EP2062649B1 - Séparateur électrostatique doté d'un moyen d'extraction de particules, système de chauffage et procédé de fonctionnement - Google Patents

Séparateur électrostatique doté d'un moyen d'extraction de particules, système de chauffage et procédé de fonctionnement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2062649B1
EP2062649B1 EP08019567.0A EP08019567A EP2062649B1 EP 2062649 B1 EP2062649 B1 EP 2062649B1 EP 08019567 A EP08019567 A EP 08019567A EP 2062649 B1 EP2062649 B1 EP 2062649B1
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Prior art keywords
electrode
upstream
flow
exhaust gas
particles
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EP08019567.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2062649A3 (fr
EP2062649A2 (fr
Inventor
Dietmar Dr. Steiner
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/88—Cleaning-out collected particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/74—Cleaning the electrodes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrostatic precipitator, in particular for an exhaust pipe of an exhaust gas purification system, according to the preamble of claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to a heating system for generating energy by burning an energy source with an electrostatic precipitator according to the preamble of claim 5. In addition concerns The invention relates to a method for reducing deposits of particles of an exhaust gas stream on an electric field-generating electrode of an electrostatic precipitator of a heating system according to the preamble of patent claim 6.
  • the GB 2 045 647 A describes an electrode of an ionization device for an electrostatic air filter.
  • the electrode comprises a current-conducting wire which is clamped in a frame in a plurality of mutually parallel, electrically connected series sections.
  • the electrode also includes glands, sleeves and springs.
  • the wire is hung in the anchor bolt, passed freely through the space formed by the frame, threaded through the fitting, the hose-like protective sleeve and the screw, again guided through the free space, etc. Finally, the wire ends in the compression fitting with which the wire can be stretched.
  • the JP 2007 263 754 A describes a cleaning device for an electrode of an emission spectrometer.
  • the cleaning device comprises a brush with a metal wire brush attachment.
  • the brush is functionally and constructively separated from the electrode and is used outside of the meter operating times. In a pause between two measuring operations, the cleaning device brushes over the electrode and removes scraping residues of condensed metal vapor.
  • emission control systems Due to emissions from heating systems and global efforts to reduce such emissions - see, for example, the Kyoto Protocol - heating systems use appropriate emission control systems. These are in particular to filter out the harmful substances and particles from exhaust gases, so that the remaining, purified exhaust gas can be safely discharged to the environment.
  • emission control systems are used in biomass heating systems, where in addition to otherwise economic and environmental benefits increased emissions of pollutants in the exhaust gases can occur.
  • biomass heating systems where in addition to otherwise economic and environmental benefits increased emissions of pollutants in the exhaust gases can occur.
  • relatively high emission of particulate matter as a pollutant component is a problem in biomass heating systems.
  • An emission control system which is used for biomass heating systems to reduce particulate matter emission.
  • the device described therein can be installed in a flue gas channel and for this purpose has a lid which can be placed gas-tight on an associated opening on a flue gas channel.
  • a spray electrode for example in the form of a tensioned rod, is held over an insulating holder.
  • a high-voltage transformer with rectifier function allows the construction of a high DC voltage between the wire and the lid, which is electrically connected to the furnace tube, so that it acts as a collector electrode.
  • Such an electrostatic filter with a spray electrode and a collector electrode is also known as an electrostatic precipitator.
  • This is used for exhaust gas purification in an exhaust pipe of a heating system.
  • a capacitor is formed by the spray, which runs approximately centrally through the exhaust pipe and therefore also referred to as the center electrode, and a peripheral surface of the exhaust pipe, which is also referred to as a cylindrical capacitor in a cylindrical tube-shaped design of the exhaust pipe.
  • the spray or center electrode generally has a circular cross section in the flow direction of the exhaust gas, wherein the diameter of the cross section or the radius of curvature is generally formed relatively small (for example, less than 0.4 mm).
  • a field extending transversely to the flow direction is formed by the center electrode and the collector electrode formed by the lateral surface with field lines from the center electrode to the collector electrode.
  • a high voltage is applied to the center electrode, for example in the range of 15 kV.
  • a corona discharge is formed, through which the particles flowing through the field in the exhaust gas are charged in a unipolar manner. Due to this charge, most of the particles migrate through the electrostatic Coulomb forces to the inner wall of the exhaust pipe, which serves as a collector electrode.
  • the particles are electrostatically charged by the corona discharge which forms along the surface of the electrode. This is done at the molecular level by the following process: If the electrode is e.g. relative to the exhaust pipe to negative high voltage, so a large number of gas molecules is negatively charged. They move in the electric field applied by the electrode and the exhaust pipe in the direction of the exhaust pipe. If these meet on their way through the exhaust pipe to electrically neutral particles, they stick to these and charge the previously neutral particles also negative. The charged particles flow driven by electrostatic deflection forces to the inner wall of the exhaust pipe. Here the particles stick, lose their charge and are safely removed from the exhaust stream. This is the core process of an electrostatic precipitator and, depending on the geometry, height of the corona current, electrode shape, etc., leads to deposition rates of up to more than 90%. This core process can be disturbed by the following effects:
  • Burning produces bipolar charged particles.
  • the distribution is symmetrical, ie there are the same number of positive and negatively charged particles.
  • the number of charged particles is reduced by approx. 10% per second due to coagulation, there are still more than 10% charged particles at the electrostatic precipitator (corresponding to about one to two seconds of particle flying time from the place of combustion).
  • the electrostatic precipitator corresponding to about one to two seconds of particle flying time from the place of combustion.
  • a disadvantage of the electrostatic precipitators according to the prior art is that it comes after a longer period of operation to a continuous degradation of the corona current at a constant high voltage. As a result, the charging efficiency of the electrode decreases, which in turn reduces the separation efficiency of the entire system.
  • the JP 04301117 discloses a particle separator having a center electrode and a peripheral electrode, in which the particles are separated by centrifugal forces.
  • the center electrode comprises an electrode region in the flow direction and a downstream electrode region.
  • the invention has for its object to provide an electrostatic precipitator, which overcomes this disadvantage and in particular prevents or reduces the deposition of particles on the electrode in order to increase the service life of the electrostatic precipitator.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a heating system with a separator according to the invention, which guarantees reliable exhaust gas purification.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method according to which the permanent deposition of particles on the electrode is prevented or at least reduced.
  • the inventive electrostatic precipitator in particular for an exhaust pipe of an exhaust gas purification system, with a flow channel having a channel wall and a channel inside, through which a particle-containing exhaust gas flows in a flow direction, and in the channel interior substantially in Flow direction extending electrode, for forming an electric field between the electrode and the channel wall, and an electrode feed to feed at least the electrode, wherein the electrode feed is at least partially encased with an insulator, further comprising a particle repelling agent, which prevents particles of the exhaust gas deposit on the electrode.
  • the particle repelling agent effectively prevents or reduces deposition of particles on the electrode, and includes at least one pre-electrode unit disposed upstream of the electrode in the flow direction of the exhaust gas to apply an electric field in the flow direction in front of the electrode when voltage is applied to the corresponding portion of the channel wall form. Due to this field, particles which pass along their flow the electric field of the Vorelektrodenritt, upstream of the electrode, at least for the most part, effectively removed from the exhaust gas flow. Particles that would reach the electrode without Vorelektrodenhow are thus effectively filtered out in front of the electrode.
  • the pre-electrode unit has a pre-electrode which has the same polarity as the electrode.
  • the electrostatic precipitator according to the invention is characterized in that at least one of the electrodes is at least partially formed as a tuft-like arrangement of wires, which are fixed at one end and freely arranged at its other end and align themselves upon application of a voltage along the field lines formed thereby.
  • a voltage can be applied several times in succession at short intervals, so that the wires move accordingly and shake off particles.
  • the pre-electrode unit is designed such that it uses a voltage level that is the same as the electrode. On the Vorelektrodeniser but also a different voltage level to the electrode may be applied, which is higher or lower than that of the electrode. This realizes an effective filter function.
  • An embodiment provides that the pre-electrode is formed as conductively connected to the electrode. This ensures that the electrode and the pre-electrode have the same polarity.
  • the pre-electrode is formed differently with respect to the geometry, the material, the manufacturing method and / or the surface structure.
  • the pre-electrode is formed differently from the electrode, in particular with regard to the parameters required for generating an electric field.
  • the pre-electrode is formed in one preferred embodiment in one piece with the electrode.
  • the pre-electrode is formed with respect to the electrode as a thickening.
  • the heating system for generating energy by burning from an energy source such as biomass comprises a particulate matter emitting heating system, such as a biomass heating system, for burning the energy source, wherein particulate exhaust gases are formed, an electrostatic precipitator in an exhaust pipe, comprising a flow channel with a channel wall and a Channel interior through which the particle-containing exhaust gas flows in a flow direction, an electrode extending in the channel interior substantially in the flow direction and an electrode feed to feed the electrode, wherein the electrode feed is at least partially encased with an insulator.
  • a particulate matter emitting heating system such as a biomass heating system
  • an electrostatic precipitator in an exhaust pipe comprising a flow channel with a channel wall and a Channel interior through which the particle-containing exhaust gas flows in a flow direction, an electrode extending in the channel interior substantially in the flow direction and an electrode feed to feed the electrode, wherein the electrode feed is at least partially encased with an insulator.
  • a particle-repelling agent which prevents particles of the exhaust gas (P) from depositing on the electrode (6)
  • the particle-repelling means comprises at least one pre-electrode unit (9), which in the flow direction of the exhaust gas (P) in front of the electrode (6).
  • the heating system according to the invention is characterized in that the electrostatic precipitator is designed in accordance with the electrostatic precipitator according to the invention, wherein at least one of the electrodes (6, 10) is at least partially formed as a tuft-type arrangement of wires (11). which are fixed at one end and freely arranged at the other end and when donning a r Align voltage along the field lines established by it.
  • the inventive method for reducing deposits of particles of an exhaust gas stream on an electric field generating electrode of an electrostatic precipitator of a heating system comprises the steps of feeding at least the electrode by means of an electrode feed, generating a electric field between a channel wall and the electrode to move the particles flowing along the electrode along the field lines from the exhaust gas flow, and further generating an electric ramp to upstream particles moving in the electric field to the electrode upstream of field lines of the electric apron to move to a pre-electrode for generating the electric apron.
  • the method further comprises the steps of forming at least one of the electrodes at least in part as a tuft-like arrangement of wires which are fixed at one end and free at the other end and align themselves with voltage applied along the field lines established thereby, and move at least one these electrodes by applying a voltage to shake off particles adhering to the corresponding electrode.
  • the movement can be rotational, translatory (eg vibrating) or as a combination thereof.
  • the movement takes place jerkily.
  • the electrostatic precipitator according to the invention has a minimal flow resistance in an exhaust gas system, which increases only slightly and slowly even as the loading of adhering particles increases. Electrostatic precipitators have a relatively large absorption capacity for separated particulate matter of the particle flow. At slow flow velocities of the exhaust gas stream and sufficiently long separation distances for the fine dust, electrostatic precipitators for submicron particles have a separation efficiency> 90%. For the reasons explained above, therefore, electrostatic precipitators are often used for the exhaust gas purification of heating systems such as a pellet heating system, other biomass heating systems or oil burners. Maintaining the necessary for the charging of the particles corona current even after several hours of operation is a technical difficulty in the execution of the electrostatic precipitator. The inventive keeping free of the high voltage potential center electrode prolongs the maximum operating time of the electrostatic precipitator until the next maintenance.
  • the pre-electrode is formed as an extension of the charging electrode to a thicker end against the flow direction of the exhaust gas. This tail serves as a "sacrificial electrode” with a much larger loading capacity for charged particulate matter than the (middle) electrode.
  • the automated cleaning concept for the corona electrode has the following effects: Numerous tests have shown that the fine dust from wood combustion, for example, adheres very loosely to the corona electrode. The movement of the electrode, or parts thereof, forced by the alignment of the wires in the electrostatic field is sufficient to shake off the particulate matter. This movement is easy to automate.
  • Fig. 1 schematically shows a longitudinal cross-section through an embodiment of an electrostatic precipitator 1 according to the invention.
  • the electrostatic precipitator 1 is in an exhaust pipe 2 (only partially shown) one not shown here
  • the flow channel 3 is formed as a tubular portion of the exhaust pipe 2 and includes a channel wall 4 and a channel interior 5.
  • a here represented by an arrow P particle-containing exhaust flows into the also by the arrow P illustrated flow direction.
  • an electrode 6, which is also referred to as a center electrode or corona electrode extends in the interior of the flow channel 3.
  • the flow channel 3 is preferably formed in cross-section in the flow direction P rotationally symmetrical about a central axis A. The electrode 6 extends along this central axis A.
  • the electrode 6 is fed via an electrode feed 7, which is covered with an insulator 8. Together with the channel wall 4, the electrode 6 forms a charging unit, in which particles can be charged electrically.
  • the electrode 6 forms with the channel wall 4 under application of a high voltage an electric field whose field lines are substantially radial to the electrode 6 and the channel wall 4, substantially transversely, more precisely at right angles to the flow direction P. upstream in the flow direction P.
  • the electrode 6 is a Vorelektrodeniser 9 with a pre-electrode 10 is arranged. This pre-electrode unit 9 has the same polarity as the electrode 6, but at a different voltage level. In the present Fig.
  • the pre-electrode 10 is electrically conductively connected to the electrode 6, wherein in the illustrated embodiment, the pre-electrode 10 is formed in the shape different from the electrode 6, more precisely as a thickening of the electrode 6.
  • the pre-electrode 10 forms with the corresponding portion of the channel wall 4 when applying a voltage a corresponding apron. In this apron, particles which would reach the electrode 6 without the apron are directed to the pre-electrode 10.
  • the pre-electrode 10 has a larger capacity than the electrode 6 by their larger surface area. In this way, a longer service life of the electrostatic precipitator 1 is ensured.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 shows an embodiment of an electrode 6 or 10, with which adhering particles can be removed from the electrode 6 and 10, respectively.
  • Fig. 2A-B show schematically in a side view an embodiment of a tuft-like electrode 6 and 10, once without electric field ( Fig. 2A ), once in an existing electric field ( Fig. 2B ).
  • the tuft-like electrode 6, 10 has a plurality of electrically conductive wires 11.
  • the wires 11 are clamped at one of their ends fixed in a holder 12. The other, opposite end of the wires 11 is free.
  • Fig. 2A There is no electric field.
  • the wires 11 are directed according to the gravitational field.
  • Fig. 2B an electric field is applied. Accordingly, the electrically conductive wires 11 align according to the field lines of this generated field.
  • the wires 11 of the electrode 6, 10 can be moved. Due to this movement, particles adhering to the wires 11 can be shaken off.
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B show schematically in a plan view of the embodiment according to Fig. 2A or 2B.
  • Fig. 3A is a state without generated electric field to see the alignment of the wires 11 can not recognize this in this illustration.
  • Fig. 3B on the other hand, an electric field is applied and the wires 11 are aligned in accordance with the field lines of the field extending radially from the electrode 6, 10.

Landscapes

  • Electrostatic Separation (AREA)
  • Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Séparateur électrostatique (1), notamment destiné à un conduit d'évacuation de gaz brûlé (2) d'une installation de purification de gaz brûlé, comportant un canal d'écoulement (3) ayant une paroi de canal (4) et un intérieur de canal (5) par l'intermédiaire desquels un gaz brûlé (P) contenant des particules s'écoule dans une direction d'écoulement, une électrode (6) s'étendant dans l'intérieur de canal (5) sensiblement dans la direction d'écoulement (P), destinée à créer un champ électrique entre l'électrode (6) et la paroi de canal (4) et un passage d'électrode (7) afin d'alimenter au moins l'électrode (6), dans lequel le passage d'électrode (7) est au moins partiellement enveloppé d'un isolant (8),
    dans lequel il est en outre prévu un moyen déviateur de particules qui empêche le dépôt de particules du gaz brûlé (P) sur l'électrode (6), dans lequel le moyen déviateur de particules comprend au moins une unité à pré-électrode (9) qui est disposée dans la direction d'écoulement du gaz brûlé (P) en amont de l'électrode (6) afin de créer un champ électrique dans la direction d'écoulement (P) en amont de l'électrode (6) lors de l'application d'une tension au moyen de la section correspondante de la paroi de canal (4), et dans lequel l'unité à pré-électrode (9) comporte une pré-électrode (10) qui possède la même polarité que l'électrode (6), caractérisé en ce qu'au moins l'une des électrodes (6, 10) est réalisée au moins partiellement sous la forme d'un agencement en touffe de fils (11) qui sont disposés de manière fixe à une extrémité et de manière libre à leur autre extrémité et qui, lors de l'application d'une tension, s'orientent le long des lignes de champ ainsi provoquées.
  2. Séparateur électrostatique (1) selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que l'unité à pré-électrode (9) est conçue de manière à utiliser un niveau de tension égal à celui de l'électrode (6).
  3. Séparateur électrostatique (1) selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
    caractérisé en ce que la pré-électrode (10) est réalisée de manière à ce qu'elle soit reliée de façon conductrice à l'électrode (6).
  4. Séparateur électrostatique (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3,
    caractérisé en ce que la pré-électrode (10) est réalisée de manière à ce qu'elle soit différente de l'électrode (6) en ce qui concerne la géométrie, le matériau, le procédé de fabrication et/ou la structure superficielle.
  5. Système de chauffage destiné à générer de l'énergie par combustion d'une ressource énergétique telle que de la biomasse au moyen d'une installation de chauffage émettant des particules fines, telle qu'une installation de chauffage à biomasse, destinée à brûler la ressource énergétique, dans lequel des gaz brûlés (P) contenant des particules sont formés, et un séparateur électrostatique (1) dans un conduit de gaz brûlé (2), comprenant un canal d'écoulement (3) ayant une paroi de canal (4) et un intérieur de canal (5) par l'intermédiaire desquels un gaz brûlé (P) contenant des particules s'écoule dans une direction d'écoulement, une électrode (6) s'étendant dans l'intérieur de canal (5) sensiblement dans la direction d'écoulement (P), un passage d'électrode (7) afin d'alimenter au moins l'électrode (6), dans lequel le passage d'électrode (7) est au moins partiellement enveloppé par un isolant (8), dans lequel le passage d'électrode (7) est au moins partiellement enveloppé d'un isolant (8), et un moyen déviateur de particules qui empêche le dépôt de particules du gaz brûlé (P) sur l'électrode (6), dans lequel le moyen déviateur de particules comprend au moins une unité à pré-électrode (9) qui est disposée dans la direction d'écoulement du gaz brûlé (P) afin de créer un champ électrique dans la direction d'écoulement (P) en amont de l'électrode (6) lors de l'application d'une tension au moyen de la section correspondante de la paroi de canal (4), et dans lequel l'unité à pré-électrode (9) comporte une pré-électrode (10) qui possède la même polarité que l'électrode (6), caractérisé en ce que le séparateur électrostatique (1) est réalisé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel au moins l'une des électrodes (6, 10) est réalisée au moins partiellement sous la forme d'un agencement en touffe de fils (11) qui sont disposés de manière fixe à une extrémité et de manière libre à leur autre extrémité et qui, lors de l'application d'une tension, s'orientent le long des lignes de champ ainsi provoquées.
  6. Procédé destiné à réduire la fixation de particules d'un écoulement de gaz brûlé (P) sur une électrode (6), qui génère un champ électrique, d'un séparateur électrostatique (1) d'un système de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    alimenter au moins l'électrode (6) au moyen d'un passage d'électrode et générer un champ électrique entre une paroi de canal (4) et l'électrode (6) afin de déplacer le long des lignes de champ les particules (P) s'écoulant le long de l'électrode (6) hors du flux de gaz brûlé,
    dans lequel il est en outre prévu une étape consistant à : générer un pré-champ électrique afin de déplacer des particules (P), qui se déplacent dans le champ électrique vers l'électrode (6), en amont le long de lignes de champ du pré-champ électrique vers une électrode (10) générant le pré-champ électrique,
    caractérisé en ce qu'il est en outre prévu des étapes consistant à :
    réaliser au moins l'une des électrodes (6, 10) au moins partiellement sous la forme d'un agencement en touffe de fils (11) qui sont disposés de manière fixe à une extrémité et de manière libre à leur autre extrémité et
    qui, lors de l'application d'une tension, s'orientent le long des lignes de champ ainsi provoquées,
    déplacer au moins l'une de ces électrodes (6, 10) en appliquant une tension afin de séparer des particules adhérant à l'électrode correspondante (6, 10).
EP08019567.0A 2007-11-24 2008-11-08 Séparateur électrostatique doté d'un moyen d'extraction de particules, système de chauffage et procédé de fonctionnement Active EP2062649B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE200710056696 DE102007056696B3 (de) 2007-11-24 2007-11-24 Elektrostatischer Abscheider mit Partikelabweisemittel, Heizungssystem und Verfahren zum Betrieb

Publications (3)

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EP2062649A2 EP2062649A2 (fr) 2009-05-27
EP2062649A3 EP2062649A3 (fr) 2013-07-17
EP2062649B1 true EP2062649B1 (fr) 2016-01-27

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009021072A1 (de) * 2009-05-13 2010-11-25 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektrostatischer Abscheider und Heizsystem
CN108397776B (zh) * 2018-03-27 2020-11-03 安徽工业大学 一种焚烧烟气分流处理减排二噁英的方法
CN112090247B (zh) * 2020-10-31 2023-01-17 张家港市金秋环保科技有限公司 一种电场线张紧调节装置及张紧调节方法

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2045647A (en) * 1979-03-28 1980-11-05 Burgess Mfg Air Cleaners Ltd Ionizing devices
JPH04301117A (ja) 1991-03-28 1992-10-23 Teikoku Piston Ring Co Ltd 微粒子分離装置
CH695113A5 (de) 2000-10-02 2005-12-15 Empa Vorrichtung zur Rauchgasreinigung an Kleinfeuerungen.
US7332019B2 (en) * 2005-08-17 2008-02-19 American Standard International Inc. Air filtration system
JP4650322B2 (ja) * 2006-03-28 2011-03-16 株式会社島津製作所 発光分析装置

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EP2062649A3 (fr) 2013-07-17
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