EP2260009A2 - Procede de fabrication d'elements optiques plans et elements obtenus. - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'elements optiques plans et elements obtenus.Info
- Publication number
- EP2260009A2 EP2260009A2 EP09730185A EP09730185A EP2260009A2 EP 2260009 A2 EP2260009 A2 EP 2260009A2 EP 09730185 A EP09730185 A EP 09730185A EP 09730185 A EP09730185 A EP 09730185A EP 2260009 A2 EP2260009 A2 EP 2260009A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- ion
- glass
- ions
- enamel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 141
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzohydrazide Chemical compound COCCOC1=CC=CC(C(=O)NN)=C1 GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- HUAUNKAZQWMVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;oxocalcium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+].[Ca]=O HUAUNKAZQWMVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005361 soda-lime glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WUOACPNHFRMFPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-terpineol Chemical compound CC1=CCC(C(C)(C)O)CC1 WUOACPNHFRMFPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- SQIFACVGCPWBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N delta-terpineol Natural products CC(C)(O)C1CCC(=C)CC1 SQIFACVGCPWBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006060 molten glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940116411 terpineol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 101710134784 Agnoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910015902 Bi 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000549556 Nanos Species 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010665 pine oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010773 plant oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000004383 yellowing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/078—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing an oxide of a divalent metal, e.g. an oxide of zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C21/00—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface
- C03C21/001—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions
- C03C21/002—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions to perform ion-exchange between alkali ions
- C03C21/003—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions to perform ion-exchange between alkali ions under application of an electrical potential difference
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C21/00—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface
- C03C21/001—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions
- C03C21/005—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions to introduce in the glass such metals or metallic ions as Ag, Cu
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C21/00—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface
- C03C21/008—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in solid phase, e.g. using pastes, powders
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/02—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/02—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form
- C03C8/04—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form containing zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/14—Glass frit mixtures having non-frit additions, e.g. opacifiers, colorants, mill-additions
- C03C8/16—Glass frit mixtures having non-frit additions, e.g. opacifiers, colorants, mill-additions with vehicle or suspending agents, e.g. slip
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/14—Glass frit mixtures having non-frit additions, e.g. opacifiers, colorants, mill-additions
- C03C8/18—Glass frit mixtures having non-frit additions, e.g. opacifiers, colorants, mill-additions containing free metals
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of planar optical elements for the production of imaging devices, in particular flat lenses having a refractive index gradient, in particular a cylindrical gradient.
- It relates more specifically to a method of manufacturing such planar optical elements by ion exchange under electric field.
- the lenses having a refractive index gradient have been the subject of numerous developments whose purpose in particular to be able to control the shape and the variation of the refractive index.
- Such lenses may be glass, quartz, ceramic or an organic polymer.
- Glass GRIN lenses can be obtained in greater or lesser numbers from a single substrate by a process combining photolithography (for making a mask on the surface of the glass to the shape of the desired pattern or patterns) and ion exchange (to obtain the refractive index gradient).
- Ion exchange is a well known technique based on the ability of certain ions of different polarizabilities, particularly alkaline ions, to be able to exchange with each other, or with other ions such as Ag, Tl, Cs and Cu, and thus form an ionic unit.
- the ion exchange is carried out by treating the glass in a bath of molten salts of said ions at an elevated temperature, generally between 200 and 550 ° C., for a time sufficient to obtain the desired level of exchange.
- the graded index patterns are formed from a glass rod by exchange with Ag ions. These patterns have a radial direction distribution of said rod.
- the profile of the refractive index depends essentially on the exchange time, the ion exchanged, the composition and the shape of the substrate.
- the modification of the hemispherical or semi-cylindrical profile obtained under these conditions necessarily involves cutting and polishing operations of the substrate. These operations require the use of particularly expensive precision tools.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing planar optical elements, in particular flat GRIN lenses, in particular cylindrical, in a glass substrate, which provides a refractive index varying radially and substantially uniformly in the thickness of the substrate.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a method that makes it possible to provide planar optical elements exhibiting a large variation in the refractive index ( ⁇ n), in particular at least 0.01, over a high exchange depth. , especially at least 50 microns, preferably at least 100 microns and preferably at least 200 microns.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a method which makes it possible to vary the profile of the refractive index to a large extent, and also to produce optical elements, in particular GRIN lenses, capable of diverging or converging the light.
- the method according to the invention is based on the simultaneous ion exchange of two ions having an almost identical mobility with the ions of a glass substrate, at least one of the two aforementioned ions being implemented in the form of a E-mail.
- the planar optical elements are obtained by a method comprising the steps of: a) depositing on the surface of a glass substrate which contains a first ion an enamel composition containing a second ion selected from Ag ions,
- Tl, Ba or Cu, or their precursors, in the form of a pattern or an array of patterns b) bring the substrate to a temperature sufficient to cook the enamel, c) immerse the substrate in a molten salt which comprises a third ion having a mobility almost equal to that of the second ion, d) applying an electric field through the immersed substrate so that the second ions from the enamel and the third ions from the molten salt simultaneously replace the first ions in the substrate, e) remove the substrate from the molten salt, and f) remove the enamel.
- a molten salt which comprises a third ion having a mobility almost equal to that of the second ion
- the term "enamel composition” is intended to mean a composition comprising a glass frit generally in the form of a powder and a medium or “vehicle” which ensures good performance. suspension of the particles of the frit. During cooking, the vehicle is consumed and the glass frit is transformed into a vitreous matrix that forms the final enamel.
- glass substrate means a substrate glass or glass ceramic.
- the substrate is generally a glass sheet of variable thickness, generally less than 10 mm and preferably between 300 ⁇ m and 4 mm.
- the enamel composition comprises at least one glass frit and at least one medium, and it further contains the second ion.
- the glass frit has a melting point greater than or equal to 400 ° C., preferably greater than or equal to 500 ° C.
- the glass frit must be capable of being transformed into a vitreous matrix at the cooking temperature, which temperature must not exceed the softening temperature of the substrate to prevent it from being deformed.
- the glass frit may be chosen from frits consisting of any type of glass, advantageously a glass containing bismuth, boron or zinc. Glass frits containing lead are to be avoided for reasons of toxicity and recycling of glass.
- the frit consists of a glass whose composition is close to that of the substrate, which makes it possible to avoid the appearance of tensions in the final substrate.
- the second ion is present in the enamel composition as the corresponding oxide, Ag, Tl, Ba or Cu, or metal.
- the oxide of Ag, Tl, Ba or Cu is contained in the glass frit; he is one of the constituents of it.
- the glass frit can be obtained by adding the second ion in the form of nitrate or chloride, or in the oxide form to the vitrifiable raw materials which are then melted to give a glass, and the molten glass is treated in a conventional manner. to form a frit.
- the mass content of the second ion in the frit is at least 5%, preferably at least 20%.
- the second ion is a metal
- it is present in the enamel composition in the form of particles, preferably having an average size which varies from 1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the amount of second ion is at least 20% by weight of the enamel composition, preferably at least 50%.
- the medium has the role of ensuring a good suspension of the frit particles, and optionally the second ion, and a bond to the substrate to step b) of cooking. It must be able to burn when cooking enamel.
- the medium is chosen from solvents, diluents, oils, especially plant oils, such as castor oil, pine oil and terpineol mixtures, resins such as acrylic resins, petroleum and film-forming materials, for example cellulosic materials.
- the medium generally represents 15 to 40% by weight of the enamel composition.
- the enamel composition may be deposited on the surface of the substrate by any known means, for example by screen printing, spraying, inkjet printing or by means of volumetric dispenser (s) (dispensing systems). ), especially syringe type (s). This means is to choose according to the shape, the dimensions and the number of reasons to realize.
- s volumetric dispenser
- syringe type s
- the shape of the pattern may vary to a very large extent, and may be for example any geometric shape, preferably a circle.
- a particularly advantageous variant according to the first embodiment of the method according to the invention resides in the possibility of forming patterns whose quantity in second ion can vary within each pattern.
- a circular pattern may be composed of concentric secondary patterns, each concentric secondary pattern consisting of an enamel composition containing a second ion amount different from the adjacent secondary pattern.
- the substrate may be heat treated for the purpose of temporarily fixing the enamel composition to allow easier handling without the risk of damaging the patterns.
- the treatment temperature must not exceed the melting temperature of the frit and Preferably, it remains at least 100 ° C. lower than said melting temperature of the frit.
- the enamel baking step b) is carried out at a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the glass frit and lower than the softening temperature of the substrate.
- the time must be sufficient for the glass frit to form a vitreous matrix.
- the firing is carried out at a temperature not exceeding 700 ° C., preferably ranging from 600 to 680 ° C. for less than 60 minutes, preferably 10 to 30 minutes.
- it is desirable that the enamel has the lowest possible porosity (or the highest compactness) in order to obtain the highest ion exchange rate.
- the third ion contained in the molten salt of step c) must have a mobility almost equal to that of the second ion.
- the third ion is chosen from alkali metal ions Na, K and Li, advantageously Na, and the alkaline earth ions Ca and Sr, advantageously Ca.
- the third ion is identical to the first ion of the substrate, which makes it possible to minimize the appearance of stresses in the glass and to avoid deformation of the electric field lines in the following step d).
- the molten salt is preferably maintained at a temperature at least 10 ° C higher than the melting temperature of the salt, preferably at least 20 ° C.
- the value of the electric field applied in step d) depends on the nature of the second and third ions, and also the composition of the substrate. In general, the electric field is chosen so as to obtain a migration speed of these ions in the substrate which varies from 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m / min.
- step e) The elimination of the enamel in step e) can be carried out by any known means, for example by polishing or by treatment with an acid, especially nitric acid when the second ion is Ag.
- the method according to the invention may comprise an additional step g) aimed at reducing the thickness of the substrate after the ion exchange treatment.
- This step can be implemented before or after the f) elimination step enamel.
- the reduction of the thickness of the substrate is carried out in particular when the ion exchange by the second and third ions is not operated over the entire thickness of the substrate. It may indeed be advantageous to carry out the ion exchange to a greater or lesser depth, in particular to prevent the risk of breakage of the substrate resulting from the occurrence of significant mechanical stresses generated by the migration of said ions.
- the thinning treatment of the substrate may be mechanical, for example polishing, or chemical, especially with hydrofluoric acid.
- the method according to the invention may comprise an additional step h) of subjecting the substrate to a temperature sufficient to allow radial diffusion of the third ions. This way of proceeding allows the realization of flat GRIN lenses.
- the heat treatment is generally carried out at a temperature of between 300 and 700 ° C., preferably between 400 and 600 ° C., for a duration of between a few hours and a few days depending on the nature of the substrate.
- Step h) can be implemented before or after step f) enamel removal.
- the optional steps g) and h) are present, the diffusion of the ions is necessarily carried out after the substrate has been thinned.
- the method comprises an additional step which consists in applying a protective layer to the enamel obtained at the end of step b).
- the protective layer has the function of preventing the third ions from migrating into the enamel and disturbing, by a "dilution" effect, the exchange of the first ions contained in the substrate by the second ions of the enamel.
- the protective layer may be for example a layer of Ni / Cr, Ti, Si or Ag. It is preferably deposited on the enamel by magnetron. The thickness of the layer may vary from 100 nm to 1 ⁇ m, and preferably is of the order of 200 nm.
- the planar optical elements are obtained by a method comprising the steps of: a) masking the surface of a glass substrate that contains a first ion with an enamel composition containing a second ion consisting of alkali metal ions Na, K or Li, or alkaline earth Ca or Sr, b) bringing the substrate to a temperature sufficient to bake the enamel, c) contacting the substrate with a liquid or solid source containing a third ion consisting of in Ag, Tl, Ba or Cu ions, d) applying an electric field across the substrate so that the second ions from the first enamel composition and the third ions from the liquid or solid source replace simultaneously the first ions in the substrate, and e) eliminate the enamel.
- the enamel composition of step a) comprises a glass frit which contains a second ion consisting of Na, K or Li alkali, or Ca or Sr alkaline earth ions, and a medium.
- the frit consists of a glass which contains at least 15% by weight, preferably at least 20% of said second ion, preferably Na or Ca.
- the frit contains in addition at least 10% by weight of zinc and at least 10% by weight of boron.
- the medium can be chosen from the media mentioned above in the first embodiment.
- the enamel composition is applied to the surface of the substrate in a pattern that masks portions not to undergo ion exchange by the third ion and provides openings having a shape corresponding to the final optical elements.
- the enamel baking step b) can be carried out under the same conditions as step b) of the method according to the first embodiment.
- the source containing the third ion is liquid.
- This source consists of a molten salt of the third ion, for example a nitrate, a sulphate or a chloride, and preferably a nitrate.
- the source containing the third ion is solid.
- the source may be a deposit of the corresponding metal, for example made by magnetron or electrodeposition, or an enamel composition having the same characteristics as the enamel composition described above in step a) of the first embodiment. It is preferred to use the third ion in the form of an enamel composition. In this case, a heat treatment is necessary to cook enamel, this treatment can be performed under the conditions described above for the first embodiment.
- the source may also be a deposit of particles of the corresponding metal (Ag, Tl, Ba, Cu) and / or particles of a precursor of the third ion, for example in the form of an oxide, a chloride or a a nitrate.
- the deposition is generally obtained by the application on the substrate of a composition comprising said particles and a medium as defined in step a) of the first embodiment, and a heat treatment at a temperature of the order 300 0 C in order to eliminate the medium.
- Steps d) and e) are conducted under the same conditions as step d) and f) respectively of the first embodiment.
- the method according to the second embodiment may comprise an additional step f) aimed at reducing the thickness of the substrate after the ion exchange treatment, identical to step g) described for the first embodiment. This step is implemented after step d), before or after step e).
- the method according to the second embodiment may further comprise a step g) of subjecting the substrate to a temperature sufficient to allow radial diffusion of the third ions, identical to the step h) described for the first embodiment. This step is implemented after step d) or f).
- the method according to this second embodiment can be implemented correctly only if the mobility of the second ions is almost equal to that of the third ions.
- An advantageous variant according to the second embodiment of the method according to the invention resides in the possibility of incorporating a third ion into the enamel constituting the mask of the step so as to be able to modulate the refractive index profile of the elements. optics.
- the incorporation of the third ion is through an enamel composition which is applied separately from that which constitutes the mask in the peripheral zone of the openings in said mask.
- the opening in the mask is circular and the enamel containing the third ion is applied in the form of a concentric pattern, said pattern and said mask being contiguous or not. In this way, convergent or divergent GRIN lenses can be formed.
- the glass substrate used in the context of the process of the invention may be glass or glass ceramic.
- the glass substrate can be obtained by the "float" process from a molten glass floated on a bath of molten metal, in particular tin.
- the glass may be a conventional silico-soda-lime or silico-calcic glass, a borosilicate glass or an E-type glass with or without Ba.
- the substrate consists of a glass which has a low yellowing ability, that is to say which is not or weakly yellow-colored after the treatment. ion exchange.
- glasses corresponding to the following composition, expressed as a percentage by weight: Composition 1
- Total iron (expressed as Fe 2 O 3 ) 0 - 0.03%, preferably 0.005 - 0.01% Redox (FeO / total iron) 0.02 - 0.4, preferably 0.02 - 0.2
- the glass-ceramic substrate that can be used in the process according to the invention can have the following composition, expressed as a percentage by mass:
- AI 2 O 3 15.0 - 25.0%, preferably 18.0 - 21.0%
- MgO 0 - 5% preferably 1.0 - 3.0%
- TiO 2 0 - 5%, preferably 0 - 3.0%
- Total iron (expressed as Fe 2 O 3 ) 0 - 0.1%, preferably 0 - 0.08%
- FIG. 1 a sectional view of the substrate during the ion exchange under the electric field according to the first embodiment
- FIG. 2 a sectional view of the substrate during the ion exchange under the electric field according to the second embodiment
- FIG. 3 a diagram showing the refractive index profile in the GRIN lens obtained according to the first embodiment of the invention.
- patterns 1, 2, 3 are deposited on the surface of a glass substrate 4.
- the patterns consist of an enamel comprising a second ion.
- the substrate 4 is immersed in a bath of molten salt of a third ion having a mobility almost equal to that of the second ion contained in a container 6.
- a bath of molten salt of a third ion having a mobility almost equal to that of the second ion contained in a container 6.
- an electrode 7 which is connected to the positive terminal of a generator 8.
- An electrode 9 fixed on the opposite face of the substrate 4 opposite that bearing the patterns 2, 3, 4 is connected to the negative terminal of the generator 8.
- the container 6 is placed in a furnace (not shown) maintained at a temperature sufficient for the salt of the third ion to be in the molten state.
- a voltage is applied between the electrodes 7 and 9 via the generator 8.
- the second ions contained in the patterns 1, 2, 3 and the third ions contained in the bath 5 diffuse simultaneously in the substrate 4. After the exchange, the substrate 4 is removed from the container 6 and the patterns 1, 2,
- a mask 10 is applied to one face of the substrate 11.
- the mask 10 is formed of an enamel containing a second ion consisting of alkaline Na, K or Li ions, or alkaline earth ions Ca or Sr.
- the substrate 11 is immersed in a bath 12 of a molten salt of a third ion containing in a container 13.
- the second and third ions have an almost equal mobility.
- An electrode 14 is connected to the positive terminal of a generator 15.
- An electrode 16 placed in a bath 17 of a molten salt is connected to the negative terminal of the generator 15.
- the container 13 is placed in an oven (not shown) to maintain the salt of the third ion in the molten state.
- a voltage is applied between the electrodes 14 and 16 via the generator 15.
- the second ions contained in the mask 10 and the third ions contained in the bath 12 diffuse simultaneously in the substrate 4.
- the substrate 11 is removed from the container 13 and the enamel is removed.
- the substrate may be heat treated to diffuse the third ions laterally into the substrate 11.
- the substrates 4 and 11 may undergo a cutting step in order to obtain the optical elements in individualized form. These elements can be used in particular in imaging devices.
- This example illustrates the first embodiment described in FIG.
- a substrate is formed from a soda-lime-silica glass composition comprising the following constituents, in the following proportions expressed in molar percentage: 71% of SiO 2 , 13.5% of Na 2 O, 9, 5% CaO and 6% MgO.
- a network of 100 cylindrical patterns (diameter: 600 ⁇ m, thickness: 30 ⁇ m) is deposited.
- the patterns are formed by screen printing using an enamel composition comprising, as a percentage by weight: 75% of silver particles (average size: 1 to 10 ⁇ m), 10% of a glass frit and 15% of a terpineol mixture.
- the glass frit has the following composition, expressed in weight percentage: 36% SiO 2, 30% B 2O 3, 24.5% Na 2 O, 5.5% CaO, 4% of AI 2 O 3 .
- the substrate coated with the silkscreened patterns is subjected to an enamel baking treatment at 650 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- the face of the substrate carrying the enamelled patterns is brought into contact with a bath of molten NaNO 3 (320 ° C.) connected to the positive terminal of a voltage generator.
- the other side of the substrate is in contact with another molten NaNO 3 bath (320 ° C.) connected to the negative terminal of said generator.
- the ion exchange is carried out for 68 hours by applying a potential difference between the terminals of the generator so that the migration rate of the Ag ions in the substrate is equal to 0.07 ⁇ m / min.
- the depth of exchange of Ag ions in the glass at the level of the units is measured and the difference in refractive index between the glass exchanged with Ag and the non-exchanged glass ( ⁇ n):
- FIG. 3 shows the refractive index profile of the optical element before the step of radial diffusion of the Ag ions in the substrate (after exchange) and of the GRIN lens after said step (after exchange and heat treatment).
- the refractive index is substantially uniform over the entire exchange depth of Ag ions.
- the GRIN lens has a parabolic shape in the area between A and B.
- Example 2 The procedure of Example 1, modified in that a layer of Ni / Cr 200 nm thick is deposited by magnetron on the patterns obtained after enamel baking, and that the substrate does not undergo a step of thinning and thermal diffusion treatment of Ag ions.
- the measurements are as follows:
- This example illustrates the second embodiment described in FIG.
- a substrate is formed from a soda-lime-silica glass composition under the conditions of Example 1.
- an enamel composition forming a masking layer is deposited by screen printing.
- the enamel composition comprises 70% by weight of glass frit and 30% by weight of castor oil.
- the glass frit has the following composition, expressed in mass%: 12% SiO 2 , 40% ZnO, 29% Bi 2 O 3 , 19% Na 2 O.
- the substrate coated with the silkscreened masking layer is subjected to an enamel baking treatment at 680 ° C. for 6 minutes.
- the face of the substrate carrying the enamel mask is brought into contact with a bath of molten AgNOs (300 ° C.) connected to the positive terminal of a voltage generator.
- the other side of the substrate is brought into contact with an equimolar mixture of NaNOs and KNO3 and is connected to the negative terminal of said generator.
- the ion exchange is carried out for 6 hours by applying a potential difference between the terminals of the generator such that the migration speed of the Ag ions in the substrate is equal to 0.15 ⁇ m / min.
- the diffusion depth of the Ag ions in the glass is measured at the patterns corresponding to the openings in the mask and the difference in refractive index between the glass exchanged with the Ag and the non-exchanged glass ( ⁇ n). :
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0851964A FR2929415B1 (fr) | 2008-03-27 | 2008-03-27 | Procede de fabrication d'elements optiques plans et elements obtenus |
| PCT/FR2009/050514 WO2009125133A2 (fr) | 2008-03-27 | 2009-03-25 | Procede de fabrication d'elements optiques plans et elements obtenus. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2260009A2 true EP2260009A2 (fr) | 2010-12-15 |
Family
ID=39967617
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP09730185A Withdrawn EP2260009A2 (fr) | 2008-03-27 | 2009-03-25 | Procede de fabrication d'elements optiques plans et elements obtenus. |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20110199687A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2260009A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2011515322A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20100130201A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN102046547A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2929415B1 (fr) |
| TW (1) | TW201002642A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2009125133A2 (fr) |
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| JP5207357B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-29 | 2013-06-12 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | ガラス部材の成形法および成形装置 |
| US8673163B2 (en) | 2008-06-27 | 2014-03-18 | Apple Inc. | Method for fabricating thin sheets of glass |
| US7810355B2 (en) | 2008-06-30 | 2010-10-12 | Apple Inc. | Full perimeter chemical strengthening of substrates |
| EA019049B1 (ru) | 2008-09-01 | 2013-12-30 | Сэн-Гобэн Гласс Франс | Способ получения стекла и полученное стекло |
| JP5616907B2 (ja) | 2009-03-02 | 2014-10-29 | アップル インコーポレイテッド | ポータブル電子デバイスのガラスカバーを強化する技術 |
| US9778685B2 (en) | 2011-05-04 | 2017-10-03 | Apple Inc. | Housing for portable electronic device with reduced border region |
| US9213451B2 (en) | 2010-06-04 | 2015-12-15 | Apple Inc. | Thin glass for touch panel sensors and methods therefor |
| JP2012009616A (ja) * | 2010-06-24 | 2012-01-12 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | 発光装置用レンズ |
| US10189743B2 (en) | 2010-08-18 | 2019-01-29 | Apple Inc. | Enhanced strengthening of glass |
| US8873028B2 (en) | 2010-08-26 | 2014-10-28 | Apple Inc. | Non-destructive stress profile determination in chemically tempered glass |
| US8824140B2 (en) | 2010-09-17 | 2014-09-02 | Apple Inc. | Glass enclosure |
| US10781135B2 (en) * | 2011-03-16 | 2020-09-22 | Apple Inc. | Strengthening variable thickness glass |
| US9725359B2 (en) | 2011-03-16 | 2017-08-08 | Apple Inc. | Electronic device having selectively strengthened glass |
| US9128666B2 (en) | 2011-05-04 | 2015-09-08 | Apple Inc. | Housing for portable electronic device with reduced border region |
| US9944554B2 (en) | 2011-09-15 | 2018-04-17 | Apple Inc. | Perforated mother sheet for partial edge chemical strengthening and method therefor |
| US9516149B2 (en) | 2011-09-29 | 2016-12-06 | Apple Inc. | Multi-layer transparent structures for electronic device housings |
| US10144669B2 (en) | 2011-11-21 | 2018-12-04 | Apple Inc. | Self-optimizing chemical strengthening bath for glass |
| US20130133745A1 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2013-05-30 | James Patrick Hamilton | Incorporation of alkaline earth ions into alkali-containing glass surfaces to inhibit alkali egress |
| US8684613B2 (en) | 2012-01-10 | 2014-04-01 | Apple Inc. | Integrated camera window |
| US10133156B2 (en) | 2012-01-10 | 2018-11-20 | Apple Inc. | Fused opaque and clear glass for camera or display window |
| GB201200890D0 (en) * | 2012-01-19 | 2012-02-29 | Univ Dundee | An ion exchange substrate and metalized product and apparatus and method for production thereof |
| US8773848B2 (en) | 2012-01-25 | 2014-07-08 | Apple Inc. | Fused glass device housings |
| CN104203855B (zh) * | 2012-04-24 | 2018-01-02 | 费罗公司 | 不含重金属的离子可交换玻璃釉料 |
| US9946302B2 (en) | 2012-09-19 | 2018-04-17 | Apple Inc. | Exposed glass article with inner recessed area for portable electronic device housing |
| US9459661B2 (en) | 2013-06-19 | 2016-10-04 | Apple Inc. | Camouflaged openings in electronic device housings |
| JP6172667B2 (ja) * | 2013-08-08 | 2017-08-02 | 国立大学法人東京工業大学 | 両面化学強化ガラスの製造方法 |
| US9886062B2 (en) | 2014-02-28 | 2018-02-06 | Apple Inc. | Exposed glass article with enhanced stiffness for portable electronic device housing |
| CN108821587B (zh) * | 2018-08-14 | 2021-10-15 | 南京双峰油泵油嘴有限公司 | 一种铸铁工业搪瓷配方及工艺 |
| CN111995242B (zh) * | 2020-09-07 | 2022-04-15 | 成都光明光电股份有限公司 | 光学玻璃、玻璃预制件、光学元件和光学仪器 |
| US12371369B2 (en) | 2021-05-26 | 2025-07-29 | Corning Incorporated | Glass with modified surface regions on opposing sides and methods and apparatuses for forming the same via electro-thermal poling |
| US12565447B2 (en) | 2021-07-19 | 2026-03-03 | Corning Incorporated | Glass with nanoscale surface features from thermal poling and methods for forming the same |
| US12486198B2 (en) * | 2021-07-19 | 2025-12-02 | Corning Incorporated | Glass with modified surface regions and methods and apparatuses for forming the same via electro-thermal poling and field-assisted ion exchange |
| CN113921093B (zh) * | 2021-10-08 | 2025-04-18 | 中南大学 | 一种熔盐体系中离子迁移数获取方法、系统、终端及可读存储介质 |
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| DE3607259A1 (de) * | 1985-03-05 | 1986-09-18 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co. Ltd., Osaka | Mikrolinsenplatte und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
| US4913717A (en) * | 1989-01-23 | 1990-04-03 | Polaroid Corporation | Method for fabricating buried waveguides |
| EP0479490A3 (en) * | 1990-10-02 | 1992-08-12 | Physical Optics Corporation | Volume holographic diffuser |
| US6845634B2 (en) * | 2001-06-21 | 2005-01-25 | Wave Crossing Corporation | Method for fabricating thallium-doped GRIN lens |
| EP1457794B1 (fr) * | 2001-12-20 | 2009-10-21 | Isuzu Glass Co., Ltd. | Procede de formation de guide d'onde optique |
| TW200303995A (en) * | 2002-02-22 | 2003-09-16 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Planar lens and its producing method |
| WO2006040828A1 (fr) * | 2004-10-15 | 2006-04-20 | Toyo Glass Co., Ltd. | Procede de fabrication de lentille grin et lentille grin |
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- 2008-03-27 FR FR0851964A patent/FR2929415B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-03-25 KR KR1020107021127A patent/KR20100130201A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-03-25 EP EP09730185A patent/EP2260009A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-03-25 WO PCT/FR2009/050514 patent/WO2009125133A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2009-03-25 US US12/934,764 patent/US20110199687A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-03-25 JP JP2011501278A patent/JP2011515322A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-03-25 CN CN2009801193687A patent/CN102046547A/zh active Pending
- 2009-03-26 TW TW098109971A patent/TW201002642A/zh unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| See references of WO2009125133A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2011515322A (ja) | 2011-05-19 |
| TW201002642A (en) | 2010-01-16 |
| FR2929415B1 (fr) | 2010-03-12 |
| WO2009125133A3 (fr) | 2010-04-22 |
| FR2929415A1 (fr) | 2009-10-02 |
| WO2009125133A2 (fr) | 2009-10-15 |
| US20110199687A1 (en) | 2011-08-18 |
| CN102046547A (zh) | 2011-05-04 |
| KR20100130201A (ko) | 2010-12-10 |
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