EP2311570A1 - Séparateur électrostatique doté d'une tension d'alimentation améliorée, procédé d'alimentation haute tension et système de chauffage - Google Patents

Séparateur électrostatique doté d'une tension d'alimentation améliorée, procédé d'alimentation haute tension et système de chauffage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2311570A1
EP2311570A1 EP10182343A EP10182343A EP2311570A1 EP 2311570 A1 EP2311570 A1 EP 2311570A1 EP 10182343 A EP10182343 A EP 10182343A EP 10182343 A EP10182343 A EP 10182343A EP 2311570 A1 EP2311570 A1 EP 2311570A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode
supply
voltage
electrostatic precipitator
high voltage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP10182343A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Dietmar Steiner
Tania Gonzalez-Baquet
Wolfgang Sinz
Knut Balzer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP2311570A1 publication Critical patent/EP2311570A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
    • B03C3/68—Control systems therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
    • B03C2201/10—Ionising electrode with two or more serrated ends or sides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
    • B03C2201/24—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation for measuring or calculating of parameters, e.g. efficiency

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for reducing particle adhesion to an electrode of an electrostatic precipitator and / or for maintaining the suitability of the electrostatic precipitator for charging particles in flue gas flows according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention relates to an electrostatic precipitator, in particular for an exhaust pipe of an exhaust gas purification system, according to the preamble of claim 5.
  • the invention relates to a heating system for generating energy by means of combustion of an energy carrier with an electrostatic precipitator according to claim 12.
  • emission control systems Due to emissions from heating systems and global efforts to reduce such emissions - see, for example, the Kyoto Protocol - heating systems use appropriate emission control systems. These are in particular to filter out the harmful substances and particles from exhaust gases, so that the remaining, purified exhaust gas can safely be released to the environment.
  • emission control systems are used in biomass heating systems, where in addition to otherwise economic and environmental benefits increased emissions of pollutants in the exhaust gases can occur.
  • biomass heating systems where in addition to otherwise economic and environmental benefits increased emissions of pollutants in the exhaust gases can occur.
  • relatively high emission of particulate matter as a pollutant component is a problem in biomass heating systems.
  • An emission control system which is used for biomass heating systems to reduce particulate matter emission.
  • the device described therein can be installed in a flue gas channel and for this purpose has a lid which can be placed gas-tight on an associated opening on a flue gas channel.
  • a spray electrode for example in the form of a tensioned rod, is held over an insulating holder.
  • a high-voltage transformer with rectifier function allows the construction of a high DC voltage between the wire and the lid, which is electrically connected to the furnace tube, so that it acts as a collector electrode.
  • Such an electrostatic filter with a spray electrode and a collector electrode is also known as an electrostatic precipitator.
  • the separator is used for exhaust gas purification in an exhaust pipe of a heating system.
  • a capacitor is formed by the spray, which runs approximately centrally through the exhaust pipe and therefore also referred to as the center electrode, and a peripheral surface of the exhaust pipe, which is also referred to as a cylindrical capacitor in a cylindrical tube-shaped design of the exhaust pipe.
  • the spray or center electrode generally has a circular cross section in the flow direction of the exhaust gas, wherein the diameter of the cross section or the radius of curvature is generally formed relatively small (for example, less than 0.4 mm).
  • a field extending transversely to the flow direction is formed by the center electrode and the collector electrode formed by the lateral surface with field lines from the center electrode to the collector electrode.
  • a high voltage is applied to the center electrode, for example in the range of 15 kV.
  • a corona discharge is formed, through which the particles flowing through the field in the exhaust gas are charged in a unipolar manner. Due to this charge, most of the particles migrate through the electrostatic Coulomb forces to the inner wall of the exhaust pipe, which serves as a collector electrode.
  • the particles are electrostatically charged by the corona discharge which forms along the surface of the electrode. This is done at the molecular level by the following process: Is the electrode z. B. compared to the exhaust pipe to negative high voltage, so a large number of gas molecules is negatively charged. They move in the electric field applied by the electrode and the exhaust pipe in the direction of the exhaust pipe. If these meet on their way through the exhaust pipe to electrically neutral particles, they stick to these and charge the previously neutral particles also negative. The charged particles flow driven by electrostatic deflection forces to the inner wall of the exhaust pipe. Here the particles stick, lose their charge and are safely removed from the exhaust stream. This is the core process of an electrostatic precipitator and, depending on the geometry, height of the corona current, electrode shape, etc., leads to deposition rates of up to more than 90%.
  • Burning produces bipolar charged particles.
  • the distribution is symmetric, d. h., there are the same number of positive as negatively charged particles.
  • the number of charged particles is reduced by approx. 10% per second due to coagulation, there are still more than 10% charged particles at the electrostatic precipitator (corresponding to about one to two seconds of particle flying time from the place of combustion).
  • the positive particles flow towards the electrode.
  • a part is neutralized or negatively charged while flowing through the charger, but the rest of the particles reaches the electrode and deposits there. Over the service life it comes therefore to function restrictions of the electrostatic deflector.
  • the fine dust deposited on the electrode locally prevents the formation of the corona.
  • the deposition efficiency of the system is degraded.
  • in the immediate vicinity of the corona (within a radius of a few millimeters around the electrode) there is a bipolar charge area. Electrically neutral particles which flow through this area can also be positively charged by a negative electrode. They then flow to the electrode.
  • One part is neutralized or negatively charged by the corona, but a small remainder reaches the electrode and also deposits there.
  • a disadvantage of the electrostatic precipitators according to the prior art is that it comes after a longer period of operation to a continuous degradation of the corona current at a constant high voltage. As a result, the charging efficiency of the electrode decreases, which in turn reduces the separation efficiency of the entire system. Furthermore, the operation of electrostatic precipitators in exhaust gas contaminated with particulate matter leads to a so-called corona quenching (extinction of the corona). Corona quenching is formed, if in the case of high particle concentration, about> 10 14 particles / m 3 , the charged particles form a charge cloud, ie a space charge field, which surrounds the spray electrode.
  • the high voltage supply is designed as a DC power source.
  • the deposition rates also decrease because of the corona quenching.
  • the charge cloud distorts the field distribution in the charger and weakens the electric field near the spray electrode.
  • the field emission of free electrons from the surface of the spray wire is reduced, whereby fewer gas ions are available and consequently the charging of further particulate matter particles is reduced.
  • the movement of the charged fine dust particles towards the charging electrode is impaired.
  • the charging of the dust particles does not extend to the entire cross section of the exhaust pipe, but takes place only in a small area around the spray around. The separation efficiency of the system drops accordingly. It sometimes comes to unstable corona and dirty electrodes that bring a corona current to a standstill.
  • the notion of suitability of the electrostatic precipitator to charge particles in flue gas streams can generally be defined as ensuring a sufficiently high corona current or current to cause a sufficiently high number of gas ions to cause each particle to be provided with at least one elementary electric charge. In other words, this charging suitability prevents corona quenching.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method for reducing particle adhesion to an electrode of an electrostatic precipitator and / or to maintain the suitability of the electrostatic precipitator for charging particles in flue gas streams, an electrostatic precipitator and a heating system, which overcome this disadvantage and which in particular prevent or reduce deposition of particles on the electrode in order to increase the service life and efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a heating system with a separator according to the invention, which guarantees reliable exhaust gas purification.
  • the inventive method for reducing particle adhesion to an electrode of an electrostatic precipitator and for preventing corona quenching comprising supplying the electrode with a high DC voltage for operation of the electrode, is characterized in that supplying at least temporarily a clocked supply with a high DC voltage, so that a non-constant supply of high DC voltage of the electrode is effected.
  • the electrode is supplied in a permanently timed manner.
  • the electrode is alternately clocked and supplied unclocked with high DC voltage.
  • another embodiment of the present invention contemplates that switching from clocked supply to uncactuated supply is corona current dependent.
  • the inventive electrostatic precipitator in particular for an exhaust pipe of an exhaust gas purification system, with a flow channel having a channel wall and a channel inside, through which a particle-containing exhaust gas flows in a flow direction, and in the channel interior substantially in the flow direction extending electrode, to form a corona discharge zone by means of an electric field between the electrode and the channel wall, as well as a high voltage supply source with a constant supply section, which supplies the electrode with a constant high DC voltage, characterized in that the high voltage supply source has a clocked supply section to supply the electrode clocked a high DC voltage at least in the short term to improve the separation efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator.
  • a controller for switching between the clocked supply section and the constant supply section has, in order to switch between the two supply sections during operation.
  • An embodiment of the electrostatic precipitator according to the invention for generating ideal voltage pulses with the highest separation efficiency is characterized in that the high voltage supply source comprises a DC high voltage source and a high voltage switch to a clocked supply of repetitive voltage pulses in the form of rectangles to create.
  • a particularly cost-effective embodiment by using series components is characterized in that the high-voltage supply source comprises at least one of the following components ignition coil, electronic switch, diode and / or capacitor to a clocked supply of repetitive voltage pulses in the form of rectangles To create saw teeth, parabolas, triangles.
  • At least one branching of the electrode discharge electrode preferably a plurality of branching Sprühelektrodenabitese is / are formed.
  • the spray electrode section is / are formed as a spray electrode tip part and / or spray electrode edge part.
  • the spray electrode section branches off transversely, in particular radially, from the electrode.
  • An embodiment of the electrostatic precipitator further provides that the Sprühelektrodenabrough longitudinally, in particular axially branches off from the electrode.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention provides that a plurality of spray electrode sections branch off from the electrode.
  • Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides that the Sprühelektrodenabitese are arranged distributed on the electrode, that a uniform, in particular homogenized arrangement of Cononaentladungszonen is realized.
  • another embodiment of the present invention provides that at least two of the Sprühelektrodenabroughe different from each other, in particular different lengths, different thickness and / or different curved, are formed.
  • the electrode is formed with the Sprühelektrodenaboughen in the manner of a barbed wire and / or in the manner of a Christmas tree.
  • At least two Sprühelektrodenabitese are arranged substantially radially to the electrode along the electrode at least two locations, wherein the lengths of the arranged at one point Sprühelektrodenabête are substantially equal and the lengths distinguish the arranged at another location Sprühelektrodenabroughe.
  • Yet another advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the Sprühelektrodenabitese are arranged distributed on the electrode, that a uniform, in particular homogenized arrangement of Cononaentladungszonen is realized.
  • the heating system according to the invention for generating heat energy by burning of an energy source such as biomass is characterized in that a particulate matter emitting heating system such as a biomass heating system for Burning of the energy carrier, wherein particulate exhaust gases are formed, and an inventive electrostatic precipitator is provided.
  • Electrostatic precipitators are in the exhaust system a minimum flow resistance, which increases only very slowly with increasing load. They have a large absorption capacity for separated particulate matter. At slow flow velocities and sufficiently long separation distances, they have a deposition efficiency of over 80% for submicron particles. For this reason, they are therefore a promising option for the emission control of a pellet heating system, other biomass heating systems or oil burners.
  • the maintenance of a high enough Coronastrom in high-emitting biomass heating systems (especially in log boilers or ovens) represents a technical difficulty in the execution of the electrostatic precipitator.
  • the extinction of the corona is reliably by the at least temporarily clocked operation of the High voltage source suppressed.
  • a corona quenching is reliably and inexpensively avoided. Regardless of the raw emission, at least 50 to 70% of the particles can be separated.
  • the electrode tips relevant for the corona formation are permanently burned free of soot. This ensures trouble-free and maintenance-free operation over many hours.
  • the other method is the alternately clocked as well as direct current (DC) operation of the high voltage source (hybrid mode).
  • the hybrid mode ensures higher deposition rates (80 to 95%) than the permanently timed mode with low raw emissions ( ⁇ 150 mg / Nm 3 ).
  • the separation efficiency after automatic switching to pulsed operation is only 50% to 70% instead of 0%.
  • the pulsed operation ensures a long maintenance-free runtime of the system by burning off the electrode tips.
  • the charging electrode is powered by a pulsed high voltage source instead of a high voltage DC source (DC-HV), corona quenching is avoided or at least reduced.
  • a pulsed high voltage source instead of a high voltage DC source (DC-HV)
  • corona quenching is avoided or at least reduced.
  • pulse duration and Repetition frequency takes place the construction of the electric field around the electrode faster than the charging of the particles.
  • the corona tips of the electrode are therefore not yet shielded by the charge cloud from the electric field and the field emission of the electrons from the surface of the electrode is still intact.
  • the spraying corona points of the electrodes are distributed homogeneously over the cross section of the exhaust pipe, the corona quenching is successfully suppressed. Measurements have shown that the particle output of a high-emitting firewood furnace can be significantly reduced.
  • pulse duration, pulse shape, pulse height or repetition frequency depend on the geometry of the exhaust pipe, the flow velocity, etc. Reproducible particle reductions were achieved in the case described with pulse durations of a few hundred ⁇ s and repetition frequencies of a few hundred Hz.
  • the insulation materials show a higher dielectric strength at pulsed high voltage than in DC operation.
  • Fig. 1 schematically shows in a diagram a high voltage signal 1 in kV for supplying an electrode of an electrostatic precipitator over a time axis in ⁇ s.
  • the supply takes place at least temporarily clocked with a high DC voltage, in this case with a maximum of about -25 kV.
  • a clocking of the high voltage signal 1 is selected so that at the point A1, the high voltage signal 1 increases approximately parabolic to -25 kV and then drops again to about 0V at a second point A2.
  • This high voltage pulse occurs repeatedly, with a repetition frequency or timing dependent on the set parameters.
  • between two high voltage pulses as in Fig. 1 do not show high voltage created.
  • a constant high voltage is applied between two pulses.
  • Fig. 2 schematically shows in a perspective view of an embodiment of an electrode 2 of an electrostatic precipitator with multiple Sprühelektrodenabitesen 2a.
  • the electrostatic precipitator which is described here only by way of example and is not shown further, is arranged at least partially in the exhaust gas line of an exhaust gas purification system not shown here and comprises a flow channel.
  • the flow channel is formed as a tubular portion of the exhaust pipe and includes a channel wall and a channel interior. Through the flow channel, the particle-containing exhaust gas flows in the flow direction.
  • the electrode 2 which is also referred to as a center electrode, spray electrode or corona electrode, extends in the interior of the flow channel.
  • the flow channel is preferably formed in cross section in the flow direction rotationally symmetrical about a central axis.
  • the electrode 2 extends substantially along this central axis. In this case, the electrode 2 is formed in the portion of the exhaust pipe.
  • the electrode 2 is fed via a high voltage supply source. The supply by the high voltage supply source takes place at least temporarily clocked.
  • the electrode 2 forms a charging unit in which particles can be charged electrically.
  • the electrode 2 forms an electric field with the channel wall while applying a high voltage, the field lines of which extend essentially radially to the electrode 2 or the channel wall, essentially transversely, more precisely at right angles, to the flow direction.
  • a known technical difficulty in the operation of electrostatic precipitators in particulate matter highly contaminated exhaust gas is the so-called corona quenching. It arises if, in the case of high particle concentration (in particular greater than 10 14 particles / m 3 ), the charged particles form the charge cloud - also referred to as the space charge field - which surrounds the spray electrode 2.
  • the charge cloud distorts the field distribution and weakens the electric field in the vicinity of the spray electrode 2. This reduces the field emission of free electrons from the surface of the spray electrode, whereby fewer gas ions are available and consequently the charging of further particulate matter particles is reduced. At the same time, the movement of the charged particulate matter to the charging electrode 2 is impaired.
  • the electrode 2 is clocked at least temporarily supplied with a high DC voltage, so that a non-constant supply of high DC voltage of the electrode 2 is effected.
  • the geometrically accessible charging region is widened in the illustrated electrode 2, so that the separation efficiency of the system is increased.
  • This is achieved by a multiplication and optimized distribution of the corona discharge zones.
  • the required for this discharge electrode 2 is formed with a plurality of Sprühelektrodenabêten 2 a, which in the embodiment according to Fig. 2 are formed as small peaks or edges.
  • the field strength is particularly high here, since this is inversely proportional to the radius of curvature of a geometry.
  • the tips or edges or the like are preferably distributed uniformly over the cross section of the charging unit. In this way, several small charging areas are created, which ensure the charging of the particles over the entire cross section of the charger, as shown clearly in the plan view. In the case of a laminar flow, all dust particles are captured and charged by one of these charging areas. The charging efficiency becomes increased even with turbulent flow through the larger geometric charging area.
  • electrode 2 is designed in the manner of a barbed wire formed with spikes, spray electrode sections 2a.
  • the various Sprühelektrodenabête 2a are different, in particular of different lengths.
  • the sputtering electrode sections 2a are arranged from shorter sputtering electrode sections 2a to longer sputtering electrode sections 2a.
  • both shorter and longer Sprühelektrodenabête 6a are arranged at individual nodes.
  • further spray electrode sections 2a so-called sub-spray electrode sections, are formed on the spray electrode sections 2a.
  • FIG. 2 illustrated embodiment branch off at the branching regions spaced apart in the longitudinal direction of the electrode a plurality of Sprühelektrodenabitese 2 a from.
  • two spray electrode sections branch off radially from the electrode 2 at the branch regions.
  • the branch regions are arranged in the illustrated embodiment substantially equidistant from the spray electrode 2. In other embodiments, the distances vary.
  • the individual spray electrode sections 2a do not intersect at the height of the electrode 2.
  • a constant high DC power supply is ensured with deposition rates greater than 80%.
  • the high voltage power supply is performed in the pulsed mode.
  • Flow conditions, etc. can be deposited for particulate matter emissions above 150 mg / Nm 3 50 to 70% of the particles. This represents the timed mode of operation.
  • the third operating mode is a hybrid mode.
  • the electrostatic precipitator always works in DC operation (DC operation).
  • An electronic system permanently measures the current value of the high voltage and the corona current. If the electronics detect an existing corona quenching due to strongly fluctuating values of the corona current, the system automatically switches to the pulsed mode. This can be realized for example via an ignition coil, which is connected via a high-voltage diode in parallel with the output of the DC high-voltage power supply (DC-HV power supply unit). As a result, the separation efficiency does not drop to zero, but remains above 50% even in difficult conditions. At regular intervals is switched back to the DC mode to check whether the emissions are low enough to switch back to DC mode can.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Separation (AREA)
EP10182343A 2009-10-16 2010-09-29 Séparateur électrostatique doté d'une tension d'alimentation améliorée, procédé d'alimentation haute tension et système de chauffage Pending EP2311570A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102009049549 2009-10-16

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EP2311570A1 true EP2311570A1 (fr) 2011-04-20

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4138233A (en) * 1976-06-21 1979-02-06 Senichi Masuda Pulse-charging type electric dust collecting apparatus
US4690694A (en) * 1985-07-20 1987-09-01 Metallgesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft Method of automatically controlling an electrostatic precipitator
WO1999012649A1 (fr) * 1997-09-10 1999-03-18 ABB Fläkt Aktiebolag Procede permettant de reguler l'alimentation d'un depoussiereur electrique
DE19752039A1 (de) * 1997-11-24 1999-05-27 Abb Research Ltd Elektrofilter und Verfahren zum Betrieb desselben
EP1193445A2 (fr) 2000-10-02 2002-04-03 Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt Empa Dispositif pour épurer les gaz de combustion de petites installations de chauffe

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4138233A (en) * 1976-06-21 1979-02-06 Senichi Masuda Pulse-charging type electric dust collecting apparatus
US4690694A (en) * 1985-07-20 1987-09-01 Metallgesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft Method of automatically controlling an electrostatic precipitator
WO1999012649A1 (fr) * 1997-09-10 1999-03-18 ABB Fläkt Aktiebolag Procede permettant de reguler l'alimentation d'un depoussiereur electrique
DE19752039A1 (de) * 1997-11-24 1999-05-27 Abb Research Ltd Elektrofilter und Verfahren zum Betrieb desselben
EP1193445A2 (fr) 2000-10-02 2002-04-03 Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt Empa Dispositif pour épurer les gaz de combustion de petites installations de chauffe

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