EP1360271A1 - Wasch- und reinigungsmittelformkörper mit beschichtung - Google Patents
Wasch- und reinigungsmittelformkörper mit beschichtungInfo
- Publication number
- EP1360271A1 EP1360271A1 EP01985408A EP01985408A EP1360271A1 EP 1360271 A1 EP1360271 A1 EP 1360271A1 EP 01985408 A EP01985408 A EP 01985408A EP 01985408 A EP01985408 A EP 01985408A EP 1360271 A1 EP1360271 A1 EP 1360271A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- copolymers
- vinyl
- vinyl ether
- acid
- polymers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 title claims description 46
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 title description 22
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 title description 14
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 97
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- -1 alkyl acrylamide Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 106
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 85
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 81
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 79
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 72
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 42
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 34
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims description 19
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims description 19
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920002126 Acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethenol Chemical compound OC=C IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000003926 acrylamides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920006317 cationic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920000289 Polyquaternium Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920003145 methacrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000005394 methallyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002432 poly(vinyl methyl ether) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OSCJHTSDLYVCQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl 4-[[4-[4-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)anilino]-6-[4-(2-ethylhexoxycarbonyl)anilino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]benzoate Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC)=CC=C1NC1=NC(NC=2C=CC(=CC=2)C(=O)NC(C)(C)C)=NC(NC=2C=CC(=CC=2)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC)=N1 OSCJHTSDLYVCQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920006322 acrylamide copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- YIOJGTBNHQAVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-bis(prop-2-enyl)azanium Chemical class C=CC[N+](C)(C)CC=C YIOJGTBNHQAVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC=C UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- UIERETOOQGIECD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Angelic acid Natural products CC=C(C)C(O)=O UIERETOOQGIECD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical compound C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- UIERETOOQGIECD-ONEGZZNKSA-N tiglic acid Chemical compound C\C=C(/C)C(O)=O UIERETOOQGIECD-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QXWUJRONCAPLLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-2-enoxyacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)COCC=C QXWUJRONCAPLLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Betaine Natural products C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000691 Poly[bis(2-chloroethyl) ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920006318 anionic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XFHJDMUEHUHAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-tert-butylprop-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)NC(=O)C=C XFHJDMUEHUHAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000007835 Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Species 0.000 claims 1
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O N,N,N-trimethylglycinium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 44
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 abstract description 27
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 70
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 48
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 42
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 36
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 30
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 29
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 28
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 25
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 24
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 24
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 22
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 20
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 20
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 18
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 18
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 17
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 17
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 17
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 17
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 16
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 15
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 14
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 13
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229920002245 Dextrose equivalent Polymers 0.000 description 12
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical class OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 12
- 235000019271 petrolatum Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical group C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 11
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 11
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000007884 disintegrant Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 11
- 235000019809 paraffin wax Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 10
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- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 10
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- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 10
- GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-xanthene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 9
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- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- OEIXGLMQZVLOQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-[3-(prop-2-enoylamino)propyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCNC(=O)C=C OEIXGLMQZVLOQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZFNVDHOSLNRHNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N xi-3-(4-Isopropylphenyl)-2-methylpropanal Chemical compound O=CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C(C)C)C=C1 ZFNVDHOSLNRHNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
- C11D17/0065—Solid detergents containing builders
- C11D17/0073—Tablets
- C11D17/0082—Coated tablets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C9/00—Apparatus or plant for applying liquid or other fluent material to surfaces by means not covered by any preceding group, or in which the means of applying the liquid or other fluent material is not important
- B05C9/02—Apparatus or plant for applying liquid or other fluent material to surfaces by means not covered by any preceding group, or in which the means of applying the liquid or other fluent material is not important for applying liquid or other fluent material to surfaces by single means not covered by groups B05C1/00 - B05C7/00, whether or not also using other means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C9/00—Apparatus or plant for applying liquid or other fluent material to surfaces by means not covered by any preceding group, or in which the means of applying the liquid or other fluent material is not important
- B05C9/04—Apparatus or plant for applying liquid or other fluent material to surfaces by means not covered by any preceding group, or in which the means of applying the liquid or other fluent material is not important for applying liquid or other fluent material to opposite sides of the work
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D11/00—Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents
- C11D11/0082—Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents one or more of the detergent ingredients being in a liquefied state, e.g. slurry, paste or melt, and the process resulting in solid detergent particles such as granules, powders or beads
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C1/00—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is applied to the surface of the work by contact with a member carrying the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. a porous member loaded with a liquid to be applied as a coating
- B05C1/04—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is applied to the surface of the work by contact with a member carrying the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. a porous member loaded with a liquid to be applied as a coating for applying liquid or other fluent material to work of indefinite length
- B05C1/08—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is applied to the surface of the work by contact with a member carrying the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. a porous member loaded with a liquid to be applied as a coating for applying liquid or other fluent material to work of indefinite length using a roller or other rotating member which contacts the work along a generating line
- B05C1/0804—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is applied to the surface of the work by contact with a member carrying the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. a porous member loaded with a liquid to be applied as a coating for applying liquid or other fluent material to work of indefinite length using a roller or other rotating member which contacts the work along a generating line the material being applied without contact with the roller
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C5/00—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work
- B05C5/005—Curtain coaters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for coating detergent tablets, builders (e) and optionally further detergent components.
- Detergent tablets are widely described in the prior art and are becoming increasingly popular with consumers because of the simple dosage. Tableted detergents and cleaning agents have a number of advantages over powdered ones: They are easier to dose and handle and, thanks to their compact structure, have advantages in terms of storage and transport. Detergent tablets are therefore also comprehensively described in the patent literature. A problem that occurs again and again when using shaped articles which are active in washing and cleaning is the insufficient rate of disintegration and dissolution of the shaped articles under conditions of use.
- molded articles can only be produced by relatively high compression pressures, there is a strong compression of the molded article components and consequent delayed disintegration of the molded article in the aqueous liquor, and thus the active substances are released too slowly in the washing machine. or cleaning process.
- the delayed disintegration of the moldings has the further disadvantage that conventional detergent tablets cannot be washed in via the washing-in chamber of household washing machines, since the tablets do not disintegrate into secondary particles that are small enough to be washed into the washing drum from the washing-in chamber to become.
- Another problem that arises in particular with detergent tablets is the friability of the tablets or their often insufficient stability against abrasion.
- Coated detergent tablets are also the subject of European patent application EP 716 144 (Unilever). According to the information in this document, the hardness of the tablets can be increased by "coating" without the disintegration and dissolution times being impaired. Film-forming substances, in particular copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid or sugar, are mentioned as coating agents.
- Coating the moldings is advantageous for strength, the reduction of abrasion and dust, edge stability, storage stability, visual impression and haptic quality when handled by the consumer.
- the coating is intended to envelop the detergent tablet.
- the coating material which is used either as a melt, solution or dispersion, must be applied as evenly and as specifically as possible.
- the present invention had for its object to provide a method for coating detergent tablets, which makes it possible to coat both the top and bottom as well as the sides, and it should also be possible to apply partial coatings. Because of the sensitivity of the molded bodies to A further object of mechanical loads was to provide a method for coating such shaped bodies, in which the shaped bodies are only exposed to a very low mechanical load.
- the present invention accordingly relates to a method for coating detergent tablets containing builders (s) and, if appropriate, further detergent components, which is characterized in that the tablets are transported on a conveyor belt provided with a plurality of openings, and loading - Layering material is pressed through the conveyor belt from below with a thickness such that it forms a surge above the conveyor plane through which the shaped bodies are transported.
- the process according to the invention has the advantage that the requirements on the physical properties of the coating materials to be applied are less restrictive than in the processes described in the prior art, in which solutions or melts are sprayed on. Since the viscosity of the applied coating material can be varied over a wide range. Furthermore, the layer thickness can be set precisely with the method according to the invention, which is not done in contrast to the conventional methods such as the immersion method. It is also possible to apply the coating to the support surface of the molded body on the conveyor belt.
- the method according to the invention it is possible to selectively only the support surface of the shaped bodies on the conveyor belt, the support surface and at least partially the side surface or the molded body entirely, i.e. to coat all surfaces.
- the height of the surge it can be determined whether only the support surface of the molded body and possibly also the side surfaces are at least partially coated. If the height of the surge is only low, only the contact surface is coated, the higher the surge, the larger parts of the side surfaces can also be coated.
- the moldings additionally run through a veil of coating material, so that the surfaces opposite the support surface and, if appropriate, also the upper parts of the side surfaces are coated.
- a particularly gentle and complete coating of the contact surface of the shaped bodies can be achieved if the thickness of the surge is set such that the shaped bodies lift off the conveyor belt under pressure of the surge, i.e. the contact surface of the molded body detaches from the conveyor belt.
- the surge of coating material which is pressed from below through the openings of the conveyor belt can be generated by devices known to the person skilled in the art.
- the surge is generated by a roller rotating in the coating material, the movement of the surge being generated in the direction of the conveying direction of the shaped bodies.
- the surge can also be generated by means of pressure / counterpressure.
- the speed of the surge upon exit from the openings is particularly preferably approximately equal to the speed of the conveyor belt.
- Excess coating material can be returned to the storage container provided.
- the material backflow can be regulated by suitable means. If the gush is generated by a rotating roller, the reflux of the coating material can be adjusted, for example, by means of a slide that can be adjusted tangentially in the direction of the roller.
- the thickness of the coating can also be regulated after it has been applied, for example by the shaped bodies being transported via suitable leakage waves or by blowing off the coating which has not yet cured.
- the viscosity of the coating material can vary over a wide range.
- the coating material is preferably applied in the form of a solution, dispersion or in the form of a melt. It is preferably selected from polymers or polymer mixtures, in particular from preferably water-soluble and / or meltable polymers or polymer mixtures. The properties of the coating can be adjusted through the targeted selection of polymers or polymer mixtures.
- the polymers or polymer mixtures are preferably selected from a) water-soluble nonionic polymers from the group of
- Polyquaternium 27 specified polymers f) polyurethanes.
- LCST polymers preferably selected from alkylated and / or hydroxyalkylated polysaccharides, cellulose ethers, acrylamides, such as polyisopropylacrylamide, copolymers of acrylamides, polyvinylcaprolactam, copolymers of polyvinylcaprolactam, in particular those with polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylmethylether, copolymers of polyvinylmethylether Blends of these substances.
- Water-soluble polymers in the sense of the invention are those polymers which are more than 2.5% by weight soluble in water at room temperature.
- Water-soluble polymers preferred according to the invention are nonionic. Suitable nonionic polymers are, for example:
- Polyvinylpyrrolidones as, for example, sold under the name Luviskol ® (BASF). Polyvinylpyrrolidones are preferred nonionic polymers in the context of the invention.
- Polyvinylpyrrolidones [poly (1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone)], abbreviation PVP, are polymers of the general formula (I)
- polyvinylpyrrolidones which are prepared by free-radical polymerization of 1-vinylpyrrolidone by solution or suspension polymerization using free-radical formers (peroxides, azo compounds) as initiators.
- the ionic polymerization of the monomer only provides products with low molecular weights.
- Commercial polyvinylpyrrolidones have molar masses in the range from approx. 2500-750000 g / mol, which are characterized by the K values and, depending on the K value, have glass transition temperatures of 130-175 °. They are presented as white, hygroscopic powders or as aqueous ones. Solutions offered. Polyvinylpyrrolidones are readily soluble in water and a variety of organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glacial acetic acid, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, etc.).
- Vinylpyrrolidone / Vinylester copolymers as are marketed, for example under the trademark Luviskol ® (BASF).
- Luviskol ® VA 64 and Luviskol ® VA 73, both vinyl pyrrolidone / vinyl acetate copolymers, are particularly preferred nonionic polymers.
- the vinyl ester polymers are polymers accessible from vinyl esters with the grouping of the formula (II)
- the vinyl esters are polymerized by free radicals using various processes (solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, bulk polymerization).
- Copolymers of vinyl acetate with vinyl pyrrolidone contain monomer units of the formulas (I) and (II)
- Cellulose ethers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and methylhydroxypropyl cellulose, such as are for example sold under the trademark Culminal® ® and Benecel ® (AQUALON). Cellulose ethers can be described by the general formula (III)
- R represents H or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or alkylaryl radical.
- at least one R in formula (III) is -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -OH or -CH 2 CH 2 -OH.
- Cellulose ethers are produced industrially by etherification of alkali cellulose (eg with ethylene oxide). Cellulose ethers are characterized by the average degree of substitution DS or the molar degree of substitution MS, which indicate how many hydroxyl groups of an anhydroglucose unit of the cellulose have reacted with the etherification reagent or how many moles of the etherification reagent have been attached to an anhydroglucose unit on average.
- Hydroxyethyl celluloses are soluble in water from a DS of approx. 0.6 or an MS of approx. 1. Commercial hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl celluloses have degrees of substitution in the range of 0.35-1.35 (DS) and 1.5-3 (MS). Hydroxyethyl and propyl celluloses are marketed as yellowish white, odorless and tasteless powders in widely differing degrees of polymerization. Hydroxyethyl and propyl celluloses are soluble in cold and hot water and in some (water-containing) organic solvents, but insoluble in most (water-free) organic solvents; their aqueous solutions are relatively insensitive to changes in pH or the addition of electrolytes.
- Homopolymers of vinyl alcohol, copolymers of vinyl alcohol with copolymerizable monomers or hydrolysis products of vinyl ester homopolymers or vinyl ester copolymers with copolymerizable monomers can also be used.
- polymers are therefore primarily made of polyvinyl esters, in particular polyvinyl acetates, via polymer-analogous reactions such as hydrolysis, but in technical terms in particular by alkaline-catalyzed transesterification with alcohols (preferably methanol) in solution.
- alcohols preferably methanol
- Polyvinyl alcohols (abbreviation PVAL, occasionally also PVOH) is the name for polymers of the general structure
- polyvinyl alcohols which are offered as white-yellowish powders or granules with degrees of polymerization in the range from approximately 100 to 2500 (molar masses from approximately 4000 to 100,000 g / mol), have degrees of hydrolysis of 93-99 or ⁇ 7- ⁇ 9 mol% , therefore still contain a residual content of acetyl groups.
- the manufacturers characterize the polyvinyl alcohols by stating the degree of polymerization of the starting polymer, the degree of hydrolysis, the saponification number and the solution viscosity.
- polyvinyl alcohols are soluble in water and a few strongly polar organic solvents (formamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide); They are not attacked by (chlorinated) hydrocarbons, esters, fats and oils.
- Polyvinyl alcohols are classified as toxicologically safe and are at least partially biodegradable.
- the water solubility can be reduced by post-treatment with aldehydes (acetalization), by complexing with Ni or Cu salts or by treatment with dichromates, boric acid or borax.
- the polyvinyl alcohol coatings are widely impenetrable to gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, but allow water vapor to pass through.
- Polyvinyl alcohols of a certain molecular weight range are preferably used, such as from 10,000 to 100,000 gmol "1 , preferably from 11,000 to 90,000 gmol “ 1 , particularly preferably from 12,000 to ⁇ ,000 gmol “1 and in particular from 13,000 to 70,000 gmol " 1 .
- the degree of polymerization of such preferred polyvinyl alcohols is between approximately 200 to approximately 2100, preferably between approximately 220 to approximately 1390, particularly preferably between approximately 240 to approximately 16 ⁇ 0 and in particular between approximately 260 to approximately 1500.
- polyvinyl alcohols described above are widely available commercially, for example under the trade name Mowiol ® (Clariant).
- Mowiol ® Commercially, for example under the trade name Mowiol ® (Clariant).
- polymers suitable according to the invention are water-soluble amphopolymers.
- Ampho-polymers are amphoteric polymers, ie polymers that contain both free amino groups and free -COOH or SO 3 H groups in the molecule and are capable of forming internal salts, zwitterionic polymers that contain quaternary ammonium groups and - COO " - or -Sö 3 " groups, and summarized such polymers that contain -COOH or SO 3 H groups and quaternary ammonium groups.
- amphopolymer suitable resin is that available under the name Amphomer ® acrylic, a copolymer of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, N- (1, 1, 3,3-tetramethylbutyl) acrylamide and two or more monomers selected from represents the group of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and their simple esters.
- amphopolymers are composed of unsaturated carboxylic acids (e.g. acrylic and methacrylic acid), cationically derivatized unsaturated carboxylic acids (e.g.
- acrylamidopropyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride and optionally other ionic or nonionic monomers, such as in German Offenlegungsschrift 39 29 973 and the one there cited prior art can be found.
- amphoteric polymers are, for example, the Octylacryl- available under the names Amphomer ® and Amphomer ® LV-71 (DELFT NATIONAL) amide / methyl methacrylate / tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate / 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate copolymers.
- Suitable zwitterionic polymers are, for example, the polymers disclosed in German patent applications DE 39 29 973, DE 21 50 557, DE 28 17 369 and DE 37 08 451.
- Acrylamido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride / acrylic acid or methacrylic acid copolymers and their alkali and ammonium salts are preferred zwitterionic polymers.
- Further suitable zwitterionic polymers are methacroylethylbetaine / methacrylate copolymers, which are available under the name Amersette® ® (AMERCHOL).
- Anionic polymers suitable according to the invention include a .:
- Vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers such as are commercially available for example under the names re syn ® (National Starch), Luviset ® (BASF) and Gafset ® (GAF).
- these polymers also have monomer units of the general formula (IV):
- Vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acrylate copolymers obtainable for example under the trade name Luviflex ® (BASF).
- a preferred polymer is that available under the name Luviflex VBM-35 ® (BASF) vinylpyrrolidone / acrylate terpolymers.
- Acrylic acid / ethyl acrylate / N-tert-butyl acrylamide terpolymers which are sold, for example, under the name Ultrahold ® strong (BASF).
- Such grafted polymers of vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture with other copolymerizable compounds on polyalkylene glycols are obtained by polymerization in the heat in a homogeneous phase by converting the polyalkylene glycols into the monomers of the vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid , stirred in the presence of radical formers.
- Suitable vinyl esters include, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl benzoate, and as an ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, those which have low molecular weight aliphatic alcohols, in particular ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol; 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanoi, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, are available.
- Polyalkylene glycols in particular include polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols. Polymers of ethylene glycol which have the general formula V
- n can take values between 1 (ethylene glycol) and several thousand.
- polyethylene glycols There are various nomenclatures for polyethylene glycols that can lead to confusion.
- the specification of the average relative molecular weight following the specification "PEG” is customary in technical terms, so that "PEG 200" characterizes a polyethylene glycol with a relative molecular weight of approximately 190 to approximately 210.
- a different nomenclature is used for cosmetic ingredients, in which the abbreviation PEG is provided with a hyphen and immediately after the hyphen is followed by a number which corresponds to the number n in the formula V mentioned above.
- polyethylene glycols are, for example, under the trade name Carbowax ® PEG 200 (Union Carbide), Emkapol ® 200 (ICI Americas), Lipoxol ® 200 MED (Huls America), polyglycol ® E-200 (Dow Chemical), Alkapol ® PEG 300 (Rhone -Poulenc), Lutrol ® E300 (BASF) and the corresponding trade names with higher numbers.
- Polypropylene glycols are polymers of propylene glycol that have the general formula VI
- the vinyl acetate copolymers grafted onto polyethylene glycols and the polymers of vinyl acetate and crotonic acid grafted onto polyethylene glycols can be used.
- the polyethylene glycol used has a molecular weight between 200 and several million, preferably between 300 and 30,000.
- the non-ionic monomers can be of very different types and the following are preferred: vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate, vinyl laurate, vinyl propionate, allyl stearate, Allyl laurate, diethyl maleate, allyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, cetyl vinyl ether, stearyl vinyl ether and
- the non-ionic monomers can likewise be of very different types, of which crotonic acid, allyloxyacetic acid, vinyl acetic acid, maleic acid, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are particularly preferably contained in the graft polymers.
- Preferred crosslinkers are ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diallyl phthalate, ortho-, meta- and para-divinylbenzene, tetraallyloxyethane and polyallylsucrose with 2 to 5 allyl groups per molecule of saccharin.
- the grafted and crosslinked copolymers described above are preferably formed from: i) 5 to 85% by weight of at least one monomer of the nonionic type, ii) 3 to 80% by weight of at least one monomer of the ionic type, iii) 2 to 50 wt .-%, preferably 5 to 30 wt .-% polyethylene glycol and iv) 0.1 to 8 wt .-% of a crosslinking agent, the percentage of the crosslinking agent by the
- Ratio of the total weights of i), ii) and iii) is formed. copolymers obtained by copolymerization of at least one monomer of each of the following three groups: i) esters of unsaturated alcohols and short-chain saturated carboxylic acids and / or
- Esters of short-chain saturated alcohols and unsaturated carboxylic acids ii) unsaturated carboxylic acids, iii) esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and unsaturated alcohols and / or esters from the
- Carboxylic acids of group ii) with saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C 8 . ⁇ 8 alcohol, short-chain carboxylic acids or alcohols are understood to mean those having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein the carbon chains of said compounds optionally interrupted by divalent hetero groups such as -O- , -NH-, -S_ can be interrupted.
- Graft copolymers of polyalkylene oxide on vinyl acetate are described in European patent application EP 219 048 A (BASF). They can be obtained by grafting a polyalkylene oxide with vinyl acetate, it being possible for the acetate groups of the vinyl acetate to be partially saponified.
- Particularly suitable polyalkylene oxides are polymers with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and butylene oxide units, polyethylene oxide being preferred.
- the graft copolymers are prepared, for example, by dissolving the polyalkylene oxides in vinyl acetate and continuous or discontinuous polymerization after addition of a polymerization initiator, or by semi-continuous polymerization in which part of the polymerization mixture of polyalkylene oxide, vinyl acetate and polymerization initiator is heated to the polymerization temperature, after which the remainder of the ones to be polymerized Mixture is added.
- the graft copolymers can also be obtained by submitted lyalkylene oxide, warmed to the polymerization temperature and vinyl acetate and polymerization initiator either all at once, batchwise or preferably continuously.
- the coating contains at least 50% by weight of graft copolymers which can be obtained by grafting (a) polyalkylene oxides with a molecular weight of 1500 to 70,000 gmol-1 with (b) vinyl acetate in the weight ratio of (a) : (b) from 100: 1 to 1: 5, the acetate groups optionally being saponified up to 15%.
- the molecular weight of the polyalkylene oxides contained in the graft copolymers is 2,000 to 50,000 gmol-1, preferably 2500 to 40,000 gmol-1, particularly preferably 3,000 to 20,000 gmol-1 and in particular 4,000 to 10,000 gmol-1.
- the proportion of the individual monomers can vary depending on the desired properties of the coating. Coatings are preferred in which the vinyl acetate content in the graft copolymers is 1 to 60% by weight, preferably 2 to 50% by weight, particularly preferably 3 to 40% by weight and in particular 5 to 25% by weight, each based on the graft copolymer.
- a graft copolymer which is particularly preferred in the context of the present invention is based on a polyethylene oxide with an average molecular weight of 6000 gmol-1 (corresponding to 136 ethylene oxide units), which contains about 3 parts by weight of vinyl acetate per part by weight of polyethylene oxide.
- This polymer which has an average molecular weight of approximately 24000 gmol-1, is sold commercially by BASF under the name Sokalan (r) HP22.
- Terpolymers of crotonic acid, vinyl acetate and an allyl or methallyl ester contain monomer units of the general formulas (II) and (IV) (see above) and monomer units of one or more allyl or methallyesters of the formula VII:
- the above-mentioned terpolymers preferably result from the copolymerization of 7 to 12% by weight of crotonic acid, 65 to 86% by weight, preferably 71 to 83% by weight of vinyl acetate and 8 to 20% by weight, preferably 10 to 17% by weight .-% allyl or methallyl esters of the formula VII.
- polymers which can preferably be used as part of the coating are cationic polymers.
- the permanent cationic polymers are preferred among the cationic polymers.
- polymers which have a cationic group irrespective of the pH of the composition are referred to as “permanently cationic”.
- These are generally polymers which have a quaternary nitrogen atom, for example in the form of a Preferred cationic polymers are, for example, quaternized cellulose derivatives, as are commercially available under the names Celquat ® and Polymer JR ®
- the compounds Celquat ® H 100, Celquat ® L 200 and Polymer JR ® 400 are preferred quaternized cellulose derivatives.
- Polysiloxanes with quaternary groups such as, for example, the commercially available products Q2-7224 (manufacturer: Dow Corning; a stabilized trimethylsilylamodimethicone), Dow Corning® 929 emulsion (containing a hydroxylamino-modified silicone, which is also referred to as amodimethicone), SM -2059 (manufacturer: General Electric), SLM-55067 (manufacturer: Wacker) and Abil ® -Quat 3270 and 3272 (manufacturer: Th. Goldschmidt; di-quaternary polydimethylsiloxane, Quaternium-80),
- Cationic guar derivatives such as in particular the products sold under the trade names Cosmedia ® Guar and Jaguar ® ,
- Polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with esters and amides of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid Under the names Merquat ® 100 (Po ly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)) and Merquat ® 550 (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride-acrylamide copolymer) are examples of such cationic polymers.
- Such compounds are commercially available under the names Gafquat ® 734 and Gafquat ® 755.
- Vinylpyrrolidone-methoimidazoiinium chloride copolymers such as those offered under the name Luviquat ® , quaternized polyvinyl alcohol and the polymers known under the names Polyquaternium 2, Polyquaternium 17, Polyquaternium 18 and Polyquaternium 27 with quaternary nitrogen atoms in the main polymer chain.
- the polymers mentioned are designated according to the so-called INCI nomenclature, with detailed information in the CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 5 h Edition, The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Washington, 1997, to which express reference is made here becomes.
- Cationic polymers preferred according to the invention are quaternized cellulose derivatives and polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers.
- Cationic cellulose derivatives, in particular the commercial product Polymer ® JR 400, are very particularly preferred cationic polymers.
- polyurethanes which are usually composed of diisocyanates (VIII) and diols (IX).
- the diols being selected at least in part from polyethylene glycols (IXa) and / or polypropylene glycols (IXb)
- CH a and R 4 and R 5 independently of one another represent a substituted or unsubstituted, straight-chain or branched aikyl, aryl or alkylaryl radical having 1 to 24 carbon atoms and n each number from 5 to 2000.
- Polyurethanes can also be used as coating materials.
- Polyurethanes are polyadducts of at least two different types of monomers, a di- or polyisocyanate (A) and a compound (B) with at least 2 active hydrogen atoms per molecule
- the polyurethanes which can be used in the coating are obtained from reaction mixtures which contain at least one diisocyanate of the formula (VIII) and at least one polyethylene glycol of the formula (IXa) and / or at least one polypropylene glycol of the formula (IXb).
- the reaction mixtures can additionally contain further polyisocyanates. It is also possible for the reaction mixtures - and thus the polyurethanes - to contain other diols, triols, diamines, triamines, polyetherols and polyesterols.
- the compounds with more than 2 active hydrogen atoms are usually used only in small amounts in combination with a large excess of compounds with 2 active hydrogen atoms.
- detergent tablets are preferred in which at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 25% by weight, particularly preferably at least 50% by weight and in particular at least 75% by weight of the diols reacted in the polyurethane are selected from Polyethylene glycols (IXa) and / or polypropylene glycols (IXb).
- the polyurethanes contain diisocyanates of the formula (VIII) as a monomer unit.
- diisocyanates of the formula (VIII) as a monomer unit.
- Hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediisocyanate, 4,4'-methylene di (phenyl isocyanate) and in particular isophorone diisocyanate are predominantly used as diisocyanates.
- R 1 represents a connecting group of carbon atoms, for example a methylene-ethylene-propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, etc. group.
- HMDI hexamethylene diisocyanate
- R 1 (CH 2 ) 6
- TDI 2,4- or 2,6-toluenediisocyanate
- R 1 stands for C 6 H 3 -CH 3
- MDI 4,4'-methylenedi (phenyl isocyanate)
- MDI isophorone diisocyanate
- R 1 is the isophorone residue (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone ).
- the polyurethanes which can be used as coating material according to the invention also contain diols of the formula (IX) as a monomer unit, these diols at least in part originating from the group of polyethylene glycols (IXa) and / or polypropylene glycols (IXb).
- Polyethylene glycols are polymers of ethylene glycol which have the general formula (IXa)
- n can have values between 5 and 2000.
- polyethylene glycols that can lead to confusion.
- the specification of the average relative molecular weight following the specification "PEG” is customary in technical terms, so that "PEG 200" characterizes a polyethylene glycol with a relative molecular weight of approximately 190 to approximately 210.
- a different nomenclature is used for cosmetic ingredients, in which the abbreviation PEG is provided with a hyphen and directly after the hyphen is followed by a number which corresponds to the number n in the above-mentioned formula (IXa).
- PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG-9, PEG 10, PEG-12, PEG-14 and PEG-16 can be used as a monomer module.
- Commercially available polyethylene glycols are, for example, under the trade name Carbowax ® PEG (Union Carbide), Emkapol ® (ICI Americas), Lipoxol ® MED (Huls America), polyglycol ® E (Dow Chemical), Alkapol ® PEG (Rhone-Poulenc), Lutrol ® E (BASF).
- Polypropylene glycols are polymers of propylene glycol that have the general formula (IXb)
- n can have values between 5 and 2000.
- n represents a number between 6 and 1500, preferably between 7 and 1200, particularly preferably between 8 and 1000 , more preferably between 9 and 500 and in particular between 10 and 200.
- polyethylene and polypropylene glycols of the formulas (IXa) and / or (IXb) may be preferred, in which n is a number between 15 and 150, preferably between 20 and 100, particularly preferably between 25 and 75 and in particular between 30 and 60 stands.
- Examples of compounds optionally further contained in the reaction mixtures for the preparation of the polyurethanes are ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, butylene glycols, ethylene di- min, propylenediamine, 1,4-diaminobutane, hexamethylenediamine and ⁇ , ⁇ -diamines based on long-chain alkanes or polyalkylene oxides.
- Polyurethanes which contain additional diamines, preferably hexamethylenediamine and / or hydroxycarboxylic acids, preferably dimethylolpropionic acid, are preferred.
- polyurethanes particularly preferred as polyurethanes are those which are composed of diisocyanates (VIII) and diols (IX)
- R 4 stands for - (CH 2 ) 6 - or for 2,4- or 2,6-C 6 H 3 -CH 3 , or for C 6 H 4 -CH 2 -C 6 H and R 5 is selected is from -CH 2 -CH 2 - (0-CH 2 -CH 2 ) n - or - CH (CH 3 ) -CH 2 - (0-CH (CH 3 ) -CH 2 ) n-, where n is a number from 5 to 199 and k is a number from 1 to 2000.
- the diisocyanates described as preferred can be reacted with all the diols described as preferred to give polyurethanes, so that preferably used polyurethanes have one or more of the structural units (X a) to (X h):
- n is a number from 5 to 199 and k is a number from 1 to 2000.
- the reaction mixtures can contain, in addition to diisocyanates (VIII) and diols (IX), further compounds from the group of polyisocyanates (in particular triisocyanates and tetraisocyanates) and from the group of polyols and / or di- or polymains.
- Triols, tetrols, pentols and hexols as well as di- and triamines can be contained in the reaction mixtures.
- a content of compounds with more than two “active” H atoms leads to partial crosslinking of the polyurethane reaction products and can have advantageous properties such as, for example, control of the dissolution behavior, abrasion stability or flexibility of the coating, process advantages effect when applying the coating etc.
- the content of such compounds with more than two “active” H atoms in the reaction mixture is less than 20% by weight of the total reactants used for the diisocyanates, preferably less than 15% by weight and in particular less than 5% by weight.
- Polyurethanes are especially incorporated into the coating if it is to be resistant to mechanical stress in particular.
- the polyurethanes impart elasticity and stability to the coating and, depending on the amount of water-soluble polymers given above, can make up up to 50% by weight of the coating.
- LCST polymers are substances that have better solubility at low temperatures than at higher temperatures. They are also referred to as substances with a lower critical segregation temperature or turbidity temperature.
- the LCST substances are preferably selected from alkylated and / or hydroxyalkylated polysaccharides, cellulose ethers, acrylamides, such as polyisopropylacrylamide, copolymers of acrylamides, polyvinyl caprolactam, copolymers of polyvinyl caprolactam, especially those with polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl methyl ether, copolymers of polyvinyl methyl ether and blends of these substances.
- acrylamides such as polyisopropylacrylamide, copolymers of acrylamides, polyvinyl caprolactam, copolymers of polyvinyl caprolactam, especially those with polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl methyl ether, copolymers of polyvinyl methyl ether and blends of these substances.
- alkylated and / or hydroxyalkylated polysaccharides are hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), ethyl (hydroxyethyl) cellulose (EHEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), methyl cellulose (MC), propyl cellulose (PC), carboxymethyl methyl cellulose (CMMC), hydroxy butyl cellulose ( HBC), Hydroxybutylmethylcellulose (HBMC), Hydrdoxyethylcellulose (HEC), Hydroxyethylcarboxymethylcellulose (HECMC), Hydroxyethylethylcellulose (HEEC), Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), Hydroxypropylcarboxymethylcellulose (HPCMC), Hydroxyethylmethylcellulose (HEMCC) cellulose (HEMCC), Methylhydroxy (HEMCC) cellulose (HEMCC) cellulose their mixtures, whereby methyl cellulose, methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropy cellulose, hydroxypropyl
- LCST substances are mixtures of cellulose ethers with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- Other polymers which have a lower critical segregation temperature in water and which are also suitable are polymers of mono- or di-N-alkylated acrylamides, such as isopropylacrylamide, copolymers of mono- or di-N-substituted acrylamides with acrylates and / or acrylic acids or mixtures of interlinked networks of the abovementioned (co) polymers, copolymers of isopropylacrylamide and polyvinylcaprolactam.
- copolymers with polyethylene oxide such as ethylene oxide / propylene oxide copolymers and graft copolymers of alkylated acrylamides with polyethylene oxide, polymethacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol and copolymers thereof, polyvinyl methyl ether, certain proteins such as poly (VATGW), a repeating unit in the natural protein elastin and certain alginates.
- copolymers with polyethylene oxide such as ethylene oxide / propylene oxide copolymers and graft copolymers of alkylated acrylamides with polyethylene oxide, polymethacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol and copolymers thereof, polyvinyl methyl ether, certain proteins such as poly (VATGW), a repeating unit in the natural protein elastin and certain alginates.
- VATGW polyvinyl methyl ether
- Mixtures of these polymers with salts, low molecular weight organic compounds or surfactants can also be used as the LCST substance.
- the coating material is preferably applied at elevated temperature, since the viscosity decreases with increasing temperature and the formation of a uniform and thin coating film is facilitated.
- Processes according to the invention characterized in that the solution has a temperature above 30 to 300 ° C, preferably 35 to 90 ° C, particularly preferably 40 to 85 ° C and in particular 50 to 80 ° C, are preferred.
- the coating step can be followed by a drying step, which is preferably carried out by warm air or infrared radiation.
- the coating material is used as an aqueous solution, further water-miscible volatile solvents can be added. These come in particular from the group of alcohols, ethanol, n-propanol and iso-propanol being preferred. Ethanol and isopropanol are particularly recommended for cost reasons.
- Other ingredients of the coating material can be, for example, colorants or fragrances or pigments. Such additives improve, for example, the visual or olfactory impression of the molded articles coated according to the invention. Dyes and fragrances have been described in detail above.
- suitable pigments are white pigments such as titanium dioxide or zinc sulfide, pearlescent pigments or color pigments, the latter being able to be divided into inorganic pigments and organic pigments. If used, all of the pigments mentioned are preferably used in finely divided form, ie with average particle sizes of 100 ⁇ m and well below.
- the detergent tablets coated according to the invention already have significantly improved properties even with small amounts of coating material. It is preferred in the context of the present invention that the amount of coating material makes up less than 1% by weight, preferably less than 0.5% by weight and in particular less than 0.25% by weight, of the total weight of the coated shaped body. Detergent tablets in which the weight ratio of uncoated tablet to coating is greater than 100 to 1, preferably greater than 250 to 1 and in particular greater than 500 to 1, are therefore preferred embodiments of the present invention.
- the thickness of the coating on the tablet is 0.1 to 500 ⁇ m, preferably 0.5 to 250 ⁇ m and in particular 5 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the basic moldings contain builders (e) and surfactant (e) as essential components.
- the basic moldings according to the invention can contain all builders customarily used in detergents and cleaning agents, in particular thus zeolites, silicates, carbonates, organic see Cobuilder and - where there are no ecological prejudices against their use - also the phosphates.
- Suitable crystalline, layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi x 0 2x + ⁇ H 2 0, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2, 3 or 4.
- Such crystalline layered silicates are described, for example, in European patent application EP-A-0 164 514.
- Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3.
- both ⁇ - and ⁇ -sodium disilicate Na 2 Si 2 0 5 'yH 2 0 are preferred, with ⁇ -sodium disilicate being able to be obtained, for example, by the method described in international patent application WO-A-91/08171.
- the delay in dissolution compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compression or by overdrying.
- the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”.
- silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle.
- it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles provide washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be interpreted as meaning that the products have microcrystalline areas of size 10 to a few hundred n, values up to max. 50 n and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred.
- Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates which also have a delay in dissolution compared to conventional water glasses, are described, for example, in German patent application DE-A-44 00 024. Compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates are particularly preferred.
- the finely crystalline, synthetic zeolite containing bound water used is preferably zeolite A and / or P.
- the zeolite P, zeolite MAP ® (commercially available from Crosfield) is especially preferred.
- zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and / or P are also suitable.
- the zeolite can be used both as a builder in a granular compound and can also be used for a kind of "powdering" of the entire mixture to be pressed, both ways being usually used to incorporate the zeolite into the premix.
- Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 ⁇ m (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight, of bound water.
- the alkali metal phosphates with particular preference for pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), have the greatest importance in the detergent and cleaning agent industry.
- Alkali metal phosphates is the general term for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of the various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish between metaphosphoric acids (HP0 3 ) n and orthophosphoric acid H 3 P0 4 in addition to higher molecular weight representatives.
- the phosphates combine several advantages: They act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts and lime incrustations in tissues and also contribute to cleaning performance.
- Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH 2 P0 4 exists as a dihydrate (density 1, 91 like “3 , melting point 60 °) and as a monohydrate (density 2.04 like “ 3 ). Both salts are white powders that are very easily soluble in water, which lose water of crystallization when heated and into the weakly acidic diphosphate (disodium hydrogen diphosphate, Na 2 H 2 P 2 0 7 ) at 200 ° C, and at higher temperatures in sodium trimethane phosphate (Na 3 P 3 0 9 ) and Maddrell's salt (see below).
- NaH 2 P0 4 is acidic; it occurs when phosphoric acid is adjusted to a pH of 4.5 with sodium hydroxide solution and the mash is sprayed.
- Potassium dihydrogen phosphate primary or monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium biphosphate, KDP
- KH 2 P0 4 is a white salt with a density of 2.33 "3 , has a melting point of 253 ° [decomposition to form potassium polyphosphate (KP0 3 ) x ] and is light soluble in water.
- Disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary sodium phosphate), Na 2 HP0 4 , is a colorless, very easily water-soluble crystalline salt. It exists anhydrous and with 2 mol. (Density 2.066 gladly “3 , water loss at 95 °), 7 mol. (Density 1, 68 gladly “ 3 , melting point 48 ° with loss of 5 H 2 ⁇ ) and 12 mol. Water ( Density 1.52 "3 , melting point 35 ° with loss of 5 H 2 0), becomes anhydrous at 100 ° and changes to diphosphate Na 4 P 2 0 7 when heated.
- Disodium hydrogenphosphate is lost by neutralizing phosphoric acid with soda solution use of Phenolphthalem produced as an indicator Dika hydrogen phosphate (secondary or dibasic potassium phosphate), K 2 HP0 4 , is an amorphous, white salt that is easily soluble in water
- Trisodium phosphate, tertiary sodium phosphate, Na 3 P0 4 are colorless crystals which, as dodeca- hydrate, have a density of 1.62 "3 and a melting point of 73-76 ° C (decomposition), as deca- hydrate (corresponding to 19-20 % P 2 0 5 ) have a melting point of 100 ° C.
- Tetranate diphosphate sodium pyrophosphate
- Na P 2 0 7 exists in anhydrous form (density 2.534, preferably 3 , melting point 988 °, also given 880 °) and as decahydrate (density 1, 815-1, 836, preferably 3 , melting point 94 ° with loss of water ) for substances colorless crystals which dissolve in water through an alkaline reaction, crystals Na 4 P 2 0 7 is formed by heating Dinatnumphosphat to> 200 ° or by phosphoric acid reacted with sodium carbonate in stochiometnschem ratio and the solution by spraying dewatered the decahydrate complexes heavy metal salts and hard formers and therefore reduces the hardness of the water.
- Potassium diphosphate (potassium pyrophosphate), t P 2 ⁇ 7 , exists in the form of the hydrate and is a colorless, hygroscopic powder with a density of 2.33 "3 ", which is soluble in water , the pH of the 1% solution at 25 ° being 10.4
- Condensation of NaH 2 P0 4 or KH 2 P ⁇ 4 produces higher moles of sodium and potassium phosphates, in which one can distinguish cyclic representatives, the sodium or potassium metaphosphates and chain-like types, the sodium or potassium polyphosphates, in particular for the latter a variety of terms in use Melting or glowing phosphates, Graham's salt, Kurrol's and Maddrell's salt All higher sodium and potassium phosphates are collectively referred to as condensed phosphates
- these can be used just like sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of these two; Mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate can also be used according to the invention.
- polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, polyacetals, dextrins, other organic cobuilders (see below) and phosphonates can be used as organic cobuilders in the base tablets.
- organic cobuilders see below
- phosphonates can be used as organic cobuilders in the base tablets.
- Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids which can be used in the form of their sodium salts, polycarboxylic acids being understood to mean those carboxylic acids which carry more than one acid function.
- these are citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), as long as such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures of these.
- Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these.
- the acids themselves can also be used.
- the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH of detergents or cleaning agents.
- Citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures thereof can be mentioned in particular.
- Polymeric polycarboxylates are also suitable as builders, for example the alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 500 to 70,000 g / mol.
- the molecular weights given for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molecular weights M w of the particular acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a UV detector being used.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- the measurement was made against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship to the polymers investigated. This information differs significantly from the molecular weight information, for which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard.
- the molecular weights measured against polystyrene sulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights given in this document.
- Suitable polymers are, in particular, polyacrylates, which preferably have a molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the short-chain polyacrylates which have molar masses from 2000 to 10000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 3000 to 5000 g / mol, can in turn be preferred from this group.
- copolymeric polycarboxylates in particular those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid.
- Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable.
- Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 2,000 to 70,000 g / mol, preferably 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol and in particular 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol.
- the (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution.
- the content of (co) polymeric polycarboxylates in the agents is preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, in particular 3 to 10% by weight.
- the polymers can also contain allylsulfonic acids, such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as monomers.
- allylsulfonic acids such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as monomers.
- Biodegradable polymers of more than two different monomer units are also particularly preferred, for example those which contain salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid as well as vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives as monomers or those which contain salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives as monomers , Further preferred copolymers are those which are described in German patent applications DE-A-43 03 320 and DE-A-44 17 734 and preferably contain acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate as monomers.
- polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids their salts or their precursor substances.
- Particularly preferred are polyaspartic acids or their salts and derivatives, of which it is disclosed in German patent application DE-A-195 40 086 that, in addition to cobuilder properties, they also have a bleach-stabilizing effect.
- polyacetals which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups.
- Preferred polyacetals are obtained from dialdehydes such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and mixtures thereof and from polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.
- Suitable organic builder substances are dextrins, for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches.
- the hydrolysis can be carried out by customary processes, for example acid-catalyzed or enzyme-catalyzed. They are preferably hydrolysis products with average molar masses in the range from 400 to 500,000 g / mol.
- DE dextrose equivalent
- the oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function.
- oxidizing agents capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function.
- Such oxidized dextrins and processes for their preparation are known, for example, from European patent applications EP-A-0 232 202, EP-A-0 427 349, EP-A-0 472 042 and EP-A-0 542496 as well as international patent applications WO 92 / 18542, WO 93/08251, WO 93/16110, WO 94/28030, WO 95/07303, WO 95/12619 and WO 95/20608 are known.
- An oxidized oligosaccharide according to German patent application DE-A-196 00 018 is also suitable.
- a product oxidized at C 6 of the saccharide ring
- Ethylene diamine N, N'-disuccinate (EDDS) is preferred used in the form of its sodium or magnesium salts.
- Glycerol disuccinates and glycerol trisuccinates are also preferred in this context. Suitable amounts for use in formulations containing zeolite and / or silicate are 3 to 15% by weight.
- organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may also be in lactone form and which contain at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and a maximum of two acid groups.
- Such cobuilders are described, for example, in international patent application WO 95/20029.
- phosphonates are, in particular, hydroxyalkane or aminoalkane phosphonates.
- hydroxyalkane phosphonates 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (HEDP) is of particular importance as a cobuilder.
- HEDP 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate
- Preferred aminoalkane phosphonates are ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP), diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonate (DTPMP) and their higher homologs. They are preferably in the form of the neutral sodium salts, e.g. B.
- HEDP is preferably used as the builder from the class of the phosphonates.
- the aminoalkanephosphonates also have a pronounced ability to bind heavy metals. Accordingly, it may be preferred, particularly if the agents also contain bleach, to use aminoalkanephosphonates, in particular DTPMP, or to use mixtures of the phosphonates mentioned.
- the amount of builder is usually between 10 and 70% by weight, preferably between 15 and 60% by weight and in particular between 20 and 50% by weight.
- the amount of builders used depends on the intended use, so that bleach tablets can have higher amounts of builders (for example between 20 and 70% by weight, preferably between 25 and 65% by weight and in particular between 30 and 55% by weight) as detergent tablets (usually 10 to 50% by weight, preferably 12.5 to 45% by weight and in particular between 17.5 and 37.5% by weight).
- Preferred base tablets furthermore contain one or more surfactant (s).
- Anionic, nonionic, cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants or mixtures of these can be used in the base tablets. Mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants are preferred from an application point of view.
- the total surfactant content of the moldings is 5 to 60% by weight, based on the weight of the shaped body, with surfactant contents above 15% by weight being preferred.
- Anionic surfactants used are, for example, those of the sulfonate and sulfate type.
- the surfactants of the sulfonate type are preferably C 9 . 13- Alkylbenzoisulfonates, olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkanesulfonates and disulfonates, such as are obtained, for example, from C 12 - ⁇ _ monoolefins with terminal or internal double bonds by sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonation products, into consideration. Alkanesulfonates which are derived from C 12 are also suitable.
- esters of ⁇ -sulfofatty acids for example the ⁇ -sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, are also suitable.
- Suitable anionic surfactants are sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters.
- Fatty acid glycerol esters are to be understood as the mono-, di- and triesters and their mixtures, such as those used in the production by esterification of a monoglycerol with 1 to 3 moles of fatty acid or in the transesterification of triglycerides with 0.3 to 2 moles Glycerin can be obtained.
- Preferred sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters are the sulfonation products of saturated fatty acids having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid.
- alk (en) yl sulfates are the alkali and especially the sodium salts of the sulfuric acid half esters of C 12 -C 8 fatty alcohols, for example from coconut fatty alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or the C 10 -C 20 -Oxo alcohols and those half esters of secondary alcohols of this chain length are preferred. Also preferred are alk (en) yl sulfates of the chain length mentioned which contain a synthetic, straight-chain alkyl radical prepared on a petrochemical basis and which have a degradation behavior analogous to that of the adequate compounds based on oleochemical raw materials.
- C 12 -C 16 alkyl sulfates and C 12 -C 15 alkyl sulfates as well as C 14 -C 15 alkyl sulfates are preferred from the point of view of washing technology.
- 2,3-Alkyl sulfates which are manufactured according to the US Patent No. 3,234,258 or 5,075,041 and can be obtained as commercial products from Shell Oil Company under the name DAN ®, are suitable anionic surfactants.
- Suitable anionic surfactants are also the salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or as sulfosuccinic acid esters and which are monoesters and / or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and in particular ethoxylated fatty alcohols.
- alcohols preferably fatty alcohols and in particular ethoxylated fatty alcohols.
- Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C 8 . 18 fatty alcohol residues or mixtures thereof.
- Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain a fatty alcohol residue which is derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which in themselves are nonionic surfactants (description see below).
- alk (en) ylsuccinic acid with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk (en) yl chain or salts thereof.
- Soaps are particularly suitable as further anionic surfactants.
- Saturated fatty acid soaps are suitable, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, hydrogenated erucic acid and behenic acid, and in particular from natural fatty acids, e.g. Coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, derived soap mixtures.
- the anionic surfactants can be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and also as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine.
- the anionic surfactants are preferably in the form of their sodium or potassium salts, in particular in the form of the sodium salts.
- the nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical can be linear or preferably methyl-branched in the 2-position or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals.
- EO ethylene oxide
- alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohols, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred.
- the preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C 12 -C 4 alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C 9 . ⁇ r alcohol with 7 EO, C 13 . 15 alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C 12 . 18 - alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of C 12 . 14 - alcohol with 3 EO and C 12 . 18 alcohol with 5 EO.
- the degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product.
- Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE).
- fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples of this are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.
- alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO (G) x can also be used as further nonionic surfactants, in which R denotes a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched aliphatic radical with 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, C-atoms, in particular methyl-branched, and G is the symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably for glucose.
- the degree of oligomerization x which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is any number between 1 and 10; x is preferably 1.2 to 1.4.
- nonionic surfactants which are used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants, are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated, fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, in particular fatty acid methyl esters, as they are are described, for example, in Japanese patent application JP 58/217598 or which are preferably produced by the process described in international patent application WO-A-90/13533.
- Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type for example N-coconut alkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides can also be suitable.
- the amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, in particular not more than half of them.
- surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula (IX),
- RCO stands for an aliphatic acyl radical with 6 to 22 carbon atoms
- R ⁇ for hydrogen, an aikyl or hydroxyalkyl radical with 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- [Z] for a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical with 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups.
- the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.
- the group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula (XI) R 1 -0-R 2
- R represents a linear or branched aikyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms
- R represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms
- R 2 represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical or is an oxy-alkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, with C 4 alkyl or phenyl radicals being preferred and [Z] being a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated derivatives of this radical ,
- [Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose.
- a reduced sugar for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose.
- the N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then, for example according to the teaching of international application WO-A-95/07331, be converted into the desired polyhydroxy fatty acid amides by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst.
- base moldings which contain anionic (s) and nonionic (s) surfactant (s), with application technology advantages being able to result from certain quantitative ratios in which the individual classes of surfactants are used.
- base moldings are particularly preferred in which the ratio of anionic surfactant (s) to nonionic surfactant (s) is between 10: 1 and 1:10, preferably between 7.5: 1 and 1: 5 and in particular between 5: 1 and Is 1: 2.
- the surfactant (s), preferably anionic (s) and / or nonionic (s) surfactant (s), in amounts of 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 35% by weight, are particularly preferred .-%, particularly preferably from 10 to 30 wt .-% and in particular from 12.5 to 25 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the molded body.
- a further important embodiment of the present invention therefore provides that at least one phase of the shaped body is free from nonionic surfactants. Conversely, a positive effect can also be achieved by the content of individual phases or of the entire molded body, ie all phases, of certain surfactants.
- the introduction of the alkyl polyglycosides described above has proven to be advantageous, so that base tablets are preferred in which at least one phase of the tablets contains alkyl polyglycosides.
- disintegration aids so-called tablet disintegrants
- tablet disintegrants or disintegration accelerators are understood as auxiliary substances which are necessary for the rapid disintegration of tablets in water or gastric juice and ensure the release of the pharmaceuticals in absorbable form.
- Preferred base agent tablets contain 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight of one or more disintegration auxiliaries, in each case based on the weight of the tablet.
- Disintegrants based on cellulose are used as preferred disintegrants in the context of the present invention, so that preferred base moldings such a disintegrant based on cellulose in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight .-% contain.
- Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n and, viewed formally, represents a ß-1, 4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is made up of two molecules of glucose.
- Suitable celluloses consist of approximately 500 to 5000 glucose units and consequently have average molar masses of 50,000 to 500,000.
- the present invention also cellulose derivatives which are obtainable from cellulose by polymer-analogous reactions.
- Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products from esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted.
- celluloses in which the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by functional groups which are not bound via an oxygen atom can also be used as cellulose derivatives.
- the group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali celluloses, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers and aminocelluloses.
- the cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably not used alone as a cellulose-based disintegrant, but are used in a mixture with cellulose.
- the content of cellulose derivatives in these mixtures is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly preferably below 20% by weight, based on the cellulose-based disintegrant. Pure cellulose which is free from cellulose derivatives is particularly preferably used as the disintegrant based on cellulose.
- the cellulose used as disintegration aid is preferably not used in finely divided form, but is converted into a coarser form, for example granulated or compacted, before being added to the premixes to be pressed.
- Detergent tablets which contain disintegrants in granular or, if appropriate, cogranulated form are described in German patent applications DE 197 09 991 (Stefan Herzog) and DE 197 10 254 (Henkel) and in international patent application WO98 / 40463 (Henkel). These documents can also be found in more detail on the production of granulated, compacted or cogranulated cellulose disintegrants.
- the particle sizes of such disintegrants are usually above 200 ⁇ m, preferably at least 90% by weight between 300 and 1600 ⁇ m and in particular at least 90% by weight between 400 and 1200 ⁇ m.
- the above and described in more detail in the documents cited coarser disintegration aids, are preferred as the disintegration aid in the context of the present invention and maier commercially available, for example under the name of Arbocel ® TF-30-HG from the company Retten-.
- Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a further cellulose-based disintegrant or as a component of this component.
- This microcrystalline cellulose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of celluloses under conditions which only attack and completely dissolve the amorphous areas (approx. 30% of the total cellulose mass) of the celluloses, but leave the crystalline areas (approx. 70%) undamaged.
- a subsequent disaggregation of the microfine celluloses produced by the hydrolysis provides the microcrystalline celluloses, which have primary particle sizes of approximately 5 ⁇ m and can be compacted, for example, into granules with an average particle size of 200 ⁇ m.
- Detergent tablets preferred in the context of the present invention additionally contain a disintegration aid, preferably a disintegration aid Cellulose base, preferably in granular, cogranulated or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the shaped body, preferred disintegration aids have average particle sizes above 300 ⁇ m, preferably above 400 ⁇ m and in particular above 500 ⁇ m.
- a disintegration aid preferably a disintegration aid Cellulose base, preferably in granular, cogranulated or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the shaped body, preferred disintegration aids have average particle sizes above 300 ⁇ m, preferably above 400 ⁇ m and in particular above 500 ⁇ m.
- the detergent tablets to be coated according to the invention can contain further ingredients customary in detergents and cleaning agents from the group of bleaching agents, bleach activators, dyes, fragrances, optical brighteners, enzymes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-deposition Onsstoff, graying inhibitors, color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors contain.
- the detergent tablets of the present invention can contain bleaches.
- the usual bleaching agents from the group of sodium perborate monohydrate, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium percarbonate have proven particularly useful here.
- Sodium percarbonate is a non-specific term for sodium carbonate peroxohydrates which, strictly speaking, are not “percarbonates” (ie salts of percarbonic acid) but hydrogen peroxide adducts with sodium carbonate.
- the merchandise has the average composition 2 Na 2 C0 3 -3 H 2 0 2 and is therefore not peroxycarbonate.
- Sodium percarbonate often forms a white, water-soluble powder with a density of 2.14 "3 , which easily breaks down into sodium carbonate and bleaching or oxidizing oxygen.
- the industrial production of sodium percarbonate is mainly produced by precipitation from an aqueous solution (so-called wet process).
- aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide are combined and the sodium percarbonate is precipitated by salting-out agents (predominantly sodium chloride), crystallization aids (for example polyphosphates, polyacrylates) and stabilizers (for example Mg 2+ ions).
- the precipitated salt which still contains 5 to 12% by weight of mother liquor, is then centrifuged off and dried at 90 ° C. in fluid bed dryers.
- the bulk density of the finished product can vary between 800 and 1200 g / l depending on the manufacturing process.
- the percarbonate is stabilized by an additional coating. Coating processes and substances used for coating are in the patent lit ratur broadly described. In principle, all commercially available types of percarbonate can be used, such as those offered by Solvay Interox, Degussa, Kemira or Akzo.
- the content of the shaped bodies in these substances depends on the intended use of the shaped bodies. While conventional universal detergents in tablet form contain between 5 and 30% by weight, preferably between 7.5 and 25% by weight and in particular between 12.5 and 22.5% by weight of bleaching agent, the contents of bleaching agent or bleach booster tablets are between 15 and 50% by weight, preferably between 22.5 and 45% by weight and in particular between 30 and 40% by weight.
- the detergent tablets can contain bleach activator (s), which is preferred in the context of the present invention.
- Bleach activators are incorporated into detergents and cleaning agents in order to achieve an improved bleaching effect when washing at temperatures of 60 ° C and below.
- Bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups.
- Multi-acylated alkylenediamines in particular tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1, 3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N- Acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic acid anhydrides, especially phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, especially triacetate, ethylene glycol, diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran.
- TAED tetraacetylethylene diamine
- DADHT 1,5
- bleach catalysts can also be incorporated into the moldings.
- These substances are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes such as, for example, Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salt complexes or carbonyl complexes.
- Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N-containing tripod ligands as well as Co, Fe, Cu and Ru amine complexes can also be used as bleaching catalysts.
- the moldings contain bleach activators, they contain, in each case based on the entire molded body, between 0.5 and 30% by weight, preferably between 1 and 20% by weight and in particular between 2 and 15% by weight, of one or more bleach activators or bleach catalysts. These amounts can vary depending on the intended use of the moldings produced.
- Typical universal detergent tablets contain bleach activator contents between 0.5 and 10% by weight, preferably between 2 and 8% by weight and in particular between 4 and 6% by weight, is customary, while bleach tablets are definitely higher contents, for example between 5 and 30% by weight, preferably between 7.5 and 25 % By weight and in particular between 10 and 20% by weight.
- the person skilled in the art is not restricted in its freedom of formulation and can thus produce more or less bleaching detergent tablets, detergent tablets or bleach tablets by varying the bleach activator and bleach content.
- a particularly preferred bleach activator is N, N, N ', N'-tetraacetylethylenediamine, which is widely used in detergents and cleaning agents. Accordingly, preferred detergent tablets are characterized in that tetraacetylethylenediamine is used as the bleach activator in the amounts mentioned above.
- the detergent tablets can contain further ingredients customary in detergents and cleaning agents from the group of dyes, fragrances, optical brighteners, enzymes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, graying inhibitors, colorants - contain transmission inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors.
- dyes In order to improve the aesthetic impression of the detergent tablets, they can be colored with suitable dyes.
- Preferred dyes the selection of which is not difficult for the person skilled in the art, have a high storage stability and insensitivity to the other ingredients of the compositions and to light, and no pronounced substantivity to textile fibers in order not to dye them.
- Preferred for use in detergent tablets are all colorants which can be oxidatively destroyed in the washing process and mixtures thereof with suitable blue dyes, so-called blue tones. It has proven to be advantageous to use colorants which are soluble in water or at room temperature in liquid organic substances.
- anionic colorants for example anionic nitroso dyes, are suitable.
- One possible dye is, for example, naphthol green (Color Index (CI) Part 1: Acid Green 1; Part 2: 10020)., That is as a commercial product, for example as Basacid ® Green 970 from BASF, Ludwigshafen available, as well as mixtures thereof with suitable blue dyes.
- Pigmosol ® Blue 6900 (Cl 74160), Pigmosol ® Green 8730 (Cl 74260), Basonyl ® Red 545 FL (Cl 45170), Sandolan ® Rhodamine EB400 (Cl 45100), Basacid ® Yellow 094 (Cl 47005), Sicovit ® Patentblau 85 E 131 (Cl 42051), Acid Blue 183 (CAS 12217-22-0, Cl Acidblue 183), Pigment Blue 15 (Cl 74160), Supranol ® Blau GLW (CAS 12219-32-8, Cl Acidblue 221 )), Nylosan ® Yellow N-7GL SGR (CAS 61814-57-1, Cl Acidyellow 218) and / or Sandolan ® Blue (Cl Acid Blue 182, CAS 12219-26-0).
- colorants When choosing the colorant, care must be taken to ensure that the colorants do not have too strong an affinity for the textile surfaces and especially for synthetic fibers. At the same time, when choosing suitable colorants, it must also be taken into account that colorants have different stabilities against oxidation. In general, water-insoluble colorants are more stable to oxidation than water-soluble colorants. Depending on the solubility and thus also on the sensitivity to oxidation, the concentration of the colorant in the washing or cleaning agents varies. For highly soluble dyes, for example, the above-mentioned Basacid ® Green or the above-mentioned Sandolan Blue ®, are typically selected dye concentrations in the range of some 10 "2 to 10" 3 wt .-%.
- the appropriate concentration of the colorant is in washing or cleaning agents, however, typically a few 10 "3 to 10" 4 wt .-% ,
- the moldings can contain optical brighteners of the type of derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or their alkali metal salts. Suitable are e.g. Salts of 4,4'-bis (2-anilino-4-morpholino-1, 3,5-triazinyl-6-amino) stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or compounds of similar structure which, instead of the morpholino group, have a diethanolamino group , a methylamino group, an anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group.
- brighteners of the substituted diphenylstyryl type may be present, e.g.
- the optical brighteners are in the detergent tablets in concentrations between 0.01 and 1 wt .-%, preferably between 0.05 and 0.5 wt .-% and in particular between 0.1 and 0.25 wt .-% , each based on the entire molded body, used.
- Fragrances are added in order to improve the aesthetic impression of the products and, in addition to the performance of the product, to provide the consumer with a visually and sensorially "typical and distinctive" product.
- Individual perfume compounds for example the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type, can be used as perfume oils or fragrances.
- Fragrance compounds of the ester type are, for example, benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert.-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalylbenzoate, benzyl formate, ethylmethylphenyl and benzyl allyl allyl cyclohexyl propyl allyl pentyl propionate.
- the ethers include, for example, benzylethyl ether
- the aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal
- the ketones include, for example, the jonones, oc-isomethylionone and methyl -cedryl ketone, to the alcohols anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol, to the Hydrocarbons mainly belong to the terpenes like limonene and pinene.
- Perfume oils of this type can also contain natural fragrance mixtures such as are obtainable from plant sources, for example pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouly, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are muscatel, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.
- the fragrance content of the laundry detergent and cleaning product tablets is usually up to 2% by weight of the total formulation.
- the fragrances can be incorporated directly into the compositions, but it can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances to carriers which increase the adhesion of the perfume to the laundry and ensure a long-lasting fragrance of the textiles due to a slower fragrance release.
- Cyclodextrins for example, have proven useful as such carrier materials, and the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes can additionally be coated with further auxiliaries.
- Particularly suitable enzymes are those from the classes of hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All these hydrolases help to remove stains such as protein, fat or starchy stains and graying in the laundry. Cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolases can also help to retain color and increase the softness of the textile by removing pilling and microfibrils. Oxidoreductases can also be used for bleaching or for inhibiting color transfer.
- hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All these hydrolases help to remove stains such as protein, fat or starchy stains and graying in the laundry. Cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolases can also help to retain color and increase
- Bacillus subtilis Bacillus licheniformis
- Streptomyceus griseus Streptomyceus griseus
- Coprinus Cinereus and Humicola insolens as well as enzymatic active ingredients obtained from their genetically modified variants.
- Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases which are obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used.
- Enzyme mixtures for example, from protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease and cellulase or from cellulase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or from protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytically active enzymes and cellulase, but especially protease and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes of particular interest.
- Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes.
- Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases.
- Suitable amylases include in particular alpha-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases.
- Cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and glucosidases, which are also called cellobiases, or mixtures thereof, are preferably used as cellulases. Because there are different Differentiate cellulase types by their CMCase and avicelase activities, the desired activities can be set by targeted mixtures of the cellulases.
- the enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers or embedded in coating substances to protect them against premature decomposition.
- the proportion of the enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules can be, for example, about 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to about 4.5% by weight.
- the detergent tablets can also contain components which have a positive effect on the washability of oil and fat from textiles (so-called soil repellents). This effect becomes particularly clear if a textile is soiled that has already been washed several times with a detergent containing this oil and fat-dissolving component.
- the preferred oil- and fat-dissolving components include, for example, nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose with a proportion of methoxy groups of 15 to 30% by weight and of hydroxypropoxyl groups of 1 to 15% by weight, in each case based on the nonionic cellulose ether, and the polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known from the prior art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and / or nonionically modified derivatives thereof. Of these, the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers are particularly preferred.
- the molded articles to be coated can be produced by customary pressing and non-pressing methods. These methods are described below. It is also possible to produce only parts of the moldings and to assemble the parts obtained from different processes in a later step.
- the term molded body used here naturally also includes parts thereof.
- the molded articles which are produced by pressing processes are produced in two steps.
- detergent tablets are produced in a manner known per se by pressing particulate detergent and cleaning agent compositions, and the second step is provided with the coating.
- the molded articles to be coated later according to the invention are first produced by dry mixing the components, which may be wholly or partly pregranulated, and then providing them, in particular pressing them into tablets, using conventional methods.
- the premix is compacted in a so-called die between two punches to form a solid compact. This The process, which is briefly referred to below as tableting, is divided into four sections: metering, compression (elastic deformation), plastic deformation and ejection.
- the premix is introduced into the die, the filling quantity and thus the weight and the shape of the molding being formed being determined by the position of the lower punch and the shape of the pressing tool.
- the constant dosing is preferably achieved by volumetric dosing of the premix.
- the upper punch touches the premix and lowers further in the direction of the lower punch.
- the particles of the premix are pressed closer together, the void volume within the filling between the punches continuously decreasing. From a certain position of the upper punch (and thus from a certain pressure on the premix) the plastic deformation begins, in which the particles flow together and the molded body is formed.
- the premix particles are crushed and sintering of the premix occurs at even higher pressures.
- the phase of elastic deformation is shortened further and further, so that the resulting shaped bodies can have more or less large cavities.
- the finished molded body is pressed out of the die by the lower punch and transported away by subsequent transport devices. At this point in time, only the weight of the molded body is finally determined, since the compacts can still change their shape and size due to physical processes (stretching, crystallographic effects, cooling, etc.).
- Tableting takes place in commercially available tablet presses, which can in principle be equipped with single or double punches. In the latter case, not only is the upper stamp used to build up pressure, the lower stamp also moves towards the upper stamp during the pressing process, while the upper stamp presses down.
- eccentric tablet presses are preferably used, in which the stamp or stamps are attached to an eccentric disc, which in turn is mounted on an axis with a certain rotational speed. The movement of these rams is comparable to that of a conventional four-stroke engine.
- the pressing can take place with one upper and one lower punch, but several punches can also be attached to one eccentric disc, the number of die holes being correspondingly increased.
- the throughputs of eccentric presses vary depending on the type from a few hundred to a maximum of 3000 tablets per hour.
- rotary tablet presses are selected in which a larger number of dies is arranged in a circle on a so-called die table.
- the number of matrices varies between 6 and 55 depending on the model, although larger matrices are also commercially available.
- Each die on the die table is assigned an upper and lower stamp, whereby again the pressure can only be built up by the upper or lower stamp, but also by both stamps.
- the die table and the stamps move around a common vertical axis, the stamps being brought into the positions for filling, compression, plastic deformation and ejection by means of rail-like curved tracks during the rotation.
- these cam tracks are supported by additional low-pressure pieces, low-tension rails and lifting tracks.
- the die is filled via a rigidly arranged feed device, the so-called filling shoe, which is connected to a storage container for the premix.
- the pressing pressure on the premix can be individually adjusted via the pressing paths for the upper and lower punches, the pressure being built up by rolling the punch shaft heads past adjustable pressure rollers.
- Rotary presses can also be provided with two filling shoes to increase the throughput, with only a semicircle having to be run through to produce a tablet.
- several filling shoes are arranged one behind the other without the slightly pressed first layer being ejected before further filling.
- jacket and dot tablets can also be produced in this way, which have an onion-shell-like structure, the top side of the core or the core layers not being covered in the case of the dot tablets and thus remaining visible.
- Rotary tablet presses can also be equipped with single or multiple tools, so that, for example, an outer circle with 50 and an inner circle with 35 holes can be used simultaneously for pressing.
- the throughputs of modern rotary tablet presses are over one million tablets per hour.
- All non-stick coatings known from the art can be used to reduce stamp caking.
- Plastic coatings, plastic inserts or plastic stamps are particularly advantageous.
- Rotating punches have also proven to be advantageous, whereby after Possibility upper and lower punches should be rotatable.
- a plastic insert can generally be dispensed with.
- the stamp surfaces should be electropolished here.
- Tableting machines suitable within the scope of the present invention are available, for example, from the companies Apparatebau Holzwarth GbR, Asperg, Wilhelm Fette GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Hofer GmbH, Weil, Hörn & Noack Pharmatechnik GmbH, Worms, IMAmaschinessysteme GmbH Viersen, KILIAN, Cologne, KOMAGE, Kell am See, KORSCH Pressen AG, Berlin, and Romaco GmbH, Worms.
- Other providers include Dr. Herbert Pete, Vienna (AU), Mapag Maschinenbau AG, Bern (CH), BWI Manesty, Liverpool (GB), I. Holand Ltd., Nottingham (GB), Courtoy NV, Halle (BE / LU) and Mediopharm Kamnik (Sl).
- the hydraulic double-pressure press HPF 630 from LAEIS, D. Tablettierwerkmaschinee are, for example, from the companies Adams Tablettierwerkmaschinee, Dresden, Wilhelm Fett GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Klaus Hammer, Solingen, Herber% Söhne GmbH, Hamburg, Hofer GmbH, Weil, Hörn & Noack, Pharmatechnik GmbH, Worms, Ritter Pharmatechnik GmbH, Hamburg, Romaco, GmbH, Worms and Notter negligencebau, Tamm available.
- Other providers are e.g. Senss AG, Reinach (CH) and Medicopharm, Kamnik (Sl).
- the moldings can be manufactured in a predetermined spatial shape and a predetermined size. Practically all practical configurations can be considered as the spatial shape, for example, the design as a board, the bar or bar shape, cubes, cuboids and corresponding spatial elements with flat side surfaces, and in particular cylindrical configurations with a circular or oval cross section. This last embodiment covers the presentation form from the tablet to compact cylinder pieces with a ratio of height to diameter above 1.
- the portioned compacts can each be designed as separate individual elements that correspond to the predetermined dosage of the detergents and / or cleaning agents. It is also possible, however, to form compacts which connect a plurality of such mass units in one compact, the portioned smaller units being easy to separate, in particular by predetermined predetermined breaking points.
- the portioned compacts as tablets, in cylindrical or cuboid form can be expedient, a diameter / height ratio in the range from approximately 0.5: 2 to 2: 0.5 being preferred.
- Commercial hydraulic presses, eccentric presses or rotary presses are suitable devices, in particular for the production of such compacts.
- Particularly preferred production variants for non-pressed molded parts are sintering, casting, hardening of deformable masses and the production of particles, e.g. through granulation, pelleting, extrusion, agglomeration, etc.
- the sintering represents the provision of a possibly preformed particle aggregate, which is converted into a compact molded part under the influence of external conditions (temperature, radiation, reactive gases, liquids, etc.).
- Examples of sintering processes are the production of shaped bodies by microwaves known from the prior art, or radiation curing.
- Another preferred sintering process for producing non-pressed molded body parts is reactive sintering.
- the starting components are brought into shape and subsequently solidified by reacting component A and component B with one another, components A and B being mixed with the starting components, applied thereto or added after the information has been brought about.
- components A and B react with one another to solidify the individual ingredients.
- the reaction product formed from components A and B connects the individual starting components in such a way that a solid, relatively break-resistant molded body is obtained.
- components A and B In order to cause components A and B to react with one another, it has proven to be advantageous if the starting components are mixed with component A or coated with them before they are brought into shape.
- compounds of component A are the alkali metal hydroxides, in particular NaOH and KOH, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, in particular Ca (OH) 2 , alkali metal silicates, organic or inorganic acids, such as citric acid, or acidic salts, such as hydrogen sulfate, anhydrous hydratable salts or salts containing hydrate water, such as soda .
- alkali metal hydroxides in particular NaOH and KOH
- alkaline earth metal hydroxides in particular Ca (OH) 2
- alkali metal silicates organic or inorganic acids, such as citric acid, or acidic salts, such as hydrogen sulfate, anhydrous hydratable salts or salts containing hydrate water, such as soda .
- Component B is selected such that it reacts with component A without the application of higher pressures or a substantial increase in temperature, with the formation of a solid, with solidification of the other starting components present.
- compounds of component B are CO 2 , NH 3 , water vapor or spray, salts of hydrate water which optionally react with the anhydrous salts present as component A by hydrate migration, hydrated salts which form hydrates and the salts of component A containing hydrate water Hydrate migration react, S0 2 , S0 3 , HCl, HBr, silicon halides such as SiCl or kiselklareester S (OR) x R ' 4 . x .
- the above-mentioned components A and B are interchangeable, provided two components are used which react with one another during sintering.
- the starting components are mixed or coated with compounds of component A and then mixed with the compounds of component B. It has proven particularly suitable if the compounds of component B are gaseous.
- the shaped components (hereinafter referred to as preforms) can then either be gassed in a simple form or introduced into a gas atmosphere.
- a particularly preferred combination of components A and B are concentrated solutions of the alkali metal hydroxides, in particular NaOH and KOH, and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, such as Ca (OH) 2 , or alkali metal silicates as component A and CO 2 as component B.
- the starting components are first brought into shape, ie they are usually filled into a die which has the outer shape of the molded body to be produced.
- the starting components are preferably in powdery to granular form.
- they are mixed or coated with component A.
- it has proven to be preferred to press the starting components in the die lightly, for example by hand or with a stamp at a pressure below the above Values, especially below 100 N / cm 2 . It is also possible to compress the premix by vibration (knock compression).
- component A is not already in a mixture with the starting components, they are then coated with it and component B is added. After the reaction, a break-stable molded body is obtained without the action of pressure or temperature. If one of the components A or B is a gas, a preform can be mixed with it, for example, so that the gas flows through it. This procedure allows the molded article to harden evenly within a short time.
- a preform is introduced into an atmosphere of the reactive gas.
- This variant is easy to carry out. It is possible to produce moldings that have a hardness gradient, i.e. Shaped bodies that only have a hardened surface up to shaped bodies that are fully hardened.
- a preform or the premix can also be reacted with the reactive gas under excess pressure.
- This variant of the method has the advantage that the surface hardens rapidly to form a hard shell, the hardening process already being stopped here or, as described above, completely hardened moldings can also be produced via increasing hardening stages.
- the above process variants can also be combined by first flowing reactive gas through the preform to displace air.
- the preform is then exposed to a gas atmosphere at normal pressure.
- the reaction between the gas and the second component automatically draws gas into the mold.
- the present invention is not the starting mixture but rather a preform that has already been shaped that is coated with component A and then reacted with component B. It hardens the layer on the surface of the preform, while the loose or slightly compressed structure remains in the core. Shaped bodies of this type are distinguished by particularly good disintegration behavior.
- Unpressed molded articles can also be produced by casting. This can be influenced either by the choice of the starting materials or by suspending the desired ingredients in a meltable matrix.
- Aqueous solutions can be thickened according to the methods known in the prior art by adding thickeners to cut-resistant shaped body regions. Examples of such thickeners that form solid jellies are alginates, pectins, gelatin, etc.
- Polymeric thickeners are preferred for the production of gelatinous, dimensionally stable, non-compressed molded articles from aqueous or non-aqueous solutions. These also swelling agents Organic high-molecular substances mentioned, which absorb liquids, swell and finally change into viscous real or colloidal solutions, come from the groups of natural polymers, the modified natural polymers and the fully synthetic polymers.
- Polymers derived from nature that are used as thickeners are, for example, agar agar, carrageenan, tragacanth, acacia, alginates, pectins, polyoses, guar flour, locust bean gum, starch, dextrins, gelatin and casein.
- Modified natural products come primarily from the group of modified starches and celluloses, examples include carboxymethyl cellulose and other cellulose ethers, hydroxyethyl and propyl cellulose and core meal ether.
- thickeners that are widely used in a wide variety of applications are the fully synthetic polymers such as polyacrylic and polymethacrylic compounds, vinyl polymers, polycarboxylic acids, polyethers, polyimines, polyamides and polyurethanes.
- Thickeners from said substance classes are widely commercially available and are, for example, under the trade names Acusol ® -820
- Preferred non-compressed parts contain 0.2 to 4% by weight, preferably 0.3 to 3% by weight and in particular 0.4 to 1.5% by weight, of a polysaccharide as thickening agent.
- a preferred polymeric thickener is xanthan, a microbial anionic heteropolysaccharide produced by Xanthomonas campestris and some other species under aerobic conditions and having a molecular weight of 2 to 15 million daltons.
- Xanthan is formed from a chain with ß-1, 4-bound glucose (cellulose) with side chains.
- the structure of the subgroups consists of glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid, acetate and pyruvate, the number of pyruvate units determining the viscosity of the xanthan.
- Xanthan can be described by the following formula:
- Xanthan in an amount of 0.2 to 4% by weight, preferably 0.3 to 3% by weight and in particular
- thickeners are polyurethanes or modified polyacrylates, which are usually used in amounts of 0.2 to 5% by weight, based on the total non-compressed portion.
- Polyurethanes are produced by polyaddition from dihydric and higher alcohols and isocyanates and can be described by the general formula XII
- R 1 is a low molecular weight or polymeric diol radical
- R 2 is an aliphatic or aromatic group
- n is a natural number.
- R 1 is preferably a linear or branched C 2 . 12 -alk (en) yl group, but can also be a radical of a higher alcohol, whereby cross-linked polyurethanes are formed which differ from formula III given above in that the radical R 1 contains further -O-CO-NH groups are bound.
- TDI 2,4- or 2,6-toluenediisocyanate
- MDI C 6 H 4 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4
- HMDI, R 2 (CH 2 ) 6 ].
- polyurethane-based thickeners are, for example, Acrysol ® PM 12 V (mixture of 3-5% modified starch and 14-16% PUR resin in water, Rohm & Haas), Borchigel ® L75-N (non-ionic PU dispersion, 50% in water, Borchers), Coatex ® BR-100-P (PUR dispersion, 50% in water / butylglycol, Dimed), Nopco ® DSX-1514 (PUR dispersion, 40% in water / butyltrigylcol.
- Acrysol ® PM 12 V mixture of 3-5% modified starch and 14-16% PUR resin in water, Rohm & Haas
- Borchigel ® L75-N non-ionic PU dispersion, 50% in water, Borchers
- Coatex ® BR-100-P PUR dispersion, 50% in water / butylglycol, Dimed
- Nopco ® DSX-1514 PUR dispersion
- thickener QR 1001 (20% PUR emulsion in water / digylcol ether, Rohm & Haas) and Rilanit ® VPW-3116 (PUR dispersion, 43% in water, Henkel) available.
- Preferred non-compressed parts (a) contain 0.2 to 4% by weight, preferably 0.3 to 3% by weight and in particular 0.5 to 1.5% by weight of a polyurethane.
- Modified polyacrylates which can be used in the context of the present invention are derived, for example, from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and can be described by the general formula XIII
- R 3 is H or a branched or unbranched C 1 . 4 -alk (en) yl radical, X for NR 5 or O, R 4 for an optionally alkoxylated branched or unbranched, possibly substituted C 8 . 22 - alk (en) yl radical, R 5 is H or R 4 and n is a natural number.
- modified polyacrylates are generally esters or amides of acrylic acid or an ⁇ -substituted acrylic acid. Preferred among these polymers are those in which R 3 represents H or a methyl group.
- the designation of the radicals bound to X represents a statistical mean, which can vary in individual cases with regard to chain length or degree of alkoxylation.
- Formula II only provides formulas for idealized homopolymers. However, copolymers in which the proportion of monomer units which satisfy the formula II is at least 30% by weight can also be used in the context of the present invention. For example, copolymers of modified polyacrylates and acrylic acid or salts thereof which still have acidic H atoms or basic -COO ' groups can also be used.
- Modified polyacrylates to be preferably used in the context of the present invention are polyacrylate-polymethacrylate copolymers which satisfy the formula IIIa
- R 4 for a preferably unbranched, saturated or unsaturated C 8 .
- 22 -Alk (en) yl radical, R 6 and R 7 independently of one another are H or CH 3 , the degree of polymerization n is a natural number and the degree of alkoxylation a is a natural number between 2 and 30, preferably between 10 and 20.
- Products of formula XIIIa are commercially strength, for example, under the name Acusol ® 820 (Rohm & Haas) in the form of 30 wt .-% dispersions in water available.
- Acusol ® 820 Rohm & Haas
- R 4 is a stearyl radical
- R 6 is a hydrogen atom
- R 7 is H or CH 3
- the degree of ethoxylation a is 20.
- Modified polyacrylate of the formula IV can be present in an amount of 0.2 to 4% by weight, preferably 0.3 to 3% by weight and in particular 0.5 to 1.5% by weight, in each case based on the entire molded article , be included.
- a non-compressed molded body can also be produced by curing deformable materials which have previously been brought into the desired shape by molding processes.
- the deformable mass (es) can be cured by various mechanisms, the delayed binding of water, cooling below the melting point, and evaporation. tion of solvents, crystallization, by chemical recation (s), in particular polymerization, as well as the change in the rheological properties, e.g. by changing the shear of the mass (s) as the most important hardening mechanisms in addition to the radiation hardening mentioned above by UV, alpha or gamma rays or Microwaves are to be mentioned.
- a deformable, preferably plastic, mass is produced which can be shaped without great pressures.
- the hardening then takes place by suitable initiation or waiting for a certain period of time. If masses are processed that have self-curing properties without further initiation, this must be taken into account during processing in order to avoid hardening during the shaping processing and thus blockages and disruptions in the process sequences.
- the production is carried out by delayed water binding.
- the time-delayed water binding in the masses can be implemented in different ways on their part.
- compositions which contain hydratable, water-free raw materials or raw materials in low hydration levels which can be converted into stable, higher hydrates, and water.
- Shaping processing with low pressures is then no longer possible, and there are moldings which are stable in handling and which, if appropriate, can be further treated and / or packaged.
- the time-delayed water binding can also take place, for example, by incorporating hydrate-containing salts, which dissolve in their own crystal water when the temperature rises, into the masses. If the temperature drops later, the water of crystallization is bound again, which leads to a loss of formability with simple means and to a solidification of the masses.
- the swelling of natural or synthetic polymers as a time-delayed water binding mechanism can also be used in the process according to the invention.
- Mixtures of unswollen polymer and suitable swelling agent, e.g. Water, diols, glycerin, etc. are incorporated into the masses, swelling and hardening taking place after shaping.
- the most important mechanism of hardening through time-delayed water binding is the use of a combination of water and water-free or low-water raw materials, which is slow hydrate.
- a combination of water and water-free or low-water raw materials which is slow hydrate.
- preferred ingredients of the deformable compositions are, for example, phosphates, carbonates, silicates and zeolites.
- the hydrate forms formed have low melting points, since in this way a combination of the curing mechanisms is achieved by internal drying and cooling.
- Preferred processes are characterized in that the deformable mass (es) 10 to 95% by weight, preferably 15 to 90% by weight, particularly preferably 20 to 85% by weight and in particular 25 to 80% by weight .-% contain anhydrous substances, which by hydration in a hydrate form with a melting point below 120 ° C, preferably below 100 ° C and in particular below 80 ° C.
- the deformable properties of the compositions can be influenced by adding plasticizers, such as polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, waxes, paraffins, nonionic surfactants, etc.
- plasticizers such as polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, waxes, paraffins, nonionic surfactants, etc.
- Another mechanism for curing the masses processed in the process according to the invention is the cooling during processing of the masses above their softening point.
- Masses softenable under the influence of temperature can be easily assembled by mixing the desired further ingredients with a meltable or softenable substance and heating the mixture to temperatures in the softening range of this substance and shaping it at these temperatures.
- Waxes, paraffins, polyalkylene glycols, etc. are particularly preferably used as meltable or softenable substances. These are described below.
- the meltable or softenable substances should have a melting range (solidification range) in such a temperature range in which the other ingredients of the masses to be processed are not exposed to excessive thermal stress. On the other hand, however, the melting range must be sufficiently high to still provide a manageable molded body at at least a slightly elevated temperature. In masses to be preferred according to the invention, the meltable or softenable substances have a melting point above 30 ° C.
- meltable or softenable substances do not have a sharply defined melting point, as is usually the case with pure, crystalline substances, but instead have a melting range that may include several degrees Celsius.
- the meltable or softenable substances preferably have a melting range that is between about 45 ° C and about 75 ° C. In the present case, this means that the melting range occurs within the specified temperature interval and does not indicate the width of the melting range.
- the width of the melting range is preferably at least 1 ° C., preferably about 2 to about 3 ° C.
- waxes are understood to mean a number of natural or artificially obtained substances which generally melt above 40 ° C. without decomposition and which are relatively low-viscosity and not stringy even a little above the melting point. They have a strongly temperature-dependent consistency and solubility.
- the waxes are divided into three groups according to their origin, natural waxes, chemically modified waxes and synthetic waxes.
- Natural waxes include, for example, vegetable waxes such as candelilla wax, carnauba wax, japan wax, esparto grass wax, cork wax, guaruma wax, rice germ oil wax, sugar cane wax, ouricury wax, or montan wax, animal waxes such as beeswax, shellac wax, walnut, lanolin (wool wax), or broom wax, mineral wax or ozokerite (earth wax), or petrochemical waxes such as petrolatum, paraffin waxes or micro waxes.
- vegetable waxes such as candelilla wax, carnauba wax, japan wax, esparto grass wax, cork wax, guaruma wax, rice germ oil wax, sugar cane wax, ouricury wax, or montan wax
- animal waxes such as beeswax, shellac wax, walnut, lanolin (wool wax), or broom wax, mineral wax or ozokerite (earth wax), or
- the chemically modified waxes include hard waxes such as montan ester waxes, Sassol waxes or hydrogenated jojoba waxes.
- Synthetic waxes are generally understood to mean polyalkylene waxes or polyalkylene glycol waxes. Compounds from other classes of material which meet the stated softening point requirements can also be used as meltable or softenable substances for the masses hardening by cooling. As suitable synthetic compounds have, for example, higher esters of phthalic acid, in particular dicyclohexyl, which is commercially available under the name Unimoll 66 ® (Bayer AG), proved. Are also suitable Synthetic waxes of lower carboxylic acids and fatty alcohols, such as dimyristyl tartrate, sold under the name Cosmacol ® ETLP (Condea). Conversely, synthetic or partially synthetic esters from lower alcohols with fatty acids from native sources can also be used.
- Tegin ® 90 (Goldschmidt), a glycerol monostearate palmitate, falls into this class of substances.
- Shellac for example Shellac-KPS-Dreiring-SP (Kalkhoff GmbH), can also be used according to the invention as meltable or softenable substances.
- Wax alcohols are high molecular weight, water-insoluble Fatty alcohols usually with about 22 to 40 carbon atoms.
- the wax alcohols occur, for example, in the form of wax esters of higher molecular fatty acids (wax acids) as the main component of many natural waxes.
- wax alcohols are lignoceryl alcohol (1-tetracosanol), cetyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol or melissyl alcohol.
- the coating of the solid particles coated can optionally also contain wool wax alcohols which are understood to be triterpenoid and steroid alcohols, for example lanolin understood, which is obtainable for example under the trade name Argowax ® (Pamentier & Co).
- wool wax alcohols which are understood to be triterpenoid and steroid alcohols, for example lanolin understood, which is obtainable for example under the trade name Argowax ® (Pamentier & Co).
- fatty acid glycerol esters or fatty acid alkanolamides but also, if appropriate, water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble polyalkylene glycol compounds can likewise be used at least in part as a constituent of the meltable or softenable substances.
- meltable or softenable substances in the compositions to be processed are those from the group of polyethylene glycols (PEG) and / or polypropylene glycols (PPG), polyethylene glycols with molecular weights between 1500 and 36,000 being preferred, those with molecular weights from 2000 to 6000 being particularly preferred and those with molecular weights of 3000 to 5000 are particularly preferred.
- the plastically deformable mass (s) contain / contain at least one substance from the group of polyethylene glycols (PEG) and / or polypropylene glycols (PPG) are preferred.
- Masses to be processed are particularly preferred which contain propylene glycols (PPG) and / or polyethylene glycols (PEG) as the only meltable or softenable substances. These substances have been described in detail above.
- the masses to be processed predominantly contain paraffin wax.
- paraffin wax contents based on the total amount of meltable or softenable substances
- Paraffin wax contents of approximately 60% by weight, approximately 70% by weight or approximately 80% by weight are particularly suitable, even higher proportions of, for example, more than 90% by weight. are particularly preferred.
- the total amount of meltable or softenable substances used consists of at least one mass exclusively of paraffin wax.
- Paraffin waxes have the advantage over the other natural waxes mentioned in the context of the present invention that there is no hydrolysis of the waxes in an alkaline detergent environment (as is to be expected, for example, from the wax esters), since paraffin wax contains no hydrolyzable groups.
- Paraffin waxes consist mainly of alkanes and low levels of iso- and cycloalkanes.
- the paraffin to be used preferably has essentially no constituents with a melting point of more than 70 ° C., particularly preferably of more than 60 ° C. shares high-melting alkanes in paraffin can leave undesirable wax residues on the surfaces to be cleaned or the items to be cleaned if the melting temperature in the detergent solution is below this. Such wax residues usually lead to an unsightly appearance on the cleaned surface and should therefore be avoided.
- compositions to be processed contain at least one paraffin wax with a melting range of 50 ° C to 60 ° C as meltable or softenable substances, preferred processes being characterized in that the deformable composition (s) is a paraffin wax with a melting range of 50 ° C to 55 ° C contains.
- the paraffin wax content of alkanes, isoalkanes and cycloalkanes which are solid at ambient temperature is as high as possible.
- the more solid wax components present in a wax at room temperature the more useful it is within the scope of the present invention.
- the process end products' ability to withstand impacts or friction on other surfaces increases, which leads to longer-lasting protection.
- High proportions of oils or liquid wax constituents can weaken the molded articles or molded article areas, which opens pores and exposes the active substances to the environmental influences mentioned at the beginning.
- meltable or softenable substances can also contain one or more of the above-mentioned waxes or wax-like substances as the main constituent.
- the mixture forming the meltable or softenable substances should be such that the mass and the molded body or molded body component formed therefrom are at least largely water-insoluble.
- the solubility in water should not exceed about 10 mg / l at a temperature of about 30 ° C. and should preferably be below 5 mg / l.
- meltable or softenable substances should have the lowest possible solubility in water, even in water at an elevated temperature, in order to largely avoid a temperature-independent release of the active substances.
- the principle described above serves to delay the release of ingredients at a certain point in time in a washing and / or cleaning cycle.
- the meltable or softenable substances used are preferably those which contain one or more substances with a melting range from 40 ° C. to 75 ° C. in amounts of 6 to 30% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 25% by weight in particular from 10 to 20 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the mass.
- Another mechanism by which the compositions can be cured is the evaporation of solvents.
- solutions or dispersions of the desired ingredients can be prepared in one or more suitable, volatile solvents, which release these solvents after the shaping processing step and thereby harden.
- suitable solvents are lower alkanols, aldehydes, ethers, esters, etc., the selection of which is made depending on the further composition of the masses to be processed.
- Particularly suitable solvents for processes in which the deformable mass (s) are cured by evaporation of solvents are ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2- Methyl 2-propanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanoi, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol; 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol and the acetic acid esters of the abovementioned alcohols, in particular ethyl acetate.
- the evaporation of the solvents mentioned can be accelerated by heating following the shaping and cutting to length, or by air movement. Combinations of the measures mentioned are also suitable for this, for example blowing the cut-to-length shaped bodies with warm or hot air.
- Crystallization as the mechanism on which the hardening is based can be used, for example, by melting melted crystalline substances as the basis for one or more moldable masses. After processing, such systems go into a higher order state, which in turn leads to hardening of the entire molded body formed.
- crystallization can also be carried out by crystallization from supersaturated solution.
- supersaturation is the term for a metastable state in which more of a substance is present in a closed system than is required for saturation.
- a supersaturated solution obtained, for example, by hypothermia therefore contains more solute than it should contain in thermal equilibrium.
- the excess of dissolved substance can be brought to instantaneous crystallization by seeding with germs or dust particles or by shaking the system.
- the term “oversaturated” always refers to a temperature of 20 ° C. If a substance dissolves x gram per liter in a certain solvent at a temperature of 20 ° C, the solution in the context of the present invention can be described as "supersaturated” if it contains (x + y) gram of the substance per liter , where y> 0 applies.
- solutions which are used at an elevated temperature as the basis of a mass to be processed and in which it is used are also to be referred to as "oversaturated" temperature are processed, at which there is more of a dissolved substance in the solution than would dissolve in the same amount of solvent at 20 ° C.
- solubility is understood here to mean that the maximum amount of a substance that the solvent can absorb at a certain temperature, i.e. the proportion of the solute in a solution saturated at the temperature in question. If a solution contains more solute than it should contain in the thermodynamic equilibrium at a given temperature (e.g. with hypothermia), it is called supersaturated. Vaccinating with germs can cause the excess to precipitate out as the bottom of the now only saturated solution. However, a solution saturated with one substance can also dissolve other substances (e.g. you can still dissolve sugar in a saturated saline solution).
- the state of supersaturation can be achieved by slow cooling or by subcooling a solution as long as the solute is more soluble in the solvent at higher temperatures.
- Other ways of achieving supersaturated solutions are, for example, combining two solutions, the ingredients of which react to form another substance that does not immediately fail (prevented or delayed precipitation reactions). The latter mechanism is particularly suitable as the basis for the formation of masses to be processed.
- the state of supersaturation can be achieved with any type of solution, although, as already mentioned, the principle described in the present application is used in the production of detergents and cleaning agents.
- some systems which in principle tend to form supersaturated solutions, are less suitable because the underlying substance systems cannot be used ecologically, toxicologically or for economic reasons.
- processes with the last-mentioned hardening mechanism are therefore particularly preferred, in which a supersaturated aqueous solution is used as the basis for at least one mass to be processed.
- the state of supersaturation in the context of the present invention relates to the saturated solution at 20 ° C.
- the state of supersaturation can easily be reached.
- Processes in which the mass hardening by crystallization during processing has a temperature between 35 and 120 ° C., preferably between 40 and 110 ° C., particularly preferably between 45 and 90 ° C. and in particular between 50 and 80 ° C. Preferred within the scope of the present invention. Since the laundry detergent and cleaning product tablets produced are generally neither stored at elevated temperatures nor used later at these elevated temperatures, the cooling of the mixture leads to the precipitation of the proportion of solute from the supersaturated solution which exceeds the saturation limit at 20 ° C was in the solution.
- the supersaturated solution can thus be divided into a saturated solution and a soil body when it cools down.
- recrystallization and hydration phenomena cause the supersaturated solution to solidify upon cooling to a solid. This is the case, for example, when certain hydrated salts dissolve in their crystal water when heated.
- supersaturated solutions are often formed here, which solidify through mechanical action or the addition of germs to form a solid - the water containing salt as the state that is thermodynamically stable at room temperature.
- This phenomenon is known, for example, of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate and sodium acetate trihydrate, and the latter salt containing hydrate water in the form of the supersaturated solution in particular can be used advantageously in this process.
- Special detergent ingredients such as phosphonates, also show this phenomenon and, in the form of solutions, are ideal as granulation aids.
- the corresponding phosphonic acids are neutralized with concentrated alkali water, whereby the solution heats up due to the heat of neutralization. When these solutions cool, solids of the corresponding alkali metal phosphonates are formed.
- further detergent and cleaning agent ingredients are characterized in that the supersaturated solution serving as the basis for the hardening mass solidifies to a solid at room temperature.
- the previously supersaturated solution after solidification to a solid by heating to the temperature at which the supersaturated solution was formed, cannot be converted back into a supersaturated solution. This is the case, for example, with the phosphonates mentioned.
- the supersaturated solution serving as the basis of the hardening mass can - as mentioned above - be obtained in several ways and then processed after optional addition of further ingredients.
- a simple way is, for example, that the supersaturated solution serving as the basis of the hardening mass is prepared by dissolving the solute in heated solvent. If higher amounts of the dissolved substance are dissolved in this way in the heated solvent than would dissolve at 20 ° C., then a solution is supersaturated within the meaning of the present invention, which is either hot (see above) or cooled and in the metastable state in the Mixer can be given.
- Preferred processes are characterized in that the supersaturated aqueous solution by combining an aqueous solution of one or more acidic ingredients of detergents and cleaning agents, preferably from the group of surfactant acids, builder acids and complexing agents, and an aqueous alkali solution, preferably an aqueous alkali hydroxide solution, in particular an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
- an aqueous solution of one or more acidic ingredients of detergents and cleaning agents preferably from the group of surfactant acids, builder acids and complexing agents
- an aqueous alkali solution preferably an aqueous alkali hydroxide solution, in particular an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
- the phosphonates in particular have an outstanding position in the context of the present invention.
- the supersaturated aqueous solution is obtained by combining an aqueous phosphonic acid solution with concentrations above 45% by weight, preferably above 50% by weight and in particular above 55% by weight, in each case based on the phosphonic acid solution and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution with concentrations above 35% by weight, preferably above 40% by weight and in particular above 45% by weight, in each case based on the sodium hydroxide solution.
- the deformable mass (es) can also be cured by chemical reaction (s), in particular polymerization.
- chemical reaction s
- all chemical reactions are suitable which, starting from one or more liquid to pasty substances, lead to solids by reaction with (another) substance (s).
- Chemical recations that do not suddenly lead to the state change mentioned are particularly suitable.
- reactions are particularly suitable in which larger molecules are made up of smaller molecules. This in turn preferably includes reactions in which many small molecules react to (one) larger molecule (s). These are so-called polyreactions (polymerization, polyaddition, polycondensation) and polymer-analogous reactions.
- the corresponding polymers, polyadducts (polyaddition products) or polycondensates (polycondensation products) then give the shaped body which has been cut to length its strength.
- the curing mechanism which in the detergent and cleaning agent are anyway used as ingredients, for example cobuilders, soil repellents or soil release polymers should be used.
- cobuilders can, for example, come from the groups of polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, polyacetals, dextrins, etc. These classes of substances are described below.
- deformable mass (es) can be hardened in the course of the method is the hardening which takes place by changing the rheological properties.
- two or more curing mechanisms can also be combined or used simultaneously in one mass.
- crystallization with simultaneous solvent evaporation cooling with simultaneous crystallization
- water binding internal drying
- simultaneous external drying etc.
- the spatial shape of another embodiment of the shaped body is adapted in its dimensions to the induction chamber of commercially available household washing machines, so that the shaped bodies can be dosed directly into the induction chamber without metering aid, where they dissolve during the induction process.
- the detergent tablets can also be used without problems via a metering aid and are preferred in the context of the present invention.
- Another preferred molded body that can be produced has a plate-like or plate-like structure with alternately thick long and thin short segments, so that individual segments of this "bolt" at the predetermined breaking points, which represent the short thin segments, broken off and into the Machine can be entered.
- This principle of the "bar-shaped" shaped body detergent can also be implemented in other geometric shapes, for example vertically standing triangles, which are connected to one another only on one of their sides along the side.
- the various components are not pressed into a uniform tablet, but that shaped bodies are obtained which have several layers, that is to say at least two layers. It is also possible that these different layers have different release speeds. This can result in advantageous performance properties of the molded articles. If, for example, components are contained in the moldings which have a mutually negative effect, it is possible to integrate one component in the more rapidly soluble layer and to incorporate the other component in a more slowly soluble layer, so that the first component has already reacted. when the second goes into solution.
- the layer structure of the shaped bodies can be stacked, with the inner layer (s) already loosening at the edges of the shaped body when the outer layers have not yet been completely detached, but it is also possible for the inner layer (s) to be completely encased ) can be achieved by the outer layer (s), which leads to the premature detachment of components of the inner layer (s).
- a shaped body consists of at least three layers, that is to say two outer and at least one inner layer, at least one of the inner layers containing a peroxy bleaching agent, while in the case of the stacked shaped body the two cover layers and in the case of the shaped body the outermost layers, however, are free of peroxy bleach. Furthermore, it is also possible to spatially separate peroxy bleaching agents and any bleach activators and / or enzymes that may be present in a molded body.
- Such multilayered moldings have the advantage that they can not only be used via a dispensing chamber or via a metering device which is added to the wash liquor; rather, in such cases it is also possible to put the molded body into direct contact with the textiles in the machine without the risk of stains from bleaching agents and the like.
- multi-phase shaped bodies can also be produced in the form of toroidal core tablets, core-coated tablets or so-called “bulleye” tablets.
- An overview of such embodiments of multi-phase tablets is described in EP 055 100 (Jeyes Group). This document discloses toilet cleaning agent blocks which have a shaped This publication discloses at the same time the most varied forms of configuration of multi-phase shaped bodies, from the simple multi-phase tablet to complicated multi-layer systems with inlays, in which a bleaching agent tablet is embedded.
- the breaking strength of cylindrical shaped bodies can be determined via the measured variable of the diametrical breaking load. This can be determined according to
- ⁇ ⁇ Dt
- ⁇ diametral fracture stress (DFS) in Pa
- P the force in N, which leads to the pressure exerted on the molded body, which causes the molded body to break
- D is the molded body diameter in meters and t the height of the moldings.
- Preferred manufacturing processes for detergent tablets are based on granules containing surfactant, which are processed with further processing components to give a particulate premix to be pressed.
- the particulate premix additionally contains granulate (s) containing surfactant and has a bulk density of at least 500 g / l, preferably at least 600 g / l and in particular at least 700 g / l.
- the surfactant-containing granulate has particle sizes between 100 and 2000 ⁇ m, preferably between 200 and 1800 ⁇ m, particularly preferably between 400 and 1600 ⁇ m and in particular between 600 and 1400 ⁇ m.
- the other ingredients of detergent tablets can also be introduced into the tablets, for which reference is made to the above explanations.
- the described particulate premix preferably additionally contains one or more substances from the group of bleaching agents, bleach activators, disintegration aids, enzymes, pH regulators, fragrances, perfume carriers, fluorescent agents, dyes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, color transfer inhibitors and color transfer inhibitors.
- the second step of the method comprises the application of the coating.
- a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in the accompanying figure. It shows a section through a coating system in which the method according to the invention can be carried out.
- the base moldings A are transported in a direction B through the system on a conveyor belt, which is a grid in the embodiment shown here.
- a swirl of the coating material D is generated by a rotating roller C and is pushed through the grid from below.
- the underside and possibly also parts of the sides of the base molding are coated.
- this is passed further through one or more veils E made of coating material.
- the veils E are produced by pumping the coating material from the reservoir F via a suitable distributor G.
- the thickness of the coating can be regulated by fans that can be placed behind the veil. A blower is not shown in the attached figure. It is also possible to adjust the thickness and type of the applied coating by means of vibrating devices and special leaky waves, ie rotating waves that remove excess material.
- the thickness of the coating can be adjusted by the amount of the flowing material.
- a slide H which can be adjusted tangentially in the direction of the roller C is used to adjust the material outflow.
- the moldings can be subjected to a drying step and / or cooling step.
- a surfactant granulate was mixed with further processing components and pressed into tablets on an eccentric tablet press.
- the composition of the surfactant granules is given in Table 1 below, the composition of the premix to be pressed (and thus the composition of the moldings) can be found in Table 2.
- the tablettable premix was pressed into tablets in a Korsch eccentric press (diameter: 44 mm, height: 22 mm, weight: 37.5 g).
- the detergent tablets produced in this way were coated on a coating machine, Microcoter from Sollich, Bad Salzuflen.
- the moldings were weighed before and after coating.
- the melt had a temperature of 70 ° C, the system was also at 70 ° C.
- Stable, completely coated detergent tablets were obtained which had an average of 2 g of coating.
- the tablets obtained were examined for their abrasion stability. An abrasion of 1.3 to 2.5% was obtained, while in the case of uncoated tablets the abrasion was between 4.2 and 9.8%.
- Example 2 Analogously to Example 1 were coated detergent tablets with 5 of a 25% solution of polyvinyl alcohol (Moviol 4-88 ®, Fa. Klariant) in water. The plant was at a temperature of 60 ° C. After coating, the tablets were dried at 80 ° C for 4 minutes.
- polyvinyl alcohol Moviol 4-88 ®, Fa. Klariant
- the abrasion of the tablets was between 0 and 0.25%.
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- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10064985 | 2000-12-23 | ||
DE10064985A DE10064985A1 (de) | 2000-12-23 | 2000-12-23 | Wasch- und Reinigungsmittelformkörper mit Beschichtung |
PCT/EP2001/014783 WO2002051976A1 (de) | 2000-12-23 | 2001-12-14 | Wasch- und reinigungsmittelformkörper mit beschichtung |
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EP1360271A1 true EP1360271A1 (de) | 2003-11-12 |
EP1360271B1 EP1360271B1 (de) | 2004-10-13 |
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EP01985408A Expired - Lifetime EP1360271B1 (de) | 2000-12-23 | 2001-12-14 | Wasch- und reinigungsmittelformkörper mit beschichtung |
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US (1) | US6812200B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1360271B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE279508T1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10064985A1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2230379T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002051976A1 (de) |
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EP2305388A1 (de) | 2009-10-01 | 2011-04-06 | Dalli-Werke GmbH & Co. KG | Vorrichtung zum Beschichten von Gegenständen |
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EP1201816A1 (de) * | 2000-10-27 | 2002-05-02 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Kleiderbehandlung für verbesserte Knitterfestigkeit |
DE10202390A1 (de) * | 2002-01-23 | 2003-09-25 | Henkel Kgaa | Kombination von Cellulasen und spezieller Cellulose in Waschmitteln |
US20060058206A1 (en) * | 2002-11-02 | 2006-03-16 | Venture Management Alliance | Aqueous activated components conveyed in a non-aqueous carrier system |
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2000
- 2000-12-23 DE DE10064985A patent/DE10064985A1/de not_active Ceased
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- 2001-12-14 EP EP01985408A patent/EP1360271B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-12-14 WO PCT/EP2001/014783 patent/WO2002051976A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-12-14 AT AT01985408T patent/ATE279508T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-12-14 ES ES01985408T patent/ES2230379T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-12-14 DE DE2001504152 patent/DE50104152D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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---|---|---|---|---|
EP2305388A1 (de) | 2009-10-01 | 2011-04-06 | Dalli-Werke GmbH & Co. KG | Vorrichtung zum Beschichten von Gegenständen |
Also Published As
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ATE279508T1 (de) | 2004-10-15 |
US20040014631A1 (en) | 2004-01-22 |
US6812200B2 (en) | 2004-11-02 |
DE50104152D1 (de) | 2004-11-18 |
EP1360271B1 (de) | 2004-10-13 |
WO2002051976A1 (de) | 2002-07-04 |
DE10064985A1 (de) | 2002-07-11 |
ES2230379T3 (es) | 2005-05-01 |
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