day -3. On Day 14, Groups receiving vORF2 vaccines had the highest titers, which ranged from 187.5 to 529.2. Pigs receiving killed viral vaccine had the next highest titers, followed by the groups receiving rORF2 vaccines. Groups 8 and 9 remained seronegative at this time. On Day 24 and Day 31, pigs receiving vORF2 vaccines continued to demonstrate a strong serological response, followed closely by the group that received two doses of a killed viral vaccine. Pigs receiving rORF2 vaccines were slower to respond serologically and Groups 8 and 9 continued to remain seronegative.
  • Table 8 The results from the post-challenge clinical observations are presented below in Table 8. This summary of results includes observations for Abnormal Behavior, Abnormal Respiration, Cough and Diarrhea.
  • Table 9 includes the results from the Summary of Group Overall Incidence of Clinical Symptoms and Table 10 includes results from the Summary of Group Mortality Rates Post-challenge.
  • the most common clinical symptom noted in this study was abnormal behavior, which was scored as mild to severe lethargy. Pigs receiving the 2 lower doses of vORF2, pigs receiving 16 ⁇ g of rORF2 and pigs receiving 2 doses of KV vaccine had incidence rates of ⁇ 27.3%. Pigs receiving 8 ⁇ g of rORF2 and the strict negative control group had no abnormal behavior. None of the pigs in this study demonstrated any abnormal respiration. Coughing was noted frequently in all groups (0 to 25%), as was diarrhea (0-20%). None of the clinical symptoms noted were pathognomic for PMWS.
  • the overall incidence of clinical symptoms varied between groups. Groups receiving any of the vORF2 vaccines, the group receiving 16 ⁇ g of rORF2, the group receiving 2 doses of KV vaccine, and the challenge control group had the highest incidence of overall clinical symptoms ( ⁇ 36.4%).
  • PCV2 nasal shedding results are presented below in Table 11. Following challenge on Day 24, 1 pig in Group 7 began shedding PCV2 on Day 27. None of the other groups experienced shedding until Day 33. The bulk of nasal shedding was noted from Day 35 to Day 45. Groups receiving any of the three vORF2 vaccines and groups receiving either 4 or 8 ⁇ g of rORF2 had the lowest incidence of nasal shedding of PCV2 ( ⁇ 9.1 %). The challenge control group (Group 8) had the highest shedding rate (80%), followed by the strict negative control group (Group 9), which had an incidence rate of 63.6%. Table 11. Summary of Group Incidence of Nasal Shedding of PCV2 Group Treatment N No.
  • Group 9 had lowest mean % lung lesions (0%), followed by Group 1 with 0.40 ⁇ 0.50% and Group 5 with 0.68 ⁇ 1.15%. Groups 2, 3, 7 and 8 had the highest mean % lung lesions ( ⁇ 7.27%). Each of these four groups contained one pig with % lung lesions ⁇ 71.5%, which skewed the results higher for these four groups. With the exception of Group 9 with 0% lung lesions noted, the remaining 8 groups had ⁇ 36% lung lesions.
  • Group 5 which received one dose of 8 ⁇ g of rORF2 antigen, outperformed the other 6 vaccine groups.
  • Group 5 had the highest ADWG (0.94 ⁇ 0.22 lbs/day), the lowest incidence of abnormal behavior (0%), the second lowest incidence of cough (8.3%), the lowest incidence of overall clinical symptoms (8.3%), the lowest mortality rate (0%), the lowest rate of nasal shedding of PCV2 (8.3%), the second lowest rate for mean % lung lesions (0.68 ⁇ 1.15%) and the lowest incidence rate for positive tissues (16.7%).
  • Groups receiving various levels of rORF2 antigen overall outperformed groups receiving various levels of vORF2 and the group receiving 2 doses of killed whole cell PCV2 vaccine performed the worst.
  • Tables 14 and 15 contain summaries of group post-challenge data.
  • PCV2 vaccines were evaluated in this study, which included three different dose levels of vORF2 antigen administered once on Day 0, three different dose levels of rORF2 antigen administered once on Day 0 and one dose level of killed whole cell PCV2 vaccine administered on Day 0 and Day 14.
  • Group 5 which received 1 dose of vaccine containing 8 ⁇ g of rORF2 antigen, had the best results.
  • Group 5 had the highest ADWG, the lowest incidence of abnormal behavior, the lowest incidence of abnormal respiration, the second lowest incidence of cough, the lowest incidence of overall clinical symptoms, the lowest mortality rate, the lowest rate of nasal shedding of PCV2, the second lowest rate for mean % lung lesions and the lowest incidence rate for positive IHC tissues.
  • Group 4 which received a higher dose of rORF2 antigen than Group 5, did not perform as well or better than Group 5.
  • Group 4 had a slightly lower ADWG, a higher incidence of abnormal behavior, a higher incidence of overall clinical symptoms, a higher rate of nasal shedding of PCV2, a higher mean % lung lesions, and a higher rate for positive IHC tissues than Group 5.
  • Statistical analysis which may have indicated that the differences between these two groups were not statistically significant, was not conducted on these data, but there was an observed trend that Group 4 did not perform as well as Group 5.
  • Gross lesions in pigs with PMWS secondary to PCV2 infection typically consist of generalized lymphadenopathy in combination with one or a multiple of the following: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers, (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies, etc. At necropsy, icterus, hepatitis, nephritis, and gastric ulcers were not noted in any groups and lymphadenopathy was not specifically examined for. The mean % lung lesion scores varied between groups.
  • the group receiving 16 ⁇ g of vORF2 antigen had the lowest mean % lung lesion score (0.40 ⁇ 0.50%), followed by the group that received 8 ⁇ g of rORF2 (0.68 ⁇ 1.15%).
  • the challenge control group had the highest mean % lung lesion score (9.88 ⁇ 29.2%).
  • the mean % lung lesion scores were elevated due to one pig in each of these groups that had very high lung lesion scores.
  • Most of the lung lesions were described as red/purple and consolidated.
  • lung lesions associated with PMWS are described as tan and non-collapsible with interlobular edema.
  • the lung lesions noted in this study were either not associated with PCV2 infection or a second pulmonary infectious agent may have been present.
  • the % lung lesion scores probably do not reflect a true measure of the amount of lung infection due to PCV2.
  • the Minimum Portective Dosage (MPD) of a 1 ml/1 dose recombinant product with extracted PCV2 ORF2 (rORF2) antigen in the CDCD pig model in the face of a PCV2 challenge was determined.
  • Group 5 (8 ⁇ g of rORF2 antigen) clearly had the highest level of protection.
  • Group 5 either had the best results or was tied for the most favorable results with regard to all of the parameters examined.
  • Group 5 When Group 5 was compared with the other six vaccine groups post-challenge, Group 5 had the highest ADWG (0.94 ⁇ 0.22 lbs/day), the lowest incidence of abnormal behavior (0%), the second lowest incidence of cough (8.3%), the lowest incidence of overall clinical symptoms (8.3%), the lowest mortality rate (0%), the lowest rate of nasal shedding of PCV2 (8.3%), the second lowest rate for mean % lung lesions (0.68 ⁇ 1.15%) and the lowest incidence rate for positive IHC tissues (16.7%).
  • the MPD of a 1 ml/1 dose conventional product that is partially purified PCV2 ORF2 (vORF2) antigen in the CDCD pig model in the face of a PCV2 challenge was determined.
  • Group 1 (16 ⁇ g of vORF2) had the highest level of protection.
  • Group 1 outperformed Groups 2 and 3 with respect to ADWG, mean % lung lesions, and IHC.
  • Groups 1 and 2 (8 ⁇ g of vORF2 antigen) performed equally with respect to overall incidence of clinical symptoms
  • Group 3 (4 ⁇ g of vORF2 antigen) had the lowest mortality rate, and all three groups performed equally with respect to nasal shedding.
  • vORF vaccines did not perform as well as rORF vaccines.
  • the efficacy of a maximum dose of a 2ml/2 dose Conventional Killed PCV2 vaccine in the CDCD pig model in the face of a PCV2 challenge was determined.
  • the killed whole cell PCV2 vaccine performed the worst.
  • Piglets receiving two doses of killed whole cell PCV2 vaccine had the lowest ADWG, the second highest rate of abnormal behavior (58.3%), the second highest overall incidence of clinical symptoms (58.3%), the highest mortality rate (16.7%), the second highest incidence of nasal shedding (41.7%), highest mean % lung lesions (9.88 ⁇ 29.2%), a high incidence of lung lesions noted (75%) and a moderate IHC incidence rate in tissues (41.7%).
  • nasal shedding of PCV2 was assessed as an efficacy parameter and the previous PCV2 efficacy parameters from previous studies were reconfirmed. Results from this study indicate that nasal shedding of PCV2 occurs following intra nasal challenge and that PCV2 vaccines reduce nasal shedding of PCV2 post-challenge. Furthermore, results from this study and reports in the literature indicate that IHC should continue to be evaluated in future PCV2 vaccine trials as well.
  • lymphadenopathy is one of the hallmarks of PMWS.
  • Another one of the hallmarks of PMWS is lymphoid depletion and multinucleated/giant histiocytes.
  • no adverse events or injection site reactions were noted for any of the 7 PCV2 vaccines and all 7 PCV2 vaccines appeared to be safe when administered to young pigs.
  • PCV2 Vaccine No. 1 administered at 1 x 2 ml dose to Group 1, was a high dose (16 ug/2 ml dose) of inactivated recombinant ORF2 antigen adjuvanted with IMS 1314 (16 ug rORF2 - IMS 1314).
  • PCV2 Vaccine No. 2 administered at 1 x 2 ml dose to Group 2, was a high dose (16 ug/2 ml dose) of a partially purified VIDO R-1 generated PCV2 ORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol (16 ug vORF2 - Carbopol).
  • PCV2 Vaccine No. 6 administered at 1 x 2 ml dose to Group 6, was a 1 ug/2 ml dose of an inactivated recombinant ORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol (1 ug rORF2 - Carbopol).
  • PCV2 Vaccine No. 6 administered at 1 x 2 ml dose to Group 6, was a 1 ug/2 ml dose of an inactivated recombinant ORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol (1 ug rORF2 - Carbopol).
  • PCV2 Vaccine No. 8 administered at 1 x 2 ml dose to Group 8, was a high dose (pre-inactivation titer > 8.0 log/2 ml dose) Inactivated Conventional Killed VIDO R-1 generated PCV2 Struve antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol (>8.0 log KV - Carbopol). On Day 0, Groups 1-8 were treated with their assigned vaccines.
  • KLH/ICFA incomplete Freund's adjuvant
  • Pre- and post-challenge blood samples were collected for PCV2 serology. Post-challenge, body weight data for determination of average daily weight gain (ADWG) and observations of clinical signs were collected. On Day 50, all surviving pigs were necropsied, gross lesions were recorded, lungs were scored for pathology, and selected tissues were preserved in formalin for examination by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for detection of PCV2 antigen at a later date.
  • IHC Immunohistochemistry
  • Animals were housed at the first study site in individual cages in seven rooms from birth to approximately 11 days of age (approximately Day 0 of the study). Each room was identical in layout and consisted of stacked individual stainless steel cages with heated and filtered air supplied separately to each isolation unit. Each room had separate heat and ventilation, thereby preventing cross-contamination of air between rooms. Animals were housed in two different buildings at the second study site. Group 10 (The Strict negative control group) was housed separately in a converted nursery building and Groups 1-9 were housed in a converted farrowing building. Each group was housed in a separate pen (14-15 pigs per pen) and each pen provided approximately 2.3 square feet per pig.
  • Groups 2, 4 and 8 were penned in three adjacent pens on one side of the alleyway and Groups 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 9 were penned in six adjacent pens on the other side of the alleyway.
  • the Group separation was due to concern by the Study Monitor that vaccines administered to Groups 2, 4, and 8 had not been fully inactivated.
  • Each pen was on an elevated deck with plastic slatted floors. A pit below the pens served as a holding tank for excrement and waste. Each building had its own separate heating and ventilation systems, with little likelihood of cross-contamination of air between buildings.
  • piglets were fed a specially formulated milk ration from birth to approximately 3 weeks of age. All piglets were consuming solid, special mixed ration by Day 21 (approximately 4 1 ⁇ 2 weeks of age).
  • all piglets were fed a custom non-medicated commercial mix ration appropriate for their age and weight, ad libitum. Water at both study sites was also available ad libitum.
  • pigs assigned to Groups 1-3 and 5-8 received 2.0 mL of assigned PCV2 Vaccines 1-4, respectively, IM in the right and left neck region, respectively, using a sterile 3.0 mL Luer-lock syringe and a sterile 20g x 1 ⁇ 2" needle.
  • Pigs assigned to Group 4 received 1.0 mL of PCV2 Vaccine No. 2, IM in the right neck region using a sterile 3.0 mL Luer-lock syringe and a sterile 20g x 1 ⁇ 2" needle on Day 0 only.
  • pigs assigned to Groups 1-9 received 1.0 mL of PCV2 ISUVDL challenge material (3.98 log 10 TCID 50 /mL) IM in the right neck region using a sterile 3.0 mL Luer-lock syringe and a sterile 20g x 1" needle.
  • An additional 1.0 mL of the same material was administered IN to each pig (0.5 mL per nostril) using a sterile 3.0 mL Luer-lock syringe and nasal canula.
  • Test pigs were observed daily for overall health and adverse events on Day -3 and from Day 0 to Day 21. Each of the pigs were scored for normal or abnormal behavior, respiration, or cough. Observations were recorded on the Clinical Observation Record. All test pigs were observed from Day 0 to Day 7, and Group 7 was further observed from Day 14 to 21, for injection site reactions. Average daily weight gain was determined by weighing each pig on a calibrated scale on Days -3, 25 and 50, or on the day that a pig was found dead after challenge. Body weights were recorded on the Body Weight Form. Day -3 body weights were utilized to block pigs prior to randomization. Day 25 and Day 50 weight data was utilized to determine the average daily weight gain (ADWG) for each pig during these time points. For pigs that died after challenge and before Day 50, the ADWG was adjusted to represent the ADWG from Day 25 to the day of death.
  • ADWG average daily weight gain
  • venous whole blood was collected from each piglet from the orbital venous sinus on Days -3 and 14.
  • blood was collected from the orbital venous sinus by inserting a sterile capillary tube into the medial canthus of one of the eyes and draining approximately 3.0 mL of whole blood into a 4.0 mL Serum Separator Tube (SST).
  • SST Serum Separator Tube
  • venous whole blood from each pig was collected from the anterior vena cava using a sterile 20g x 1 1 ⁇ 2" Vacutainer® needle (Becton Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey), a Vaccutainer® needle holder and a 13 mL SST. Blood collections at each time point were recorded on the Sample Collection Record. Blood in each SST was allowed to clot, each SST was then spun down and the serum harvested. Harvested serum was transferred to a sterile snap tube and stored at -70 ⁇ 10° C until tested at a later date. Serum samples were tested for the presence of PCV2 antibodies by BIVI-R&D personnel.
  • Pigs were observed once daily from Day 22 to Day 50 for clinical symptoms and scored for normal or abnormal behavior, respiration or cough. Clinical observations were recorded on the Clinical Observation Record.
  • Pigs Nos. 46 (Group 1) and 98 (Groups 9) died at the first study site. Both of these deaths were categorized as bleeding deaths and necropsies were not conducted on these two pigs. At the second study site, pigs that died after challenge and prior to Day 50, and pigs euthanized on Day 50, were necropsied. Any gross lesions were noted and the percentages of lung lobes with lesions were recorded on the Necropsy Report Form.
  • a tissue sample of tonsil, lung, heart, and mesenteric lymph node was placed into a single container with buffered 10% formalin; while another tissue sample from the same aforementioned organs was placed into a Whirl-pak® (M-Tech Diagnostics Ltd., Thelwall, UK) and each Whirl-pak® was placed on ice. Each container was properly labeled. Sample collections were recorded on the Necropsy Report Form. Afterwards, formalin-fixed tissue samples and a Diagnostic Request Form were submitted for IHC testing. IHC testing was conducted in accordance with standard laboratory procedures for receiving samples, sample and slide preparation, and staining techniques. Fresh tissues in Whirl-paks® were shipped with ice packs to the Study Monitor for storage (-70° ⁇ 10° C) and possible future use.
  • Pigs No. 46 and 98 died on days 14 and 25 respectively. These deaths were categorized as bleeding deaths. Pig No. 11 (Group 1) was panting with rapid respiration on Day 15. Otherwise, all pigs were normal for behavior, respiration and cough during this observation period and no systemic adverse events were noted with any groups. No injection site reactions were noted following vaccination on Day 0. Following vaccination on Day 14, seven (7) out of fourteen (14) Group 1 pigs (50.0%) had swelling with a score of "2" on Day 15. Four (4) out of fourteen (14) Group 1 (28.6%) still had a swelling of "2" on Day 16. None of the other groups experienced injection site reactions following either vaccination.
  • ADWG results are presented below in Table 18. Pig Nos. 46 and 98 that died from bleeding were excluded from group results.
  • Group 4 which received one dose of 16 ug vORF2 - Carbopol, had the highest ADWG (1.16 ⁇ 0.26 lbs/day), followed by Groups 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 10 which had ADWGs that ranged from 1.07 ⁇ 0.23 lbs/day to 1.11 ⁇ 0.26 lbs/day.
  • Group 9 had the lowest ADWG (0.88 ⁇ 0.29 lbs/day), followed by Groups 8 and 7, which had ADWGs of 0.93 ⁇ 0.33 lbs/day and 0.99 ⁇ 0.44 lbs/day, respectively.
  • Table 18 Average daily weight gain
  • ADWG Average Daily Weight Gains
  • N ADWG - lbs/day (Day 25 to Day 50) or adjusted for pigs dead before Day 50 1 rORF2 - 16 ⁇ g - IMS 1314 2 doses 14 1.08 ⁇ 0.30 lbs/day 2 vORF2 - 16 ⁇ g - Carbopol 2 doses 15 1.11 ⁇ 0.16 lbs/day 3 rORF2 - 16 ⁇ g - Carbopol 2 doses 15 1.07 ⁇ 0.21 lbs/day 4 vORF2 - 16 ⁇ g - Carbopol 1 dose 15 1.16 ⁇ 0.26 lbs/day 5 rORF2 - 4 ⁇ g - Carbopol 1 dose 15 1.07 ⁇ 0.26 lbs/day 6 rORF2 - 1 ⁇ g - Carbopol 2 doses 15 1.11 ⁇ 0.26 lbs/day 7 rORF2 - 0.25 ⁇ g - Carbopol 2 doses 15 0.99
  • PVC2 serology results are presented below in Table 19. All ten (10) groups were seronegative for PCV2 on Day -3. On Day 14, PCV2 titers remained low for all ten (10) groups (range of 50-113). On Day 25, Group 8, which received the whole cell killed virus vaccine, had the highest PCV2 titer (4617), followed by Group 2, which received 16 ug vORF2 - Carbopol, Group 4, which received as single dose of 16 ug vORF2 - Carbopol, and Group 3, which received 16 ug rORF2 - Carbopol, which had titers of 2507, 1920 and 1503 respectively.
  • Group 3 which received two doses of 16 ug rORF2 - Carbopol, had higher antibody titers than Group 1, which received two doses of 16 ug rORF2 - IMS 1314.
  • Group 2 which received two doses of 16 ug vORF2, had higher titers than Group 4, which received only one does of the same vaccine.
  • Table 20 includes observations for Abnormal Behavior, Abnormal Respiration, Cough and Diarrhea.
  • Table 21 includes the results from the Summary of Group Overall Incidence of Clinical Symptoms and
  • Table 22 includes results from the Summary of Group Mortality Rates Post-challenge.
  • the incidence of abnormal behavior, respiration and cough post-challenge were low in pigs receiving 16 ug rORF2-IMS 1314 (Group 1), 16 ug rORF2-Carbopol (Group 3), 1 ug rORF2-Carbopol (Group 6), 0.25 ug rORF2-Carbopol (Group 7), and in pigs in the Challenge Control Group (Group 9).
  • Group 9 the challenge control group, had the highest percentage lung lesions with a mean of 10.81 ⁇ 23.27%, followed by Group 7, which received 0.25 ug rORF2-Carbopol and had a mean of 6.57 ⁇ 24.74%, Group 5, which received 4 ug rORF2-Carbopol and had a mean of 2.88 ⁇ 8.88%, and Group 8, which received the KV vaccine and had a mean of 2.01 ⁇ 4.98%. The remaining six (6) groups had lower mean percentage lung lesions that ranged from 0.11 ⁇ 0.38% to 0.90 ⁇ 0.15%.
  • Group 3 which received two doses of 16 ug rORF2-Carbopol, had the lowest tentative diagnosis of pneumonia, with 13.3%.
  • Group 9 the challenge control group, had 50% of the group tentatively diagnosed with pneumonia, followed by Group 10, the strict negative control group and Group 2, which received two doses of 16 ug vORF2-Carbopol, with 46.7% and 40% respectively, tentatively diagnosed with pneumonia.
  • Groups 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, and 10 had 0% of the group tentatively diagnosed as PCV2 infected; while Group 8, which received two doses if KV vaccine, had the highest group rate of tentative diagnosis of PCV2 infection, with 20%.
  • Group 7, which received two doses of 0.25 ug rORF2-Carbopol, and Group 4, which received one dose of 16 ug vORF2-Carbopol had tentative group diagnoses of PCV2 infection in 13.3% and 6.7% of each group, respectively.
  • Group 1 (16 ug rORF2 - IMS 1314) had the lowest group rate of IHC positive results with 0% of the pigs positive for PCV2, followed by Group 2 (16 ug vORF2 - Carbopol) and Group 4 (single dose 16 ug vORF2 - Carbopol), which had group IHC rates of 6.7% and 13.3% respectively.
  • Group 9 the challenge control group, had the highest IHC positive incidence rate with 100% of the pigs positive for PCV2, followed by Group 10, the strict negative control group, and Group 8 (KV vaccine), with 93.3% and 80% of the pigs positive for PCV2, respectively.
  • Table 24 Table 24.
  • PCV2 vaccines were evaluated in this example, which included a high dose (16 ⁇ g) of rORF2 antigen adjuvanted with IMS 1314 administered twice, a high dose (16 ⁇ g) of vORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol administered once to one group of pigs and twice to a second group of pigs, a high dose (16 ⁇ g) of rORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol administered twice, a 4 ⁇ g dose of rORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol administered twice, a 1 ⁇ g dose of rORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol administered twice, a low dose (0.25 ⁇ g) of rORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol administered twice, and a high dose (> 8 log) of killed whole cell PCV2 vaccine adjuvanted with Carbopol.
  • Group 1 which received two doses of 16 ⁇ g rORF2 - IMS 1314, performed slightly better than Groups 2 through 7, which received vaccines containing various levels of either vORF2 or rORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol and much better than Group 8, which received two doses of killed whole cell PCV2 vaccine.
  • Group 1 had the third highest ADWG (1.80 ⁇ 0.30 lbs/day), the lowest incidence of abnormal behavior (0%), the lowest incidence of abnormal respiration (0%), a low incidence of cough (7.1%), a low incidence of overall clinical symptoms (7.1%), was tied with three other groups for the lowest mortality rate (0%), the second lowest rate for mean % lung lesions (0.15 ⁇ 0.34%), the second lowest rate for pneumonia (21.4%) and the lowest incidence rate for positive IHC tissues (0%). Group 1 was, however, the only group in which injection site reactions were noted, which included 50% of the vaccinates 1 day after the second vaccination. The other vaccines administered to Groups 2 through 7 performed better than the killed vaccine and nearly as well as the vaccine administered to Group 1.
  • Group 8 which received two doses of killed PCV2 vaccine adjuvanted with Carbopol, had the worst set of results for any vaccine group.
  • Group 8 had the lowest ADWG (0.93 ⁇ 0.33 lbs/day), the second highest rate of abnormal behavior (6.7%), the highest rate of abnormal respiration (6.7%), was tied with three other groups for the highest overall incidence rate of clinical symptoms (13.3%), had the highest mortality rate of all groups (20%), and had the highest positive IHC rate (80%) of any vaccine group.
  • Gross lesions in pigs with PMWS secondary to PCV2 infection typically consist of generalized lymphadenopathy in combination with one or more of the following: (1) interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, (2) cutaneous pallor or icterus, (3) mottled atrophic livers, (4) gastric ulcers, (5) nephritis and (6) reproductive disorders, e.g. abortion, stillbirths, mummies, etc. At necropsy (Day 50), icterus, hepatitis, and nephritis were not noted in any groups. A gastric ulcer was noted in one Group 7 pig, but lymphadenopathy was not specifically examined for.
  • the mean % lung lesion scores were elevated due to one to three pigs in each of these groups having very high lung lesion scores.
  • the lung lesions were red/purple and consolidated.
  • lung lesions associated with PMWS are described as tan, non-collapsible, and with interlobular edema.
  • the lung lesions noted in this study were either not associated with PCV2 infection or a second pulmonary infectious agent may have been present.
  • the % lung lesion scores probably do no reflect a true measure of the amount of lung infection due to PCV2.
  • tentative diagnosis of pneumonia may have been over-utilized as well. Any pigs with lung lesions, some as small as 0.10% were listed with a tentative diagnosis of pneumonia. In this example, there was no sufficient difference between groups with respect to gross lesions and % lung lesions on which to base vaccine efficacy.
  • IHC results showed the largest differences between groups.
  • Group 1 (16 ⁇ g rORF2 - IMS 1314) had the lowest positive IHC results for PCV2 antigen (0%); while Groups 9 and 10 had the highest positive IHC results with incidence rates of 100% and 93.3% respectively.
  • Group 2 which received two doses of 16 ⁇ g vORF2 adjuvanted with Carbopol had an IHC positive rate of 6.7%, while Group 4 which received only one dose of the same vaccine, had an IHC positive rate of 13.3%. Due to the objective nature of this test and the fact that IHC results correlated with expected results, IHC testing is probably one of the best parameters on which to base vaccine efficacy.
  • the Minimum Protective Dosage (MPD) of PCV2 rORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol in the CDCD pig model in the face of a PCV2 challenge is determined.
  • Groups 3, 5, 6 and 7 each received two doses of rORF2 antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol, but the level of rORF2 antigen varied for each group.
  • Groups 3, 5, 6 and 7 each received 16, 4, 1 or 0.25 ⁇ g of rORF2 antigen respectively.
  • decreasing the level of rORF2 antigen decreased PCV2 antibody titers, and increased the mortality rate, mean % lung lesions, and the incidence of IHC positive tissues.
  • Groups 3 and 5 which received two doses of 16 or 4 ⁇ g of rORF2 antigen, respectively, each had an IHC positive rate of only 20%, and each had similar antibody titers. Overall, based on IHC positive results, the minimum protective dosage of rORF2 antigen administered twice is approximately 4 ⁇ g.
  • the antigenicity of recombinant (rORF2) and VIDO R-1 (vORF2) PCV2 antigens were assessed.
  • Group 2 received two doses of 16 ⁇ g vORF2 and
  • Group 3 received two doses of 16 ⁇ g rORF2.
  • Both vaccines were adjuvanted with Carbopol. Both vaccines were found to be safe and both had 0% mortality rate.
  • Group 2 had a PCV2 antibody titer of 2507 on Day 25, while Group 3 had a PCV2 antibody titer of 1503.
  • Group 3 had a lower mean % lung lesion score than Group 2 (0.11 ⁇ 0.38% vs. 0.90 ⁇ 0.15%), but Group 2 had a lower IHC positive incidence rate that Group 3 (6.7% vs. 20%).
  • both vaccines had similar antigenicity, but vORF2 was associated with slightly better IHC results.
  • the suitability of two different adjuvants was determined.
  • Groups 1 and 3 both received two doses of vaccine containing 16 ug of rORF2 antigen, but Group 1 received the antigen adjuvanted with IMS 1314 while Group 3 received the antigen adjuvanted with Carbopol.
  • Both groups had essentially the same ADWG, essentially the same incidence of clinical signs post-challenge, the same mortality rate, and essentially the same mean % lung lesions; but Group 1 had an IHC positive rate of 0% while Group 3 had an IHC positive rate of 20%.
  • Group 3 which received the vaccine adjuvanted with Carbopol, had higher IFAT PCV2 titers on Days 25, 32, and 50 than Group 1, which received the vaccine adjuvanted with IMS 1314.
  • the PCV2 vaccine adjuvanted with IMS 1314 did provide better IHC results, it did not provide overwhelmingly better protection from PCV2 infection and did induce injection site reaction.
  • the PCV2 vaccine adjuvanted with Carbopol performed nearly as well as the IMS 1314 adjuvanted vaccine, but was not associated with any adverse events.
  • the invention further comprises:
  • said porcine circovirus type 2 antigen is in particular a recombinant baculovirus expressed ORF2 antigen and/or said porcine circovirus type 2 antigen is in particular formulated and administered in one (1) mL per dose.
  • said clinical symptoms are in particular selected from the group consisting of lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion, and multinucleated or giant histiocytes, and wherein said lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion, and/or multinucleated or giant histiocytes is in particular in combination with another symptom selected from the group consisting of interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, cutaneous pallor or icterus, mottled atrophic livers, gastric ulcers , nephritis, pia like lesions, and reproductive disorders.
  • said administration in particular occurs in pigs less than 15 weeks of age and/or said administration in particular occurs in pigs not older than 3 weeks of age, preferably not older than 2 weeks of age.
  • said administration in particular occurs within about 3 weeks of exposure to a virulent porcine circovirus type 2 antigen.
  • composition in particular further comprises at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of veterinary-acceptable carriers, pharmaceutical-acceptable carriers, and immunomodulatory agents.
  • said administration is in particular selected from the group consisting of intradermal, intratracheal, intravaginal, intramuscular, intranasal, intravenous, intravascular, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, oral, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intracardial, intralobal, intramedullar, or intrapulmonar, and/or wherein the administration of said porcine circovirus type 2 antigen in particular does not show adverse events or injection site reactions.
  • the invention further involves:
  • the invention further comprises:
  • the invention further encompasses:
  • said porcine circovirus type 2 antigen is in particular a recombinant baculovirus expressed ORF2 antigen and/or said porcine circovirus type 2 antigen is in particular formulated and administered in one (1) mL per dose.
  • said clinical symptoms are in particular selected from the group consisting of lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion, and multinucleated or giant histiocytes, and wherein said lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion, and/or multinucleated or giant histiocytes is in particular in combination with another symptom selected from the group consisting of interstitial pneumonia with interlobular edema, cutaneous pallor or icterus, mottled atrophic livers, gastric ulcers , nephritis, pia like lesions, and reproductive disorders.
  • said administration in particular occurs in pigs less than 15 weeks of age and/or said administration occurs in particular in pigs not older than 3 weeks of age, preferably not older than 2 weeks of age and/or said administration is in particular within about 3 weeks of exposure to a virulent porcine circovirus type 2 antigen.
  • composition in particular further comprises at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of veterinary-acceptable carriers, pharmaceutical-acceptable carriers, and immunomodulatory agents.
  • said administration is in particular intradermal, intratracheal, intravaginal, intramuscular, intranasal, intravenous, intravascular, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, oral, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intracardial, intralobal, intramedullar, or intrapulmonar, and/or the administration of said porcine circovirus type 2 antigen in particular does not show adverse events or injection site reactions.
  • the invention further comprises:

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US20170049875A1 (en) 2017-02-23
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