EP1651800A1 - Elektrochemische zelle - Google Patents
Elektrochemische zelleInfo
- Publication number
- EP1651800A1 EP1651800A1 EP04763328A EP04763328A EP1651800A1 EP 1651800 A1 EP1651800 A1 EP 1651800A1 EP 04763328 A EP04763328 A EP 04763328A EP 04763328 A EP04763328 A EP 04763328A EP 1651800 A1 EP1651800 A1 EP 1651800A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ion exchange
- exchange membrane
- gas diffusion
- diffusion electrode
- electrochemical cell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(F)(=O)=O UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 57
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 15
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- BVJAAVMKGRODCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenerhodium Chemical compound [Rh]=S BVJAAVMKGRODCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001410 Microfiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001252 Pd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002848 Pt–Ru Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKJXWXPLHJTGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Rh].[S].[C] Chemical compound [Rh].[S].[C] IKJXWXPLHJTGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000856 hastalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003658 microfiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007431 microscopic evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002926 oxygen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- CMDGQTVYVAKDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1,2,3-triol;hydrate Chemical compound O.OCC(O)CO CMDGQTVYVAKDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DPGAAOUOSQHIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium titanium Chemical compound [Ti].[Ru] DPGAAOUOSQHIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
- C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electrochemical cell having a gas diffusion electrode as a cathode, which is particularly suitable for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride.
- a method for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is e.g. from US-A 5,770,035.
- An anode compartment with a suitable anode consisting e.g. of a titanium-palladium alloy substrate coated with a mixed oxide of ruthenium, iridium and titanium is filled with the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride.
- the chlorine formed at the anode escapes from the anode compartment and is fed to a suitable treatment.
- the anode compartment is separated from a cathode compartment by a commercially available cation exchange membrane.
- On the cathode side is a gas diffusion electrode on the cathode
- Gas diffusion electrodes are, for example, oxygen-consuming cathodes (SVK).
- SVK oxygen-consuming cathodes
- ion exchange membranes have a flat support made of a woven fabric, mesh, braid or the like, for example made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), on the one side a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, such as Nation ® , a commercial product of DuPont, is applied , If such an ion exchange membrane is used in an electrolysis cell with a gas diffusion electrode as an oxygen-consuming cathode for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, a comparatively high operating voltage in the range from 1.25 to 1.3 V at 5 kA / m 2 can be observed.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a membrane electrolysis cell with a gas diffusion electrode as the cathode, in particular for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, which has the lowest possible operating voltage.
- the invention relates to an electrochemical cell for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, at least consisting of an anode half-cell with an anode, a cathode half-cell with a gas diffusion electrode as a cathode and an arranged between the anode half-cell and cathode half-cell ion exchange membrane which consists of at least one Perfluorsulf onklare polymer wherein the gas diffusion electrode and the ion exchange membrane abut one another, characterized in that the surface of the gas diffusion electrode facing the ion exchange membrane and the surface of the ion exchange membrane facing the gas diffusion electrode are smooth.
- Another object of the invention is an electrochemical cell for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, at least consisting of an anode half-cell with an anode, a cathode half-cell with a gas diffusion electrode as a cathode and an arranged between the anode half-cell and cathode half-cell ion exchange membrane, which at least of a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer wherein the gas diffusion electrode and the ion exchange membrane lie against one another, characterized in that the gas diffusion electrode and the ion exchange membrane under a pressure of 250 g / cm 2 and a temperature of 60 ° C, a contact area of at least 50%, preferably of at least 70%, based on the geometric surface.
- the contact surface of the invention between the gas diffusion electrode and the ion exchange membrane, under a pressure of 250 g / cm 2 and a temperature of 60 ° C can be determined, for example, according to Example 5.
- the experiment according to Example 5 simulates the conditions of pressure and temperature in the electrochemical cell according to the invention during operation.
- the ion exchange membrane consists of at least one layer of a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, such as National® . Further perfluorosulfonic acid polymers which can be used for the electrolysis cell according to the invention are described, for example, in EP-A 1 292 634.
- the ion exchange membrane may additionally comprise a carrier or embedded microfibers for mechanical reinforcement.
- the carrier of the ion exchange membrane is preferably a net, woven fabric, braid, knitted fabric, fleece or foam of an elastically or plastically deformable material, more preferably of metal, plastic, carbon and / or glass fibers.
- plastics are particularly suitable PTFE, PVC or PVC-HT.
- the support is embedded in a layer or between at least two layers of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.
- the ion exchange membrane is particularly preferably composed of at least two layers of the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, wherein the carrier of the ion exchange membrane is embedded between the layers or in one of the two layers of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer. This can be done, for example, by applying at least one layer of a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer to both sides of the support.
- the ion exchange membrane When the support is embedded in a layer or between at least two layers of the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, the ion exchange membrane has a smoother surface than an ion exchange membrane in which the support has only one side of a layer of a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.
- a smoother surface of the ion exchange membrane allows better contact with the gas diffusion electrode. The smoother the surface of the ion exchange membrane, the larger it is the area where the ion exchange membrane contacts the adjacent gas diffusion electrode.
- the gas diffusion electrode comprises an electrically conductive support, preferably of a woven, braided, mesh or fleece of carbon, metal or sintered metal.
- the metal or sintered metal must be resistant to hydrochloric acid. These include e.g. Titanium, hafnium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum and some Hastalloy alloys.
- the electroconductive support is optionally provided with a coating composition containing an acetylene black polytetrafluoroethylene mixture. This coating composition can be applied, for example, by trowelling onto the electrically conductive support and then sintered at temperatures of about 340 ° C. This coating composition serves as a gas diffusion layer.
- the gas diffusion layer can be applied to the electrically conductive carrier over the entire surface.
- An electrically conductive carrier made of a carbon nonwoven provided with a gas diffusion layer of an acetylene black polytetrafluoroethylene mixture is commercially available, for example from SGL Carbon Group.
- the gas diffusion electrode further comprises a catalyst-containing layer, also referred to as a catalyst layer.
- the catalysts used for the gas diffusion electrode may be: noble metals, for example Pt, Rh, Ix, Re, Pd, noble metal alloys, eg Pt-Ru, compounds containing precious metals, for example noble metal-containing sulfides and oxides, and Chevrel phases, eg Mo 4 Ru 2 Se 8 or Mo 4 Ru 2 S 8 , which may also contain Pt, Rh, Re, Pd etc.
- a gas diffusion electrode suitable for the electrolysis cell according to the invention and its production is e.g. from WO 04/032263 A known.
- the ion exchange membrane and the gas diffusion electrode which in operation acts as a cathode, lie against each other over the whole area, the ion exchange membrane and the gas diffusion electrode having a contact area of at least 50 under a pressure of 250 g / cm 2 and a temperature of 60 ° C. % exhibit.
- an electrochemical cell of the type according to the invention is operated under a pressure of 0.2 to 0.5 kg / m 2 and a temperature of 40 to 65 ° C.
- For the gas diffusion electrode as smooth as possible surface is desirable because the smoothest possible surface improves contact with the ion exchange membrane.
- the gas diffusion layer and / or the catalyst layer can be applied by means of a spraying process, wherein the drops of the sprayed dispersion must be as uniform as possible.
- a suitable spraying method is described, for example, in WO 04/032263 A. known.
- an open-pored, electrically conductive carrier is used in which the pores are closed by the gas diffusion layer.
- the gas diffusion layer and / or catalyst layer may also be applied by rolling or brushing.
- the largest possible contact surface is achieved by the appropriate choice of the gas diffusion electrode and the ion exchange membrane. Both must have the smoothest possible surface and at the same time the best possible micro-deformability, i. have a good deformability in the micrometer range.
- the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode is applied to the ion exchange membrane.
- the catalyst layer may, for example, be applied to the ion exchange membrane by means of spraying or by means of the film casting method known from the prior art.
- the ion exchange membrane and the catalyst layer form a membrane electrode assembly (MEA).
- the electrically conductive carrier is attached to the gas diffusion layer on the catalyst layer.
- the contact area according to the invention of at least 50%, preferably at least 70%, based on the geometric area, under a pressure of 250 g / cm 2 and a temperature of 60 ° C lies here between the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer of the MEA.
- the electrolysis cell according to the invention has an operating voltage which is lower by 100 to 300 mV.
- the ion exchange membrane is made up of at least two layers, the layers having different equivalent weights.
- the equivalent weight is to be understood as meaning the amount of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer required to neutralize 1 liter of 1N sodium hydroxide solution.
- the equivalent weight is thus a measure of the concentration of the ion-exchanging sulfonic acid groups.
- the equivalent weight of the ion exchange membrane is preferably 600 to 2500, more preferably 900 to 2000.
- the layers can in principle be arranged arbitrarily to one another. However, preference is given to an ion exchange membrane in which the layer of the ion exchange membrane which faces the gas diffusion electrode, ie, abuts against the gas diffusion electrode, has a higher equivalent weight than the other layers. If the ion exchange membrane is composed of two layers, for example, the equivalent weight of the layer facing the anode is 600 to 1100 and the equivalent weight of the gas diffusion layer is 600 to 1100. On the other hand, if more than two layers are present, the equivalent weight may increase, for example, from the layer facing the anode in the direction of the layer facing the gas diffusion electrode. However, it is also possible that higher and lower equivalent weight layers are alternately arranged, with the layer adjacent to the gas diffusion electrode having the highest equivalent weight.
- the chlorine transport through the ion exchange membrane can be reduced.
- the least possible migration of chlorine through the ion exchange membrane is desirable.
- the migration of chlorine should be completely suppressed, as chlorine in the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode is reduced to chloride and forms dilute hydrochloric acid with the reaction water formed in the cathode half-cell. This can not be reused on the one hand and must therefore be disposed of.
- the contact of dilute hydrochloric acid with the gas diffusion electrode leads to overvoltages and possibly to corrosive damage to the catalyst contained in the gas diffusion electrode.
- the transport of water from the anode half cell through the ion exchange membrane into the cathode half cell is reduced to approximately one third. This too is advantageous since less dilute hydrochloric acid is formed in the cathode half-cell, which must be disposed of.
- Another advantage of the lower water transport is that there is less risk of the formation of a water film on the surface of the gas diffusion electrode. This in turn improves acid transport through the gas diffusion electrode.
- the anode of the electrochemical cell according to the invention consists of a network; Woven fabric, knitted fabric, braid or the like, preferably made of an expanded metal such as Pd-stabilized titanium, which is provided for example with a coating of Ru-Ti mixed oxide.
- a suitable anode is known, for example, from WO 03/056065 A. Examples
- the ion exchange membrane had as carrier a glass fiber inner support web, ie, the support was embedded in the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.
- the ion exchange membrane used is described in EP-A 129 26 34.
- the gas diffusion electrode has the following structure. An electrically conductive carrier made of carbon fabric was provided with a gas diffusion layer consisting of an acetylene black polytetrafluoroethylene mixture. On this carrier provided with the gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer consisting of a catalyst-polytetrafluoroethylene mixture was applied. The Rhodiumsulf ⁇ d catalyst was sorbed on carbon black (Vulcan ® XC72).
- the gas diffusion electrode was operated in direct contact with an ion exchange membrane, it was additionally provided with a layer of National® , a proton-conducting ionomer, in order to achieve better attachment to the ion exchange membrane.
- the oxygen-consuming cathode was almost smooth on its surface except for the typical shrinkage cracks from the manufacturing process.
- the oxygen-consuming cathodes used are described in US Pat. No. 6,149,782.
- the current distributor of the oxygen-consuming cathode was a titanium expanded metal with a Ti / Ru mixed oxide coating.
- the anode used was a commercially available titanium-palladium expanded metal anode with a titanium-ruthenium mixed oxide coating.
- test cell Under the operating conditions of 5 kA m 2 , 60 ° C, 14% technical hydrochloric acid and a distance of 3 mm between anode and hydrostatically pressed with 200 mbar to the cathode ion exchange membrane, the test cell showed an operating voltage of 1J6 V in a 16- • day continuous operation ,
- Example 1 the oxygen-consuming cathode described in Example 1 were prepared under the conditions described in Example 1 with a proton conducting ion-exchange membrane of the type Nation ® 324 DuPont tested.
- the oxygen-consuming cathodes were from the same manufacturing batch as the oxygen-consuming cathodes used in Example 1.
- the carrier was not coated on both sides with the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, but only on one side, wherein the carrier was in the form of a supporting tissue on the Sauerstoffverzehrkathode.
- the structure of the supporting fabric significantly increases the roughness of the surface.
- an ion exchange membrane of the company Fumatech described in Example 1 was tested with an oxygen-consuming cathode, which consisted of a carbon nonwoven, filled with a gas diffusion layer (as described in Example 1) and with a catalyst layer consisting of 30% rhodium sulfide carbon black of the type Vulcan XC72 ® and Nafion ® - ionomer solution was sprayed.
- the oxygen-consuming cathode had a surface roughness of about 140 ⁇ m, cf. Example 5, on. This electrode showed a stable operating voltage of 1.28 V.
- Chlorine diffusion through different ion exchange membrane types was investigated. This manifests itself in connection with the water transport number under operating conditions in a different hydrochloric acid concentration of the catholyte.
- the following membranes were tested under standstill conditions in the de-energized state:
- Nafion ® 117 a single layer having an equivalent weight of 1100; without supporting tissue Nafion ® 324: two layers having an equivalent weight of 1100 or 1500; with an outer support fabric facing the oxygen-consuming cathode, ie the support was not embedded in the perfluorosulfonic acid ion exchange membrane from Fumatech, single-layered with an equivalent weight of 950 and internal support fabric, ie the support was embedded in the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer (hereinafter referred to as Fumatech®).
- Fumatech® perfluorosulfonic acid polymer
- an ion exchange membrane having a combination of two or more layers of different equivalent weights is preferred, with the equivalent weight increasing toward the oxygen-consuming cathode. In this way, a significant reduction of the chlorine diffusion, possibly to zero, can be achieved.
- the very low water transport number of the Fumatech membrane which is about 1/3 of that of the Naf ⁇ on ® membranes, allows operation of the oxygen-consuming cathode in the wet state, ie not in the wet state. Operation in wet condition is known by all Nafion ® membranes.
- the contact area between the gas diffusion electrode (GDE) and the ion exchange membrane was determined by simulating the conditions prevailing in an electrolytic cell with the help of the following laboratory experiment.
- a strip of an ion exchange membrane of about 3 ⁇ 7 cm 2 was impregnated on one side with 30 ⁇ l of a fluorescence solution.
- the fluorescence solution was prepared from a glycerol-water mixture.
- the fluorescein powder was dissolved in water and added to glycerol.
- the ratio of water: glycerol was 1: 1 (80 mg fluorescein, 4.7 g water, 4.7 g glycerol).
- the unilaterally impregnated ion exchange membrane was stretched over a neoprene fine foam pad so that the impregnated surface was supported on the fine foam pad.
- This Femschaumkissen facing surface is hereinafter also referred to as the bottom.
- the neoprene foam pad had a size of 2.2 x 2.2 cm 2 .
- the top of the ion exchange membrane was also wetted with 30 ⁇ l of the fluorescence solution. Subsequently, the surface was covered with a glass plate and pressed with a weight of about 200 g. As a result, the fluorescent solution on the top and bottom of the ion exchange membrane distributed evenly over both surfaces.
- the soaked and applied to a fine foam pad ion exchange membrane was stored in a desiccator at 100% humidity and at room temperature for 3 hours. The membrane was completely saturated. After storage in the desiccator, the two surfaces of the ion exchange membrane were freed from the remaining liquid film.
- the gas diffusion electrode having an area of 2.2 ⁇ 2.2 cm 2 was placed on the ion exchange membrane (the surface facing the ion exchange membrane will hereinafter be referred to as a surface).
- the power distributor was placed on the back, ie, the ion exchange membrane facing away from the surface of the gas diffusion electrode. Then the appropriate weight was provided, which ensures the pressure of 250 g / cm 2 .
- Thisylonauibau was stored in a desiccator at 100% humidity and 60 ° C, 19 h in a drying oven.
- the gas diffusion electrode was removed and fixed on a microscope slide for microscopic evaluation.
- the image section was 6.250 x 6.250 mm 2 .
- the photomultiplier gain of the Backscattering channel was set to 322 volts at full laser power (about 22 mW, laser output).
- the photomultiplier voltage of the fluorescence channel was 1000 volts.
- the pictures were taken in 488 /> 590 nm mode. At this setting, the 488 nm wavelength of the Ar + laser was illuminated.
- the backscatter image was recorded at the same wavelength.
- the image in the fluorescence channel was created by the fluorescence light of the sample surface, which is longer than 590 nm. '
- the images for evaluation of the imprint area were taken with the objective x 10 / 0.3 air.
- the image section was then 1.0 ⁇ 1.0 mm 2 .
- 8 image sections were taken. Since the surfaces show marked topographical features, cross-sectional series were taken.
- the height difference to be overcome was about 70 ⁇ m, for the carbon nonwoven electrode about 140 ⁇ m.
- Images were also recorded in 488 /> 590 nm mode.
- a sectional image series of 72.9 ⁇ m was taken in each case with 63 individual sections.
- the gain at the backscatter channel was 231 volts
- the gain at the fluorescence channel was 672 volts.
- a topography image was created.
- a projection image was generated from the image data set of the fluorescence channel. In this projection image, only the brightest point from the cross-section series running in the z direction was shown for each xy coordinate. This image was used for further image analysis of area occupation. '
- a histogram was taken in a set image frame with an enclosed area of 261632 pixels. In this histogram, the frequencies that have occurred were determined for each intensity (0 - 255) (see Table 1).
- Example 1 was (also called type A hereinafter), carbon cloth electrode of Example 3, wherein the carbon cloth filled with a gas diffusion layer and sprayed with a rhodium sulphide catalyst layer and a Nafion ® -Ionomeradd according (hereinafter also referred to as type B) and carbon nonwoven electrodes, which with a gas diffusion layer open-pore coated and sprayed with a rhodium sulfide catalyst layer and a Nafion ® ionomer solution (hereinafter also referred to as Type C).
- an open-pored coating is here to be understood a coating which the pores of the carbon fabric or the like. does not close.
- An open-pored coating can be achieved, for example, by impregnating the carrier, for example the carbon nonwoven, while in the case of a closed-pored, ie filled, coating, the gas diffusion layer is applied to the carrier, for example, whereby the pores of the carrier are filled.
- Fumatech with an internal, ie embedded, carrier according to Example 1 (referred to as Fumatech 950), ion exchange membranes of the perfluorosulfonic acid type of the company.
- DuPont with an overlying, ie not embedded, carrier. according to Example 2 (designated Nafion® 324) and ion exchange membranes of the perfluorosulfonic acid type from DuPont without carrier (designated Nafion® 105).
- the voltage was measured at 5 kA / m 2 and 60 ° C.
- the results in Table 1 show that a large contact area between ion exchange membrane and gas diffusion electrode is associated with a lower cell voltage than a small contact area.
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PL04763328T PL1651800T3 (pl) | 2003-07-30 | 2004-07-19 | Ogniwo elektrochemiczne |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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DE10335184A DE10335184A1 (de) | 2003-07-30 | 2003-07-30 | Elektrochemische Zelle |
PCT/EP2004/008038 WO2005012596A1 (de) | 2003-07-30 | 2004-07-19 | Elektrochemische zelle |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1651800A1 true EP1651800A1 (de) | 2006-05-03 |
EP1651800B1 EP1651800B1 (de) | 2012-01-11 |
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EP04763328A Expired - Lifetime EP1651800B1 (de) | 2003-07-30 | 2004-07-19 | Elektrochemische zelle |
Country Status (13)
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US (1) | US7803259B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1651800B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5127225B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR101142614B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1829826A (de) |
AT (1) | ATE541070T1 (de) |
BR (1) | BRPI0413105B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10335184A1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2379080T3 (de) |
PL (1) | PL1651800T3 (de) |
PT (1) | PT1651800E (de) |
TW (1) | TWI360588B (de) |
WO (1) | WO2005012596A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102006023261A1 (de) * | 2006-05-18 | 2007-11-22 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Chlor aus Chlorwasserstoff und Sauerstoff |
US20100239467A1 (en) | 2008-06-17 | 2010-09-23 | Brent Constantz | Methods and systems for utilizing waste sources of metal oxides |
JP2012513944A (ja) | 2007-12-28 | 2012-06-21 | カレラ コーポレイション | Co2を捕捉する方法 |
DE102008015901A1 (de) * | 2008-03-27 | 2009-10-01 | Bayer Technology Services Gmbh | Elektrolysezelle zur Chlorwasserstoffelektrolyse |
DE102008015902A1 (de) | 2008-03-27 | 2009-10-01 | Bayer Technology Services Gmbh | Verfahren zur Sauerstoffreduktion |
EP2245214B1 (de) | 2008-07-16 | 2014-10-15 | Calera Corporation | Elektrochemisches system und methode zur co2-verwendung |
TW201026597A (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2010-07-16 | Calera Corp | CO2-sequestering formed building materials |
US8869477B2 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2014-10-28 | Calera Corporation | Formed building materials |
US7815880B2 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2010-10-19 | Calera Corporation | Reduced-carbon footprint concrete compositions |
US9133581B2 (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2015-09-15 | Calera Corporation | Non-cementitious compositions comprising vaterite and methods thereof |
EP2245215A4 (de) | 2009-02-10 | 2011-04-27 | Calera Corp | Niedrigspannungs-alkaliproduktion mithilfe von wasserstoff und elektrokatalytischen elektroden |
CA2694959A1 (en) | 2009-03-02 | 2010-09-02 | Calera Corporation | Gas stream multi-pollutants control systems and methods |
JP5553581B2 (ja) * | 2009-11-16 | 2014-07-16 | キヤノン株式会社 | 情報処理装置、情報処理装置の制御方法、及びコンピュータプログラム |
WO2011066293A1 (en) * | 2009-11-30 | 2011-06-03 | Calera Corporation | Alkaline production using a gas diffusion anode with a hydrostatic pressure |
US9175135B2 (en) | 2010-03-30 | 2015-11-03 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Process for preparing diaryl carbonates and polycarbonates |
ES2643234T3 (es) | 2010-03-30 | 2017-11-21 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Procedimiento para la preparación de carbonatos de diarilo y policarbonatos |
ITMI20121736A1 (it) * | 2012-10-16 | 2014-04-17 | Industrie De Nora Spa | Cella di elettrolisi di soluzioni alcaline |
DE102013009230A1 (de) | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-04 | Otto-von-Guericke-Universität | Verfahren und Membranreaktor zur Herstellung von Chlor aus Chlorwasserstoffgas |
TW201504477A (zh) * | 2013-07-17 | 2015-02-01 | Industrie De Nora Spa | 電解電池和鹼溶液電解槽以及在電池內之電解方法 |
DE102015215309A1 (de) | 2015-08-11 | 2017-02-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Präparationstechnik von kohlenwasserstoffselektiven Gasdiffusionselektroden basierend auf Cu-haltigen-Katalysatoren |
DE102017204096A1 (de) | 2017-03-13 | 2018-09-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Herstellung von Gasdiffusionselektroden mit Ionentransport-Harzen zur elektrochemischen Reduktion von CO2 zu chemischen Wertstoffen |
DE102018210458A1 (de) | 2018-06-27 | 2020-01-02 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Gasdiffusionselektrode zur Kohlendioxid-Verwertung, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie Elektrolysezelle mit Gasdiffusionselektrode |
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US4242184A (en) * | 1979-03-28 | 1980-12-30 | Olin Corporation | Membrane cell chlor-alkali process having improved overall efficiency |
GB2051870B (en) * | 1979-06-07 | 1983-04-20 | Asahi Chemical Ind | Method for electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal chloride solution |
JPS56139684A (en) * | 1980-04-01 | 1981-10-31 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | Production of hydrogen and chlorine |
JPS5739187A (en) * | 1980-08-15 | 1982-03-04 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Improved composite membrane |
EP0253119A3 (de) * | 1986-06-13 | 1989-07-19 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Ionenaustauschermembran für die Elektrolyse |
US4954388A (en) | 1988-11-30 | 1990-09-04 | Mallouk Robert S | Fabric reinforced composite membrane |
US5411641A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-02 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical conversion of anhydrous hydrogen halide to halogen gas using a cation-transporting membrane |
US6042702A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 2000-03-28 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical cell having a current distributor comprising a conductive polymer composite material |
JPH08333693A (ja) * | 1995-06-05 | 1996-12-17 | Permelec Electrode Ltd | 電解槽 |
IT1282367B1 (it) * | 1996-01-19 | 1998-03-20 | De Nora Spa | Migliorato metodo per l'elettrolisi di soluzioni acquose di acido cloridrico |
US6059943A (en) * | 1997-07-30 | 2000-05-09 | Lynntech, Inc. | Composite membrane suitable for use in electrochemical devices |
DE10159708A1 (de) * | 2001-12-05 | 2003-06-18 | Bayer Ag | Alkalichlorid-Elektrolysezelle mit Gasdiffusionselektroden |
-
2003
- 2003-07-30 DE DE10335184A patent/DE10335184A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2004
- 2004-07-19 PL PL04763328T patent/PL1651800T3/pl unknown
- 2004-07-19 JP JP2006521463A patent/JP5127225B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-07-19 ES ES04763328T patent/ES2379080T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-07-19 KR KR1020067001988A patent/KR101142614B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-07-19 EP EP04763328A patent/EP1651800B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-07-19 CN CNA2004800219564A patent/CN1829826A/zh active Pending
- 2004-07-19 BR BRPI0413105-3A patent/BRPI0413105B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-07-19 US US10/566,066 patent/US7803259B2/en active Active
- 2004-07-19 WO PCT/EP2004/008038 patent/WO2005012596A1/de active Application Filing
- 2004-07-19 AT AT04763328T patent/ATE541070T1/de active
- 2004-07-19 PT PT04763328T patent/PT1651800E/pt unknown
- 2004-07-29 TW TW093122635A patent/TWI360588B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO2005012596A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TWI360588B (en) | 2012-03-21 |
US20060249380A1 (en) | 2006-11-09 |
KR20060054377A (ko) | 2006-05-22 |
BRPI0413105A (pt) | 2006-10-03 |
BRPI0413105B1 (pt) | 2014-05-13 |
CN1829826A (zh) | 2006-09-06 |
TW200519230A (en) | 2005-06-16 |
PL1651800T3 (pl) | 2012-06-29 |
US7803259B2 (en) | 2010-09-28 |
DE10335184A1 (de) | 2005-03-03 |
PT1651800E (pt) | 2012-03-21 |
JP2007500286A (ja) | 2007-01-11 |
WO2005012596A1 (de) | 2005-02-10 |
KR101142614B1 (ko) | 2012-05-03 |
ES2379080T3 (es) | 2012-04-20 |
JP5127225B2 (ja) | 2013-01-23 |
EP1651800B1 (de) | 2012-01-11 |
ATE541070T1 (de) | 2012-01-15 |
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