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  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing alicyclic rings
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  • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to a series of N-substituted diazabicyclic compounds, methods for selectively controlling neurotransmitter release in mammals using these compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds.
• Compounds that selectively control chemical synaptic transmission offer therapeutic utility in treating disorders that are associated with dysfunctions in synaptic transmission. This utility may arise from controlling either pre-synaptic or post-synaptic chemical transmission.
• the control of synaptic chemical transmission is, in turn, a direct result of a modulation of the excitability of the synaptic membrane.
• Presynaptic control of membrane excitability results from the direct effect an active compound has upon the organelles and enzymes present in the nerve terminal for synthesizing, storing, and releasing the neurotransmitter, as well as the process for active re-uptake.
• Postsynaptic control of membrane excitability results from the influence an active compound has upon the cytoplasmic organelles that respond to neurotransmitter action.
• excitable cells are cells such as nerves, smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells and glands.
• the effect of a neurotransmitter upon an excitable cell may be to cause either an excitatory or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP or IPSP, respectively) depending upon the nature of the postsynaptic receptor for the particular neurotransmitter and the extent to which other neurotransmitters are present. Whether a particular neurotransmitter causes excitation or inhibition depends principally on the ionic channels that are opened in the postsynaptic membrane (i.e., in the excitable cell).
• ESP inhibitory postsynaptic potential
• EPSPs typically result from a local depolarization of the membrane due to a generalized increased permeability to cations (notably Na + and K + ), whereas IPSPs are the result of stabilization or hyperpolarization of the membrane excitability due to a increase in permeability to primarily smaller ions (including K + and Cl - ).
• the neurotransmitter acetylcholine excites at skeletal muscle junctions by opening permeability channels for Na + and K + .
• acetylcholine can be inhibitory , primarily resulting from an increase in K + conductance.
• the biological effects of the compounds of the present invention result from modulation of a particular subtype of acetylcholine receptor. It is, therefore, important to understand the differences between two receptor subtypes.
• the two distinct subfamilies of acetylcholine receptors are defined as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (See Goodman and Gilman's. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, op. cit.).
• the responses of these receptor subtypes are mediated by two entirely different classes of second messenger systems.
• the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor When the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is activated, the response is an increased flux of specific extracellular ions (e.g. Na + , K + and Ca ++ ) through the neuronal membrane.
• muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation leads to changes in intracellular systems that contain complex molecules such as G-proteins and inositol phosphates.
• the biological consequences of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation are distinct from those of muscarinic receptor activation.
• inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors results in still other biological effects, which are distinct and different from those arising from muscarinic receptor inhibition
• the two principal sites to which drug compounds that affect chemical synaptic transmission may be directed are the presynaptic membrane and the post-synaptic membrane.
• Actions of drugs directed to the presynaptic site may be mediated through presynaptic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter which the same secreting structure has released (i.e., through an autoreceptor), or through a presynaptic receptor that responds to another neurotransmitter (i.e., through a heteroreceptor).
• Actions of drugs directed to the postsynaptic membrane mimic the action of the endogenous neurotransmitter or inhibit the interaction of the endogenous neurotransmitter with a postsynaptic receptor.
• drugs that modulate postsynaptic membrane excitability are the neuromuscular blocking agents which interact with nicotinic acetylcholine-gated channel receptors on skeletal muscle, for example, competitive (stabilizing) agents, such as curare, or depolarizing agents, such as succinylcholine.
• competitive (stabilizing) agents such as curare
• depolarizing agents such as succinylcholine.
• postsynaptic cells can have many neurotransmitters impinging upon them. This makes it difficult to know the precise net balance of chemical synaptic transmission required to control a given cell. Nonetheless, by designing compounds that selectively affect only one pre- or postsynaptic receptor, it is possible to modulate the net balance of all the other inputs. Obviously, the more that is understood about chemical synaptic transmission in CNS disorders, the easier it would be to design drugs to treat such disorders.
• Parkinson's disease has a primary loss of dopamine containing neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway, which results in profound loss of motor control.
• New and selective neurotransmitter controlling agents are still being sought, in the hope that one or more will be useful in important, but as yet poorly controlled, disease states or behavior models.
• dementia such as is seen with Alzheimer's disease or Parkinsonism, remains largely untreatable.
• Symptoms of chronic alcoholism and nicotine withdrawal involve aspects of the central nervous system, as does the behavioral disorder Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD).
• ADD Attention-Deficit Disorder
• acetylcholine agonists are therapeutically suboptimal in treating the conditions discussed above.
• such compounds have unfavorable pharmacokinetics (e.g., arecoline and nicotine), poor potency and lack of selectivity (e.g., nicotine), poor CNS penetration (e.g., carbachol) or poor oral bioavailability (e.g., nicotine).
• other agents have many unwanted central agonist actions, including hypothermia, hypolocomotion and tremor and peripheral side effects, including miosis, lachrymation, defecation and tachycardia (Benowitz et al., in: Nicotine Psychopharmacology, S. Wonnacott, M.A.H.
• Williams et al. reports the use of cholinergic channel modulators to treat Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases. M. Williams et al., "Beyond the Tobacco Debate: Dissecting Out the Therapeutic Potential of Nicotine", Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 5, pp. 1035-1045 (1996).
• Salin-Pascual et al. reports short-term improvement of non-smoking patients suffering from depression by treatment with nicotine patches.
• R. J.Salin-Pascual et al. "Antidepressant Effect of Transdermal Nicotine Patches in Non-Smoking Patients with Major Depression", J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 57 pp. 387-389 (1996).
• N-heteroaromatic, N-alkylaryl substituted diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes have been disclosed in European Patent Application No. 0 400 661 for the prevention of disorders resulting from brain and/or spinal cord anoxia;
• N-heteroaromatic, N-alkylaryl diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivatives have been disclosed in European Patent Application 0 324 543 as antiarrhythmic agents;
• N-heteroaromatic, -alkylaryl diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivatives have been disclosed in European Patent Publication No.
• N-alkylamidoheteroaromatic, N-alkylaromatic diazabicyclo[2.2.1] heptane derivatives have been disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,382,584 for effective anti-ischemic protection for CNS and cardiac tissue, di-N-acylheteroaromatic diazabicyclo[2.2.1] heptane derivatives have been disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO97/17961 to stimulate hematopoiesis and for the treatment of viral, fungal and bacterial infectious diseases.
• heteroaromatic compounds for treating central cholinergic disfunction have been disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,478,939.
• the heteroaromatic compounds can be halo-substituted pyrazines, thiazoles, thiadiazoles, thiophene or nitrobenzene, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,478,939.
• Substituted diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives have also been disclosed for various uses.
• NH or N-alkyl, N-2-pyrimidinyl diazabicyclo[3.2.1] octane derivatives for sedatives have been disclosed in French Publication 2 531 709;
• N-acyl, -acylheteroaromatic diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives have been disclosed in PCT Publication No.
• the present invention discloses N-substituted diazabicyclic compounds, a method for selectively controlling neurotransmitter release in mammals using these compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions including those compounds. More particularly, the present invention is directed to compounds of formula I: and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts wherein:
• Representative compounds of this embodiment include, but are not limited to:
• Representative compounds of this embodiment include, but are not limited to:
• Representative compounds of this embodiment include, but are not limited to:
• a representative compound of this embodiment includes, but is not limited to:
• a representative compound of this embodiment includes, but is not limited to:
• a representative compound of this embodiment includes, but is not limited to:
• Representative compounds of this embodiment include, but are not limited to:
• Representative compounds of this embodiment include, but are not limited to:
• compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for selectively controlling neurotransmitter release in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
• Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of treating a disorder, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, memory dysfunction, Tourette's syndrome, sleep disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurodegeneration, inflammation, neuroprotection, amyotrophic atral sclerosis, anxiety, depression, mania, schizophrenia, anorexia and other eating disorders, AIDS-induced dementia, epilepsy, urinary incontinence, Crohn's disease, migraines, premenstraul syndrome, erectile dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking cessation, inflammatory bowel syndrome, and pain, in a host mammal in need of such treatment comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
• a disorder such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, memory dysfunction, Tourette's syndrome, sleep disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurodegeneration, inflammation, neuroprotection, amyotrophic atral sclerosis, anxiety, depression, mania, schizophrenia, anorexia and other eating disorders, AIDS-induced dementia,
• alkenyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 6 carbons and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond formed by the removal of two hydrogens.
• Representative examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, and 4-pentenyl.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy moiety, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, and hexyloxy.
• alkoxyalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through another alkoxy group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of alkoxyalkoxy include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxymethoxy, 2-ethoxyethoxy, 2-methoxyethoxy, and methoxymethoxy.
• alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
• alkoxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxymethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, and methoxymethyl.
• alkoxycarbonyl refers to an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of alkoxycarbonyl include, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and tert-butoxycarbonyl.
• alkoxycarbonylalkyl refers to an alkoxycarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
• alkoxycarbonylalkyl include, but are not limited to, 3-methoxycarbonylpropyl, 4-ethoxycarbonylbutyl, and 2-tert-butoxycarbonylethyl.
• alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, and neopentyl.
• alkylcarbonyl refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of alkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, acetyl, 1-oxopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl, 1-oxobutyl, and 1-oxopentyl.
• alkylcarbonyloxy refers to an alkylcarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy moiety, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of alkylcarbonyloxy include, but are not limited to, acetyloxy, ethylcarbonyloxy, and tert-butylcarbonyloxy.
• alkylthio refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a thio moiety, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of alkylthio include, but are not limited, methylsulfanyl, ethylsulfanyl, tert-butylsulfanyl, and hexylsulfanyl.
• alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• Representative examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited, to acetylenyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl, and 1-butynyl.
• amino refers to -NR 10 R 11 , wherein R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, and formyl, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of amino include, but are not limited to, amino, methylamino, ethylmethylamino, methylisopropylamino, dimethylamino, diisopropylamino, diethylamino, formylamino, and acetylethylamino.
• aminoalkyl refers to an amino group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of aminoalkyl include, but are not limited to, aminomethyl, 2-aminoethyl, 3-aminopropyl, 4-amino-1-methylhexyl, and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl.
• aminocarbonyl refers to an amino group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of aminocarbonyl include, but are not limited to, aminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, and ethylmethylaminocarbonyl.
• aminocarbonylalkyl refers to an aminocarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of aminocarbonylalkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-(aminocarbonyl)ethyl, 3-(dimethylaminocarbonyl)propyl, and ethylmethylaminocarbonylmethyl.
• aminosulfonyl refers to an amino group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of aminosulfonyl include, but are not limited to, aminosulfonyl, dimethylaminosulfonyl, and ethylmethylaminosulfonyl.
• carbonyl refers to a -C(O)- group.
• carboxyalkyl refers to a carboxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of carboxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, and 3-carboxypropyl.
• cyano refers to a -CN group.
• cyanoalkyl refers to a cyano group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of cyanoalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyanomethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, and 3-cyanopropyl.
• formylalkyl refers to a formyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of formylalkyl include, but are not limited to, formylmethyl and 2-formylethyl.
• halo or halogen, refers to -Cl, -Br, -I or -F.
• haloalkoxy refers to at least one halogen, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of haloalkoxy include, but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and pentafluoroethoxy.
• haloalkyl refers to at least one halogen, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, chloromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, and 2-chloro-3-fluoropentyl.
• hydroxy refers to an -OH group.
• hydroxyalkyl refers to a hydroxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of hydroxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, and 3-hydroxypropyl.
• mercapto refers to a -SH group.
• mercaptoalkyl refers to a mercapto group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of mercaptoalkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-mercaptoethyl and 3-mercaptopropyl.
• N-protecting group or “nitrogen-protecting group,” as used herein, refers to those groups intended to protect an amino group against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures.
• N-protecting groups comprise carbamates, amides, alkyl derivatives, amino acetal derivatives, N-benzyl derivatives, imine derivatives, enamine derivatives, and N-heteroatom derivatives.
• Preferred N-protecting groups are formyl, acetyl, benzoyl, pivaloyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzyl, triphenylmethyl (trityl), t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz).
• Commonly used N-protecting groups are disclosed in T.H. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991).
• nitro refers to a -NO 2 group.
• oxy refers to a -O- moiety
• sulfonyl refers to a -SO 2 - group.
• thio refers to a -S- moiety.
• Stereoisomers can exist as stereoisomers, wherein asymmetric or chiral centers are present.
• Stereoisomers are designated “R” or “S,” depending on the configuration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom.
• R and S used herein are configurations as defined in IUPAC 1974 Recommendations for Section E, Fundamental Stereochemistry, Pure Appl. Chem ., (1976), 45: 13-30.
• the stereochemistry at the two bridgehead carbon atoms, shown in Formula (I) may independently be either (R) or (S), unless specifically noted otherwise.
• the present invention contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and are specifically included within the scope of this invention.
• Stereoisomers include enantiomers, diastereomers, and mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers.
• Individual stereoisomers of compounds of the present invention may be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials which contain asymmetric or chiral centers or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by resolution well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These methods of resolution are exemplified by (1) attachment of a mixture of enantiomers to a chiral auxiliary, separation of the resulting mixture of diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography and liberation of the optically pure product from the auxiliary or (2) direct separation of the mixture of optical enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from inorganic or organic acids.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt means those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• salts are well-known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66: 1 et seq.
• the salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention or separately by reacting a free base function with a suitable organic acid.
• Representative acid addition salts include, but are not limited to acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isothionate), lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, palmitoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, p-toluenesulfonate and undecanoate.
• the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; arylalkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.
• lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates
• long chain halides such as decyl
• acids which can be employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include such inorganic acids as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid and such organic acids as acetic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, succinic acid and citric acid.
• Basic addition salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of compounds of this invention by reacting a carboxylic acid-containing moiety with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, cations based on alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum salts and the like and nontoxic quaternary ammonia and amine cations including ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine and the like.
• Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, piperazine and the like.
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to the general approach outlined in Scheme 1.
• Suitably protected bicyclic diamines as shown in Scheme 1 wherein P is a nitrogen-protecting group such as alkyl, benzyl, or Boc, can be coupled with a halogenated heterocycle, wherein R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined in formula I, in the presence of an amine base.
• less-reactive heterocycles can be coupled using the procedures described in (Wagaw, S. and Buchwald, S. L., J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 7240-7241; Bryant, H.Y. and Buchwald, S.L., Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (1999) 576, 125-146).
• Diazabicycloheptanes may be prepared as generally taught and described in Examples 1, 2, 15, and 16.
• Diazabicyclooctanes may be prepared as generally taught and described in Examples 10, 35, 42, 49, 59, and 60.
• Diazabicyclononanes may be prepared as generally taught and described in Examples 36, 56, and 57.
• One skilled in the art would understand that the preparation of larger diazabicyclo compounds, for example decanes, etc., may be prepared synthetically by the Schemes and Examples contained herein as well as general synthetic methodology.
• Aldehydes as shown in Scheme 3, can be elaborated to terminal alkynes using the procedure described in (Tetrahedron Lett. (1972), 3769-3772). Additional elaborations are possible from the tin and boronic acid derivatives, from Scheme 2, which can be coupled with a variety of aryl and vinyl halides and sulfonate esters using transition metal catalysis (e.g., Stille and Suzuki couplings).
• the 5-bromo derivatives can be engaged in a variety of Pd-catalyzed couplings with alkenes and alkynes (Heck couplings), aryl and vinylstannanes and boronic acids (Stille and Suzuki couplings), as well as alkoxycarbonylations.
• Chem., (1990) 33, 1344), can be condensed with an aminoalkylheterocycle to provide an N-substituted[2.2.1]diazabicyclic system which upon removal of the protecting group, for example with HBr/HOAc, provides the desired compounds.
• Other spacer lengths are possible by straightforward variation of the starting aminoalkyl heterocycle.
• Scheme 7 describes an alternate method of preparing compounds with 1-5 methylenes between the aromatic heterocycle and the diazabicyclic ring system.
• Mono-protected diazabicyclic systems can be acylated with appropriate heterocyclic acid chlorides or anhydrides followed by reduction of the resultant amides using standard methods available to one skilled in the art provides the desired chain extended compounds.
• Example 2A The product from Example 2A (432 mg, 1.4 mmol) in EtOH (14 mL) at 0 °C was treated with 4M HCl/dioxane (1.4 mL). The reaction was allowed to warm to ambient temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified on SiO 2 (10%MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 /1%NH 4 OH) to provide the free base (231 mg, 79% yield). The free base was treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid (3 eq), and the resultant salt was recrystallized from ethanol/ethyl acetate.
• Example 4A The product of Example 4A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound (81% yield).
• Example 2B The product from Example 2B (1.0 eq) in formalin (0.1 M) was treated with NaCNBH 3 (1.2 eq) at 0 °C. The reaction was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous K 2 CO 3 , extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 , dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on SiO 2 (10%MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 /1%NH 4 OH) to provide the free base as a colorless oil (87% yield). The free base was treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid (1.5 eq) and the resultant salt was recrystallized from ethanol/ethyl acetate to provide the title compound.
• Example 7A The product of Example 7A was processed according to the procedure described in Example 2B to provide the title compound (83% yield).
• Example 7B The product of Example 7B was processed according to the procedure described in Example 5 to provide the title compound (53% yield).
• Methyl 3,6-dichloropyridazine-4-carboxylate and tert-butyl (1S,4S)-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate prepared as described in (J. Med. Chem., (1988) 31, 1598-1611), were processed as described in Example 2A to provide the title compound (41% yield).
• Example 9A The product from Example 9A was processed according to the procedure described in Example 2B to provide the title compound (73% yield).
• Example 10A The product from Example 10A (200 mg) was treated with 10% Pd/C (20 mg) in a 1:1 mixture of methanol:ethanol (5 mL) under a hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm). After filtration to remove the catalyst, the filtrate was concentrated and the residue triturated with diethyl ether to afford the the title compound as a violet solid.
• Example 11A The product from Example 11A (0.03 g; 0.103 mmol) in 12M HCI (0.13 mL) was treated with sodium nitrite (10 mg, 0.129 mmol) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stir overnight. The mixture was neutralized by addition of NaHCO 3 and then extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The extracts were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue purified on SiO 2 (10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 /1% NH 4 OH) to provide the free base. The free base was treated with 1M HCl/ether to provide the title compound (43% yield).
• Example 12 The product from Example 12 was processed as described in Example 11A. The crude product was purified on SiO 2 (10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 /1% NH 4 OH) and then treated with 1M HCl/ether to provide the title compound (40 % yield).
• Example 15C The product of Example 15C (478 mg, 1.5 mmole) in CH 2 Cl 2 (3 mL) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL). After stirring for one hour at ambient temperature, the solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in saturated Na 2 CO 3 (20 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (4 X 20mL), dried over MgSO 4 , concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue purified (SiO 2 ; 10% MeOH/CHCl 3 /1% NH 4 OH) to provide the free base. The free base was treated with TsOH in hot EtOAc to provide the title compound (451 mg, 71%).
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B and 3,6-dichloropyridazine (purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co.) were processed as described in Example 2A to provide the title compound.
• Example 16A The product from Example 16A (353 mg, 1.1 mmole) and para-toluenesulfonic acid (660 mg 3.5 mmole) in EtOAc (10 mL) were heated at 70 °C for one hour and then cooled to ambient temperature. The obtained solid was washed with EtOAc (2x10 mL), ether (2x10 mL), and dried under reduced pressure to provide the title compound (597 mg, 94.7%).
• Example 17A The product from Example 17A was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (65% yield).
• Example 19A The product from Example 19A was processed as described in Example 10B to provide the title compound.
• Example 20A The product from Example 20A (320 mg, 0.9 mmol) in acetic acid (3.4 mL) and 33% HBr/acetic acid (7 mL) was heated to 70 °C for 18 hours. After cooling to ambient temperature, the precipitate was filtered, washed with ether, and dried. The resulting solids were recrystallized from EtOH/EtOAc to provide the title compound (332 mg, 80%).
• Example 21A The product of Example 21A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 21 A The product from Example 21 A (0.50 g, 1.31 mmol) in EtOH (15 mL) was treated with 10%Pd/C (0.02g) under a hydrogen atmosphere (1atm) at 40 °C for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and the catalyst was removed by filtration. The filtrate was diluted with diethyl ether (125 mL), washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on SiO 2 (5%MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to provide the title compound (0.345 g, 90% yield) as a yellow oil. MS(DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 292 (M+H) + .
• Example 22A The product from Example 22A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 23A The product from Example 23A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B and 3-bromopyridine (available from Aldrich Chemical Co.) were coupled according to the procedure described in Example 15C to provide the title compound. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 276 (M+H) + .
• Example 24A The product from Example 24A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 16A The product from Example 16A was process according to the procedure described in Example 29A to provide the title compound. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 277 (M+H) + .
• Example 25A The product from Example 25A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 15D The product from Example 15D (140 mg, 0.37 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with triethylamine (0.26 mL, 1.8 mmole) and bromoacetonitrile (0.03 mL, 0.43 mmole) under a nitrogen atmosphere. After stirring for 72 hours at ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into saturated. aqueous Na 2 CO 3 (30 mL) and extracted with ether (5x50 mL). The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 3A The product from Example 3A was treated with trifluoroacetic acid:methylene chloride (1:2) at ambient temperature for 2 hours. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified on SiO 2 (5%MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 /1%NH 4 OH) to provide the title compound as a yellow gum. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 221 (M+H) + , 238 (M+NH 4 ) + .
• Example 2A The product from Example 2A (0.885 g, 2.85 mmol) in MeOH (14 mL) and triethylamine(0.55 mL) was treated with 10%Pd/C (0.02 g) and stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere (60 psi) at 50 °C for 80 minutes. The catayst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified on SiO 2 (5%MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to provide the title compound (0.72 g, 92%) as a white solid. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 276 (M+H) + .
• Example 29A The product from Example 29A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• reaction mixture was heated at 80°C for 5 hours.
• the reaction mixture was poured into diethyl ether (100 mL), washed with brine (100ml), dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the residue was purified by chromatography on SiO 2 (3%MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ,) to provide the title compound (0.095g, 21% yield) as a yellow oil.
• Example 30A The product from Example 30A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 31A The product of Example 31A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 31A The product of Example 31A (2.89g, 8.2 mmol) in anhydrous/degassed DMF (60ml) was treated with Zn(CN) 2 (0.481g, 4.1 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) (0.95g, 0.8 mmol). The mixture was heated at 80°C for 16 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and poured into diethyl ether (150ml). The organics were washed with brine/H 2 O (1/1) (200ml), dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 32A The product from Example 32A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B and 2-fluoro-5-iodopyridine were processed as described in Example 30A to provide the title compound. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 294 (M+H) + .
• Example 33A The product of Example 33A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 32A The product from Example 32A (0.267g, 0.89 mmol) in 30% NH 3 /methanol was treated with Raney-Nickel (0.10g). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature under a hydrogen atmosphere (60 psi) for 4 hours. The mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (SiO 2 ; 10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 /1% NH 4 OH) to provide the title compound (0.199 g, 73% yield) as a white solid. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 305 (M+H) + .
• Example 34A The product from Example 34A (0.199 g, 0.65 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was treated with 4N HCl/dioxane (5 mL). After stirring at ambient temperature for 1 hour, the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to provide the title compound (0.042 g, 20% yield) as a white solid.
• Benzyl 5-oxo-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate (2.46 g, 10.0 mmol), prepared according to the procedures described by (Carroll, F. I.; et. al., J. Med. Chem. (1992) 35, 2184), in 50 mL of 95% aqueous ethanol at ambient temperature was treated with sodium acetate (2.47 g, 30.1 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3.48 g, 50.1 mmol). After 45 minutes, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and extracted with EtOAc.
• Example 35B The product from Example 35B and 2-chloro-5-iodopyridine were processed as described in Example 1A to provide the title compound (30% yield) as a light yellow oil.
• Example 35C The product from Example 35C (62 mg, 0.17 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 mL) at 0 °C was treated with iodotrimethylsilane (37 mL, 0.26 mmol). The solution was stirred at 0 °C for 3 hours, quenched with MeOH, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2X). The aqueous phase was basified with 10% aqueous NaOH and extracted with 3:1 CH 2 Cl 2 /iPrOH (4X). The extracts were combined, dried (K 2 CO 3 ), and concentrated to provide a light yellow oil.
• Example 37A The product from Example 37A (1.15 g, 4.6 mmol) in chloroform (10 mL) was treated with ⁇ -chloroethyl chloroformate (1.1 eq.) at 0 °C. The solution was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over 0.5 hours and then heated at reflux for one hour. The mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in methanol (20 mL) and heated at reflux for one hour. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to provide a solid that was recrystallized from ethanol to provide the title compound (1.03 g, 83% yield).
• Example 37A The product from Example 37A (641 mg), was treated with 10% Pd/C (61.8 mg) in methanol (11 mL) and triethyl amine (0.64 mL) under a hydrogen atmosphere (60 psi) at 50 °C for one hour. The mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a solid. The resulting solid was taken up in EtOAc and washed with saturated NaHCO 3 and brine. The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the free base (91 % yield). The free base was treated with 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (1.0 eq) and the obtained solid was recrystallized from ethanol/ethyl acetate.
• Example 32A The product of Example 32A (0.43 g, 1.43 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) was treated with 30% H 2 O 2 (1.40 mL) and 6N NaOH (1.40 mL) and heated at 50 °C for 2 hours. The mixture was poured into 15% NaOH (50 mL) and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (150 mL). The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on SiO 2 (5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to provide the title compound (0.20 g, 44%) as a white solid. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 319 (M+H) + .
• Example 38A The product of Example 38A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B and 5-(benzyloxy)-3-bromo-pyridine, prepared as described in (US 5,733,912) were coupled according to the procedure described in Example 15C to provide the title compound. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 382 (M+H) + .
• Example 39A The product from Example 39A (0.52 g, 1.36 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was treated with 4N HCl/dioxane (10 mL) and stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified on SiO 2 (10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 /1% NH 4 OH) to provide the title compound (0.347 g, 90% yield) as a white solid. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 282 (M+H) + .
• Example 39B The product from Example 39B (0.347 g, 1.23 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was treated with 10% Pd/C (10 mg) and stirred at ambient temperature under a hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm) for 16 hours. The catalyst was filtered, washed with EtOH (10 mL) and the combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on SiO 2 (10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 /1% NH 4 OH) to provide the free base of the title compound (0.168 g, 71% yield) as a light yellow solid. The free base was dissolved in EtOH and treated with a solution of para-toluenesulfonic acid (0.167g, 1 eq) in a minimum volume of EtOH.
• Example 40A The product from Example 40A (9.8g, 56.3 mmol) and NaOH (2.40 g, 100 mmol) in water (100mL) were treated with NaOCl (35 ml of 10% solution). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours and then quenched with acetic acid (5 ml), extracted with ethyl acetate (500mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on SiO 2 (3% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to provide the title compound (11.20 g, 96% yield) as a yellow solid. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 208, 210 (M+H) + .
• Example 40B The product from Example 40B (11.2 g, 53.1 mmol) in diethyl ether (50 mL) was added to a suspension of NaH (1.69 g, 70 mmol) in DMF (300 mL) and diethyl ether (60 mL). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes and then treated with a solution of chloromethyl methyl ether (5.65 g, 70 mmol, Aldrich Chemical Co.) in diethyl ether (30 mL). After stirring at ambient temperature for 2 hours, the mixture was quenched by cautious addition of water (200 mL).
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B (1.0 g, 5.0 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (50 mL) was treated with the product from Example 40C (1.27g, 5.0 mmol), Pd 2 (dba) 3 (0.093 g, 0.1 mmol), BINAP (0.126 g, 0.2 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (0.83 g, 8.6 mmol).
• the reaction mixture was heated at 80 °C for 4 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature, diluted with ether (100 mL), washed with brine (100 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 40D The product from Example 40D (0.60 g, 1.62 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL) was treated with Amberlist resin (7.5 g) and shaken at ambient temperature for 48 hours. The resin was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on SiO 2 (10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 /1% NH 4 OH) to provide the free base of the title compound (0.121 g) as a white solid. The free base in EtOH was treated with 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid (0.102 g, 1 eq.) for 10 minutes.
• Example 36 The product from Example 36 (1.6 mmol) was hydrogenated according to the procedure of Example 37B to provide the free base (86% yield). This was combined with 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (2.0 eq) and the obtained solid was recrystallized from ethanol/ethyl acetate to provide the title compound.
• Example 42A The product from Example 42A (137 mg, 0.6 mmole) was treated with a 1:1 mixture of CH 2 Cl 2 and TFA (3 mL). After two hours, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue purified by chromatography (SiO 2 , CHCl 3 :MeOH:NH 4 OH 95:5:0 to 95:4.5:0.5) to provide the free base. The free base was treated with excess 1M HCl in diethyl ether to provide the title compound (65 mg, 37% yield).
• Example 43B The product from Example 43B was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B and 3,5-dibromopyridine were processed as described in Example 1A to provide the title compound.
• Example 44A The product from Example 44A was processed as described in Example 32A to provide the title compound. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 301 (M+H) * .
• Example 44B The product of Example 44B was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 45A The product from Example 45A (1.00 g, 2.7 mmol) in EtOH (2.0 mL) was treated with 4N HCl/dioxahe (5 mL) and then heated at 60 °C for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on SiO 2 (10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 /1% NH 4 OH) to provide the free base of the title compound (0.424 g) as a light yellow solid. The free base was treated with 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid (0.356 g, 1 eq) in a minimum amount of EtOH for 10 minutes then concentrated under reduced pressure to produce the title compound (0.78 g, 72% yield) as a white solid.
• 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.356 g, 1 eq
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B and 2-methoxy-5-bromopyridine (purchased from Frontier Scientific) were processed as described in Example 15C to provide the title compound. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 306 (M+H) + .
• Example 46A The product from Example 46A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B and 2-chloro-5-iodo-3-methylpyridine, prepared as described in (US 5,733,912) were processed as described in Example 15C to provide the title compound. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 324 (M+H) + .
• Example 47A The product from Example 47A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B and 2,3-dichloro-5-iodopyridine, prepared as described in (US 5,733,912) were processed as described in Example 15C to provide the title compound. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 344 (M+H) + .
• Example 48A The product from Example 48A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 35B The product from Example 35B (140 mg, 0.568 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 at ambient temperature was treated with triethylamine followed by di-tert-butyl dicarbonate. The solution was stirred for 2 hours, diluted with saturated aqueous K 2 CO 3 , and extraced with CH 2 C 2 , (2X). The organic extracts were combined, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 190 mg a colorless oil. A suspension of the oil and 10% Pd/C (20 mg) in MeOH (10 mL) were stirred under one atmosphere of hydrogen (balloon) for 6 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a plug of Celite (CH 2 Cl 2 wash). The filtrate was concentrated to provide (106 mg, 91%) the title compound as a colorless oil. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 213 (M+H) + , 230 M+NH 4 ) + .
• Example 49A The product from Example 49A and 2-chloro-5-iodopyridine were processed as described in Example 1A to provide the title compound (30% yield) as a light yellow oil. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 324, 326 (M+H) + .
• Example 49B The product from Example 49B (40 mg, 0.12 mmol) in EtOAc (3 mL) was treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid ⁇ monohydrate (59 mg, 0.31 mmol). The solution was refluxed for 2 hours and allowed to cool to ambient temperature resulting in formation of a precipitate. The precipitate was triturated with diethyl ether (2X) and placed under high vacuum to provide 70 mg (85%) of the title compound as a white solid.
• Example 44A The product from Example 44A was processed according to the procedure described in Example 38A to provide the title compound. MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 319 (M+H) + .
• Example 50A The product from Example 50A was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Example 40B The product from Example 40B (1.2 g, 5.8 mmol) in diethyl ether (5 mL) was added to a suspension of NaH (181 mg, 7.5 mmol) in dry DMF (30 mL) and diethyl ether (6 mL). After stirring at ambient temperature for 30 minutes, the mixture was treated with a solution of iodomethane (1.06 g, 7.5 mmol) in diethyl ether (3 mL) and stirring was continued for an additional 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (20 mL), extracted with diethyl ether (100 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B and the product from Example 51A were processed as described in Example 15C to provide the title compound (74 % yield). MS(DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 340 (M+H) + .
• Example 51B The product from Example 51B was processed as described in Example 2B to provide the title compound (50 % yield).
• 1 H NMR MeOD, 300 MHz
• Example 53A The product from Example 53A was processed as described in Example 34B to provide the crude hydrochloride.
• the crude hydrochloride was purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Nova-Pak HR C18 6 ⁇ m 60 ⁇ 25x100 mm, 0-95% CH 3 CN/10 mM NH 4 OAc over 10 minutes at 40 mL/minute) to provide the title compound after removal of solvents under reduced pressure.
• Example 54A The product from Example 54A was processed as described in Example 53B to provide the title compound.
• Example 15B The product from Example 15B and 2-bromothieno[3,2-b]pyridine, prepared as described in (J. Het. Chem. (1984), 785-789), were processed as described in Example 1A to provide the title compound.
• Example 55A The product from Example 55A was processed as described in Example 53B to provide the title compound.
• Example 56A The product of Example 56A was processed (on 33 mmol scale) according to the procedure of Example 36 to provide the title compound (51% yield). MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 227 (M+H) + , 241 (M+NH 4 ) + .
• Example 56B The product of Example 56B (17 mmol) and 2-chloro-5-iodopyridine (21 mmol) were coupled according the procedure of Example 15C to provide the title compound (21% yield). MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 338 (M+H) + , 355 (M+NH 4 ) + .
• Example 56C was treated with trifluoroacetic acid according to the procedure of Example 15D. After purification by chromatography (SiO 2 ; 10% MeOH:89% CH 2 Cl 2 :1% NH 4 OH), the free base was combined with fumaric acid (1.1 eq.) in hot EtOAc. Upon cooling, the title compound separated as a solid in 97% yield.
• Example 58A The product of Example 58A was treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid (1.0 eq) and the obtained solid recrystallized from ethanol/ether to provide the title compound (53% yield)
• Ozone O 3 /O 2
• methanol 100 mL
• a stream of oxygen was bubbled through the reaction mixture to remove excess ozone.
• the mixture was treated with dimethyl sulfide (2 mL) and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature.
• benzylamine hydrochloride 25 g, 170 mmol
• 3A molecular sieves (30g) were added.
• NaBH 3 CN 6.3 g, 10 mmol
• Example 59B The product of Example 59B (1.98g, 5 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with mercaptoacetic acid (0.7 ml, 10 mmole) and lithium hydroxide (0.48g, 20 mmole). After stirring under a nitrogen atmosphere for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was poured into saturated Na 2 CO 3 (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (5 x 20mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried (K 2 CO 3 ), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel (CHCl 3 :MeOH:NH 4 OH 95:5:0 to 9:1:0.1) to provide the title compound (450 mg, 45% yield). MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/e 203 (M+H) + .
• Example 59C The product of Example 59C (290 mg, 1.4 mmole) and 3-bromopyridine (340 mg, 2.15 mmole) were coupled using the procedure of Example 1A to provide the title compound (306 mg, 90% yield). MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/e 280 (M+H) + .
• Example 59D The product from Example 59D (290 mg, 1.1 mmole), in ethanol (2.9 mL) was treated with 20% Pd(OH) 2 /C (117 mg) under a hydrogen atmosphere (60 psi) for 36 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (SiO 2 , CHCl 3 :MeOH:NH 4 OH, 9:1:0 to 9:1:0.1) to provide the title compound (42 mg, 21% yield).
• Example 59C The product of Example 59C can be treated with di-t-butyl dicarbonate (1.1 eq.) in methylene chloride for 4 hours. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the residue purified by chromatography to provide the title compound.
• Example 60A The product from Example 60A can be processed according to the procedure of Example 59E to provide the title compound.
• Example 60B The product from Example 60B can be processed according to the procedure of Example 2B to provide the title compound.
• Binding of [ 3 H]-cytisine ([ 3 H]-CYT) to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors was accomplished using crude synaptic membrane preparations from whole rat brain (Pabreza et al., Molecular Pharmacol., 1990, 39 :9). Washed membranes were stored at -80 °C prior to use. Frozen aliquots were slowly thawed and resuspended in 20 volumes of buffer (containing: 120 mM NaCI, 5 mM KCI, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM CaCl 2 and 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.4 @4 °C). After centrifuging at 20,000x g for 15 minutes, the pellets were resuspended in 30 volumes of buffer.
• buffer containing: 120 mM NaCI, 5 mM KCI, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM CaCl 2 and 50 m
• test compounds were dissolved in water to make 10 mM stock solutions. Each solution was then diluted (1:100) with buffer (as above) and further taken through seven serial log dilutions to produce test solutions from 10 -5 to 10 -11 M.
• Homogenate (containing 125-150 ⁇ g protein) was added to triplicate tubes containing the range of concentrations of test compound described above and [ 3 H]-CYT (1.25 nM) in a final volume of 500 ⁇ L. Samples were incubated for 60 minutes at 4 °C, then rapidly filtered through Whatman GF/B filters presoaked in 0.5% polyethyleneimine using 3 x 4 mL of ice-cold buffer. The filters are counted in 4 mL of Ecolume® (ICN). Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 10 ⁇ M (-)-nicotine and values were expressed as a percentage of total binding.
• Ecolume® Ecolume®
• Example 1-17 and 20-59 are compounds of the present invention.
• Examples 18 and 19 are comparative.
• Example 18 is the 6-chloro-2-pyridinyl [2.2.1]derivative, corresponding to Example 1, the 6-chloro-3-pyridinyl derivative; and
• Example 19 is the 6-chloro-2-pyridinyl[3.2.1] derivative, corresponding to Example 12, the 6-chloro-3-pyridinyl[3.2.1]derivative.
• the binding data suggest that the 3-pyridinyl derivative compounds of the present invention have higher affinity for the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor than 2-pyridinyl derivative compounds.
• Binding Data Example Number Average K i (nM) 1 0.041 2 6.0 3 20 4 3.8 5 65 6 22 7 1900 8 2600 9 >10,000 10 37 11 37 12 93 13 0.41 14 11 15 0.01 16 24 17 0.063 18 400 19 >10,000 20 52 21 0.33 22 4.1 23 1.6 24 0.012 25 0.40 27 0.05 28 109 29 37 30 0.17 31 1.2 32 1.6 33 0.03 34 140 35 1.5 36 0.06 37 0.55 38 24 39 0.04 40 0.17 41 0.03 42 0.02 43 0.57 44 0.03 45 1.6 46 0.25 47 0.009 48 0.01 49 2.7 50 0.83 51 0.10 52 1.0 53 17 54 5.0 55 0.84 56 0.21 57 0.02 58 0.02 59 2.2
• the hotplate utilized was an automated analgesia monitor (Model #AHP16AN, Omnitech Electronics, Inc. of Columbus, Ohio). The temperature of the hot plate was maintained at 55 °C and a cut-off time of 180 seconds was utilized. Latency until the tenth jump was recorded as the dependent measure. An increase in the tenth jump latency relative to the control was considered an effect.
• Table 2 shows the minimally effective dose (MED), among the doses tested, at which a significant effect, as defined above, was observed for the present compounds.
• the data shows that selected compounds of the invention show a significant antinociceptive effect at doses ranging from 0.62 to 62 ⁇ mol/kg.
• Mouse Hot Plate Data Example Number (MED) ⁇ mol/kg 1 6.2 4 62 15 0.62 16 6.2 20 62 22 19 23 62 24 6.2 25 19 27 1.9 30 1.9 31 62 33 0.19 35 19 36 1.9 37 6.2 38 19 39 62 40 19 41 6.2 44 0.62 46 6.2 47 6.2 48 6.2 57 1.9 58 0.62
• Dosage forms for topical administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments and inhalants.
• the active compound is mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives, buffers or propellants which can be required.
• Opthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
• Actual dosage levels of active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active compound(s) which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, compositions and mode of administration.
• the selected dosage level will depend upon the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the severity of the condition being treated and the condition and prior medical history of the patient being treated. However, it is within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required for to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
• a therapeutically effective amount of one of the compounds of the present invention can be employed in pure form or, where such forms exist, in pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug form.
• the compound can be administered as a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound of interest in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• therapeutically effective amount means a sufficient amount of the compound to treat disorders, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgement.
• the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
• the total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a human or lower animal may range from about 0.001 to about 1000 mg/kg/day.
• more preferable doses can be in the range of from about 0.001 to about 5 mg/kg/day.
• the effective daily dose can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration; consequently, single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose.
• the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions that comprise compounds of the present invention formulated together with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be specially formulated for oral administration in solid or liquid form, for parenteral injection or for rectal administration.
• compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other mammals orally, rectally, parenterally , intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments or drops), bucally or as an oral or nasal spray.
• parenterally refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion.
• compositions of this invention for parenteral injection comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use.
• suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like), vegetable oils (such as olive oil), injectable organic esters (such as ethyl oleate) and suitable mixtures thereof.
• Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants.
• compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents.
• adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents.
• Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride and the like.
• Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• the absorption of the drug in order to prolong the effect of the drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
• Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.
• the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use.
• Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders and granules.
• the active compound may be mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol and silicic acid; b) binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose and acacia; c) humectants such as glycerol; d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates and sodium carbonate; e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin; f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds; g) wetting agents such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; h)
• compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
• the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well-known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and may also be of a composition such that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
• coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well-known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and may also be of a composition such that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
• embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
• the active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan and mixtures thereof.
• inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as
• the oral compositions may also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents.
• adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents.
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, tragacanth and mixtures thereof.
• suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, tragacanth and mixtures thereof.
• compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at room temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at room temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• Liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals which are dispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used.
• the present compositions in liposome form can contain, in addition to a compound of the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients and the like.
• the preferred lipids are natural and synthetic phospholipids and phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins) used separately or together.
• the compounds of the invention can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms, such as hemi-hydrates.
• solvated forms including hydrated forms, such as hemi-hydrates.
• pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water and ethanol among others are equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the invention.
• the present compounds may have activity against disorders which are mediated through the central nervous system.
• the following references describe various disorders affected by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: 1) Williams, M.; Arneric, S. P.: Beyond the Tobacco Debate: dissecting out the therapeutic potential of nicotine. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1996)5(8): 1035-1045; 2) Arneric, S. P.; Sullivan, J. P.; Williams, W.: Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Novel targets for central nervous system theraputics. In: Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress.
• disorders include, but are not limited to the following: pain (references I and 2), Alzheimer's disease (references 1-5), Parkinson's disease (references 1, 4 and 5), memory dysfunction, Tourette's syndrome (references 1, 2 and 4), sleep disorders (reference 1), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (references 1 and 3), neurodegeneration, inflammation, neuroprotection (references 2 and 3), amyotrophic atral sclerosis, anxiety (references 1, 2 and 3), depression (reference 2), mania, schizophrenia (references 1, 2 and 4), anorexia and other eating disorders, AIDS-induced dementia, epilepsy (references 1,2 and 4), urinary incontinence (reference 1), Crohn's disease, migraines, PMS, erectile disfunction, substance abuse, smoking cessation (references 1 and 2) and inflammatory bowel syndrome (references 1 and 4) among others.
• pain references I and 2
• Alzheimer's disease references 1-5)
• Parkinson's disease references 1,

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