Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F15/04—Nickel compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F15/04—Nickel compounds
  • C07F15/045—Nickel compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
  • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
  • B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
  • B01J31/185—Phosphites ((RO)3P), their isomeric phosphonates (R(RO)2P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
  • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
  • B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
  • B01J31/1865—Phosphonites (RP(OR)2), their isomeric phosphinates (R2(RO)P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
  • C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
  • C01G53/08—Halides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
  • B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2231/50—Redistribution or isomerisation reactions of C-C, C=C or C-C triple bonds
  • B01J2231/52—Isomerisation reactions
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
  • B01J2531/84—Metals of the iron group
  • B01J2531/847—Nickel

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of nickel (0) -phosphorus ligand complexes.
• the present invention furthermore relates to the mixtures containing nickel (0) -phosphorus ligand complexes obtainable by this process and to their use in the hydrocyanation of alkenes or isomerization of unsaturated nitriles.
• Nickel complexes of phosphorus ligands are suitable catalysts for the hydrocyanation of alkenes.
• nickel complexes with monodentate phosphites are known which catalyze the hydrocyanation of butadiene to produce a mixture of isomeric pentenenitriles.
• These catalysts are also suitable in a subsequent isomerization of the branched 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile to linear 3-pentenenitrile and the hydrocyanation of the 3-pentenenitrile to adiponitrile, an important intermediate in the production of nylon.
• No. 3,903,120 describes the production of zero-valent nickel complexes with monodentate phosphite ligands starting from nickel powder.
• the phosphorus-containing ligands have the general formula PZ 3 , in which Z corresponds to an alkyl, alkoxy or aryloxy group.
• This process uses finely divided elemental nickel.
• the reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a nitric solvent and in the presence of an excess of ligand.
• No. 3,846,461 describes a process for the preparation of zero-valent nickel complexes with triorganophosphite ligands by reaction of triorganophosphite compounds with nickel chloride in the presence of a finely divided reducing metal which is more electropositive than nickel.
• the reaction according to US 3,846,461 takes place in the presence of a promoter which is selected from the group consisting of NH 3 , NH X, Zn (NH 3 ) 2 X 2 and mixtures of NH * X and ZnX 2 , wherein X is a halide equivalent.
• US 2003/0100442 A1 describes a process for the production of a nickel (O) chelate complex, in which, in the presence of a chelate ligand and a nitrile-containing solvent, nickel chloride is reduced with a more electropositive metal than nickel, in particular zinc or iron.
• nickel chloride is reduced with a more electropositive metal than nickel, in particular zinc or iron.
• an excess of nickel salt is used, which has to be separated off again after the complexation.
• the process is usually carried out with water-containing nickel chloride, which can lead to their decomposition, in particular if hydrolysis-labile ligands are used.
• nickel chloride is first dried by a special process in which very small particles with a large surface area and thus higher Reactivity can be obtained.
• a disadvantage of the method is in particular that the fine dust of nickel chloride produced by spray drying is carcinogenic.
• Another disadvantage of this process is that the reaction is generally carried out at elevated reaction temperatures, which can lead to the decomposition of the ligand or the complex, particularly in the case of temperature-labile ligands.
• Another disadvantage is that an excess of reagents has to be used in order to achieve economic sales. After the reaction has ended, these excesses have to be removed in a complex manner and, if necessary, returned.
• GB 1 000477 and BE 621 207 relate to processes for the production of nickel (O) -
• an anhydrous nickel source is to be used, so that hydrolysis-labile ligands not be decomposed during complexation.
• the reaction conditions should preferably be gentle so that temperature-labile ligands and the complexes formed do not decompose.
• the method according to the invention should preferably make it possible to use no or only a small excess of the reagents, so that a separation of these substances - after the preparation of the complex - is as unnecessary as possible.
• the process should also be suitable for the production of nickel (0) complexes with chelate ligands.
• the object is achieved according to the invention by a process for the preparation of nickel (0) -phosphorus ligand complexes containing at least one nickel (0) central atom and at least one phosphorus-containing ligand.
• the process according to the invention is characterized in that a water-containing nickel (II) halide dried by azeotropic distillation is reduced in the presence of at least one phosphorus-containing ligand.
• a water-containing nickel (II) halide is used in the azeotropic distillation.
• Water-containing nickel (II) halide is a nickel halide which is selected from the group of nickel chloride, nickel bromide and nickel iodide, which contains at least 2% by weight of water. Examples of these are nickel chloride dihydrate, nickel chloride hexahydrate, an aqueous solution of nickel chloride, nickel bromide trihydrate, an aqueous solution of nickel bromide, nickel iodide hydrates or an aqueous solution of nickel iodide. In the case of nickel chloride, nickel chloride hexahydrate or an aqueous solution of nickel chloride is preferably used. In the case of nickel bromide and nickel iodide, the aqueous solutions are preferably used. An aqueous solution of nickel chloride is particularly preferred. ,
• the concentration of the nickel (II) halide is in
• nickel chloride In the case of an aqueous solution of nickel chloride, it is therefore advantageous for practical reasons to add a proportion of nickel halide to the total weight of nickel chloride and water at room temperature. to be chosen from a maximum of 31% by weight. At higher temperatures, correspondingly higher concentrations can be chosen, which result from the solubility of nickel chloride in water.
• azeotropic distillation is a process for removing water from the corresponding water-containing nickel (II) halide, to which a diluent is added, the boiling point of which in the case of non-azeotropic formation of the diluent with water under the pressure conditions the distillation mentioned below is higher than the boiling point of water and which is liquid at this boiling point of water or which forms an azeotrope or heteroazeotrope with water under the pressure and temperature conditions of the distillation mentioned below, and the mixture containing the water-containing nickel (II ) -halide and the diluent, with separation of water or said azeotrope or said heteroazeotrope from this mixture and to obtain an anhydrous mixture containing nickel (II) halide and said diluent.
• the starting mixture can contain further constituents, such as ionic or nonionic, organic or inorganic compounds, in particular those which are homogeneously miscible with the starting mixture or are soluble in the starting mixture.
• the water-containing nickel (II) halide is mixed with a diluent whose boiling point is higher than the boiling point of water under the pressure conditions of the distillation and which is liquid at this boiling point of the water.
• the pressure conditions for the subsequent distillation are not critical per se. Pressures of at least 10 " MPa, preferably at least 10 " 3 MPa, in particular at least 5 * 10 "3 MPa, have proven advantageous. Pressures of at most 1 MPa, preferably at most 5 * 10 " 1 MPa, in particular at most 1, have proven advantageous , 5 * 10 "1 MPa.
• the distillation temperature is then set depending on the pressure conditions and the composition of the mixture to be distilled.
• the diluent is preferably liquid.
• the term diluent is understood to mean both an individual diluent and a mixture of such diluents, and in the case of such a mixture the physical properties mentioned in the present invention relate to this mixture.
• the diluent preferably has a boiling point which, in the case of non-azeotrope formation of the diluent with water, is higher than that of water, preferably by at least 5 ° C., in particular at least 20 ° C., and preferably at most 200 ° C, especially at most 100 ° C.
• diluents can be used which form an azeotrope or heteroazeotrope with water.
• the amount of diluent is not critical per se to the amount of water in the mixture. It is advantageous to use more liquid diluent than the amounts to be distilled off by the azeotropes, so that excess diluent remains as the bottom product.
• the amount of diluent is not critical per se in relation to the amount of water in the mixture.
• the diluent used is in particular selected from the group consisting of organic nitriles, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons and mixtures of the aforementioned solvents.
• organic nitriles acetonitrile, propionitrile, n-butyronitrile, n-valeronitrile, cyanocyclopropane, acrylonitrile, crotonitrile, allyl cyanide, cis-2-pentenenitrile, trans-2-pentenenitrile, cis-3-pentenenitrile, trans-3-pentenenitrile 4-pentenenitrile, 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, Z-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, E-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, ethylsuccinitrile, adiponitrile, methylglutaronitrile or mixtures thereof.
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons can preferably be selected from the group of linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbons, particularly preferably from the group of cycloaliphatics, such as cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane, or mixtures thereof.
• cycloaliphatics such as cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane, or mixtures thereof.
• Cis-3-pentenenitrile, trans-3-pentenenitrile, adiponitrile, methylglutaronitrile or mixtures thereof are particularly preferably used as solvents.
• the amount of diluent such that the proportion of the nickel (II) halide in the finished mixture of the total weight of nickel (II) halide and diluent is at least 0.05% by weight, preferably at least 0.5% by weight, particularly preferably at least 1% by weight.
• the amount has proven to be advantageous of diluent so that the proportion of nickel (II) halide in the total weight of nickel (II) halide and diluent in the finished mixture is at most 50% by weight, preferably at most 30% by weight, particularly is preferably at most 20% by weight.
• the mixture containing the water-containing nickel (II) halide and the diluent is distilled, with the separation of water from this mixture and obtaining an anhydrous mixture containing nickel (II) halide and the said diluent.
• the mixture is first prepared and then distilled.
• the water-containing nickel halide, particularly preferably the aqueous solution of the nickel halide is gradually added to the boiling diluent during the distillation.
• the distillation can advantageously be carried out at a pressure of at most 200 kPa, preferably at most 100 kPa, in particular at most 50 kPa, particularly preferably at most 20 kPa.
• the distillation can preferably be carried out at a pressure of at least 1 kPa, preferably at least 5 kPa, particularly preferably 10 kPa.
• the distillation can advantageously be carried out by single-stage evaporation, preferably by fractional distillation in one or more, such as 2 or 3, distillation apparatuses.
• Equipment suitable for distillation for this purpose such as those described, for example, in: Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Ed., Vol. 7, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979, pages 870-881 , such as sieve plate columns, bubble tray columns, packing columns, packed columns, columns with side take-off or dividing wall columns.
• the distillation can be carried out batchwise.
• the distillation can be carried out continuously.
• the process according to the invention for the production of nickel (0) -phosphorus ligand complexes containing at least one nickel (0) central atom and at least one phosphorus-containing ligand, is characterized in that the azeotropically distilled lation dried nickel (II) halide is reduced in the presence of at least one phosphorus-containing ligand.
• the phosphorus-containing ligands are preferably selected from the group consisting of phosphines, phosphites, phosphinites and phosphonites.
• These phosphorus-containing ligands preferably have the formula I: P (X 1 R 1 ) (X 2 R 2 ) (X 3 R 3 ) (I)
• compound I is understood to mean a single compound or a mixture of different compounds of the aforementioned formula.
• X 1 , X 2 , X 3 are independently oxygen or a single bond. If all of the groups X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are individual bonds, compound I is a phosphine of the formula P (R 1 R 2 R 3 ) with the meanings given for R 1 , R 2 and R 3 in this description ,
• compound I is a phosphinite of the formula P (OR 1 ) (R 2 ) (R 3 ) or P (R 1 ) (OR 2 ) (R 3 ) or P (R 1 ) (R) (OR 3 ) with the meanings given below for R 2 and R 3 .
• compound I represents a phosphonite of the formula P (OR 1 ) (OR 2 ) (R 3 ) or P (R 1 ) (OR 2 ) (OR 3 ) or P (OR 1 ) (R 2 ) (OR 3 ) with the meanings given for R 2 and R 3 in this description.
• all of the groups X 1 , X 2 and X 3 should stand for oxygen, so that compound I is advantageously a phosphite of the formula P (OR 1 ) (OR 2 ) (OR 3 ) with those for R 1 , R 2 and R 3 represents meanings mentioned below.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 independently of one another represent identical or different organic radicals.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are, independently of one another, alkyl radicals, preferably having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, Aryl groups, such as phenyl, o-tolyl, m-tolyl, p-tolyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, or hydrocarbyl, preferably with 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as 1,1'-biphenol, 1,1 -Binaphthol into consideration.
• the groups R 1 , R 2 and R 3 can be connected to one another directly, that is not solely via the central phosphorus atom. be that.
• the groups R 2 and R 3 are preferably not directly connected
• groups R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are selected from the group consisting of phenyl, o-tolyl, m-tolyl and p-tolyl. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a maximum of two of the groups R 1 , R 2 and R 3 should be phenyl groups.
• a maximum of two of the groups R 2 , R 3 and R 3 should be o-tolyl groups.
• Particularly preferred compounds I are those of the formula I a
• Such compounds I a are, for example, (p-tolyl-O -) (phenyl-O-) 2 P, (m-tolyl-O -) (phenyl-O-) 2 P, (o-tolyl-O-) (phenyl -O-) 2 P, (p-tolyl-O-) 2 (phenyl-O-) P, (m-tolyl-O-) 2 (phenyl-O-) P, (o-tolyl-O-) 2 (Phenyl-O-) P, (m-tolyl-O -) (p-tolyl-O) (phenyl-O-) P, (o-tolyl-O -) (p-tolyl-O -) (phenyl- O-) P, (o-Tolyi-O -) (m-tolyl-O -) (phenyl-O-) P, (p-tolyl-O-) 3 P, (m-tolyl-
• Mixtures containing (m-tolyl-O-) 3 P, (m-tolyl-O-) 2 (p-tolyl-O-) P, (m-tolyl-O -) (p-tolyl-O-) P and (P-tolyl-O-) 3 P can be obtained, for example, by reacting a mixture containing m-cresol and p-cresol, in particular in a molar ratio of 2: 1, as is obtained in the working up of petroleum by distillation, with a phosphorus trihalide, such as phosphorus trichloride. receive.
• phosphites of the formula Ib described in more detail in DE-A 199 53 058 are suitable as phosphorus-containing ligands:
• R 1 aromatic radical with a CrC ⁇ alkyl substituent in the o-position to the oxygen atom which connects the phosphorus atom to the aromatic system, or with an aromatic substituent in the o-position to the oxygen atom that connects the phosphorus atom to the aromatic system, or with an aromatic system fused in the o-position to the oxygen atom that connects the phosphorus atom to the aromatic system,
• R 2 aromatic radical with a C r C 18 alkyl substituent in the m-position to the oxygen atom that connects the phosphorus atom with the aromatic system, or with an aromatic substituent in the m-position to the oxygen atom that connects the phosphorus atom with the aromatic system connects, or with an aromatic system fused in the m-position to the oxygen atom, which connects the phosphorus atom with the aromatic system, whereby the aromatic remainder in the o-position to the oxygen atom, which connects the phosphorus atom with the aromatic system Carries hydrogen atom,
• R 3 aromatic radical with a CC 18 alkyl substituent in the p-position to the oxygen atom that connects the phosphorus atom to the aromatic system, or with an aromatic substituent in the p-position to the oxygen atom that connects the phosphorus atom to the aromatic system , the aromatic radical in the o-position to the oxygen atom which connects the phosphorus atom to the aromatic system carries a hydrogen atom,
• R 4 aromatic radical which, in the o-, m- and p-position to the oxygen atom which connects the phosphorus atom to the aromatic system, bears other substituents than those defined for R 1 , R 2 and R 3 , the aromatic radical bears a hydrogen atom in the o-position to the oxygen atom that connects the phosphorus atom to the aromatic system,
• Preferred phosphites of the formula Ib can be found in DE-A 199 53 058.
• the radical R 1 advantageously includes o-tolyl, o-ethyl-phenyl, on-propyl-phenyl, o-isopropyl-phenyl, on-butyl-phenyl, o-sec-butyl-phenyl, o- tert-Butyl-phenyl, (o-Pheny ⁇ ) phenyl or 1-naphthyl groups into consideration.
• the radical R 2 is m-tolyl, m-ethyl-phenyl, mn-propyl-phenyl, m-isopropyl-phenyl, mn-butyl-phenyl, m-sec-butyl-phenyl, m-tert -Butyl-phenyl-, (m-phenyl) -pheny ⁇ or 2-naphthyl groups preferred.
• the radical R 3 is advantageously p-tolyl, p-ethyl-phenyl, pn-propyl-phenyl, p-isopropyl-phenyl, pn-butyl-phenyl, p-sec-butyi-phenyl-, p- tert-butyl-phenyl- or (p- Phenyl) phenyl groups into consideration.
• R 4 is preferably phenyl.
• P is preferably zero.
• Preferred phosphites of the formula Ib are those in which p is zero and R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are selected independently of one another from o-isopropylphenyl, m-tolyl and p-tolyl, and R 4 is phenyl.
• Particularly preferred phosphites of the formula Ib are those in which R 1 is the o-isopropylphenyl radical, R 2 is the m-tolyl radical and R 3 is the p-tolyl radical with the indices mentioned in the table above; also those in which R 1 is the o-tolyl radical, R 2 is the m-tolyl radical and R 3 is the p-tolyl radical with the indices specified in the table; furthermore those in which R 1 is the 1-naphthyl radical, R 2 is the m-tolyl radical and R 3 is the p-tolyl radical with the indices specified in the table; also those in which R 1 is the o-tolyl radical, R 2 is the 2-naphthyl radical and R 3 is the p-tolyl radical with the indices specified in the table; and finally those in which R 1 is the o-isopropylphenyl radical, R 2 is the 2-naphthyl
• Phosphites of formula I b can be obtained by
• the said dihalophosphoric acid monoester is reacted with an alcohol selected from the group consisting of R 1 OH, R 2 OH, R 3 OH and R OH or mixtures thereof to give a monohalophosphoric acid diester and
• the implementation can be carried out in three separate steps. Two of the three steps can also be combined, i.e. a) with b) or b) with c). Alternatively, all of steps a), b) and c) can be combined with one another.
• Suitable parameters and amounts of the alcohols selected from the group consisting of R 1 OH, R 2 OH, R 3 OH and R 4 OH or their mixtures can easily be determined by a few simple preliminary tests.
• Suitable phosphorus trihalides are in principle all phosphorus trihalides, preferably those in which Cl, Br, I, in particular Cl, is used as the halide, and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of different identical or different halogen-substituted phosphines can also be used as the phosphorus trihalide. PCI 3 is particularly preferred. Further details on the reaction conditions in the preparation of the phosphites Ib and on the workup can be found in DE-A 199 53 058.
• the phosphites Ib can also be used as a ligand in the form of a mixture of different phosphites Ib. Such a mixture can occur, for example, in the production of the phosphites Ib.
• the phosphorus-containing ligand is multidentate, in particular bidentate.
• the ligand used therefore preferably has the formula II
• R 11 , R 12 independently of one another the same or different, individual or bridged organic radicals
• R 21 , R 22 independently of one another are identical or different, individual or bridged organic radicals,
• compound II is understood to mean a single compound or a mixture of different compounds of the abovementioned formula.
• X 11 , X 12 , X 13 , X 21 , X 22 , X 23 can represent oxygen.
• the bridging group Y is linked to phosphite groups.
• X 11 and X 12 oxygen and X 13 can be a single bond or X 11 and X 13 oxygen and X 12 can be a single bond, so that the phosphorus atom surrounded by X 11 , X 12 and X 13 is the central atom of a phosphonite.
• X 21 , X 22 and X 23 oxygen or X 21 and X 22 oxygen and X 23 a single bond or X 21 and X 23 oxygen and X 22 a single bond or X 23 oxygen and X 21 and X 22 a single bond or X 21 oxygen and X 22 and X 23 represent a single bond or X 21 , X 22 and X 23 represent a single bond, so that the phosphorus atom surrounded by X 21 , X 22 and X 23 represents the central atom of a phosphite, phosphonite, phosphinite or phosphine, preferably a phosphonite.
• X 13 oxygen and X 11 and X 12 can be a single bond or X 11 oxygen and X 12 and X 13 can be a single bond, so that the phosphorus atom surrounded by X 11 , X "12 and X 13 is the central atom of a phosphonite
• X 21 , X 22 and X 23 oxygen or X 23 oxygen and X 21 and X ⁇ a single bond or X 21 oxygen and X 22 and X 23 a single bond or X 21 , X 22 and X 23 a single bond represent, so that the phosphorus atom surrounded by X 21 , X 22 and X 23 can be the central atom of a phosphite, phosphinite or phosphine, preferably a phosphinite.
• X 11 , X 12 and X 13 can represent a single bond, so that the phosphorus atom surrounded by X 11 , X 12 and X 13 is the central atom of a phosphine.
• X 21 , X 22 and X 23 oxygen or X 21 , X 22 and X 23 represent a single bond, so that the phosphorus atom surrounded by X 21 , X 22 and X 23 is the central atom of a phosphite or phosphine, preferably a phosphine , can be.
• Suitable bridging groups Y are preferably substituted, for example with CC-alkyl, halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, halogenated alkyl, such as trifluoroethyl, aryl, such as phenyl, or unsubstituted aryl groups, preferably those having 6 to 20 carbon atoms in the aromatic system , in particular pyrocatechol, bis (phenol) or bis (naphthol).
• the radicals R 11 and R 12 can independently represent the same or different organic radicals.
• R, R 1 and R 12 aryl radicals such preferably having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, are suitable, which may be unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted, in particular by C r C 4 alkyl, halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, Bromine, halogenated alkyl such as trifluoromethyl, aryl such as phenyl, or unsubstituted aryl groups.
• halogen such as fluorine, chlorine, Bromine
• halogenated alkyl such as trifluoromethyl
• aryl such as phenyl
• unsubstituted aryl groups unsubstituted aryl groups.
• radicals R 21 and R 22 can independently represent the same or different organic radicals.
• aryl radicals preferably those having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, which can be unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted, in particular by C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, Bromine, halogenated alkyl such as trifluoromethyl, aryl such as phenyl, or unsubstituted aryl groups.
• the radicals R 11 and R 12 can be individually or bridged.
• the radicals R 21 and R 22 can also be individual or bridged.
• the radicals R 11 , R 2 , R 21 and R 22 can all be individually, two bridged and two individually or all four bridged in the manner described.
• the compounds of the formula I, II, III, IV and V mentioned in US Pat. No. 5,723,641 are suitable.
• the compounds of the formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII mentioned in US Pat. No. 5,512,696, in particular the compounds used there in Examples 1 to 31, come into consideration.
• the compounds mentioned in US Pat. No. 6,127,567 and the compounds used there in Examples 1 to 29 are suitable.
• the compounds of the formula I, II, IM, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X mentioned in US Pat. No. 6,020,516, in particular the compounds used there in Examples 1 to 33 come into consideration.
• the compounds of the formulas I, II and III mentioned in US Pat. No. 5,847,191 are suitable.
• the compounds mentioned in WO 98/27054 are suitable.
• the compounds mentioned in WO 99/13983 are suitable.
• the compounds mentioned in WO 99/64155 come into consideration.
• the compounds mentioned in German patent application DE 10038037 come into consideration.
• the compounds mentioned in German patent application DE 10046025 come into consideration.
• the compounds mentioned in German patent application DE 101 502 85 come into consideration.
• the compounds mentioned in German patent application DE 101 502 86 come into consideration.
• the compounds mentioned in German patent application DE 102 071 65 come into consideration.
• the phosphorus-containing chelate ligands mentioned in US 2003/0100442 A1 come into consideration.
• the phosphorus-containing chelate ligands mentioned in the unpublished German patent application file number DE 103 50 999.2 dated October 30, 2003 come into consideration.
• the compounds I, I a, I b and II described and their preparation are known per se. Mixtures containing at least two of the compounds I, I a, I b and II can also be used as the phosphorus-containing ligand.
• the phosphorus-containing ligand of the nickel (0) complex and / or the free phosphorus-containing ligand is selected from tritolylphosphite, bidentate phosphorus-containing chelate ligands, and the phosphites of the formula Ib
• the process according to the invention for the preparation of nickel (0) -phosphorus ligand complexes, containing at least one nickel (0) central atom and at least one phosphorus-containing ligand, by reduction is preferably carried out in the presence of a solvent.
• the solvent is in particular selected from the group consisting of organic nitriles, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons and mixtures of the solvents mentioned above.
• organic nitriles acetonitrile, propionitrile, n-butyronitrile, n-valeronitrile, cyanocyclopropane, acrylonitrile, crotonitrile, allyl cyanide, cis-2-pentenenitrile, trans-2-pentenenitrile, cis-3-pentenenitrile, trans-3-pentenenitrile, 4-pentenenitrile, 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, Z-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, E-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, ethylsuccinonitrile, adiponitrile, methylglutaronitrile or mixtures thereof.
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons can preferably be selected from the group of linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbons, particularly preferably from the group of cycloaliphatics, such as cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane, or mixtures thereof.
• cycloaliphatics such as cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane, or mixtures thereof.
• Cis-3-pentenenitrile, trans-3-pentenenitrile, adiponitrile, methylglutaronitrile or mixtures thereof are particularly preferably used as solvents.
• An inert solvent is preferably used.
• the concentration of the solvent is preferably 10 to 90% by mass, particularly preferably 20 to 70% by mass, in particular 30 to 60% by mass, in each case based on the finished reaction mixture.
• the solvent is identical to the diluent which is used in the process according to the invention described above for the preparation of the anhydrous mixture comprising the nickel (II) haemogen and the diluent.
• the concentration of the ligand in the solvent is preferably 1 to 90% by weight, particularly preferably 5 to 80% by weight, in particular 50 to 80% by weight.
• the reducing agent used in the process according to the invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of metals which are more electropositive than nickel, metal alkyls, electric current, complex hydrides and hydrogen.
• a metal which is more electropositive than nickel is used as the reducing agent in the process according to the invention, this metal is preferably selected from the group consisting of sodium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium, titanium, vanadium, Iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, cadmium, aluminum, gallium, indium, tin, lead and thorium. Iron and zinc are particularly preferred.
• aluminum is used as the reducing agent, it is advantageous if it is preactivated by reaction with a catalytic amount of mercury (II) salt or metal alkyl. Triethylaluminum is preferably used for the preactivation in an amount of preferably 0.05 to 50 mol%, particularly preferably 0.5 to 10 mol%.
• the reducing metal is preferably finely divided, the term "finely divided" meaning that the metal is used in a particle size of less than 10 mesh, particularly preferably less than 20 mesh.
• the amount of metal is preferably 0.1 to 50% by weight, based on the reaction mass.
• metal alkyls are used as reducing agents in the process according to the invention, they are preferably lithium alkyls, sodium alkyls, magnesium alkyls, in particular Grignard reagents, zinc alkyls or aluminum alkyls.
• Aluminum alkyls such as trimethyl aluminum, triethyl aluminum, tri-isopropyl aluminum or mixtures thereof, in particular triethyl aluminum, are particularly preferred.
• the metal alkyls can be used in bulk or dissolved in an inert organic solvent such as hexane, heptane or toluene.
• metal aluminum hydrides such as lithium aluminum hydride
• metal borohydrides such as sodium borohydride
• the molar ratio of the redox equivalents between the nickel (II) source and the reducing agent is preferably 1: 1 to 1: 100, particularly preferably 1: 1 to 1:50, in particular 1: 1 to 1: 5.
• the ligand to be used can also be present in a ligand solution which has already been used as a catalyst solution in hydrocyanation reactions and is depleted in nickel (O).
• This "back catalyst solution” generally has the following composition:
• the free ligand contained in the back catalyst solution can thus be converted back to a nickel (0) complex by the process according to the invention.
• the ratio of the nickel (II) source to the phosphorus-containing ligand is 1: 1 to 1: 100. Further preferred ratios of the nickel (II) source to the phosphorus-containing ligand are 1: 1 to 1: 3, especially 1: 1 to 1: 2.
• the method according to the invention can be carried out at any pressure.
• pressures between 0.1 bara and 5 bara, preferably 0.5 bara and 1.5 bara, are preferred.
• the process according to the invention can be carried out in batch mode or continuously.
• the nickel (II) ether adduct can also first be isolated and optionally dried and dissolved or resuspended again to produce the nickel (0) -phosphorus ligand complex.
• the adduct can be isolated from the suspension by methods known per se to the person skilled in the art, such as filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation or by hydrocyclones, such as, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Unit Operation I, Vol.
• the method according to the invention comprises the following method steps:
• the pre-complexing temperatures, addition temperatures and reaction temperatures can, independently of one another, be 20 ° C. to 120 ° C. Temperatures of 30 ° C. to 80 ° C. are particularly preferred in the pre-complexing, addition and reaction.
• the pre-complexation periods, addition periods and implementation periods can, independently of one another, be 1 minute to 24 hours.
• the pre-complexation period is in particular 1 minute to 3 hours.
• the addition period is preferably 1 minute to 30 minutes.
• the reaction period is preferably 20 minutes to 5 hours.
• the present invention furthermore relates to the solutions containing nickel (0) -phosphorus ligand complexes obtainable by the process according to the invention and to their use in the hydrocyanation of alkenes and unsaturated nitriles, in particular in the hydrocyanation of butadiene for the preparation of a mixture of pentenenitriles and the hydrocyanation of pentenenitriles to adiponitrile.
• the present invention also relates to their use in the isomerization of alkenes and unsaturated nitriles, in particular of 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile to 3-pentenenitrile.
• the present invention further provides a process for the preparation of a nickel (II) halide dried by azeotropic distillation by removing water from mixtures comprising at least one water-containing nickel (II) halide, the mixture being mixed with a diluent whose boiling point in the case of non-azeotropic formation of the said diluent with water under the pressure conditions of the distillation mentioned below is higher than the boiling point of water and which is liquid at this boiling point of water or that Forms azeotropically or heteroazeotropically with water under the pressure and temperature conditions of the distillation mentioned below, and the mixture containing the water-containing nickel (II) halide and the diluent, with the separation of water or said acetrope or said heteroazeotrope therefrom Mixture and to obtain an anhydrous mixture containing nickel (II) halide and said diluent is distilled. Further designs and refinements of this method have already been described above.
• the complex solutions produced were examined for their content of active, complexed Ni (0).
• the solutions were mixed with tri (m / p-tolyl) phosphite (typically 1 g phosphite per 1 g solution) and kept at 80 ° C. for about 30 minutes in order to achieve complete re-complexing.
• the current-voltage curve was then measured in a still solution against a reference electrode for electrochemical oxidation in a cyclic voltammetric measuring apparatus, which determines the peak current proportional to the concentration and over a calibration with solutions of known Ni (0) concentrations of the Ni (0) content of the test solution - corrected for the subsequent dilution with tri (m / p-tolyl) phosphite - determined.
• the Ni (0) values mentioned in the examples indicate the Ni (0) content, determined by this method, in% by weight, based on the total reaction solution.
• a suspension prepared analogously to Example 2 was evaporated almost to dryness, resuspended in 3 g of 3-pentenenitrile and mixed with 50 g of chelate solution (43 mmol ligand). 4 g of Zn powder (61 mmol, 1.4 eq.) Were added at 80 ° C. and the mixture was stirred for 4 h. An Ni (0) value of 2.3% (60% conversion) was measured.
• Examples 5 and 6 describe the separate preparation of a NiCl 2 suspension.
• Examples 7-12 describe the preparation of the nickel complexes from a separately prepared suspension.
• Example 9 A reaction was carried out analogously to Example 8, but the temperature was raised to 80 ° C. before the Zn powder was added. After 5 h, a Ni (0) value of 1.4% (50% conversion) was measured.
• Example 10 A reaction was carried out analogously to Example 8, but the temperature was raised to 80 ° C. before the Zn powder was added. After 5 h, a Ni (0) value of 1.4% (50% conversion) was measured.
• Example 10 A reaction was carried out analogously to Example 8, but the temperature was raised to 80 ° C. before the Zn powder was added. After 5 h, a Ni (0) value of 1.4% (50% conversion) was measured.
• Example 10 A reaction was carried out analogously to Example 8, but the temperature was raised to 80 ° C. before the Zn powder was added. After 5 h, a Ni (0) value of 1.4% (50% conversion) was measured.
• Example 10 A reaction was carried out analogously to Example 8, but the temperature was raised to 80 ° C. before the Zn powder was added. After 5 h, a
• a "back catalyst solution” was used as the ligand solution, which had already been used as a catalyst solution in hydrocyanation reactions and had been strongly depleted in Ni (0).
• the composition of the solution is about 20% by weight of pentenenitriles, about 6% by weight .-% adiponitrile, approx. 3% by weight other nitriles, approx. 70% by weight ligand (consisting of a mixture of 40 mol% chelate phosphonite 1 and 60 mol% tri (m / p-tolyl) phosphite) and a nickel (O) content of only 0.8%.
• anhydrous nickel chloride was used as the nickel source.
• Comparative Example 1 In a 500 ml flask equipped with a stirrer, 11 g (85 mmol) of NiCl 2 were suspended in 13 g of 3-pentenenitrile under argon, 100 g of chelate solution (86 mmol of ligand) were added and the mixture was stirred at 80 ° C. for 15 minutes , After cooling to 40 ° C., 8 g of Zn powder (122 mmol, 1.4 eq.) Were added and the mixture was stirred at 40 ° C. for 4 h. An Ni (0) value of 0.05% (1% conversion) was measured.

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