Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
  • C08J7/12—Chemical modification
  • C08J7/16—Chemical modification with polymerisable compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/24—Electrically-conducting paints
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
  • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31511—Of epoxy ether

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for producing electrically conductive plastic moldings, the electrically conductive plastic moldings and their uses.
• EP 0 514 557 B1 describes a coating solution for forming a transparent, conductive coating consisting of powdery conductive particles e.g. B. based on metal oxide z. B. tin oxide in a matrix of a thermally curable silica polymer coating system.
• Coated substrates e.g. B. ceramic surfaces, layers of paint with thicknesses in the range of z. B. 500 to 7000 A (angstroms, 10 ⁇ 10 m). It is emphasized as advantageous to use products in which the conductive particles are predominantly present as individual particles, largely or completely free of aggregates.
• Silica polymer coating systems are largely unsuitable for coating many plastic substrates because they have to be cured at very high temperatures, and as a rule are very brittle and poorly adhering.
• EP-A 0 911 859 describes transparent, electrically conductive structures composed of a transparent substrate, a transparent, electrically conductive coating and a further transparent coating. Silver grains coated with gold or platinum and having a size of 1 to 100 nm are used as electrically conductive particles in a binder matrix. In comparative examples are under among other things, particles of indium tin- ⁇ x ⁇ d (1TO) are used in the thermally hardenable - siloxane lacquer system.
• DE 101 29 374 describes a process for the production of molded articles made of plastic with an electrically conductive coating, in that one molded article is coated on one side with a paint system consisting of a) a binder, b) optionally a solvent, c) optionally other additives commonly used in paint systems, and d ) 10 to 300 parts by weight (based on component a)) of an electrically conductive metal oxide powder with an average particle size of 5 to 130 nm, coated in a manner known per se, and the shaped body treated or stored in this way before the coating layer cured that the metal oxide powder particles in the half of the lacquer layer facing the boundary layer to the air accumulate so that at least 65% of the particles are in this half of the lacquer layer and then the lacquer layer is then cured or allowed to harden ,
• the object was to provide a method for producing molded articles made of plastic with an electrically conductive coating, in which good conductivities are achieved even with comparatively reduced amounts of metal oxide powders.
• Electrically conductive metal oxide powder such as. B. indium tin oxide (ITO) can be used in powder form in coating systems that can be used to produce electrically conductive coatings on all types of moldings.
• ITO indium tin oxide
• a commercial disadvantage is the high price of the electrically conductive metal oxide powder, so that such coatings can only be offered for very high-priced products.
• the high price z. B. of indium tin oxide (ITO) powder results among other things from the complex Manufacturing process according to the SöFGel principle, which comprises a large number of laborious work steps.
• the step of storing the already coated plastic molded bodies should be avoided, since the plastic molded body is mechanically very sensitive in this state.
• ways should be found to replace the rather expensive ITO with cheaper products without significantly impairing the functionality of the coating, such as the electrical conductivity or the scratch resistance.
• Another task was to develop a coating system in which the highest possible proportion of electrically conductive metal oxide powder and nanoparticles can be incorporated without increasing the viscosity in such a way that the coating system can no longer be processed.
• a binder or a mixture of binders b) optionally a solvent or a solvent mixture and c) optionally further additives used in coating systems and d) optionally a thickener or a thickener mixture e) 5 to 500 parts by mass (based on component a) ) an electrically conductive metal oxide powder with a medium Primary particle size from T to 80 nm and a degree of aggregation of 0.01 to 99%, the degree of aggregation meaning that the percentage is given to which the primary particles consist of at least 2 primary particles.
• the degree of agglomeration is determined optically by means of a transmission electron microscope on the finished paint.
• the invention further relates to moldings which can be produced by the process according to the invention and have an electrically conductive coating and their uses.
• the binder can be either a physically drying or thermally or chemically curable or organic or mixed organic / inorganic binder or binder mixture that is curable by means of high-energy radiation.
• An organic binder consists of organic monomers, oligomers and / or polymers. Examples are: poly (meth) acrylates, vinyl (co) polymers,
• Epoxy resins polyurethanes or alkyd resins, crosslinking and non-crosslinking
• Reactive diluents are understood to mean low-viscosity monomers that can be polymerized into the lacquer, cross-linking reactive diluents have two or more polymerizable groups in the molecule.
• Reactive diluents would be, for example, butyl acrylate or hydroxyethyl methacrylate, a crosslinking reactive diluent is, for example, hexanediol di (meth) acrylate.
• a mixed organic / inorganic binder can ⁇ .
• B. be: polysiloxanes
• Suitable monomers are, for example, gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest A174 NT), hexanediol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, Serpol QMA 189 (Servo Delden BV, NL), dipropylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol tritetraacrylate, Bisomer PPA6E, polypropylene glycol monoacrylate, Sartomer 335, di-trimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, Sartomer CD 9038, ethoxylated bisphenol diacrylate, Sartomer CD 406, cyclohexanedimethanol diacrylate, Sartomer SR 335, lauryl acrylate, Sartomeryd SR 285, Tartrahylate SR 285, Tlacrylate SR 285, Tlacrylate SR 285, Tlacrylate SR 285, Tlacrylate SR 335, Tlacrylate
• Solvents which may be present in the coating system can be alcohols, ether alcohols or ester alcohols. These can also be mixed with one another or, if appropriate, with further solvents such as aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons or esters.
• Preferred solvents are alcohols, ether alcohols or their mixtures, mixtures of alcohols with other solvents, such as e.g. Butyl acetate, diacetone alcohol and toluene.
• Common additives c) which may be present in the coating system may e.g. B. flow aids, wetting agents, dispersing additives, antioxidants, reactive thinners, defoamers, sterically hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), or UV absorbers.
• HALS sterically hindered amine light stabilizers
• the products Byk 045, Byk 335, Efka 83, Tego 440, Silan GF16 (Wacker) are particularly preferred among the surface-active agents.
• Preferred UV absorbers are: Norbloc 7966, Bis-DHB-A (Riedel de Haen), CGL 104 (Ciba), 3- (2-benzotriazolyl) -2-hydroxy-5-tert-octyl-benzyl methacrylamide, UVA 635- L from BASF, Uvinul N35, Tinuvine 1130, 329 and 384.
• Tinuvine 770, 440, 144, 123, 765, 292, 268 are preferably used as sterically hindered amine light stabilizers.
• suitable polymers such as for example the product PLEX ® 8770 F, manufactured and marketed by Rohm GmbH & Co. KG used.
• the product PLEX ® 8770 F is a high molecular weight PMMA with the composition of approx. 75 mass% methyl methacrylate and approx. 25 mass% butyl acrylate.
• the viscosity number J is approximately 11. (determined in chloroform at 20 degrees Celsius).
• the product is prepared by bead polymerization, and 2,2'-azobis (isobutyronitrile) is used as the initiator. The methods of bead polymerization are known to the person skilled in the art.
• Suitable thickeners are: oligomeric epoxy acrylates such as Ebecryl 605, Ebecryl 608, urethane acrylates such as Ebecryl 210, Ebecryl 264, Ebecryl 284, Ebecryl 5129, Ebecryl 1290; Silicone acrylates such as Ebecryl 350 or Ebecryl 360; Polyester acrylates such as Ebecryl 440, epoxy acrylates such as Jägalux 3300, polyester acrylates such as Jägalux 1300; Polyethylene glycol diacrylates such as EM227 from IGM Resin BV, Waalwijk, NL. The products with the name Ebecryl are available from UCB, Kerpen.
• a suitable physically drying lacquer contains e.g. B. 30 wt .-% polymer, e.g. B. polymethyl methacrylate (co) polymer and 70 wt .-% solvent, e.g. B. methoxypropanol and butyl acetate. After application in a thin layer, the paint hardens automatically due to the evaporation of the solvent.
• a suitable thermally curable lacquer can e.g. B. be a polysiloxane varnish obtained by partial hydrolysis and condensation of alkylalkoxysilanes can be. The curing takes place after the evaporation of any solvents used by heating for several hours to z. B. 60 to 120 ° C.
• a suitable chemically curable paint system can e.g. B. consist of a mixture of polyisocyanates and polyols. After the reactive components have been brought together, the coating system hardens automatically within a period of a few minutes to hours.
• a suitable radiation-curable lacquer system consists, for. B. from a mixture of optionally polyunsaturated radically polymerizable vinyl unsaturated compounds, for. B. (meth) acrylate compounds.
• the curing takes place after exposure to high-energy radiation, e.g. B. UV radiation or electron beams, optionally after adding a polymerization initiator that can be activated by the radiation.
• high-energy radiation e.g. B. UV radiation or electron beams
• Examples are scratch-resistant lacquers as described in DE-A 195 071 74.
• Components a), b), and c) can represent a coating system based on poly (meth) acrylates, polysiloxanes, polyurethanes, epoxy resins or free-radically polymerizable, optionally polyfunctional, vinyl monomers.
• a paint system is particularly preferred which contains a binder which, when cured, has a functional polar group content of at least 5, preferably 10 to 25 mol%, based on the binder.
• a suitable coating composition can consist of
• H 2 C C (R) -C (O) -O- [CH 2 ] m -OH (II)
• dd 0.1-10% by weight, based on the sum of components aa) to ee), of a UV polymerization initiator and
• UV-curable coatings optionally further customary additives for UV-curable coatings, such as UV absorbers and / or additives for flow and rheology
• ff 0-300% by weight, based on the sum of components aa) to ee), of a solvent which can be easily removed by evaporation and / or 0-30% by weight, based on the sum of components aa) to ee) , a monofunctional reactive diluent.
• the coating system described is the subject of DE-A 100 02 059 by Röhm GmbH & Co. KG from January 18, 2000.
• a recipe with a thickener has the following composition:
• H 2 C C (R) -C (O) -O- [CH 2 ] m -OH (II)
• cc) 0-5% by weight, based on the sum of components aa) to ff), of an alkane polyol poly (meth) acrylate as crosslinking agent
• dd 0.1-10% by weight, based on the sum of components aa) to ff), of a UV polymerization initiator and
• UV-curable coatings such as UV absorbers and / or additives for flow and rheology ff) 0-300% by weight, based on the sum of components aa) to ff), of a solvent which can be easily removed by evaporation and / or 0-30% by weight, based on the sum of components a) to e) , a monofunctional reactive diluent.
• gg 0.5 -50% by weight, based on the sum of components aa) to ff), of a thickener or a thickener mixture.
• Such paint systems can absorb water due to their comparatively increased content of functional polar groups and are z.
• the water absorption which practically always takes place from the environment, leads to a further improvement in the electrical conductivity of the coating.
• Suitable electrically conductive metal oxide powders e) have a primary particle size in the range from 1 to 80 nm. In the undispersed state, the metal oxide powders e) can also be present as aggregates and agglomerates of primary particles and aggregates, and a particle size of the agglomerates of up to Have 2000 or up to 1000 nm. The aggregates have a size of up to 500 nm, preferably up to 200 nm.
• the average particle size of the metal oxide powder primary particles can be determined with the aid of the transmission electron microscope and is generally in the range from 5 to 50, preferably from 10 to 40, for the primary particles and particularly preferably from 15 to 35 nm. Further suitable determination methods for the mean particle size are the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller adsorption method (BET) or the X-ray diffractometry (XRD).
• BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller adsorption method
• XRD X-ray diffractometry
• the primary particles can exist as aggregates or as agglomerates. Aggregates are secondary particles that are permanently joined together by sinter bridges. Aggregates cannot be separated by dispersion processes.
• Suitable metal oxide powders are e.g. B. antimony tin oxide or indium tin oxide powder (ITO), which have a particularly good electrical conductivity. Doped variants of the metal oxide powders mentioned are also suitable.
• Corresponding products are obtained in high purity by the sol-gel process and are commercially available from various manufacturers. The mean primary particle sizes are in the range from 5 to 50 nm. The products contain a certain proportion of aggregates and agglomerates composed of individual particles. Agglomerates are secondary particles held together by Van der Waals forces that can be separated by dispersion processes.
• An indium tin oxide powder is particularly preferably used which has a proportion of aggregated particles with a particle size of 50 to 200 nm of 10 to 80, preferably 20 to 60% by volume.
• the volume percentage can be determined with the aid of a particle analyzer (e.g. Laser Particle Analyzer from Coulter or BI-90 Particle Sizer from Brookhaven) by using dynamic light scattering to determine a volume-averaged or an intensity-averaged diameter becomes.
• a suitable indium tin oxide powder can be obtained using the Aerosil manufacturing process by converting the corresponding metal chloride compounds into the metal oxides in a hot flame.
• the agglomerated particles can partially again aggregate into a few individual particles and into individual particles (primary particles).
• the proportion of the aggregated particles with a particle size of 50 to 200 nm should preferably not fall below 5%, preferably not below 10%.
• a proportion of chain-like, agglomerated particles of 25 to 90% in the coating system is favorable.
• the chain-like aggregates can also be branched or can be present as three-dimensional structures of lined up particles
• Electron microscopy shows that the aggregates form bridges with one another.
• ITO indium tin oxide
• the cited patent application describes a process for the preparation of the indium tin oxides, wherein a solution of an indium salt is mixed with a solution of a tin salt, optionally a solution of a salt is added to at least one doping component, this solution mixture is atomized, the atomized solution mixture is pyrolyzed and the product obtained separates from the exhaust gases.
• Inorganic compounds such as chlorides, nitrates and organometallic precursors such as acetates and alcoholates can be used as salts.
• the solution can optionally contain water, water-soluble organic solvents such as alcohols, for example ethanol, propanol and / or acetone.
• the solution can be atomized using an ultrasonic nebulizer, ultrasonic atomizer, two-substance nozzle or three-substance nozzle.
• the aerosol obtained can be mixed with the carrier gas and / or N2 / O2 air which is supplied to the flame.
• the aerosol can be sprayed directly into the flame.
• Water-immiscible organic solvents such as ethers, can also be used.
• the separation can be done with a filter or cyclone.
• the pyrolysis can be carried out in a flame produced by burning hydrogen / air and oxygen.
• hydrogen methane, butane and propane can also be used.
• the pyrolysis can continue to be carried out using an externally heated furnace.
• a fluidized bed reactor, a rotary tube or a pulsation reactor can also be used.
• the indium tin oxide according to the invention can be doped, for example, with the following substances in the form of the oxides and / or the elemental metals: aluminum, yttrium, magnesium, tungsten, silicon, vanadium, gold, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, silver, Palladium, ruthenium, nickel, rhodium, cadmium, Platinum, antimony, osmium, cerium, iridium, zirconium, titanium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, tantalum or zinc, it being possible to use the corresponding salts as the starting material. Doping with potassium, platinum or gold can be particularly preferred.
• ITO indium tin oxide
• paints with a content of 0.1 to 50% by mass (inert) nanoparticles and 30 to 70% by mass ITO each based on dry film result in readily curable lacquers.
• a composition of approximately 20-40% by mass of ITO and 20-40% by mass of inert nanoparticles is preferred.
• the paints are mechanically stable and adhere well to the plastic substrate.
• paints with a content of inert inorganic particles, such as SiO 2 nanoparticles have good adhesion and undiminished good electrical conductivity.
• the SiO 2 nanoparticles are manufactured in a manner known per se and marketed by Clariant GmbH under the Highlink OG brand. Products from Hanse-Chemie, Geesthacht with the trade name Nanocryl are also suitable.
• inert nanoparticles are understood to mean the following substances and classes of substances: organosols and silica sols which essentially consist of SiO 2 or Al 2 O 3 or combinations thereof.
• organosols and silica sols which essentially consist of SiO 2 or Al 2 O 3 or combinations thereof.
• Other oxidic nanoparticles such as zirconium oxide, titanium dioxide and iron oxide are also suitable.
• Finely divided, destructurized pyrogenic silicas can also be used. These differ from classic pyrogenic silicas in that they only make a comparatively small contribution to the thickening of the paint.
• functional nanoparticles in the lacquer that contribute to electrical conductivity to the same or a lesser extent than indium tin oxide. Suitable are e.g. Antimony tin oxide or zinc oxide.
• functional nanoparticles are understood to mean those particles which improve or maintain the conductivity of the overall composite by participating in the conduction of the electrical current.
• the procedure was as before, but in a different way, nanoparticles with a particle size of 9 nm were used. The same result was obtained.
• a lacquer with the same ITO concentration but without nanoparticles was produced.
• acrylate was used instead of the inert nanoparticles. A surface resistance of 10 exp 9 ohms is found.
• Suitable moldable moldings consist of plastic, preferably of a thermoplastic or thermally deformable plastic.
• thermoplastics are e.g. B. acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalates, polybutylene terephthalates, polyamides, polyimides, polystyrenes, polymethacrylates, polycarbonates, impact modified polymethyl methacrylate or other mixtures (blends) of two or more thermoplastics.
• ABS acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
• Polyethylene terephthalates polybutylene terephthalates
• polyamides polyimides
• polystyrenes polymethacrylates
• polycarbonates impact modified polymethyl methacrylate or other mixtures (blends) of two or more thermoplastics.
• Polyolefins polyethylenes or polypropylenes or cycloolefin copolymers, for example copolymers of ethylene and norbornene
• suitable pretreatment for example corona treatment, flames, plasma spraying or etching.
• a molded body made of extruded or cast polymethacrylate plastic is particularly preferred as the coatable substrate because of the high transparency of this type of plastic.
• Polymethyl methacrylate consists of at least 80, preferably 85 to 100% by weight of methyl methacrylate units.
• further free-radically polymerizable comonomers such as C to C 8 alkyl (meth) acrylates can be present.
• Suitable comonomers are e.g. B. esters of methacrylic acid (e.g. ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate), esters of acrylic acid (e.g.
• methyl acrylate ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate) or styrene and styrene derivatives, such as ⁇ -methylstyrene or p- methylstyrene.
• Cast polymethyl methacrylate is very high molecular weight and can therefore no longer be processed thermoplastically. However, it is thermally deformable (thermoelastic).
• the moldings to be coated can have any shape. However, flat shaped bodies are preferred, since they can be coated particularly easily and effectively on one or both sides.
• Flat shaped bodies are e.g. B. solid panels or hollow panels such as multi-wall sheets or double web sheets or multi-wall sheets. Are suitable for. B. also corrugated sheets.
• the moldings to be coated can have a matt, smooth or structured surface. Paint, manufacturing process and recipe:
• Suitable paints are e.g. called in DE 101 29 374.
• radiation-curable lacquers are used. Radiation-curable paints have the advantage over physically drying, chemically curing or thermally curing systems that they can change from liquid to solid within seconds, form a chemical-resistant, scratch-resistant coating if they are cross-linked and can be handled in a comparatively small space. Due to the short time between the application of the coating and the hardening of the lacquer, undesired sedimentation of the specifically heavy metal oxide particles in the lacquer can be largely prevented if the viscosity of the lacquer is set sufficiently high.
• the paint without ITO addition must be low-viscosity (parameter) to disperse the ITO and the nanoparticles e), so that the filler amount of 40 - 50%, possibly up to 70% ITO can be introduced into the paint and still a sufficient amount Processability, dispersibility and applicability is given. This can be done, for example, by selecting suitable low-viscosity reactive diluents or by adding solvents, such as alcohols. At the same time, the addition of suitable thickeners must effectively prevent ITO particles from settling in the paint. This can be done, for example, by adding suitable polymers.
• Suitable polymers are polymethacrylates, for example PLEX 8770 F, or polymethacrylates with functional groups; further suitable polymers or oligomers are already described in the chapter "The coating system from a), b) and c)" called.
• Suitable polymers are characterized by a certain polarity which enables them to interact with the other constituents of the lacquer and with the polar surface of the ITO. Completely non-polar poly- or oligomers or poly- and oligomers with a small number of polar groups are unsuitable for thickening because they cannot interact with the other paint components and are incompatible with the paint.
• Sufficiently polar oligomers or polymers contain polar groups selected from the group alcohol, ether, polyether, ester, polyester, epoxy, silanol, silyl ether, silicon compounds with substituted aliphatic or aromatic radicals, ketone, urea, urethane, halogen, phosphate, phosphite, Sulfate, sulfonate, sulfite, sulfide, amine, polyamine, amide, imide, carboxylic acid, sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles, phenyl and substituted aromatic groups, multinuclear aromatics including those with heteroatoms in the ring.
• polar groups selected from the group alcohol, ether, polyether, ester, polyester, epoxy, silanol, silyl ether, silicon compounds with substituted aliphatic or aromatic radicals, ketone, urea, urethane, halogen, phosphate, phosphite, Sulfate, sulfon
• Very polar oligomers or polymers are also unsuitable because their effect on the properties of the finished lacquer is unfavorable.
• the unsuitable strongly polar groups include polyacids or salts of multiple acids. Unsuitable groups are often characterized by increased water solubility or swellability.
• the concentration of the suitable polar groups must be chosen so that the swellability of the lacquer does not exceed a certain level. The suitable polar groups are therefore used in a concentration which ensures that the lacquer is not water-soluble and essentially not swellable. This is ensured if the molar proportion of the polar groups is between 0.4 and 100 milliequivalents per 100 g of the above-mentioned polymer.
• Hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonyl-carboxamide, nitrile and silanol groups can be mentioned as polar groups.
• the polar groups differ in their effectiveness. This increases in the order of nitrile ⁇ hydroxyl ⁇ primary carboxamide ⁇ carboxyl ⁇ sulfonyl ⁇ silanol. The stronger the polarizing effect, the lower the required content in the polymer.
• Systems that cannot migrate are particularly suitable thickeners. Such systems can be fixed, for example, by connecting them to the paint. This can be done by physical or chemical connection to the paint, for example by polymerizing. Very particularly preferred are oligomeric or polymeric, copolymerizable acrylates or oligomeric / polymeric materials which, for example, crosslink via sulfur bridges, for example PLEX 8770 F from Röhm GmbH & Co. KG.
• the viscosity of a paint without ITO was determined using a Brookfield LVT viscometer (adapter A). A viscosity of 4.5 mPa.s. is found. The same lacquer was filled with the same proportion by weight of ITO, based on the binder, and was also measured in the Brookfield LVT viscometer (spindle 2) at different speeds of rotation. There is a clear structural viscosity:
• the composition of the varnish was: 24.5 parts ITO 24.5 parts acrylate mixture 50 parts isopropanol 0.5 parts dispersing additive 0.5 parts photoinitiator
• a mixture of about 40% by mass of pentaerythritol tritetraacrylate and about 60% of hexanediol diacrylate is used as the acrylate mixture.
• Silane GF 16 from Wacker Chemie is used as a dispersing additive.
• Irgacure 184 is used as the photo initiator.
• a recipe from e.g. 60 parts of hexanediol diacrylate, 40 parts of pentaerythritol tritetraacrylate can only be filled with about 30 - 40 parts of ITO. Above this amount of filler, the paint is so viscous that it can no longer be processed. Because of the intrinsic viscosity of the lacquer, it is advantageous to shear the lacquer during application. This ensures even wetting and a good flow. Suitable application techniques are e.g. Roller application and spray application. The flooding or pouring of the lacquer is unsuitable.
• the paint can be adjusted by selecting suitable monomers so that it is thoroughly cured in the presence of air (atmospheric oxygen). Examples are a reaction product of the reaction of propanetriol triacrylate with hydrogen sulfide (PLEX6696 from Röhm GmbH & Co. KG). The paints harden faster under nitrogen atmosphere or with a smaller amount Photoinitiator, but curing in air is possible if, for example, a suitable photoinitiator such as Irgacure 907 is used.
• Suitable products are monodisperse nanoparticles, e.g. in the form of organosols from Clariant under the name Highlink OG.
• pyrogenic silicas which are sold by Degussa under the name Aerosil. Finely divided, destructurized pyrogenic silicas are particularly preferably used, since these have only a slight influence on the viscosity of paints.
• Destructured silicas include products that have been produced using the Degussa Aerosil process as aggregates of primary particles with a size of a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers and that are largely or completely reduced to a level below the particle size by appropriate selection of the production parameters or by post-treatment with regard to the particle size a hundred nanometers have been brought. Products that meet this property profile are described in EP 0808880 B1 from Degussa AG.
• paints with a content of 10 to 40% (inert) nanoparticles and 20 to 50% ITO each based on dry film result in curable paints.
• the paints are mechanically stable and adhere well to the plastic substrate.
• paints with a content of inert inorganic particles such as SiO2 nanoparticles or other nanoparticles on an oxide basis, have good adhesion and undiminished good electrical conductivity. It is assumed that the filler particles effectively force the indium tin oxide particles into structures similar to printed conductors, which improves the effectiveness of the electrical line by concentrating the conductive particles. This allows the ITO concentration to be reduced with the same conductivity.
• the organosols marketed by Clariant under the name Highlink OG contain mono- or difunctional monomers, which can optionally carry further functional groups. Organosols in organic solvents, such as alcohols, are also suitable. Suitable monomers are, for example, hexanediol diacrylate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The monomers should contain the smallest possible amount of polymerization inhibitor. Suitable stabilizers are Tempol from Degussa or phenothiazine. In general, the monomers contain only stabilizer concentrations of ⁇ 500 ppm, in a preferred embodiment ⁇ 200 ppm and particularly preferably ⁇ 100 ppm.
• the stabilizer concentration in the ready-to-coat UV lacquer should be below 200 ppm, preferably below 100 ppm and very particularly preferably below 50 ppm, based on reactive components.
• the selected stabilizer concentration depends on the type and reactivity of the selected polymerizable components. Particularly reactive components such as some polyfunctional acrylates or acrylic acid require higher amounts of stabilizer, less reactive components such as monofunctional methacrylates require lower amounts of stabilizer.
• hydroquinone monomethyl ether can also be used as a stabilizer, the first two also being effective in the absence of oxygen and being used only in a very small amount of 10 to 100 ppm, while the latter compound only works in the presence of oxygen and in amounts of 50 up to 500 ppm is used.
• the paint can be made scratch-resistant, chemical-resistant or flexible and formable.
• the crosslinker content is adapted in a suitable manner for this. For example, with a high content of hydroxyethyl methacrylate, the adhesion to difficult substrates, such as cast high-molecular PMMA, and at the same time the formability can be improved. With a higher content of hexanediol diacrylate, the chemical resistance and the scratch resistance are increased.
• oligomeric or polymeric components which can either be chosen to be reactive with a content of double bonds or else to be non-reactive.
• the use of higher molecular weight building blocks reduces the crosslink density and the shrinkage of the lacquer during curing, which generally leads to better adhesion.
• Suitable polymeric components are poly (meth) acrylates, which can be composed, for example, of methacrylates and acrylates and functional monomers. Polymers with functional groups can be used to make an additional contribution to improving adhesion.
• An example of a suitable polymethacrylate is PLEX 8770 F from Röhm GmbH & Co.KG with a viscosity number J [ml / g] (in CHCI3 at 20 ° C.): 11 ⁇ 1 as a measure of the molecular weight.
• the oligomeric or polymeric additives can be added in different amounts.
• Higher molecular weight polymers are added in correspondingly smaller amounts and lower molecular weight products in higher amounts, so that the overall viscosity of the lacquer allows processing.
• the polymeric additives also act as thickeners and are also used to keep the nanoparticles in suspension and to prevent unwanted sedimentation of the particles after coating.
• the ITO concentration on the surface is not significantly lower than in bulk or at the phase boundary with the substrate.
• Another important aspect of this measure is the improvement of substrate adhesion by adding the thickener.
• One explanation for this which, however, is not intended to restrict the invention to a specific theory, is the reduction in the ITO concentration at the phase boundary with the substrate caused by the thickener, which at the same time advantageously keeps the binder concentration at the phase boundary sufficiently high since the binder becomes one contributes to good substrate adhesion.
• the substrate adhesion is reduced by reducing the contact area between the substrate and the binder, especially if these accumulate there by sedimentation to the phase boundary of the lacquer-substrate.
• aggregates should be less than lambda quarters of visible light, ie not greater than 100 nm. If the mixture is sheared too strongly or too long, aggregates that contribute significantly to the conductivity are broken up and the percolation network can no longer build up properly.
• Information on the influence of shear on the percolation network can be found, for example, in: "Hans J. Mair, Siegmar Roth (ed.), Elektro technicallyde Kunststoffe, Hanser Verlag, 1986 and in” Ishihara Functional Materials ", Technical News, T-200 Electroconductive Materials, Ishihara;
• An essential point of the invention is therefore to adjust the shear in such a way that aggregates are preserved in the percolation network and coarser agglomerates that are larger than lambda quarters are broken up.
• the antistatic effect can develop optimally if the percolation network is built up from conductive particles that are in contact like a string of pearls and touch. This optimizes the cost-benefit ratio of the comparatively expensive ITO. At the same time, the transparency improves and the haze of the coating is reduced, since the content of scattering particles can be minimized.
• the percolation limit depends on the morphology of the particles. Assuming spherical primary particles, the percolation limit is reached at around 40 percent by weight ITO. If needle-shaped ITO particles are used, the particles are sufficiently touched even at a lower concentration. However, needle-shaped particles have the disadvantage of an unfavorable effect on the transparency and the haze.
• the transparency of the overall system does not suffer from the addition of the inert nanoparticles and other favorable properties of the system are brought about, such as Hardenability under atmospheric oxygen without loss of properties, greater hardness, better formability, good substrate adhesion.
• the method of coating must be chosen so that the paint can be applied in a thin, uniform thickness. Suitable methods are e.g. Wire doctor blades, dipping, brushing, rolling and spraying. According to methods known to the person skilled in the art, the viscosity of the lacquer must be adjusted so that a layer thickness in the wet film after evaporation of the solvent that has been added is 2-15 ⁇ m. Thinner layers are no longer scratch-resistant and can show a matt effect when metal oxide particles protrude from the paint matrix. Thicker layers are associated with loss of transmission, bring no gain in electrical conductivity and are not useful for reasons of cost. However, for reasons of the abrasion of paint surfaces due to constant mechanical stress, it can be useful to set thicker layers. In this case, layer thicknesses of up to 100 ⁇ m can also be set. The viscosity of the lacquer for the production of the thick layers may have to be increased.
• the type and concentration of the photoinitiator must also be adjusted. Possibly. combinations of photoinitiators are necessary in order to obtain sufficient surfaces and deep curing of the paint.
• the combination of conventional photoinitiators e.g. Irgacure 1173 or Irgacure 184 from Ciba
• photoinitiators that absorb in the longer-wave range e.g. Lucirin TPO or Lucirin TPO-L from BASF
• Lucirin TPO e.g. Lucirin TPO or Lucirin TPO-L from BASF
• the required initiator concentrations are between 0.5%, up to 8%, preferably from 1.0 to 5% and very particularly preferably between 1.5 and 3% photoinitiator.
• a photoinitiator amount of 0.5-2% based on acrylate is sufficient, while when hardening in air, amounts between 2 and 8%, preferably 4-6%, are required.
• the coating can also be cured with other high-energy rays.
• a suitable method is irradiation with electron beams.
• the advantage of this process compared to UV rays is the good through-hardening of thick layers and the possibility of being able to harden faster in the presence of atmospheric oxygen and also without photoinitiators.
• the radiation energy must be set so that if the layer is sufficiently hardened, there is no damage to the substrate or yellowing.
• An essential aspect of the invention is the low-shrinkage hardening of the lacquer.
• UV-curable paints shrink during radiation curing, which can adversely affect the paint surface and the adhesion to the substrate can be lost.
• the shrinkage of the lacquer can be reduced to a minimum.
• Inert fillers that do not participate in the polymerization such as metal oxides, for example indium tin oxide, silicon dioxide, or Non-reactive polymeric components reduce the overall shrinkage of a composition, while monovalent monomers and oligomers shrink moderately and polyvalent monomers make the greatest contribution to shrinkage.
• a low-shrink formula can e.g. can be obtained in that the proportion of polyvalent components does not exceed a certain level.
• the relationship between molecular weight, number of functional groups and shrinkage must be taken into account. Polyvalent components with a low molecular weight naturally have the highest shrinkage while monovalent components with a higher molecular weight make the lowest contribution to shrinkage.
• low-shrink formulations are compositions from:
• solvent e.g. Ethanol or isopropanol
• the SiO2 nanoparticles can be used, for example, in the form of an organosol of inorganic nanoparticles in hydroxyethyl methacrylate, which is sold by Clariant under the name Highlink OG.
• the Coatings with the recipe mentioned are mechanically stable, but not scratch-resistant.
• the scratch resistance of such coatings can be increased by replacing part of the organosol with di- or polyfunctional acrylates.
• the following composition is an example of a scratch-resistant, low-shrink formulation:
• solvent e.g. Ethanol or isopropanol
• the prerequisite for good curing is the use of an organosol with a particularly low stabilizer content.
• an organosol with 100 ppm Tempol® stabilizer or phenothiazine stabilizer was used in the examples mentioned.
• a stabilizer-free organosol of SiO2 nanoparticles in organic materials can alternatively be used Solvents, such as alcohols, can be used to introduce the nanoparticles into the coating matrix.
• the shrinkage can also be influenced by selecting suitable curing conditions.
• a slow hardening with comparatively low radiation energy is favorable, whereas a higher shrinkage is observed with fast hardening and large radiation energy.
• Another feature of the invention is the good scratch resistance of the antistatic paints. If you choose the curing conditions described, scratch-resistant antistatic paints with low shrinkage and good adhesion can be produced.
• Lacquers according to the invention with a content of 33 to 50% ITO achieve scratch resistance of delta haze ⁇ 2% under these conditions after testing on the Taber Abraser with friction wheels CS 10F and 5.4 N weight support at 100 revolutions.
• the paints according to the invention have good resistance to chemicals, e.g. inorganic acids and bases with a short exposure time, numerous organic solvents such as esters, ketones, alcohols, aromatic solvents. Plastic moldings coated with the paints according to the invention can e.g. can be cleaned with these solvents if necessary.
• a particular advantage of using low-stabilizer formulations is the possibility of being able to cure in an air atmosphere and thereby reducing the costs for inerting (apparatus expenditure and ongoing costs for inert gas consumption). Another advantage is that a comparatively small amount of photoinitiator can be used for thorough curing.
• the formulations mentioned in the examples, and formulations in which no SiO2 nanoparticles have been used and mono- or polyfunctional monomers or mixtures thereof have been used instead of the organosols, can each be used with 2% photoinitiator, such as Irgacure 184, Irgacure 1173, Harden Irgacure 907 or mixtures thereof to form scratch-resistant and weather-resistant formulations.
• Example 3 Example 3:
• solvent e.g. Ethanol or isopropanol
• the formulations mentioned above can be mixed with UV protection agents to increase the weather resistance. It is important to ensure that the UV protection agent does not hinder radiation curing.
• curing is carried out using electron beams. This prevents unfavorable interactions between UV absorbers and UV light from occurring.
• a UV lamp is used as the radiation source, then, for example, a long-wave UV light can be used in combination with a photoinitiator which absorbs in the long-wave region of the spectrum or in the visible region of the spectrum.
• the UV absorber must not be in the absorption area of the photoinitiator Absorb completely so that a sufficient amount of high-energy light can reach the paint.
• UV absorber that offers a sufficiently large window in the absorption area for the transmission of UV rays to excite the photoinitiator.
• Suitable UV absorbers are Norbloc 7966, Tinuvin 1130.
• the molded plastic body can be used as glazing or glazing element, for housings, for equipping clean rooms in the medical, biological or microelectronic field, for machine covers, for incubators, for displays, for screens and screen covers, for rear projection screens, for medical equipment and for electrical appliances as a shield become.
• antistatic coatings can also be used on non-transparent substrates. Examples are: antistatic plastic floors, generally the lamination of antistatic, scratch-resistant films on substrates such as wood, paper decorations. Another Application is the coating of decorative papers with curing under electron beams.
• Hoechst box ID no. 22926, 250 ml content, DD-PE, natural 0/0021, Hoechst AG
• Pasteur pipettes 3.5 ml, 150 ml long, order no. 1-6151
• the powder sample (approx. 10-100 g) is shaken by hand in the storage jar
• the powder is weighed in on the precision balance (readability 0.01 g). 1 g of powder (+/- 0.02 g) is filled into the PE can and made up to 100 g (+/- 0.02 g) with demineralized water.
• the test method describes the determination of the particle size distribution by means of photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS, "dynamic light scattering").
• PCS photon correlation spectroscopy
• the method is particularly suitable for measuring particles and their aggregates in the submicrometer range (10 nm to 3 ⁇ m).
• the used HORIBA LB-500 uses a backscattering optics, in which the ratio between single and multiple scattering is almost constant and can therefore be neglected. For this reason, dispersions with higher concentrations can also be measured without incorrect measurements occurring.
• the following parameters must be known for the exact determination of the particle size distribution: • Temperature of the dispersion: A constant temperature is important to prevent convection movement within the cuvette, which would overlap the free movement of the particles.
• the HORIBA LB-500 measures the temperature in the cuvette and takes the measured temperature into account in the evaluation.
• Viscosity of the dispersion medium not critical for dilute systems, as the viscosities e.g. at 25 ° C the pure solvents are well known. Concentrations that are too high are problematic if the viscosity of the dispersion exceeds that of the liquid phase (usually water), since then the movement of the particles is restricted. For this reason, the measurements are usually carried out at a solids concentration of approx. 1%.
• Refractive index of particles and dispersion medium This information is listed for the majority of solids and solvents in the software from HORIBA.
• the dispersion must be stable to sedimentation. Sedimentation in the cuvette not only creates additional movement of the particles, it also changes the scattered light intensity during the measurement. It also depletes the dispersion from larger particles that collect at the bottom of the cuvette.
• the measuring device is controlled by a computer program, which also evaluates the measurement signal and allows the measurement results to be saved and printed out.
• the sample dispersed with dissolver and ultrasound is transferred into the 1.5 ml disposable acrylic glass cuvette using a Pasteur pipette.
• the measurement is started using the software ("Measurement" button).
• the "Measurement display” window opens, in which the current particle distribution is displayed every 3 seconds. Pressing the measurement button again in the measurement display window starts the actual measurement.
• the particle distribution with various measurement results e.g. d50, d10, d90, standard deviation
• the particle distribution with various measurement results e.g. d50, d10, d90, standard deviation
• the particle distribution with various measurement results is displayed after 30-60 s.
• strongly fluctuating d50 values e.g. 150 nm +/- 20%; this can occur with very wide distributions
• approx. 6 - 8 measurements are carried out, otherwise 3 - 4 are sufficient.

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