EP1175325B1 - Geschwindigkeitsmessverfahren für ein schienenfahrzeug und einrichtung dazu - Google Patents

Geschwindigkeitsmessverfahren für ein schienenfahrzeug und einrichtung dazu Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1175325B1
EP1175325B1 EP00920294A EP00920294A EP1175325B1 EP 1175325 B1 EP1175325 B1 EP 1175325B1 EP 00920294 A EP00920294 A EP 00920294A EP 00920294 A EP00920294 A EP 00920294A EP 1175325 B1 EP1175325 B1 EP 1175325B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
block
track
tuning
current
voltage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP00920294A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1175325A1 (de
Inventor
Eric Lechevin
Jean-Pierre Franckart
Danièle GALARDINI
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alstom Belgium SA
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Alstom Belgium SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alstom Belgium SA filed Critical Alstom Belgium SA
Priority to EP00920294A priority Critical patent/EP1175325B1/de
Publication of EP1175325A1 publication Critical patent/EP1175325A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1175325B1 publication Critical patent/EP1175325B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L3/00—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal
    • B61L3/02—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control
    • B61L3/08—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically
    • B61L3/12—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L25/00—Recording or indicating positions or identities of vehicles or trains or setting of track apparatus
    • B61L25/02—Indicating or recording positions or identities of vehicles or trains
    • B61L25/021—Measuring and recording of train speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L3/00—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal
    • B61L3/02—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control
    • B61L3/08—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically
    • B61L3/12—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves
    • B61L3/121—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves using magnetic induction

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method intended for measuring the speed of a vehicle running on a railway type track.
  • the present invention also relates to the installation intended for the implementation of this process.
  • beacons along railroad tracks in order to perform a measurement of the speed of the vehicle traveling on these tract.
  • beacons which are arranged at known and fixed distances emit a signal.
  • the vehicle passing near this tag detects using an antenna the passage above the first beacon and performs a time measurement until the passage of the second beacon.
  • the tags are placed at relatively large distances, and it essentially to measure average speeds over the distance travelled.
  • An electrical joint is consisting of two chord blocks used for coupling energy of the sections of track adjacent to each block okay and the short track distance between these two chord blocks (15 to 30 meters).
  • first chord block serves as a transmitter at a frequency given while the second chord block serves as a receiver at another frequency.
  • the functions of the electrical seal are on the one hand to prevent the propagation of the signal of a track circuit to adjacent track circuit and other part to realize the coupling of the transmitter and the receiver with the way.
  • the adjustment units include a capacitor, the value of which is chosen for resonance adjustment, and a transformer, of which a coil is connected in series with the capacitor, a track circuit signal transmitter or receiver being connected via a second coil of the transformer.
  • the present invention aims to provide a solution that can offer the maximum guarantees of safety in the railway sense of the term to the extent of a speed of a vehicle moving on a type track rail.
  • the present invention aims more particularly to propose a process which allows a estimate of average speed independently causes of errors due for example to skating and the axle clutch, and which is based on the detection the passage of a train of joints separating the different track circuits.
  • the present invention aims to provide a system that can get rid of tag placement on along the tracks.
  • the present invention aims to use already present equipment which allow the location of the train and which are made up by track circuits with electrical seals.
  • the present invention relates to a method of measuring the speed of a vehicle equipped with a antenna and traveling on a track with two rails in the form of sections of track called "cantonments" separated by electrical seals, each electrical joint consisting of two tuning blocks and the predetermined section of track located between them, each of the tuning blocks allowing energy coupling for the adjacent section of track serving as a block, characterized in that at least two are detected current or voltage discontinuities of the signal seen by an antenna present in the vehicle traveling on the track near the regions of the first and second chord blocks of the same electrical joint, in order to measure the speed of the vehicle traveling on the track.
  • the first discontinuity is obtained during passage of the axle to the right of the first block of agreement for the frequency of this first chord block.
  • the second discontinuity is obtained in exerting an electrical action at the frequency of the first chord block.
  • This second discontinuity is obtained by creating an electric or magnetic field in the region of second chord block.
  • This electric or magnetic field is generated by a current proportional to the current emitted by the voltage injected at the first chord block. This field is generated directly by the current emitted by said voltage.
  • the action electric is a voltage injected in series with the voltage at the second frequency of the second tuning block. This voltage injected in series is proportional to that which is injected into the first chord block.
  • the action electric is the injection of a current into a generator of voltage present in the second chord block, this current traversing a loop arranged between the rails, said current being proportional to the current emitted by the voltage injected into the first chord block.
  • the signal detected by the antenna located on board the vehicle traveling on the track is filtered at the frequency of the voltage injected at the first tuning block.
  • the present invention also relates to an installation for implementing the method such as previously described, in which the path is organized in the form of cantonments separated by joints electrical, each electrical joint consisting of at least minus two chord blocks and the short track section located between them.
  • This installation includes means to generate at least two discontinuities in current or in voltage in the signal seen by the antenna present in the vehicle traveling on the track near the regions of first and second chord blocks of the same joint electric.
  • Figure 1 shows the diagram equivalent of an electrical joint.
  • Figure 2 shows the diagram equivalent of a track circuit between two electrical seals as described in figure 1.
  • Figure 3 shows the influence of axles on the current in the front rails the axles before the axle passes.
  • Figure 4 shows the influence of axles on the current in the rails after axle passage.
  • Figure 5 shows the diagram of the running in the rails in front of the axles according to the state of the art.
  • FIGS 6, 7 and 8 show several different forms of execution of the invention.
  • Figure 9 shows the diagram of the running in the rails in front of the axle according to the invention.
  • An electrical seal as shown in Figure 1 consists of a first TU.F1 chord block located a first side (left), which will serve as a transmitter in view generate a voltage in the channel at frequency F1 and allows the energy coupling of this first side (left) of the channel adjacent to the chord block.
  • a second block agree TU.F3, placed at a distance of 15 to 30 meters, allows the energy coupling of the other part of the track (right) adjacent to this chord block.
  • This second block agree serves as a receiver for a frequency F3. he could possibly also be a transmitter which would generate a voltage at frequency F3.
  • Figure 2 shows a track circuit comprising several sections of track organized in cantonments and separated by electrical seals each consisting of two chord blocks coupled two to of them.
  • F1 the two tuning blocks TU.F1 and TU.F1 'are equivalent to a capacity which achieves the track section agreement (block 1) included between these two blocks, while the two chord blocks TU.F3 and TU.F3 'are equivalent to short circuits to this same frequency (F1).
  • block 1 the two tuning blocks TU.F1 and TU.F1 'are equivalent to a capacity which achieves the track section agreement (block 1) included between these two blocks, while the two chord blocks TU.F3 and TU.F3 'are equivalent to short circuits to this same frequency (F1).
  • F3 the function of the chord blocks is then reversed.
  • the passing axle 3 creates a shunt or short circuit between rails 1 and 2. More precisely, the behavior of the current I generated at frequency F1 and present in the rail 1 in front of axle 3 is modified.
  • the present invention consists in creating a second discontinuity 8 near the second block agree TU.F3 and use these two discontinuities occurring at a known distance in order to be able to calculate the average train speed between the two positions where produce said discontinuities.
  • a loop 4 between rails 1 and 2 near the TU.F3 block receiver component and equivalent to a short circuit to the frequency F3.
  • This loop 4 is supplied by a current at the frequency F1 which is preferably proportional to the current of block TU.F1. It is preferably connected in series with this block.
  • the field magnetic generated by loop 4 creates the second discontinuity 8 necessary for the implementation of the process according to the present invention.
  • the block TU.F 3 is equivalent to a short circuit for the frequency F1.
  • the generator 5 is preferably supplied from the supply of the block TU.F1.
  • a current generator 6 is connected in parallel to the terminals of the TU.F3 block.
  • the flow thus generated traverses the loop 9 arranged between the two rails 1 and 2, thereby creating a detectable magnetic field at this place.
  • the generator 6 at the frequency F1 is advantageously arranged in series with the TU.F1 block and creates thus the second discontinuity sought 8.
  • FIG. 9 shows the current I in depending on the distance traveled on the rails in positioning the block TU.F1 creating the first discontinuity at -0 m and the block TU.F3 creating the second discontinuity at point 18m.
  • the cost of installing the device additional is relatively small and thus allows obtain a relatively precise measurement of the speed of the train running on a track. Furthermore, the measurement of this speed remains independent of a precise positioning of tags, for example, whose displacement could intervene in case of track maintenance interventions, climatic phenomena, wheel engagement, etc.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Train Traffic Observation, Control, And Security (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Automobile Manufacture Line, Endless Track Vehicle, Trailer (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)

Claims (17)

  1. Verfahren zur Messung der Geschwindigkeit eines Fahrzeuges, das mit einer Antenne ausgestattet ist und das auf einer zwei Schienen bestehenden Strecke verkehrt, die in der Form von "Streckenblöcken" genannten und durch elektrische Stöße getrennten Gleisabschnitten vorliegt, wobei jeder Stoß aus zwei Abstimmeinheiten (TU.F1 und TU.F3) und aus dem vorbestimmten zwischen denselben angeordneten Gleisabschnitt besteht, wobei jede der Abstimmeinheiten die Energiekopplung für den daran angrenzenden und als Streckenblock dienenden Gleisabschnitt ermöglicht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man mindestens zwei Strom- oder Spannungsunterbrechungen des Signals ausmacht, was festgestellt wird mit Hilfe einer Antenne, die in dem auf der Strecke verkehrenden Fahrzeug in dem Umfeld der Bereiche der ersten und zweiten Abstimmeinheiten (TU.F1 und TU.F3) eines selben elektrischen Stoßes vorhanden ist, im Hinblick auf das Messen der Geschwindigkeit des auf der Strecke verkehrenden Fahrzeugs.
  2. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Unterbrechung bei der Durchfahrt der Achse auf der Höhe der ersten Abstimmeinheit für die Frequenz (F1) dieser ersten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F1) erzielt wird.
  3. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Unterbrechung erzielt wird, indem man eine elektrische Einwirkung auf die Frequenz (F1) der ersten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F1) ausübt.
  4. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Unterbrechung erzielt wird, indem man ein elektrisches oder ein magnetisches Feld in dem Bereich der zweiten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F3) erzeugt.
  5. Verfahren gemäss irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das elektrische oder magnetische Feld mit Hilfe eines Stroms erzeugt wird, der proportional zu dem Strom ist, der durch die an der ersten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F1) eingespeiste Spannung freigesetzt wird.
  6. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Feld durch den von der besagten Spannung freigesetzten Strom erzeugt wird.
  7. Verfahren gemäss irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrische Einwirkung eine Spannung ist, die in Reihe mit der Spannung bei der zweiten Frequenz (F3) der zweiten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F3). eingespeist wird.
  8. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die in Reihe eingespeiste Spannung proportional ist zu derjenigen die an der ersten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F1) eingespeist wird.
  9. Verfahren gemäss irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrische Einwirkung in der Einspeisung eines Stroms in einen Spannungsgenerator besteht, der in der zweiten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F3) vorhanden ist, und dass dieser Strom eine zwischen den Schienen angeordnete Schleife durchläuft.
  10. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der besagte Strom proportional ist zu dem Strom der durch die an der ersten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F1) eingespeiste Spannung freigesetzt wird.
  11. Verfahren gemäss Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das besagte Signal bei der Frequenz (F1) der an der ersten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F1) eingespeisten Spannung gefiltert wird.
  12. Anlage zur Durchführung des Verfahrens gemäss irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Strecke in der Form von Streckenblöcken gestaltet wird, die durch elektrische Stöße getrennt sind, wobei jeder Stoß aus mindestens zwei Abstimmeinheiten (TU.F1 und TU.F3) und aus dem kurzen zwischen denselben angeordneten Gleisabschnitt besteht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man Mittel vorsieht, um mindestens zwei Strom- oder Spannungsunterbrechungen des Signals zu erzeugen, was mit Hilfe der Antenne festgestellt wird, die in dem auf der Strecke verkehrenden Fahrzeug in dem Umfeld der Bereiche der ersten und zweiten Abstimmeinheiten (TU.F1 und TU.F3) eines selben elektrischen Stoßes vorhanden ist.
  13. Anlage gemäss Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die besagten Mittel aus einer Schleife (4) bestehen, die in der Nähe der zweiten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F3) angeordnet ist und die mit einer Speisung durch einen Strom mit der Frequenz (F1) der ersten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F1) versehen ist.
  14. Anlage gemäss Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schleife (4) in Reihe mit der ersten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F1) angeordnet ist.
  15. Anlage gemäss Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die besagten Mittel aus einem Spannungsgenerator (5) mit der Frequenz (F1) der ersten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F1) bestehen, der in Reihe mit der zweiten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F3) geschaltet ist.
  16. Anlage gemäss Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die besagten Mittel aus einem Stromgenerator (6) bestehen, der parallel mit der zweiten Abstimmeinheit (TU.F3) über eine zwischen den Schienen angeordnete Schleife geschaltet ist.
  17. Anlage gemäss irgendeinem der Ansprüche 12 bis 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass an Bord des Fahrzeuges eine Antenne vor der ersten Achse (3) angeordnet ist sowie ein Empfangskreis, der mit der Antenne verbunden ist und mit einem auf die Frequenz F1 eingestellten Filter ausgestattet ist.
EP00920294A 1999-04-30 2000-04-20 Geschwindigkeitsmessverfahren für ein schienenfahrzeug und einrichtung dazu Expired - Lifetime EP1175325B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP00920294A EP1175325B1 (de) 1999-04-30 2000-04-20 Geschwindigkeitsmessverfahren für ein schienenfahrzeug und einrichtung dazu

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP99870079A EP1048545A1 (de) 1999-04-30 1999-04-30 Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Geschwindigkeit eines Schienenfahrzeuges und Gerät dazu
EP99870079 1999-04-30
EP00920294A EP1175325B1 (de) 1999-04-30 2000-04-20 Geschwindigkeitsmessverfahren für ein schienenfahrzeug und einrichtung dazu
PCT/BE2000/000043 WO2000066412A1 (fr) 1999-04-30 2000-04-20 Procede de mesure de la vitesse d'un vehicule sur rails et installation destinee a cet effet

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1175325A1 EP1175325A1 (de) 2002-01-30
EP1175325B1 true EP1175325B1 (de) 2003-07-02

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Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99870079A Withdrawn EP1048545A1 (de) 1999-04-30 1999-04-30 Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Geschwindigkeit eines Schienenfahrzeuges und Gerät dazu
EP00920294A Expired - Lifetime EP1175325B1 (de) 1999-04-30 2000-04-20 Geschwindigkeitsmessverfahren für ein schienenfahrzeug und einrichtung dazu

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99870079A Withdrawn EP1048545A1 (de) 1999-04-30 1999-04-30 Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Geschwindigkeit eines Schienenfahrzeuges und Gerät dazu

Country Status (30)

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US (1) US7938370B1 (de)
EP (2) EP1048545A1 (de)
JP (1) JP4176311B2 (de)
KR (1) KR100684465B1 (de)
CN (1) CN1162291C (de)
AP (1) AP2001002311A0 (de)
AT (1) ATE244174T1 (de)
AU (1) AU761240B2 (de)
BG (1) BG106052A (de)
BR (1) BR0011224A (de)
CA (1) CA2371588C (de)
CZ (1) CZ297573B6 (de)
DE (1) DE60003670D1 (de)
DZ (1) DZ3153A1 (de)
EA (1) EA200101003A1 (de)
HK (1) HK1045482B (de)
HR (1) HRP20010801A2 (de)
HU (1) HUP0200820A2 (de)
IL (1) IL145964A0 (de)
IS (1) IS6099A (de)
MA (1) MA25456A1 (de)
MX (1) MXPA01011013A (de)
NO (1) NO20015319D0 (de)
OA (1) OA11934A (de)
PL (1) PL195187B1 (de)
SK (1) SK286883B6 (de)
TR (1) TR200103024T2 (de)
UA (1) UA57179C2 (de)
WO (1) WO2000066412A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA200108635B (de)

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US10308265B2 (en) 2006-03-20 2019-06-04 Ge Global Sourcing Llc Vehicle control system and method
US9733625B2 (en) 2006-03-20 2017-08-15 General Electric Company Trip optimization system and method for a train
US9950722B2 (en) 2003-01-06 2018-04-24 General Electric Company System and method for vehicle control
US9956974B2 (en) 2004-07-23 2018-05-01 General Electric Company Vehicle consist configuration control
US9828010B2 (en) 2006-03-20 2017-11-28 General Electric Company System, method and computer software code for determining a mission plan for a powered system using signal aspect information
US8914171B2 (en) 2012-11-21 2014-12-16 General Electric Company Route examining system and method
KR101685630B1 (ko) 2010-03-02 2016-12-13 삼성전자주식회사 2상 딜레이 라인과 듀티 교정회로를 갖는 지연 동기 루프 및 그의 듀티 교정방법
WO2014026091A2 (en) 2012-08-10 2014-02-13 General Electric Company Route examining system and method
KR101312076B1 (ko) 2013-06-25 2013-09-25 한국기계연구원 전차속도 측정장치
US9255913B2 (en) 2013-07-31 2016-02-09 General Electric Company System and method for acoustically identifying damaged sections of a route
US10006877B2 (en) 2014-08-20 2018-06-26 General Electric Company Route examining system and method
WO2020055801A1 (en) 2018-09-11 2020-03-19 Becton, Dickinson And Company Robotic sample preparation system for diagnostic testing with automated position learning

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US4270716A (en) * 1979-03-30 1981-06-02 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Transit vehicle speed control apparatus and method
GB8402359D0 (en) * 1984-01-30 1984-02-29 Westinghouse Brake & Signal Track circuit
JP2663318B2 (ja) * 1992-03-05 1997-10-15 株式会社京三製作所 速度検出器
JP2898846B2 (ja) * 1993-05-24 1999-06-02 新日本製鐵株式会社 定位置停止制御装置
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Publication number Publication date
BG106052A (en) 2002-05-31
ZA200108635B (en) 2003-02-20
MA25456A1 (fr) 2002-07-01
HK1045482A1 (en) 2002-11-29
PL351926A1 (en) 2003-07-14
HUP0200820A2 (en) 2002-07-29
IS6099A (is) 2001-10-03
NO20015319L (no) 2001-10-30
DZ3153A1 (fr) 2000-11-09
NO20015319D0 (no) 2001-10-30
WO2000066412A1 (fr) 2000-11-09
JP4176311B2 (ja) 2008-11-05
ATE244174T1 (de) 2003-07-15
AU4095000A (en) 2000-11-17
HRP20010801A2 (en) 2002-12-31
EA200101003A1 (ru) 2002-04-25
OA11934A (en) 2006-04-12
EP1048545A1 (de) 2000-11-02
IL145964A0 (en) 2002-07-25
CA2371588C (fr) 2010-02-16
AP2001002311A0 (en) 2001-12-31
CZ20013687A3 (cs) 2002-04-17
KR100684465B1 (ko) 2007-02-22
KR20020000562A (ko) 2002-01-05
CN1349462A (zh) 2002-05-15
EP1175325A1 (de) 2002-01-30
SK286883B6 (sk) 2009-07-06
MXPA01011013A (es) 2002-05-06
JP2002543406A (ja) 2002-12-17
CN1162291C (zh) 2004-08-18
PL195187B1 (pl) 2007-08-31
CA2371588A1 (fr) 2000-11-09
UA57179C2 (uk) 2003-06-16
DE60003670D1 (de) 2003-08-07
TR200103024T2 (tr) 2002-05-21
AU761240B2 (en) 2003-05-29
HK1045482B (zh) 2005-02-18
SK14712001A3 (sk) 2002-04-04
CZ297573B6 (cs) 2007-02-07
BR0011224A (pt) 2002-05-14
US7938370B1 (en) 2011-05-10

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