EP1267650B1 - Tobacco treatment - Google Patents

Tobacco treatment Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1267650B1
EP1267650B1 EP01908002A EP01908002A EP1267650B1 EP 1267650 B1 EP1267650 B1 EP 1267650B1 EP 01908002 A EP01908002 A EP 01908002A EP 01908002 A EP01908002 A EP 01908002A EP 1267650 B1 EP1267650 B1 EP 1267650B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
process according
tobacco
acid
supercritical fluid
nitrosamines
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP01908002A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1267650A1 (en
Inventor
Kevin Gerard Mcadam
David O'reilly
Andrew John Manson
Ian Geoffrey Marchmont Anderson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
British American Tobacco Investments Ltd
Original Assignee
British American Tobacco Investments Ltd
British American Tobacco Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=26243823&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP1267650(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from GB0005665A external-priority patent/GB0005665D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0012111A external-priority patent/GB0012111D0/en
Application filed by British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, British American Tobacco Co Ltd filed Critical British American Tobacco Investments Ltd
Publication of EP1267650A1 publication Critical patent/EP1267650A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1267650B1 publication Critical patent/EP1267650B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Revoked legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/24—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by extraction; Tobacco extracts
    • A24B15/26—Use of organic solvents for extraction
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/24—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by extraction; Tobacco extracts
    • A24B15/241—Extraction of specific substances
    • A24B15/245—Nitrosamines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/24—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by extraction; Tobacco extracts

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of treating tobacco to reduce or eliminate the content of nitrosamines therein, particularly tobacco specific nitrosamines.
  • Tobacco specific nitrosamines include N'-nitrosonornicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, N'-nitrosoanatabine and N'-nitrosoanabasine.
  • An aim of the present invention is to provide an improved method for reducing nitrosamines in tobacco.
  • a further aim of the present invention is to provide an improved method for selectively reducing nitrosamines in tobacco.
  • the present invention provides a tobacco treatment process in accordance with claim 1.
  • nitrosamines are separated from the supercritical fluid extraction medium by subjecting the extraction medium to a nitrosamine removal process.
  • the nitrosamine removal process may comprise a chemisorption step.
  • the chemisorption step may comprise the use of an ion exchanger.
  • the nitrosamine removal process may comprise an adsorbent step.
  • a suitable adsorbent may be selected from one or more of the group consisting of glass beads, activated charcoal, aluminium silicate and zeolites. Other suitable adsorbents known to those persons skilled in the art may also be used.
  • the nitrosamine removal process may comprise treatment of the extraction medium with ultraviolet (UV) light, resulting in the breakdown of nitrosamines in the extraction medium.
  • UV ultraviolet
  • Yet further alternatives include the removal of nitrosamines by precipitating the nitrosamines from the extraction medium; by subjecting the extraction medium to nitrosamine specific enzyme breakdown; or by chromatographic or other methods of separation known to those persons skilled in the art.
  • the process for nitrosamine removal from the extraction medium may comprise more than one of the above outlined nitrosamine removal processes.
  • a plurality of removal processes (together comprising a multi-process) will result in an enhanced specificity of removal of nitrosamines.
  • the nitrosamine removal process may be a multi-process comprising a chemisorption step in combination with or followed by treatment with UV light.
  • a washing step may be required to remove the nitrosamines from the chemisorption medium, the UV light then being applied to the washings. Water, an acid, a salt solution or an alcohol may suitably be used in the washing step.
  • the extraction medium having had some, if not all, of the nitrosamines removed therefrom may be brought into contact with tobacco, such that extract(s) other than nitrosamines in the medium may be incorporated or re-incorporated with the tobacco.
  • extract(s) may, for example, comprise nicotine and/or flavour substances.
  • the supercritical fluid used is supercritical carbon dioxide, although other supercritical fluids known to the skilled person may be suitable.
  • an acid preferably an organic acid
  • the acid may be added to the tobacco prior to treatment of the tobacco with supercritical fluid.
  • the acid may be incorporated with the supercritical fluid.
  • an ion exchanger or adsorbent material is present, the acid may be incorporated with the ion exchanger or adsorbent.
  • a suitable acid may be an organic acid selected from one or more of the group consisting of malonic acid, ascorbic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, mucic acid and citric acid, or a salt derivative(s) thereof.
  • the organic acid is a citric acid salt, potassium citrate for example.
  • Suitable acids may be mineral acids, for example sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid.
  • the acid when the acid is applied to the tobacco the acid is in solution. Such solution may be applied by spraying.
  • the application of the acid to the tobacco may take place in a casing cylinder conventionally used within the tobacco industry for applying casings to tobacco.
  • modifiers such as organic solvents or alcohols, for example, may alternatively or additionally be used.
  • the extraction treatment of the tobacco with the supercritical fluid takes place at an elevated pressure and temperature.
  • the supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide
  • a pressure in the range of 100 to 350 bar may be used, preferably the pressure being about 200 to 300 bar and more preferably being about 240 to 260 bar.
  • the temperature used is greater than about 35° Celsius, more preferably in a range of about 35 to about 140° Celsius, and even more preferably in a range of about 35 to about 90° Celsius.
  • the tobacco is placed in a closable chamber or bomb during the extraction treatment thereof with the supercritical fluid.
  • Heating may be effected by heat transfer or by electromagnetic radiation (i.e. microwave or radiofrequency heating).
  • electromagnetic radiation i.e. microwave or radiofrequency heating
  • the closed chamber or bomb will, of course, have to be made of a non-electromagnetic absorbing material, e.g. non-metallic material, capable of withstanding the operating pressure.
  • a suitable such material may be comprised of a polyfluorohydrocarbon material, such as Teflon (Trademark) for instance.
  • the ratio of the percentage reduction in nitrosamines to the percentage reduction in nicotine in tobacco, which tobacco has been subjected to the process of the present invention is in the range of about 1.1:1 to about 18:1, more preferably about 1.3:1 to about 10:1, and even more preferably about 2:1 to about 6:1.
  • a suitable mass flow rate of the supercritical fluid extraction medium per kg of tobacco is in the range of about 1kg/h to about 55kg/h, and is dependent on the process conditions, such as the tobacco packing density in the chamber and the size of the chamber.
  • the mass flow rate of the supercritical fluid extraction medium per kg of tobacco is in the range of 10 to 40kg/h, more advantageously is in the range of 15 to 35kg/h and is even more advantageously about 30kg/h, although these figures do depend on what the desired product characteristics are.
  • the tobacco treated in accordance with the process of the present invention is cut tobacco, being cut lamina and/or cut stem tobacco.
  • the tobacco may be one or more of whole leaf tobacco, tobacco dust and reconstituted tobacco.
  • the tobacco treated in accordance with the process of the present invention may be subjected to a conditioning step, whereby the moisture content of the tobacco, post-treatment, is brought to less than about 15%, preferably less than 13%.
  • the nitrosamines are separated from the supercritical fluid extraction medium by subjecting the medium to a nitrosamine removal process, preferably the medium flows around a closed system.
  • the closed system may comprise a first chamber, for the treatment of the tobacco with supercritical fluid, and a second chamber in which the nitrosamine removal process takes place, wherein the first and second chambers are interconnected by interconnecting means, pipe(s) for example.
  • Such system further comprises fluid transfer means operable to cause the extraction medium to flow around the closed system.
  • a nitrosamine removal material such as an ion-exchange resin or adsorbent may reside in the second chamber, such that supercritical fluid extraction medium, following treatment of the tobacco therewith, is transferred via the interconnecting means to the second chamber, wherein nitrosamines are totally or substantially removed.
  • the supercritical fluid extraction medium, minus nitrosamines may then be returned to the tobacco in the first chamber.
  • a plurality of interconnected chambers may be provided for the treatment of the tobacco with supercritical fluid and/or a plurality of interconnected chambers may be provided for the nitrosamine removal process.
  • the supercritical fluid may flow sequentially through the chambers.
  • the closed system may comprise a first or single chamber having inlet and outlet means wherein interconnecting means interconnect the inlet with the outlet means of the chamber.
  • the interconnecting means may serve for the transfer of supercritical fluid extraction medium, under the action of fluid transfer means, from the outlet means of the chamber to and through a nitrosamine removal process station to the inlet means of the chamber.
  • the amount of fluid in the interconnecting means is kept to a minimum.
  • a nitrosamine removal material such as an ion exchanger or an adsorbent, may be contained within any suitable permeable container so as to provide a means by which fluid may pass through the container and a means by which the tobacco is prevented from contact with the nitrosamine removal material.
  • the nitrosamine removal process may, for instance, be constituted by the transfer of the medium through a UV light source.
  • the interconnecting means must be pervious to UV light.
  • a plurality of interconnected chambers may be provided for the treatment of the tobacco with supercritical fluid.
  • the tobacco may be subjected to a microbial deactivation process.
  • microbes including Enterobacter agglomerans, Bacillus spp, Fusariurn equisetti, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Altenaria alternata and Acremonium arxii are thought to be responsible for or contribute to the production of nitrosamines during curing of the tobacco. In fact, it is thought that microbes may also be a contributory factor in the production of nitrosamines in tobacco during storage of cured tobacco.
  • a reduction in microbial activity in the tobacco by way of the microbial deactivation process reduces the likelihood of reformation of nitrosamines in the tobacco post-extraction thereof.
  • the microbial deactivation process may be carried out before or after subjecting the tobacco to the treatment with the supercritical fluid.
  • a further alternative is to subject the tobacco to treatment with the supercritical fluid under microbial deactivating conditions, such that microbial deactivation and extraction occur simultaneously.
  • the microbial deactivation process may comprise a pasteurisation process, wherein the tobacco is heated to a specified temperature and maintained at that temperature for a set period of time.
  • the tobacco may be heated to a temperature in the range of about 70° to about 150° Celsius for a period of between about 30 seconds to about 2 minutes.
  • the heating may be effected by, for example, convection heating by way of contacting the tobacco with a gaseous heating medium, microwave heating or radio frequency heating.
  • the moisture content of the tobacco being subjected to the sterilisation process is adjustable by way of either a pre- or a post-conditioning step.
  • the treatment of tobacco with, for example, ionising radiation, UV radiation, freeze drying or an electron beam to kill microbes may be used as the microbial deactivation process.
  • the tobacco may also be subjected to a nitrite/nitrate removal process.
  • Nitrites are important precursors of nitrosamines, whereas nitrates are precursors of nitrites. It is thought that following nitrosamine removal residual nitrites in the tobacco may be free to react with alkaloids also present in the tobacco thus to re-form nitrosamines.
  • the nitrite/nitrate removal process may suitably comprise the steps of solvent extraction to remove the nitrites/nitrates from the tobacco, followed by ion exchange to bind the nitrites/nitrates.
  • the nitrites may be removed by way of an oxidation step.
  • removal of nitrites/nitrates using micro-organisms as disclosed in any one of GB 1 440 171, GB 1 585 024, US 4709,710 or GB 2 014 031 may be used.
  • the nitrite/nitrate removal process may be carried out before, after or during the treatment of the tobacco with the supercritical fluid.
  • the process may in order to remove nitrites from the tobacco comprise, for example, the step of either applying ascorbic acid to the tobacco prior to treatment of the tobacco with the supercritical fluid; incorporating ascorbic acid with the supercritical fluid; or, when an ion exchanger or adsorbent material is present, incorporating ascorbic acid with the ion exchanger or adsorbent.
  • the ascorbic acid has the effect of scavenging nitrites from the tobacco.
  • the nitrite/nitrate removal process may be carried out as an alternative to or in addition to the microbial deactivation process.
  • the inventive process provides a Burley tobacco having an initial nitrosamine content after curing in the range of about 0.3 ppm - about 30 ppm, which after processing has a nitrosamine content that is at least 45% lower. If the tobacco is a Burley tobacco having a nitrosamine content of 5-6 ppm, after processing the content is preferably 3.6 ppm or less.
  • the inventive process also provides a Virginia tobacco having an initial moisture content after curing of less than 8.5 ppm, which after processing has a nitrosamine content that is at least 45% lower.
  • the Burley or Virginia processed tobacco have a nitrosamine content of at least 60% lower than its original content.
  • the inventive process also provides a US blended tobacco having an original nicotine content in the range of 0.10 - 2.0% and a nitrosamine content in the range of 0.10 - 1.2 ⁇ g/g which after processing has a percentage decrease in nitrosamines to percentage decrease in nicotine in the range of 1:1 to 10:1.
  • the inventive process also provides a Virginia blended tobacco having an original nicotine content in the range of 0.30 - 2.15% and a nitrosamine content in the range of 0.10 - 1.5 ⁇ g/g, which after processing has a percentage decrease in nitrosamines to percentage decrease in nicotine in the range of 1:1 to 10:1.
  • the ratio is in the range of 5:1 or more, and more preferably 8:1 or more.
  • the apparatus as shown in Figure 1 is a closed system comprising a first chamber 1 and a second chamber 2 wherein the first and second chambers 1, 2 are interconnected by interconnecting pipes 3.
  • the closed system further comprises fluid transfer means, namely a pump 4.
  • the apparatus further comprises a reservoir tank 5 interconnected with the first chamber 1 via a duct 6.
  • Valve 7 is located in duct 6 which valve 7 is operable to close the tank 5.
  • the reservoir tank 5 is charged with carbon dioxide, which carbon dioxide is then pressurised by pump means (not shown) and is transferred by the pump means from the reservoir tank 5 to the first and second chambers 1, 2 and the interconnecting pipes 3 until the requisite extraction conditions are achieved, namely a pressure of about 250 bar and a temperature of about 70° Celsius. At this point the carbon dioxide reservoir tank is closed by closing valve 7.
  • the supercritical carbon dioxide is then circulated, under the action of the pump 4, through the first chamber 1 (and, therefore, through the tobacco contained therein) and through the second chamber 2 (and, therefore, through the ion exchange resin therein) via the interconnecting pipes 3.
  • the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction medium is circulated about the closed system for a period of either 1.5 hours or 3 hours. Then the first and second chambers 1, 2 are decompressed by opening vent means (not shown) and the chambers are opened.
  • the nicotine and nitrosamine contents of the thus treated tobacco are then evaluated using suitable standard laboratory tests.
  • Table 1 discloses percentage reductions in the tobacco of both nicotine and nitrosamines following treatment of the tobacco as outlined above. The total amount of CO 2 used for these examples was 2190kg. Run No. Tobacco m.c. Extraction Period (h) Nicotine Reduction (%) Nitrosamines Reduction (%) 1 14% 1.5 67 90 2 14% 3.0 78.5 94 3 25% 1.5 65.5 93.5 4 25% 3.0 77 95
  • Treatment for 1.5 hours results in a greater difference between the percentage amount of nitrosamines and the percentage amount of nicotine extracted, as compared with treatment for 3 hours.
  • the extraction period outlined above could be reduced further without substantially affecting the percentage reduction of nitrosamines, whilst further reducing the percentage reduction of nicotine.
  • the extraction period may be between about 15 minutes to about 1.5 hours, preferably between about 20 minutes to about 1 hour, more preferably between about 25 minutes to about 40 minutes and even more preferably about 30 minutes.
  • the conditions of extraction are preferably further biased towards the extraction in the supercritical fluid of nitrosamines, as compared with other tobacco specific compounds, such as nicotine.
  • nitrosamines such as nicotine.
  • Several other methods of biasing the extraction towards nitrosamine removal, as compared with other tobacco specific compounds, may be.used in addition to or separately from adjustment of the extraction period.
  • the pH of the tobacco may be maintained at less than about 6.5, preferably about 5.5.
  • the supercritical fluid extraction medium may be saturated, or substantially saturated, with tobacco specific compounds, or commercially available chemical analogues thereof, other than nitrosamines before contacting the extraction medium with the tobacco treatment.
  • the supercritical fluid when the supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide, may be to cool the tobacco to a temperature below about 35°C, such that when the supercritical carbon dioxide is pumped into the chamber containing the tobacco the general effectiveness of the extraction process is reduced with preferential bias against the removal of tobacco specific compounds other than nitrosamines. Biasing towards the extraction of nitrosamines may also be effected by altering (i.e. increasing) the packing density of the tobacco in the extraction chamber.
  • biasing may be effected by altering, i.e. lowering the mass flow rate of the supercritical fluid extraction medium per unit mass of tobacco. For example, reducing the flow rate of the supercritical fluid per kg of tobacco to less than 30 kg/h.
  • altering i.e. lowering the mass flow rate of the supercritical fluid extraction medium per unit mass of tobacco. For example, reducing the flow rate of the supercritical fluid per kg of tobacco to less than 30 kg/h.
  • the ion exchange resin situate in the second chamber 2 following decompression of the closed system, is flushed or washed with water.
  • the washings are then treated with UV light from a UV light source (not shown). Exposure of the washings to UV light results in the degradation of nitrosamines in the washings. Extract(s) other than nitrosamines in the washings is then re-incorporated with the tobacco.
  • Other extract(s) may include, for example, nicotine and/or flavour substances. In this way, the end result is that nitrosamines are selectively removed from the tobacco, without adversely affecting the taste of the tobacco.
  • the apparatus shown in Figure 2 is also a closed system, which apparatus comprises a chamber 1 provided with an inlet 8 and an outlet 9, interconnecting pipe 10, wherein the pipe 10 interconnects the inlet 8 with the outlet 9 of the chamber 1, and fluid transfer means, i.e. a pump 4.
  • This apparatus further comprises a reservoir tank 5 interconnected with the chamber 1 via a duct 6.
  • Valve 7 located in duct 6 allows for tank 5 to be closed. Adjacent a position of the pipe 10 is located a UV light source.
  • Degradation products thereof may then be removed, for instance by passing the supercritical carbon dioxide through a metal mesh (not shown).
  • the pipe 10 is comprised of, at least in the region of the UV light source 11, material which is pervious to UV light, e.g. a high pressure quartz window.
  • the amount of supercritical carbon dioxide in the interconnecting pipe 10 is kept to a minimum by use of a pipe 10 having a bore of a small diameter (i.e. a diameter of about 1cm).
  • the supercritical carbon dioxide is, following exposure to the UV light, returned to the chamber 1 and again into contact with the tobacco therein.
  • the supercritical carbon dioxide is circulated for a period of 30 minutes.
  • the chamber 1 and the pipe 10 are decompressed by opening vent means (not shown).
  • the tobacco treated in this way is free, or substantially free, of nitrosamines, whilst the nicotine content of the tobacco remained substantially the same pre- and post-treatment.
  • a further alternative apparatus comprises substantially the apparatus shown in Figure 2 with a nitrosamine removal material held within a fluid permeable container in the chamber 1.
  • the fluid may be re-circulated through the system for a number of times before removal and optional subsequent removal of nitrosamines therefrom.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
EP01908002A 2000-03-10 2001-03-06 Tobacco treatment Revoked EP1267650B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0005665 2000-03-10
GB0005665A GB0005665D0 (en) 2000-03-10 2000-03-10 Tobacco treatment
GB0012111 2000-05-20
GB0012111A GB0012111D0 (en) 2000-05-20 2000-05-20 Tobacco treatment
PCT/GB2001/000945 WO2001065954A1 (en) 2000-03-10 2001-03-06 Tobacco treatment

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1267650A1 EP1267650A1 (en) 2003-01-02
EP1267650B1 true EP1267650B1 (en) 2005-12-28

Family

ID=26243823

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01908002A Revoked EP1267650B1 (en) 2000-03-10 2001-03-06 Tobacco treatment

Country Status (19)

Country Link
US (1) US20040025891A1 (xx)
EP (1) EP1267650B1 (xx)
JP (1) JP3931084B2 (xx)
KR (1) KR100864552B1 (xx)
CN (1) CN100430001C (xx)
AR (1) AR028238A1 (xx)
AT (1) ATE313968T1 (xx)
AU (2) AU3586301A (xx)
BR (1) BR0109264B1 (xx)
CA (1) CA2400408C (xx)
DE (1) DE60116273T2 (xx)
DK (1) DK1267650T3 (xx)
EG (1) EG22308A (xx)
ES (1) ES2251464T3 (xx)
MY (1) MY136703A (xx)
NZ (1) NZ521065A (xx)
PT (1) PT1267650E (xx)
RU (1) RU2259797C2 (xx)
WO (1) WO2001065954A1 (xx)

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US12075810B2 (en) 2017-05-15 2024-09-03 Nicoventures Trading Limited Method of making a tobacco extract

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CN100430001C (zh) 2008-11-05
RU2259797C2 (ru) 2005-09-10
KR20020075808A (ko) 2002-10-05
CA2400408A1 (en) 2001-09-13
DE60116273D1 (de) 2006-02-02
DE60116273T2 (de) 2006-07-13
BR0109264B1 (pt) 2011-09-06
EG22308A (en) 2002-12-31
CA2400408C (en) 2008-12-30
MY136703A (en) 2008-11-28
ATE313968T1 (de) 2006-01-15
BR0109264A (pt) 2003-12-30
PT1267650E (pt) 2006-05-31
US20040025891A1 (en) 2004-02-12
AU2001235863B2 (en) 2005-06-23
KR100864552B1 (ko) 2008-10-20
JP3931084B2 (ja) 2007-06-13
CN1438843A (zh) 2003-08-27
WO2001065954A1 (en) 2001-09-13
AR028238A1 (es) 2003-04-30
ES2251464T3 (es) 2006-05-01
DK1267650T3 (da) 2006-05-08
AU3586301A (en) 2001-09-17
JP2003526345A (ja) 2003-09-09
RU2002125119A (ru) 2004-03-27
NZ521065A (en) 2005-02-25

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