EP1490077B1 - A photoprotective orally administrable composition for skin - Google Patents

A photoprotective orally administrable composition for skin Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1490077B1
EP1490077B1 EP03742551A EP03742551A EP1490077B1 EP 1490077 B1 EP1490077 B1 EP 1490077B1 EP 03742551 A EP03742551 A EP 03742551A EP 03742551 A EP03742551 A EP 03742551A EP 1490077 B1 EP1490077 B1 EP 1490077B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bifidobacterium
skin
cncm
yeast
carrier
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP03742551A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1490077A1 (en
Inventor
Lionel Breton
Isabelle Bureau-Franz
Audrey Gueniche
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Societe des Produits Nestle SA
Nestle SA
LOreal SA
Original Assignee
Societe des Produits Nestle SA
Nestle SA
LOreal SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=27741184&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP1490077(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Societe des Produits Nestle SA, Nestle SA, LOreal SA filed Critical Societe des Produits Nestle SA
Priority to EP03742551A priority Critical patent/EP1490077B1/en
Publication of EP1490077A1 publication Critical patent/EP1490077A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1490077B1 publication Critical patent/EP1490077B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Revoked legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74Bacteria
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61QSPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q17/00Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
    • A61Q17/04Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/07Retinol compounds, e.g. vitamin A
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74Bacteria
    • A61K35/741Probiotics
    • A61K35/744Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A61K35/745Bifidobacteria
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74Bacteria
    • A61K35/741Probiotics
    • A61K35/744Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A61K35/747Lactobacilli, e.g. L. acidophilus or L. brevis
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/06Fungi, e.g. yeasts
    • A61K36/062Ascomycota
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/06Fungi, e.g. yeasts
    • A61K36/062Ascomycota
    • A61K36/064Saccharomycetales, e.g. baker's yeast
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/67Vitamins
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/96Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
    • A61K8/97Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from algae, fungi, lichens or plants; from derivatives thereof
    • A61K8/9728Fungi, e.g. yeasts
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/96Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
    • A61K8/99Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from microorganisms other than algae or fungi, e.g. protozoa or bacteria
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/16Emollients or protectives, e.g. against radiation
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/80Process related aspects concerning the preparation of the cosmetic composition or the storage or application thereof
    • A61K2800/92Oral administration

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of a photoprotecting effective amount of i) at least one yeast and ii) at least one strain of probiotic lactic acid bacterium for preparing an orally admistrable composition for the photoprotection of the skin, whether before, during and/or after exposure to UV radiation, and for preventing and/or attenuating the damage caused by such UV irradiation.
  • UV-A light radiation of wavelengths of from 320 nm to 400 nm
  • UV-B light radiation of wavelengths of from 280 to 320 nm
  • the present invention aims to provide an orally administrable composition for the photoprotection of the skin which comprises a photoprotecting effective amount of i) at least one probiotic lactic acid bacterium or a culture supernatant thereof, and ii) at least one yeast, included into an orally acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention relates to the Use of a photoprotecting effective amount of at least one probiotic lactic acid bacterium or a culture supernatant thereof and at least one yeast, included into an orally acceptable carrier, for preparing an orally administrable composition for the protection of the skin against solar radiation and attenuating or preventing all related skin disorders, such as erythema, inflammation, sun burn, barrier function, photoageing, alteration of the immune system, for example.
  • the combination according to the present invention has a particular beneficial effect on skin protection and colouration of the skin that helps to reduce the effects of solar radiation-related stress on skin.
  • NCC designates Nestlé Culture Collection (Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland).
  • photoprotection is used to describe attempt to block or reduce the adverse clinical, histological and immunological effects of solar radiation exposure on the skin.
  • the subject compositions comprise, as the active agents therefor, combinatory immixture of at least one probiotic lactic acid bacteria or bifidobacteria or a culture supernatant thereof, and at least one yeast.
  • Probiotics are non-pathogenic and non-toxigenic organisms that survive passage through the stomach and small intestine. Upon continuous ingestion by the host they eventually may colonize the gut to a substantial extent thus competing with other potentially pathogenic bacteria for nutrients and/or attachment sites on the gastrointestinal wall and reducing their numbers and reducing or preventing infections. Until now a number of different probiotic micro-organisms have been found, which all are reported to exert their effect in the gut via the production of toxins, metabolic by-products, short chain fatty acids and the like.
  • probiotics do also exert an effect in an individual's body at a location distant from the region in which they colonize it. And particularly, it has been surprisingly found that a composition having a synergistic photoprotective effect on the skin may be obtained by combining into an orally acceptable carrier, a probiotic microorganism and yeast.
  • the probiotic to be included into the carrier is selected from the group consisting of lactic acid bacteria, in particular Lactobacilli and/or Bifidobacteria and are more preferably Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus casei or Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium animalis , Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium infantis , Bifidobacterium adolescentis or Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum , or a mixture thereof.
  • Lactobacilli and/or Bifidobacteria are more preferably Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lacto
  • strains Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533, Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461, Bifidobacterium adolescentis NCC 251 and Bifidobacterium longum NCC 490 were deposited by way of an example, under the Budapest Treaty with the Institut Pasteur (28 rue du Dondel Roux, F-75024 Paris cédex 15) on 30.06.92, 12.01.99, 15.04.99 and 15.03.99, respectively and under the deposit number CNCM I-1225, CNCM I-2116, CNCM I-2168 and CNCM I-2170, respectively.
  • the strain of Bifidobacterium lactis (ATCC27536) provided by Hansen (Chr. Hansen A/S, 10-12 Boege Alle, P.O. Box 407, DK-2970 Hoersholm, Danemark) can also be used.
  • the probiotic microorganism according to the present invention may be included in a live form, semi-active or in deactivated form, e.g. as a lyophilized powder. Also culture supernatants of the microorganisms may be included in the products, optionally in concentrated form. It may also be included in an encapsulated form. When using a supernatant of a probiotic's culture the supernatant may be used as such or may be subjected to one or more purification steps prior to inclusion into the product, so as to concentrate or isolate the active ingredient (s) /metabolite (s). Method and techniques for purifying compounds and detecting the activity thereof in the fractions obtained are well known to the skilled person.
  • the probiotic lactic acid bacteria may be present in the carrier in an amount of at least 10 5 cfu/ g of orally acceptable carrier, preferably from about 10 5 to 10 15 cfu/ g of orally acceptable carrier, and more preferably from 10 7 to 10 12 cfu/ g of orally acceptable carrier.
  • a suitable vehicle such as water, organic solvents and fatty substances including oils, whether alone or in admixture.
  • compositions according to the invention also comprise yeast.
  • the yeast is any food-grade yeast selected from the group consisting of Ascomycotina or Deuteromycotina .
  • the yeast may be selected from the group consisting of Debaryomyces, Kluyveromyces, Saccharomyces, Yarrowia, Zygosaccharomyces, Candida and Rhodutorula , and more preferably Saccharomyces caerevisae (baker's yeast).
  • Such yeast may be used in the form of dried or lyophilized extracts. It may be present in the carrier in an amount of at least 10 5 cfu/ g of orally acceptable carrier, preferably from about 10 5 to 10 15 cfu/ g of orally acceptable carrier, and more preferably from 10 7 to 10 12 cfu/ g of orally acceptable carrier, said amount depending on the nature and activity of the particular yeast.
  • a mixture of a plurality of lactic acid bacteria or yeast may also be used.
  • the composition may also comprise a third photoprotecting agent, preferably at least one carotenoid with or without provitamin A activity, such as ⁇ -carotene, ⁇ -carotene, ⁇ -carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthine and luteine, or a mixture thereof.
  • the carotenoid may be from synthetic or natural origin or contained in a natural extract. When the carotenoid is from natural origin, it is preferably obtained from plant material, in which the plant is grown in-vivo or in-vitro. Method for extracting the carotenoids is well known in the art.
  • the carotenoid may be present in the carrier in an amount of from 10 -12 % to 20% by weight and preferably from 0,00001 mg to 50 mg/day and more preferably from 0.001mg to 30mg/day.
  • the carrier may be any food or pharmaceutical product, or a nutritional supplement or a composition for oral administration, wherein the probiotic microorganism and the yeast may be included.
  • food or pharmaceuticals carriers are milk, yoghurt, curd, cheese, fermented milks, milk based fermented products, ice-creams, fermented cereal based products, milk based powders, infant formulae or tablets, liquid suspensions, dried oral supplement, wet oral supplement, dry-tube-feeding.
  • the composition for oral administration may be in capsules, soft capsules, tablets, pastes or pastilles, gums, or drinkable solutions or emulsions. Methods for preparing the carrier are common knowledge.
  • composition according to the invention may also comprise usual excipients, in particular sweeteners, flavouring agents or preservatives.
  • compositions of the invention may be formulated according to any one of a number of techniques that are well known to this art.
  • composition according to the invention provides a surprising and synergistic protective and preventive effect of the skin.
  • the amount of the composition to be consumed by the individual will depend on the desirable effect. However, an amount of the composition to provide a daily amount of about 10 5 to 10 12 organisms, which organism may be alive or dead, would usually be adequate.
  • composition is administered to an individual before or during the exposure to ultraviolet radiations, in particular exposure to sun.
  • ultraviolet radiations in particular exposure to sun.
  • ⁇ -carotene is provided by Roche
  • Lycopene is provided by Lycored
  • Lyophilized S.cerevissae is provided by BioSpringer
  • Latobacillus CNCM I-1225 dry mix Lactobacillus CNCM I-2116 or Bifidobacterium CNCM I-2168 dry mix are prepared so that they contain 1.10 8 to 1.10 9 organisms.
  • a photoprotective daily orally administrable composition is prepared as follows: Lyophilized S.cerevissae 75 mg Latobacillus CNCM I-1225 dry mix 50 mg Glucidex IT 19 (maltodextrin powder) QSP 500 mg
  • composition is administered to the individual in an amount of 2x500 mg daily, which provides a protective and preventive effect of the skin.
  • a photoprotective daily orally administrable composition is prepared as follows: Lyophilized S.cerevissae 75 mg Bifidobacterium CNCM I-2168 dry mix 50 mg ⁇ -carotene 4.7 mg Glucidex IT 19 (maltodextrin powder) QSP 500 mg
  • composition is administered to the individual in an amount of 2x500 mg daily, which provides a protective and preventive effect of the skin.
  • a photoprotective daily orally administrable composition is prepared as follows: Lyophilized S.cerevissae 75 mg Latobacillus CNCM I-1225 dry mix 50 mg ⁇ -carotene 4.7 mg Lycopene 2.5 mg Glucidex IT 19 (maltodextrin powder) QSP 500 mg
  • composition is administered to the individual in an amount of 2x500 mg daily, which provides a protective and preventive effect of the skin.
  • a photoprotective daily orally administrable composition is prepared as follows: Lyophilized S.cerevissae 75 mg Latobacillus CNCM I-2116 dry mix 50 mg ⁇ -carotene 4.7 mg Zeaxanthine 10 mg Glucidex IT 19 (maltodextrin powder) QSP 500 mg
  • composition is administered to the individual in an amount of 2x500 mg daily, which provides a protective and preventive effect of the skin.
  • a photoprotective daily orally administrable composition is prepared as follows: Lyophilized S.cerevissae 75 mg Bifidobacterium CNCM I-2168 30 mg Latobacillus CNCM I-1225 dry mix 30 mg ⁇ -carotene 4.7 mg Lycopene 2.5 mg Glucidex IT 19 (maltodextrin powder) QSP 500 mg
  • composition is administered to the individual in an amount of 2x500 mg daily, which provides a protective and preventive effect of the skin.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Natural Medicines & Medicinal Plants (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Alternative & Traditional Medicine (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)
  • Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
EP03742551A 2002-02-21 2003-02-18 A photoprotective orally administrable composition for skin Revoked EP1490077B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP03742551A EP1490077B1 (en) 2002-02-21 2003-02-18 A photoprotective orally administrable composition for skin

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02075701 2002-02-21
EP02075701 2002-02-21
EP03742551A EP1490077B1 (en) 2002-02-21 2003-02-18 A photoprotective orally administrable composition for skin
PCT/EP2003/001686 WO2003070260A1 (en) 2002-02-21 2003-02-18 A photoprotective orally administrable composition for skin

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1490077A1 EP1490077A1 (en) 2004-12-29
EP1490077B1 true EP1490077B1 (en) 2007-11-21

Family

ID=27741184

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03742551A Revoked EP1490077B1 (en) 2002-02-21 2003-02-18 A photoprotective orally administrable composition for skin

Country Status (20)

Country Link
US (2) US20050106131A1 (zh)
EP (1) EP1490077B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP2005525348A (zh)
KR (1) KR20040096605A (zh)
CN (1) CN1635897A (zh)
AR (1) AR038592A1 (zh)
BR (1) BR0307839A (zh)
CA (1) CA2476730C (zh)
DE (1) DE60317646T2 (zh)
DK (1) DK1490077T3 (zh)
ES (1) ES2297181T3 (zh)
MX (1) MXPA04008182A (zh)
NO (1) NO20043873L (zh)
PL (1) PL372274A1 (zh)
PT (1) PT1490077E (zh)
RU (1) RU2314112C2 (zh)
TW (1) TW200303211A (zh)
UA (1) UA78547C2 (zh)
WO (1) WO2003070260A1 (zh)
ZA (1) ZA200407549B (zh)

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EP1642570A1 (fr) * 2004-10-04 2006-04-05 L'oreal Composition cosmétique et/ou dermatologique pour peaux sensibles
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FR2889057B1 (fr) * 2005-08-01 2008-07-18 Oreal Composition cosmetique et/ou dermatologique pour la prevention et/ou le traitement des peaux sensibles ou seches
JP2007176879A (ja) * 2005-12-28 2007-07-12 Natl Inst Of Radiological Sciences 酵母を有効成分とする放射線防護剤
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FR2920300B1 (fr) * 2007-09-04 2012-12-28 Oreal Utilisation d'une association hesperidine et microorganisme pour agir sur la fonction barriere de la peau.
FR2920306B1 (fr) * 2007-09-04 2010-07-30 Oreal Utilisation cosmetique d'un lysat de bifidobacterieum species.
FR2920307B1 (fr) * 2007-09-04 2010-06-04 Oreal Utilisation cosmetique de microorganismes.
FR2920304B1 (fr) * 2007-09-04 2010-06-25 Oreal Utilisation cosmetique de lysat bifidobacterium species pour le traitement de la secheresse.
FR2920305B1 (fr) 2007-09-04 2010-07-30 Oreal Utilisation d'un lysat de bifidobacterium species pour le traitement de peaux sensibles.
BRPI0816214B8 (pt) 2007-09-04 2017-12-26 Oreal uso cosmético, composição cosmética e/ou dermatológica, e, métodos para o tratamento cosmético da pele, para o tratamento cosmético de sinais cutâneos de envelhecimento e/ou fotoenvelhecimento e para o tratamento cosmético para prevenir e/ou tratar substâncias queratinosas secas
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RU2314112C2 (ru) 2008-01-10
DE60317646T2 (de) 2008-10-30
NO20043873L (no) 2004-09-15
TW200303211A (en) 2003-09-01
AR038592A1 (es) 2005-01-19
US20050106131A1 (en) 2005-05-19
MXPA04008182A (es) 2005-06-08
AU2003210310A1 (en) 2003-09-09
ZA200407549B (en) 2005-10-11
EP1490077A1 (en) 2004-12-29
CA2476730A1 (en) 2003-08-28
DE60317646D1 (de) 2008-01-03
US20060099196A1 (en) 2006-05-11
RU2004128078A (ru) 2005-04-20
UA78547C2 (en) 2007-04-10
PL372274A1 (en) 2005-07-11
BR0307839A (pt) 2004-12-07
CN1635897A (zh) 2005-07-06
CA2476730C (en) 2012-07-10
PT1490077E (pt) 2008-02-28
WO2003070260A1 (en) 2003-08-28
DK1490077T3 (da) 2009-05-04
KR20040096605A (ko) 2004-11-16
ES2297181T3 (es) 2008-05-01

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