EP1278738B1 - Die oxidation von ketonen zu estern unter verwendung eines zinn substituierten zeolite beta - Google Patents

Die oxidation von ketonen zu estern unter verwendung eines zinn substituierten zeolite beta Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1278738B1
EP1278738B1 EP01925079A EP01925079A EP1278738B1 EP 1278738 B1 EP1278738 B1 EP 1278738B1 EP 01925079 A EP01925079 A EP 01925079A EP 01925079 A EP01925079 A EP 01925079A EP 1278738 B1 EP1278738 B1 EP 1278738B1
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grams
zeolite beta
ketone
oxidation
varies
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French (fr)
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EP1278738A2 (de
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Avelino Corma c/o Inst. de tecn. quimica CANOS
Laszlo T. Nemeth
Michael c/o Instituto de tecnologia quimica RENZ
Jaime G. Moscoso
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Honeywell UOP LLC
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UOP LLC
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D315/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom according to more than one of groups C07D303/00 - C07D313/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D309/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D309/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
    • C07D309/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D309/30—Oxygen atoms, e.g. delta-lactones

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process for the oxidation of ketones to esters.
  • the process involves contacting the ketone with hydrogen peroxide and a catalyst which comprises a tin substituted molecular sieve at oxidation conditions to form the corresponding ester.
  • Esters and lactones have various uses in and of themselves and also can be intermediates in the synthesis of antibiotics, steroids, phermones, fragrances and monomers.
  • Adolph Baeyer and Victor Villiger first reported the oxidation of menthone and tetrahydrocarvone to the corresponding lactones. The reaction was carried out using monopersulfuric acid, which was the most powerful oxidant known at that time.
  • monopersulfuric acid which was the most powerful oxidant known at that time.
  • the reaction is usually carried out with organic per-acids.
  • the oxidant is hydrogen peroxide
  • transition metal catalysts for the Baeyer-Villiger reaction.
  • Jacobson et al. J.Chem. Soc. Chem. Cons., 888, (1978) and in Inorg. Chem., 17, 3055 (1978)
  • molybdenum(VI) peroxo-complexes as catalysts in combination with 98% hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant.
  • W.A. Herrmann, et al., in J. Mol. Catal., 94, 213 (1994) have disclosed that the di-peroxo complex of methyl trioxorhenium is also active for the Baeyer-Villiger reaction.
  • the catalyst has an empirical formula on an anhydrous basis of: (M w Sn x Ti y Si 1-x-y-z Ge z )O 2 where M represents a metal having a +3 valence such as Al or B and "w" is the mole fraction of M and varies from 0 to 2x.
  • M represents a metal having a +3 valence such as Al or B
  • w is the mole fraction of M and varies from 0 to 2x.
  • the value of "x” can be from 0.001 to 0.1 while “y” and “z” have, respectively, values of 0 to 0.1 and 0 to 0.08.
  • the catalysts of this invention have been found to have higher conversions and virtually exclusive selectivity to the lactones.
  • An object of the present invention is the conversion of ketones and especially cyclic ketones to esters and especially lactones.
  • one embodiment of the invention is a process for the oxidation of a ketone to an ester comprising contacting a ketone with hydrogen peroxide and a catalyst at oxidation conditions to provide the corresponding ester, the catalyst comprising a molecular sieve having an empirical formula on a calcined and anhydrous basis of: (M w Sn x Ti y Si 1-x-y-z Ge z )O 2 where M is a metal having a +3 valence, "w” is the mole fraction of M and varies from 0 to 2x, "x” is the mole fraction of tin and varies from 0.001 to 0.1, "y” is the mole fraction of titanium and varies from zero to 0.1 and "z” is the mole fraction of germanium and varies from zero to less than 0.08 and characterized in that the composition has the characteristic x-ray dif
  • the present application deals with a process (known as the Baeyer-Villiger reaction) in which ketones are converted to esters. It is preferred to convert cyclic ketones to cyclic esters which are generally called lactones.
  • a catalyst which comprises a tin containing molecular sieve having the characteristic x-ray diffraction pattern of zeolite beta and an empirical formula on a calcined and anhydrous basis of: (M w Sn x Ti y Si 1-x-y-z Ge z )O 2 "x" is the mole fraction of tin and varies from 0.001 to 0.1, "y” is the mole fraction of titanium and varies from zero to 0.1 and "z” is the mole fraction of germanium and varies from zero to less than 0.08.
  • the molecular sieve is either amorphous with short range order or has the zeolite beta structure.
  • the M metals which can be used include but are not limited to aluminum, boron, gallium, and iron; and "w” is the mole fraction of M and varies from 0 to 2x.
  • These molecular sieves have a microporous three dimensional framework structure of at least SiO 2 and SnO 2 tetrahedral units, and a crystallographically regular pore system.
  • molecular sieves are prepared using a hydrothermal crystallization process in which a reaction mixture is prepared by combining reactive sources of tin, silicon, an organic templating agent, optionally germanium, optionally titanium, optionally a M metal, a fluoride or hydroxide source, optionally hydrogen peroxide and water.
  • the sources of silicon include but are not limited to colloidal silica, amorphous silica, fumed silica, silica gel and tetraalkylorthosilicate.
  • Sources of tin include but are not limited to tin halides, tin alkoxides, tin oxide, metallic tin, alkaline and alkaline earth stannates and alkyl tin compounds.
  • a preferred source is tin tetrachloride.
  • tin alkoxides include tin butoxide, tin ethoxide and tin propoxide.
  • the organic templating agents include, without limitation, tetraalkylammonium ions such as tetraethylammonium ions, aza -polycyclic compounds such as 1,4-diazabicyclo 2,2,2, octane; dialkyldibenzylammonium ions such as dimethyldibenzyl ammonium ion and bis-piperidinium ions such as 4,4' trimethylene bis (N-benzyl N-methyl piperidinium) ion.
  • Germanium sources include germanium halides, germanium alkoxides and germanium oxides.
  • Titanium sources include titanium alkoxides and titanium halides. Preferred titanium alkoxides are titanium tetraethoxide, titanium isopropoxide and titanium tetrabutoxide.
  • M aluminum
  • the sources of aluminum include but are not limited to aluminum oxides, such as pesudo-boehmite, aluminum alkoxides such as aluminum isopropoxide, sodium aluminate and aluminum trichloride, with pseudo-boehmite and aluminum alkoxides being preferred.
  • Sources of boron, gallium and iron include oxides, hydroxides, alkoxides, nitrates, sulfates, halides, carboxylates and mixtures thereof.
  • Representative compounds include without limitation boron alkoxides, gallium alkoxides, iron (II) acetate, etc.
  • the reaction mixture will also contain either a fluoride source such as hydrofluoric acid or ammonium fluoride or a hydroxide source such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
  • a fluoride source such as hydrofluoric acid or ammonium fluoride
  • a hydroxide source such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
  • the hydroxide source may also be added by using the hydroxide compound of the templating agent. Water is also added to the mixture and optionally hydrogen peroxide.
  • the hydrothermal process used to prepare the tin containing molecular sieves involves forming a reaction mixture, using the sources stated above, which is expressed by the formula: SiO 2 :kM 2 O 3 :aR 2 O:bSnO 2 :cGeO 2 :dTiO 2 :eF:fH 2 O 2 :gH 2 O where "k” has a value from zero to 0.1, "a” has a value from 0.06 to 0.5, "b” has a value from 0.001 to 0.1, “c” has a value from zero to 0.08, “d” has a value from 0 to 0.1, "e” has a value from 0.1 to 2, “f” has a value from zero to 0.5 and "g” has a value from 4 to 50.
  • the reaction mixture is prepared by mixing the desired sources of tin, silicon, optionally titanium, optionally germanium, optionally a M metal, an organic templating agent, water, optionally hydrogen peroxide and a fluoride or hydroxide source in any order to give the desired mixture. It is also necessary that the pH of the mixture be in the range of 6 to 12 and preferably in the range of 7.5 to 9.5. If necessary the pH of the mixture can be adjusted by adding HF, NH 4 F, NaOH, KOH, etc. Hydrogen peroxide may be added in order to form a complex with titanium and maintain it in solution.
  • reaction mixture Having formed the reaction mixture, it is next reacted at a temperature of 90°C to 200°C and preferably 120°C to 180°C for a time of 2 days to 50 days and preferably from 10 days to 25 days in a sealed reaction vessel under autogenous pressure. After the allotted time, the mixture is filtered to isolate the solid product, which is washed with deionized water and dried in air.
  • zeolite beta crystals as seeds to the reaction mixture. These crystals can be added as a dry solid, a suspension in an appropriate liquid, e.g., water, alcohol or a preorganized gel, i.e., a gel which contains nuclei.
  • a preferred zeolite beta seed is one prepared according to the teachings of Spanish Patent Application No. P9501552.
  • the isolated molecular sieve is characterized in that it has the x-ray diffraction pattern characteristic of zeolite beta which includes at least the peaks and intensities presented in Table A.
  • the intensity presented in Table A is a relative intensity which is obtained by relating the intensity of each peak (I) to the strongest line (I o ).
  • the molecular sieve can either have the zeolite beta structure or be amorphous with short range order.
  • the amorphous composition has the characteristics of the material described in U.S. patent no. 3,556,725.
  • the molecular sieves of this invention will contain some of the organic templating agent and fluoride ions in the pores of the sieve.
  • the zeolite i.e., active for adsorption or catalytic reactions
  • ketones which can be used in the instant process include, without limitation, alkyl ketones, cyclic ketones, alkyl substituted cyclic ketones, aryl ketones and alkyl aryl ketones. Specific examples include cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, methyl cyclopentanone, methyl cyclohexanone, n-pentylcyclopentanone, t-butyl cyclohexanone and adamantanone.
  • the process involves contacting the ketone with a catalyst (as described above) and hydrogen peroxide at oxidation conditions.
  • Oxidation conditions for the instant process include a temperature of 20°C to 120°C, and preferably 40°C to 90°C, a pressure of atmospheric to 400 kPa, and a contact time of 10 min. to 24 hours and preferably a time of 1 hour to 12 hours.
  • it is also required to use hydrogen peroxide.
  • Hydrogen peroxide can be obtained as a solution having a concentration of 3% to 70% of H 2 O 2 by weight of the solution. Any of these commercially available solutions can be used in the instant process with a 35% solution being preferred.
  • the ketone may be present neat or it can be mixed with a solvent, with the use of a solvent being preferred. Examples of solvents which can be used include but are not limited to alcohols, ethers, acetals and acetonitrile.
  • the process can be carried out in either a batch mode or a continuous mode.
  • a batch mode the catalyst, ketone and H 2 O 2 are mixed in a suitable reactor preferably with stirring at the desired temperature for a time of 10 min. to 24 hours and preferably a time of 1 hour to 12 hours.
  • the molar ratio of H 2 O 2 to ketone can vary from 2:1 to 0.1:1 and preferably from 1:1 to 0.3:1.
  • the catalyst can be used as a fixed bed, fluidized bed, moving bed, or any other configuration known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the ketone and hydrogen peroxide can be flowed in either an upflow or downflow direction.
  • the H 2 O 2 and ketone can be injected separately or can be premixed and then injected into the reactor. Regardless of how the reactants are introduced and the type of bed being used, the reactants are flowed through the reactor at a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.05 to 10 hr -1 in order to insure adequate contact time between the reactants and the catalyst.
  • LHSV liquid hourly space velocity
  • the product was recovered by centrifugation, washed with distilled water and dried at 100°C.
  • the product was found to have the structure of zeolite beta with a crystallinity of about 90%.
  • the zeolite beta sample of the previous paragraph was dealuminated by treating 1 gram of the as-synthesized zeolite with 60 grams of HNO 3 (60 wt. %) at 80°C for 24 hours. The solid was recovered by filtration, washed with distilled water and dried at 100°C. The crystallinity of this product zeolite was found to be 70% and the Si/Al ratio was determined by chemical analysis to be higher than 2,000.
  • This example illustrates the synthesis of a stannosilicate with the zeolite beta structure.
  • This paste was loaded into a Teflon®-lined stainless steel autoclave and heated to 140°C and reacted for 10 days with stirring. After this time, the product was recovered by filtration and was shown by x-ray diffraction analysis to have the structure of zeolite beta and to have a crystallinity of about 100%. Chemical analysis further showed that the product contained 0.8 wt.% tin. The product was calcined at 580°C for 3 hours and maintained its crystallinity. The empirical formula of the product on a calcined and anhydrous basis was determined to be: (Si 0.996 Sn 0.004 )O 2 .
  • This example illustrates the synthesis of a stannosilicate with the zeolite Beta structure.
  • This paste was loaded into a Teflon® lined stainless steel autoclave, heated to 140°C and reacted for 11 days with stirring. After 11 days, the product was recovered by filtration and was shown by x-ray diffraction analysis to have the structure of zeolite beta and to have a crystallinity of about 95%. Chemical analysis further showed that the product contained 1.6 wt.% tin. The product was calcined at 580°C for 3 hours and maintained its crystallinity. The empirical formula of the product on a calcined and anhydrous basis was determined to be: (Si 0.992 Sn 0.008 )O 2 .
  • This example illustrates the synthesis of a stannosilicate with the zeolite Beta structure.
  • the final composition of the gel is described by the following formula: SiO 2 : 0.27 (TEA) 2 O : 0.012 SnO 2 : 0.54 HF : 5 H 2 O
  • This paste was loaded into a Teflon®-lined stainless steel autoclave, heated to 175°C and reacted for 15 days with stirring. After this time, the product was recovered by filtration and was shown by x-ray diffraction analysis to have the structure of zeolite beta and to have a crystallinity of about 95%. Chemical analysis further showed that the product contained 2.3 wt.% tin.
  • the product was calcined at 580°C for 3 hours and maintained its crystallinity.
  • the empirical formula of the product on a calcined and anhydrous basis was determined to be: (Si 0.988 Sn 0.012 )O 2 .
  • This paste was loaded into a Teflon®-lined stainless steel autoclave and heated to 140°C for 7 days with stirring. After this time, the product was recovered by filtration to give a product which contained silicon and titanium in the framework and had the x-ray diffraction pattern of zeolite beta. The crystallinity of the product as measured from its x-ray diffraction pattern was about 100%. A portion of this sample was analyzed and showed that it contained 1.2 wt.% titanium. After calcination at 580°C the titanosilicate molecular sieve maintained its crystallinity. The empirical formula of the product on a calcined and anhydrous basis was determined to be: (Si 0.985 Ti 0.015 )O 2 .
  • This example illustrates the synthesis of an aluminosilicate with the zeolite Beta structure.
  • TEOS TEOS
  • 30.24 grams of TEAOH TEAOH
  • a solution of 0.41 grams of metallic aluminum in 16.788 grams of TEAOH was added and the mixture was stirred until the ethanol formed from hydrolysis of TEOS was evaporated.
  • HF HF
  • the final composition of the gel is described by the following formula: SiO 2 : 0.28 TEA 2 O : 0.01 Al 2 O 3 : 0.56 HF : 7.5 H 2 O
  • This paste was loaded into a Teflon®-lined stainless steel autoclave and heated to 140°C for 1 day with stirring. After this time, the product was recovered by filtration to give product with the x-ray diffraction pattern of zeolite beta and a crystallinity of about 100%. Chemical analysis of the material showed a Si/Al ratio of 50. The product was calcined at 580°C for 3 hours and its crystallinity was about 95%.
  • This example illustrates the synthesis of a Sn-silica material.
  • the final composition of the gel is described by the following formula: SiO 2 : 0.16 CTAOH : 0.26 TMAOH : 0.04 SnO 2 : 24 H 2 O
  • the gel was loaded into a Teflon®-lined stainless steel autoclave and heated to 135°C for 24 hours. After this time, the product was recovered by filtration to give a product which contained silicon and tin.
  • the occluded organic material was removed by heating the sample under nitrogen flow in a tubular reactor at 540°C for 1 hour and then in air at 540°C for 6 hours. A portion of this sample was analyzed and showed that it contained 7.1 wt.% tin.
  • This example illustrates the synthesis of a Sn-silica material.
  • the gel was loaded into a Teflon®-lined stainless steel autoclave and heated to 135°C for 24 hours. After this time, the product was recovered by filtration to give a product which contained silicon and tin.
  • the occluded organic material was removed by heating the sample under nitrogen flow in a tubular reactor at 540°C for 1 hour and then in air at 540°C for 6 hours. A portion of this sample was analyzed and showed that it contained 3.9 wt.% tin.
  • This example illustrates the synthesis of a Sn-silica material.
  • the final composition of the gel is described by the following formula: SiO 2 : 0.03 CTAOH : 0.13 CTABr : 0.26 TMAOH : 0.008 SnO 2 : 24 H 2 O
  • the gel was loaded into a Teflon®-lined stainless steel autoclave and heated to 135°C for 24 hours. After this time, the product was recovered by filtration to give a product which contained silicon and tin.
  • the occluded organic material was removed by heating the sample under nitrogen flow in a tubular reactor at 540°C for 1 hour and then in air at 540°C for 6 hours. A portion of this sample was analyzed and showed that it contained 1.6 wt.% tin.
  • Samples A to H were tested for the selective oxidation of cyclohexanone to its corresponding lactone as follows. In a round bottomed flask, there were added 3 g of methyl t-butyl ether as a solvent along with one mmol of ketone and a slight molecular excess of hydrogen peroxide (about 1.5 to 2.0 equivalents). Finally, 50 mg of the catalyst to be tested was added and the flask was heated to 56°C. Samples were removed at 1 hour, 3.5 hours, and 6 hours to determine the conversion and selectivity to the corresponding lactone. The activity and selectivity of various catalysts for the conversion of cyclohexanone are presented in Table 1.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
  • Pyrane Compounds (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Verfahren zur Oxidation eines Ketons zu einem Ester, umfassend Inkontaktbringen eines Ketons mit Wasserstoffperoxid und einem Katalysator unter Oxidationsbedingungen, um den entsprechenden Ester bereitzustellen, wobei der Katalysator ein Molekularsieb umfasst mit einer empirischen Formel auf einer kalzinierten und wasserfreien Basis von: (MwSnxTiySi1-x-y-zGe2)O2 worin M ein Metall mit einer Valenz von + 3 ist, "w" der Stoffmengenanteil von M ist und von 0 bis 2x variiert, "x" der Stoffmengenanteil von Zinn ist und von 0,001 bis 0,1 variiert, "y" der Stoffmengenanteil von Titanium ist und von Null bis 0,1 variiert und "z" der Stoffmengenanteil von Germanium ist und von Null bis weniger als 0,08 variiert, und dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zusammensetzung das charakteristische Röntgenbeugungsmuster von Zeolith Beta besitzt, und dass, wenn "w", "y" und "z" alle Null sind, das Molekularsieb dann amorph ist mit einer kurzreichweitigen Ordnung, oder das charakteristische Röntgenbeugungsmuster von Zeolith Beta besitzt.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, worin M ausgewählt wird aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Aluminium, Bor, Gallium und Eisen.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, worin M Aluminium ist.
  4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2 oder 3, worin sowohl "y" als auch "z" einen Wert von Null besitzen.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2, 3 oder 4, worin das Keton mit einem Lösungsmittel gemischt wird, welches ausgewählt wird aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Alkoholen, Ethern, Acetalen und Acetonitril.
  6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2, 3, 4 oder 5, worin die Oxidationsbedingungen eine Temperatur von 20°Cbis 120°C, einen Druck von atmosphärisch bis 400 kPa und eine Kontaktzeit von 10 min bis 24 Stunden umfassen.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 oder 6, worin das Verhältnis von H2O2 zum Keton von 2:1 bis 0,1:1 variiert.
  8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 oder 7, worin das Keton ausgewählt wird aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Cyclopentanon, Cyclohexanon, Methylcyclopentanon, Methylcyclohexanon, n-Pentylcyclopentanon, t-Butylcyclohexanon und Adamantanon.
EP01925079A 2000-04-25 2001-04-19 Die oxidation von ketonen zu estern unter verwendung eines zinn substituierten zeolite beta Expired - Lifetime EP1278738B1 (de)

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US557302 2000-04-25
US09/557,302 US6344583B1 (en) 2000-04-25 2000-04-25 Oxidation of ketones to esters using a tin substituted zeolite beta
PCT/US2001/012707 WO2001081291A2 (en) 2000-04-25 2001-04-19 The oxidation of ketones to esters using a tin substituted zeolite beta

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CN102452923B (zh) * 2010-10-29 2015-04-29 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种催化氧化内酯的方法
CN104903304B (zh) * 2012-11-05 2018-03-16 巴斯夫欧洲公司 氧化有机羰基化合物的方法
ES2621510T3 (es) * 2012-11-05 2017-07-04 Basf Se Un material zeolítico que contiene estaño que tiene una estructura de marco de tipo MWW
US8987497B2 (en) 2012-11-05 2015-03-24 Basf Se Process for the oxidation of organic carbonyl compounds
ES2511340B1 (es) * 2013-03-21 2015-09-04 Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (Csic) Procedimiento de obtención de lactonas enantioméricamente puras con catalizadores sólidos
WO2015067657A1 (en) * 2013-11-05 2015-05-14 Basf Se Process for the oxidation of organic carbonyl compounds
CN104709920B (zh) * 2013-12-16 2017-05-10 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 一种含锡杂原子功能性分子筛及其合成和应用
JP6279409B2 (ja) * 2014-06-02 2018-02-14 株式会社ダイセル ポスト処理を行ったスズ置換ゼオライト・ベータを用いたケトン類のエステル類への酸化
DE102015005440A1 (de) 2015-04-28 2016-11-03 Wolfgang Hölderich Baeyer Villiger Oxidation in Gegenwart von Nb - Katalysatoren
MX2018007068A (es) 2015-12-08 2018-08-01 Basf Se Un material zeolitico con contenido de estaño que tiene una estructura de armazon de bea.
EP3178788A1 (de) * 2015-12-08 2017-06-14 Basf Se Zinnhaltiges zeolithmaterial mit einer bea-rahmenstruktur
CN107311201B (zh) * 2017-07-04 2019-08-06 江西师范大学 纳米Sn-β分子筛及其制备方法和苯酚羟基化反应的方法
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ATE258172T1 (de) 2004-02-15
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AU2001251675A1 (en) 2001-11-07
ES2215128T3 (es) 2004-10-01
DE60101845D1 (de) 2004-02-26
CN1430616A (zh) 2003-07-16
US6344583B1 (en) 2002-02-05
WO2001081291A2 (en) 2001-11-01
WO2001081291A3 (en) 2002-01-24
JP2003534251A (ja) 2003-11-18
DE60101845T2 (de) 2004-11-04
CN1185224C (zh) 2005-01-19

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