Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D307/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/32—Oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/347—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups
  • C07C51/353—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
  • C25B3/20—Processes
  • C25B3/25—Reduction

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of butanetetracarboxylic acid derivatives by means of coupled electrosynthesis and to their use.
• Butane tetracarboxylic acid derivatives are currently of interest as important intermediates or intermediate products, for example in the plastics processing industry. Accordingly, there is also a growing desire for a process by which butane tetracarboxylic acid derivatives can be produced in sufficient quantity and at the same time in the purity required for further processing. In the course of time, it is also desirable that such manufacturing processes are resource-saving and inexpensive.
• Another disadvantage of this is, among other things, a high outlay in terms of apparatus, which is inevitably associated with the use of divided electrolysis cells, since two cell circles are required, which must be separated by a membrane or a diaphragm. This separation leads to a loss of energy due to the resulting ohmic heat.
• the circuit for the counter electrode is often charged with an aqueous (> 80% H 2 O) conductive salt solution. This results in the disadvantage that hydrogen is produced almost exclusively as the cathode product (or largely oxygen as the anode product), which, since it is contaminated, must be disposed of as waste product by incineration.
• butanetetracarboxylic acid esters from EP-A 0 433 260 only an electrochemical process for its monosynthesis is known.
• maleic acid dialkyl ester is converted to butanetetracarboxylic acid esters and then further hydrolyzed to butanetetracarboxylic acid.
• This implementation is a cathodic electrodimerization, which takes place in an undivided electrochemical cell with the addition of, among other things.
• an alcohol takes place.
• the alcohol usually methanol, is converted at the anode to oxidation products such as methoxymethanol or methyl formate.
• the respective butanetetracarboxylic acid ester must be separated from the electrolysis solution by crystallization and subsequent filtration and can be hydrolyzed to butanetetracarboxylic acid in a further step in an acidic medium.
• a disadvantage of this process is that it is a monosynthesis combined with the above-mentioned disadvantages of these types of synthesis, such as the disposal of the products such as methoxymethanol formed on the anode in the course of the electrolysis as an unwanted waste product.
• Coupled electrosynthesis has only recently been successfully used economically.
• a process was developed and patented (DE-Al 196 18 854), which is suitable for the production of phthalide, which can be coupled with a large number of anodic oxidations, which in turn lead to another product which can also be used economically.
• Cathodic partner known for such a process that can be implemented on an industrial scale.
• the object of the invention was to provide a method by which butane tetracarboxylic acid derivatives can be produced economically while avoiding the disadvantages mentioned above.
• butanetetracarboxylic acid derivatives can advantageously be obtained by coupling their electrolytic display on the cathode with suitable anodic processes. It was also found that the number of possible coupling partners is surprisingly high.
• the present invention thus relates to a process for preparing butane tetracarboxylic acid derivatives as a valuable product I by coupled electrosynthesis, a compound selected from the group consisting of maleic acid esters, maleic acid ester derivatives, fumaric acid esters or fumaric acid ester derivatives, in which at least one hydrogen atom of positions 2 and 3 is inert Groups can be substituted, is reduced cathodically and a product of value II is obtained at the anode.
• the term “coupled electrosynthesis” is understood to mean a process for the production of preferably organic preparations. This is characterized in that the cathodic reduction by which a product of value I is generated is coupled with an oxidation which takes place at the anode and leads to a product of value II. This procedure allows the electricity used to be used "twice”. This leads to Compared to the previously used monosynthesis of the valuable products I and II to an improved economic ratio of total product yield to energy to be used for this.
• the electrolysis can usually be carried out in divided or undivided cells.
• the coupled electrosynthesis for the production of butanetetracarboxylic acid derivatives is carried out in an undivided electrochemical cell. This largely avoids the disadvantages described above, which frequently occur with electrolysis in divided cells.
• all maleic or fumaric acid esters can be used as starting materials for the synthesis of butanetetracarboxylic acid derivatives by means of coupled electrosynthesis.
• CC ö alkyl esters of said acids particularly preferably maleic or dimethyl fumarate employed.
• maleic acid or fumaric acid ester derivatives in which at least one hydrogen atom of positions 2 and 3 is substituted by inert groups can also be used as starting materials.
• the maleic acid or fumaric acid ester derivatives to be used can be, for example, methyl, cyano, hydroxymethyl and methoxy-substituted derivatives.
• a further embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that the maleic or fumaric acid ester derivative is maleic acid or dimethyl fumarate.
• all electrode materials customary for preparative organic electrochemistry can be used as the electrode material for the electrodes which can be used in the present invention.
• the reaction according to the invention can be carried out in undivided and divided cells. Work is preferably carried out in undivided cells.
• Undivided cells with a plane-parallel electrode arrangement or candle-shaped electrodes are preferably used when neither starting materials nor products which are produced or converted on an anode or cathode are changed in a disruptive manner by the other electrode process or react with one another.
• the electrodes are preferably arranged plane-parallel, because in this embodiment a homogeneous current distribution is given with a small electrode gap (0.5 mm to 30 mm, preferably 1 to 10 mm).
• the electrodes can preferably be used individually or in a stack. In the latter case, so-called stack electrodes are used, which can be connected in series in the so-called plate stack cell in a bipolar manner.
• Cells can also be used, as described in DE-A 195 33 773.
• carbon-based materials and / or metallic materials are contained in the electrode material individually or as a mixture of two or more thereof. Electrodes made of carbon-based materials such as graphite, glassy carbon, graphite felt or electrodes made of device graphite are preferably used.
• the electrolytes used in the context of the invention generally consist of the starting materials dissolved in the solvent or solvent mixture and a conductive salt.
• a conductive salt When using the stacked plate cells described in DE-A 195 33 773, the use of conductive salt can be dispensed with by the monograph 14 in D. Hoormann et al GDCh, "Electrochemical Reaction Engineering and Synthesis" J. Russow, G. Sandstede , R. Staab (ed.), GDCh, 1999, pp. 537 - 543 and V. Kröner et al, ibid., pp. 484-490.
• the total concentration of starting materials and products in the electrolyte is in each case in the range from 1 to 70% by weight, preferably in the range from 3 to 50% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 10 to 40% by weight , the sum of which should not exceed 75% by weight.
• a solvent or a solvent mixture is used when carrying out the method according to the invention, the solvent or solvent mixture having a weight fraction of greater than or equal to 50%, preferably greater than or equal to 65%, based on the total weight of all has substances used in the method.
• solvents or solvent mixtures selected from a group consisting of methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, acetonitrile and mixtures of two or more thereof are used.
• the preferred solvent or solvent mixture is selected from a group consisting of aliphatic to C 9 alcohols, preferably Ci to C 4 alcohols.
• methanol is particularly used as a solvent.
• the selected solvent or solvent mixture generally contains less than 10% by weight of water, preferably less than 5% by weight of water, particularly preferably less than 1% by weight of water.
• the conductive salts which can be used are all conductive salts which can be used in preparative electrochemistry, or else mixtures of two or more thereof.
• At least one conductive salt is used to carry out the method according to the invention.
• This at least one conductive salt is selected from a group consisting of tettaalkylammonium salts, tetrafluoroborates, alkali metal salts, salts of aromatically substituted sulfonic acids, salts of methanesulfonic acid, salts of perchloric acid, bromides, iodides, phosphates, phosphonates, alkoxycarbonates, carboxylates, sulfates and alkylsulfonates, alkylsulfonates , in particular acetates and formates, and salts of maleic acid or fumaric acid or their half esters.
• salts of methanesulfonic acid and of acetic acid are preferred as the conductive salt; salts of methylsulfuric acid are particularly preferably used.
• the at least one conductive salt is used in an amount of 0.2 to 15% by weight, preferably in an amount of 0.3 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably in an amount of 0.4 to 3 % By weight based on the electrolyte used.
• the conductive salt is replaced by an ion exchange membrane.
• the coupled electrosynthesis can be carried out at any temperature compatible with the substances used and their solvents.
• Range from 0 ° to the boiling point of the solvent used or Solvent mixture but preferably at temperatures in the range of 0 ° to 100 ° C, particularly preferably at temperatures in the range of 25 ° to 65 ° C.
• the product of value II produced in the anodic coupling process can be selected independently of the product of cathode produced I. This enables production to be flexibly adapted to economic demand for both valuable products.
• the method according to the invention is therefore not burdened with the otherwise usual disadvantages of coupling processes, such as the rigid quantity relationship of the two coupling products to one another, which limits the market flexibility.
• a product is obtained as product of value II which is not formed exclusively from the solvent.
• a product is obtained as product of value II which is selected from a group consisting of acetals of aromatic aldehydes, methoxylated heterocycles, aromatics and olefins, methoxylated amides and also -hydroxyacetals and -hydroxyacetals, carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid esters.
• Kyriakou Modem Elektro- organic Chemistty, Springer, Berlin 1994, Chapter 4.2 known anodic reactions such as alkoxylation, acyloxylation and the coupling of olefins such as enol ethers.
• the dimerization of CH-activated compounds or aromatics, such as trimethylbenzene or the oxidation of amines, alcohols or aromatic systems, for example hydroquinone ethers or heterocycles such as furans, can also be selected as a possible anodic coupling reaction.
• anodic coupling processes are preferably carried out in the presence of a mediator.
• a mediator Possible anodic coupling processes and their mediatization are described in Chapter 4.2, for example, in D. Kyriakou, Modern Electroorganic Chemistry, Springer, Berlin 1994.
• Halogen compounds, especially bromides or iodides, are particularly suitable as mediators.
• the starting material used for the anodic production of product of value II reacts with the at least one solvent, although the amount of solvent required for the anodic reaction is clearly different from the anodic mono procedure due to the presence of the cathodic one Reactant is reduced.
• the anodic coupling reaction is selected such that the boiling point of product I and product II differs by a temperature difference of equal to or greater than 10 ° C., so that, for example, the separation of the two products of value in the processing of the electrolysis solution separation by distillation is easily possible.
• the way in which the electrolysis solution is worked up generally depends on the properties of the value products I and II produced.
• the value products can be worked up and separated using any of the work-up methods customary in the art, such as, for example, distillation, recrystallization or precipitation reactions.
• the corresponding butanetetracarboxylic acid derivatives as product of value I are generally distilled off from the rest of the electrolysis solution.
• the solvent or solvent mixture and all other low-boiling constituents of the electrolysis discharge are first distilled off, the solvent or solvent mixture being able to be returned to the electrolysis circuit in whole or in part.
• the remaining mixture which predominantly contains the two desired products, is then distilled in a distillation column with less than 5 theoretical plates in order to separate off a product.
• Thin-film evaporators and sambays are preferably used here.
• the electrolysis cell can also be part of a circulation apparatus in which the electrolyte used in each case can be pumped around, heated or also cooled.
• the preferred construction of the electrolysis cell in the context of the present invention is explained in more detail in an example listed below. Since the method according to the invention is coupled with the advantages listed above, such as flexible product coordination, double energy utilization, etc., it is preferably suitable for use in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry.
• the present invention also relates to the use of the process according to the invention for the production of butanetetracarboxylic acid derivatives as an intermediate and / or precursor for the production of pharmaceuticals, crop protection agents, dyes, complexing agents and polymer building blocks.
• 11 annular disk electrodes each with an area of approximately 140 cm 2, are arranged so that they form a stack.
• the discs are each about 50 mm thick.
• the spacing between the disks is set to approximately 1 mm by means of spacers, so that 10 gaps are created between the 11 annular disk electrodes.
• Graphite is used as the electrode material.
• the inner disks are bipolar during electrolysis.
• the uppermost ring disk electrode is anodically contacted with the aid of a graphite stamp and a cover disk.
• the bottom electrode is cathodically contacted via the base plate of the electrolytic cell.
• Example 2 Electrolysis of dimethyl maleate and p-xylene
• methyl butanetetracarboxylic acid and dimethyl 2-methoxy succinate were each present at 20% by weight.
• p-xylene and the two other methoxylation products p-tolyl methyl ether and p-tolylaldehyde dimethyl acetal as product of value II were in a ratio of 1 to 1.8 to 2.4.
• the p-xylene conversion was greater than 85% by weight.
• the electrolysis solution was worked up by distillation.
• Butane tetracarboxylic acid tetramethyl ester was obtained with a yield of 45% based on the dimethyl maleate used and a purity of greater than 97%.
• the product of value II p-tolylaldehyde dimethyl acetal is u.a. used as an intermediate for the production of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, UV stabilizers and opacifiers for plastics.
• Butantettacarbon Acidtramethylester was obtained with a yield of 60 wt .-% based on the dimethyl maleate used and a purity of greater than 95%.
• N-methoxymethyl-N-methylformamide was obtained with a yield of over 80% by weight based on the dimethylformamide used.
• the product is mainly used in studies on the methoxylation of amides. It is also used as a reagent for the introduction of N-CH 2 functions, for example in aromatic systems.
• the electrolysis cell only contained 3 gaps of 0.5 mm each.
• the cathode sides of the graphite electrodes were each provided with a 2 mm thick layer of graphite felt (KFD 02, SGL Carbon).
• Butanetetracarbonate tetramethyl ester and dimethyl succinate were in the ratio 1: 0.31, butane tetracarboxylic acid tetramethyl ester and methoxysuccinic acid in a ratio of 1: 1.15.
• Nafion membranes Nafion 117, DuPont
• the Nafion membranes were stored in 5% sulfuric acid at 40 ° C for 15 h before use.
• the electrolysis was run to a maleic acid conversion of 51%.
• the GC area ratio of maleic acid dimethyl ester: butanetetracarboxylic acid ester in the electrolysis discharge was 1.00: 0.70
• the GC area ratio of maleic acid dimethyl ester: succinic acid ester in the electrolysis discharge was 1.00: 0.34; No significant amount (> 3%) of methoxysuccinic acid ester was formed.
• the anode product was N-methoxymethyl-N-methylformamide with a selectivity of 95%.

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