Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D491/14—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D455/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinolizine ring systems, e.g. emetine alkaloids, protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine
  • C07D455/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinolizine ring systems, e.g. emetine alkaloids, protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine containing not further condensed quinolizine ring systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to functionalized heterocycles useful as modulators of the chemokine receptors, including CCR-1, CCR-2, CCR-2A,
• Chemokines mediate a range of proinflammatory effects on leukocytes, such as chemotaxis, degranulation, and intigran activation (Baggiolini et al., Adv.
• Chemokine receptors also serve as coreceptors for HIV-1 entry into cells. This came from observations that RANTES, MlP-l ⁇ , and MlP-l ⁇ suppressed infection of susceptible cells in vitro by macrophage-tropic primary HIV-1 isolates
• CXCR-4 was found to support infection and cell fusion of CD4 + cells by laboratory-adapted, T-tropic HIV-1 strains (Feng et al., Science (Wash. DC), 1996;272:872-7).
• CCR-5 a RANTES, MlP-l ⁇ , and MlP-l ⁇ receptor, was subsequently identified as the principle coreceptor for primary macrophage-tropic strains (Choe et al., Cell, 1996;85:1135-48; Alkhatib et al., Science (Wash.
• CCR-5 ⁇ 32 a defective CCR-5 allele that contains an internal 32-base pair deletion
• the truncated protein encoded by this gene is apparently not expressed at the cell surface.
• CCR-5 ⁇ 32 homozygous individuals comprise ⁇ 1% of the Caucasian population and heterozygous individuals comprise -20%. In studies of about 2700 HIV-1 infected individuals, no ⁇ 32 homozygotes were found. Individuals who are heterozygous for ⁇ 32 CCR-5 allele have been shown to progress more slowly to
• CCR-5 as the principle coreceptor for primary HIV isolates provides an opportunity to understand disease pathogenesis, and more importantly to identify a new avenue for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
• the instant invention is a series of functionalized heterocycles that block the CD-4/GP-120 interaction with CCR-5 receptor, and thus can be useful in the treatment of HIV infection manifested in AIDS.
• the compounds of the invention are useful in a method of modulating chemokine receptor activity in a patient in need of such modulation comprising the administration of an effective amount of the compound.
• the present invention is directed to the use of the foregoing substituted heterocycles as modulators of chemokine receptor activity.
• these compounds are useful as modulators of the chemokine receptors, including CCR-1, CCR-2, CCR-2A, CCR-2B, CCR-3, CCR-4, CCR-5, CXCR-3, CXCR1, CXCR2, and/or CXCR-4.
• the compounds of the present invention are preferred as modulators of the chemokine receptor CCR-5.
• the compounds of the instant invention are those of Formula I which may exist in both closed and open form.
• A is O, S, and additionally A is NRj when X is C-R9;
• X is N when A is NRj or
• X is C-R9 wherein R9 is halogen, hydrogen, alkyl, -CF3, CH2F, CHF2,
• each occurrence of m is independently an integer of from 0 to 2, q is an integer of from 0 to 1, and r is an integer of from 0 to 3;
• Y is hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl, (CH 2 ) m - NR 7 R 8' -N(R])-(CH 2 ) V - C(RyRg)-aryl, or ORJ Q wherein RJ Q is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl fused to an aryl ring, aryl, (CH2) s aryl, -CH 2 CF3, (CH2)tC(R7R 8 )-(CH2)uaryl,
• s is an integer of from 1 to 3
• t is an integer of from 0 to 3
• u is an integer of from 0 to 3
• v is an integer of from 1 to 3
• w is an integer of from 0 to 2;
• Z is CR or N
• R ⁇ is hydrogen or alkyl and each occurrence of R1 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; R and R2 are each independently selected from: hydrogen, alkyl, halogen,
• R 7 and R 8 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, -CF3, or R and R 8 may be taken together to form a cyclic ring of from
• R3 is hydrogen or alkyl
• R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl
• R5 is alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, acyl
• R4 and R5 are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a cyclic ring of from 5 to 7 atoms;
• Rg is hydrogen or alkyl
• R5 when not taken together with R4 can be taken together with R5 with the atoms to which they are attached to form a ring of from 5 to 7 atoms; N-R5 is also the corresponding N-oxide;
• R ⁇ 1 is hydrogen or alkyl; n is an integer of from 1 to 3; j is an integer of from 1 to 2, and j is the integer 0 when Y is hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, or aryl; with the proviso that pyrrolo[3',2':5,6][l]benzopyrano[3,2-i]quinolizine-l- carboxylic acid, 3,7,8,9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 14a, 15-decahydro-2-methyl-, ethyl ester is not included.
• Preferred compounds are those of Formula 1 above wherein Ri is hydrogen.
• X is C-R9.
• Still other preferred compounds are those wherein R ] is hydrogen and
• X is C-R9, wherein R9 is alkyl.
• Still other preferred compounds are those wherein R] is hydrogen
• X is C-R9, wherein R9 is alkyl; R4 and R5 are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a ring of from 5-7 atoms; and Y is OR 10 . Still other preferred compounds are those wherein Rj is hydrogen, X is C-R9, wherein R9 is alkyl;
• R4 and R5 are taken together to form a 6-membered ring
• Y is ORJ O wherein RJ Q is alkyl, aryl or -(CH2) s aryl,
• Still other preferred compounds are those wherein R] is hydrogen
• X is C-R9, wherein R9 is Me
• R4 and R5 are taken together to form a 6-membered ring
• Rg is hydrogen; n is 2; and Y is ORjo wherein Ri Q is alkyl, aryl or RJQ is -(CH2)t-C(R 7 R 8 )-
• R 7 and R can each independently be H, alkyl,
• More preferred compounds are those of Formula 1 and selected from: Pyrrolo[3 ',2' :5,6][l]benzopyrano[3,2-i]quinolizine-l -carboxylic acid, 3,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,14a,15-decahydro-2-methyl-, methyl ester;
• 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 5-[[[[(3,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,14a,15- decahydro-2-methylpyrrolo[3',2':5,6][l]benzopyrano[3,2-i]quinolizin- l-yl)carbonyl]oxy]methyl]-, diethyl ester; 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 5-[[[(3,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,14a,15- decahydro-2-methylpy ⁇ olo[3 ⁇ 2':5,6][l]benzopyrano[3,2-i]quinolizin- 1 -yl)carbonyl]oxy]methyl]-;
• the instant invention includes pharmaceutical compositions of compounds of Formula 1 and methods of using the compounds for modulating chemokine receptor activity, for preventing or treating infection by HIV, delaying the onset of AIDS, treating AIDS, and treating inflammatory disease.
• alkyl means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, /z-propyl, isopropyl, ??-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, «-pentyl, /.-hexyl, 72-heptyl, /.-octyl, and the like.
• the alkyl can be substituted with fluorine, for example, additionally the alkyls can be substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents selected from alkoxy, carboxy, hydroxy, nitro, halogen, amino, and substituted amino to provide other active compounds.
• Alkyl includes cycloalkyl of from 3 to 7 carbons which can be substituted with, for example, 1 to 3 substituents selected from alkyl, alkoxy, carboxy, hydroxy, nitro, halogen, and amino and substituted amino. Cycloalkyl can be fused to an aryl ring such as phenyl, pyridyl, and the like.
• Alkoxy is O-alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms as defined above for alkyl.
• Acyl is -C-alkyl, wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• aryl means an aromatic radical which is a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted by 1 to 4 substituents selected from alkyl as defined above, alkoxy as defined above, hydroxy, halogen, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino as defined above for alkyl, dialkylamino as defined for alkyl, nitro, cyano, carboxy, O O O O
• alkyl II defined above for alkyl, -C-N(alkyl)2 as defined above for alkyl, -(CH2) n 2-NH2 wherein n ⁇ is an integer of 1 to 5, -(CH2)n2-NH-alkyl as defined above for alkyl and n ⁇ , -(CH2) n 2-N(alkyl)2 as defined above for alkyl and x?-.
• the term further includes heteroaryl which is a mono or bicyclic heteroaromatic radical having 5 to
• heteroatom such as N, O, S, including, for example, 2- or 3-thienyl, 2- or 3-furanyl, 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-pyrimidinyl, 3- or 4-pyridazinyl, or 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-indolyl.
• heteroaryls can be unsubstituted or substituted as above for aryl.
• aralkyl or arylalkyl means an aryl radical attached to an alkyl radical wherein aryl and alkyl are as defined above, for example, benzyl, fluorenylmethyl, and the like.
• Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
• Some of the compounds of ring close Formula I are capable of further forming N-oxides and N-quaternary alkyl salts with the ring nitrogen atom at N-l 1. Further, some of the compounds of ring close Formula I are capable of further forming N-oxides and N-quaternary alkyl salts with nitrogen atoms optionally present in RJO- These structural forms are within the scope of the present invention.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of Formula I include salts derived from nontoxic inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, hydrofluoric, phosphorous, and the like, as well as the salts derived from nontoxic organic acids, such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, alkanedioic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids, etc.
• nontoxic inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, hydrofluoric, phosphorous, and the like
• nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, alkanedioic acids, aromatic acids,
• Such salts thus include sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, nitrate, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, trifluoroacetate, propionate, caprylate, isobutyrate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, mandelate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, phthalate, benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, phenylacetate, citrate, lactate, maleate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, and the like.
• salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like and gluconate, galacturonate (see, for example, Berge S.M. et al., "Phannaceutical Salts,” J. ofPharma. Sci, 1977;66:1).
• the acid addition salts of said basic compounds are prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce the salt in the conventional manner.
• the free base form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with a base and isolating the free base in the conventional manner.
• the free base forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free base for purposes of the present invention.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines.
• metals used as cations are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like.
• suitable amines are N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, and procaine (see, for example, Berge supra., 1977).
• the base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner.
• the free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner.
• the free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid for purposes of the present invention.
• Certain of the compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms, including hydrated forms, are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• Certain of the compounds of the present invention possess one or more chiral centers and each center may exist in the R or S configuration.
• the present invention includes all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. Additionally, the compounds of the present invention may exist as geometric isomers.
• the present invention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti,
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared and administered in a wide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered by injection, that is, intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered by inhalation, for example, intranasally.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered transdermally. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise as the active component, either a compound of Formula I or a corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula I.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid.
• Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules.
• a solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.
• the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixture with the finely divided active component.
• the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
• the powders and tablets preferably contain from five or ten to about seventy percent of the active compound.
• Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
• the term "preparation" is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component, with or without other carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it.
• cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
• a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter
• the active component is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring.
• the molten homogenous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify.
• Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water propylene glycol solutions.
• liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.
• Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing, and thickening agents as desired.
• Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents.
• viscous material such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents.
• solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration.
• Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
• These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.
• the pharmaceutical preparation is preferably in unit dosage form.
• the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component.
• the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
• the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.
• the quantity of active component in a unit dose preparation may be varied or adjusted from 1 mg to 1000 mg, preferably 10 mg to 100 mg according to the particular application and the potency of the active component.
• the composition can, if desired, also contain other compatible therapeutic agents.
• the compounds utilized in the pharmaceutical method of this invention can be administered at the initial dosage of about 1 mg to about 100 mg per kilogram daily.
• a daily dose range of about 25 mg to about 75 mg per kilogram is preferred.
• the dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the compound being employed. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstance is reached. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day if desired.
• the compounds of Formula I are valuable antagonists of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor. Compounds which are antagonists of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor are expected to have efficacy in inhibiting HIV infection and are thus useful in the treatment of AIDS. The compounds of the present invention were evaluated in a CCR-5 receptor binding assay.
• the 125 ⁇ _gpi20/sCD4/CCR-5 binding assay was carried out similarly as described in Wu et al., N ⁇ twre, 1996;384:179-183. Briefly, the envelope g ⁇ l20 protein derived from HIV-1 JR-FL (Trkola et al., Nature, 1996;384:184-186), a M-tropic strain, was iodinated using solid phase lactoperoxidase to a specific activity of 20 ⁇ Ci/ ⁇ g.
• binding reaction in a final volume of 100 ⁇ L binding buffer [50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.5% BSA]
• 25 ⁇ L (2.5 ⁇ g) of membranes prepared from CCR-5/L 1.2 cells were mixed with 25 ⁇ L (3 nM) sCD4, followed by 25 ⁇ L (0.1 nM) radio-labeled gpl20 in the presence or absence of 25 ⁇ L compound dissolved in DMSO (final concentration of DMSO 0.5%).
• the reactions were incubated at room temperature for 45 to 60 minutes and stopped by transferring the mixture to GFB filter plates, which were then washed 3 to 4 times with binding buffer containing 0.5 M ⁇ aCl. The plates were dried and MicroScint scintillation fluid was added before counting.
• the compounds of present invention block the sCD-4/GP-120 binding to CCR-5 receptor with affinity less than or equal to 200 ⁇ M.
• indole intermediates The preparation of indole intermediates is shown in Scheme II. Reaction of bromoacetate with nitriles in an aprotic solvent, preferably THF, in the presence of activated Zn at reflux under nitrogen atmosphere gives amino crotonates V. Alternatively, amino crotonates V can be obtained by reacting the corresponding ⁇ -ketoester with ammonia in EtOH.
• the ⁇ -ketoesters can be derived from 2,2,6- trimethyl-4H-l,3-dioxin-4-one and the corresponding alcohols.
• Esters or amides IX can be made from acid VIII following several standard esterification procedures or a standard procedure for amide synthesis using HBTU as the coupling reagent.
• ester synthesis Mitsunobu procedure is preferred where appropriate alcohols, DEAD, and PI13P are used, and the reaction is carried out at ambient temperature.
• Another preferred procedure to make esters is treating the acid with a base, preferably DBU, and alkylhalides or arylalkylhalides in a polar solvent, preferably DMF or acetonitrile at ambient temperature.
• a base preferably DBU
• alkylhalides or arylalkylhalides in a polar solvent, preferably DMF or acetonitrile at ambient temperature.
• R' H or CH 3 CO
• the substituted 5-hydroxybenzofurans (C) were prepared by condensing the appropriate 1,4-benzoquinone (A) with the appropriate 3-aminocrotonate (B) in acetic acid. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the product was purified by recrystalhzation or flash chromatography on silica gel.
• the mannich base (E) was added to a dioxane solution of enamine (F), which was freshly prepared by treating its perchlorate salt with aqueous sodium hydroxide, extracting the enamine into ether, drying and concentrating the extracts in vacuo.
• the resulting solution was heated between 80-100°C until the reaction was complete.
• the mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the product purified by recrystalhzation or flash chromatography on silica gel.
• the iodopyridine 3 is then converted to the azaindole 4 via palladium catalyzed cyclization with the appropriately substituted alkyne (Tetrahedron Lett., 1998;39:5355; Tetrahedron Lett., 1993;34:2823). Conversion of 3 to 4 is followed by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene to the corresponding acid 5 using
• Compound I in an aprotic solvent preferably E-2O, CH2CI2, or THF
• a solution of oxalyl chloride in the same aprotic solvent at temperatures ranged from -10°C to 30°C, preferably at 0°C to 25°C, followed by treatment of an amine of choice in an aprotic solvent to give the desired product II.
• the desired product III can be obtained by reacting compound I with oxalyl chloride in an aprotic solvent, preferably Et2 ⁇ , CH2CI2, or THF, at temperatures ranged from
• the desired product III can be made by reacting compound I with compound IV in an aprotic solvent such as Et2 ⁇ , CH 2 C1 2 , or THF.
• the benzylester I is subjected to hydrogenolysis reaction conditions in aprotic polar solvents, preferably THF, at ambient temperature to give acid II.
• aprotic polar solvents preferably THF
• the acid II is treated subsequently with benzoyl chloride in presence of an organic base, such as Et3N, to afford the mixed anhydride III.
• the mixed anhydride I is mixed with the desired alcohol, the resultant reaction mixture was heated to 100°C to 180°C until the mixed anhydride is consumed affording the corresponding ester.
• the present invention is further directed to combinations of the present compounds with one or more agents useful in the prevention or treatment of AIDS.
• the compounds of this invention may be effectively administered, whether at periods of pre-exposure and/or post-exposure, in combination with effective amounts of the anti-HIV compounds, immunomodulators, anti-infectives, or prophactic or therapeutic vaccines known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• HIVID Hoffman-La Roche HIV infection, AIDS, ARC Dideoxycytidine ddl Dideoxyinosine Bristol-Myers Squibb HIV infection, AIDS, ARC; combination with AZT/d4T
• Efavirenz DMP 266
• ARC non-nucleoside RT inhibitor
• Famciclovir Smith Kline Herpes zoster, herpes simplex Foscavir/Foscarnet Astra CMV, HSV l-2 ANTIVIRALS (cont'd)
• Roussel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
• Lamivudine 3TC Glaxo Wellcome HIV infection, AIDS, ARC (reverse transcriptase inhibitor); also with AZT
• PNU- 140690 Pharmacia Upjohn HIV infection, AIDS, ARC (protease inhibitor)
• Enkephalin (Chicago, IL) MTP-PE Muramyl- Ciba-Geigy Corp. Kaposi's sarcoma
• Tripeptide Granulocyte Colony Amgen AIDS in combination w/AZT
• Tumor Necrosis Genentech ARC in combination w/gamma Factor; TNF Interferon
• Isethionate (IM & (Rosemont, IL)
• Erythropoietin AZT therapy Recombinant Human Serono AIDS-related wasting, cachexia
• the solution was concentrated in vacuo to give an oily mixture; a solution of 1 : 1 hexane/ethyl acetate was used to redissolve the oil.
• the desired product was purified by flash chromatography. Residual diethylhydrazinedicarboxylate remaining in the product was removed by trituration with hot water; the resulting solid was dried under vacuum at 40°C.
• the 5-acetyl group was removed in the following manner: the protected ester (1 eq) was dissolved in a small amount of MeOH. NaOMe (4 eq) was added and the mixture stirred until no starting material remained (-45 minutes).
• the pH of the solution was adjusted to 1 with the addition of aqueous HCI, and a copious white precipitate occurred.
• the solid was filtered, washed with water (2 x 20 mL), and dried under vacuum at 40°C.
• the pH of the solution was adjusted to 1 with the addition of aqueous HCI, and the solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 25 mL).
• the organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to give a solid.
• the solid may be further purified by recrystalhzation from appropriate solvents. According to the Procedure A,
• Intermediate C can be synthesized from Intermediate B according to the procedure described in Example 9, Step A.
• Procedure C A General Procedure for the Synthesis of ethyl 3-alkyl- 3-aminocrotonates (K-O)
• Activation of Zn To a stirred 3N HCI solution (50 mL) was added Zn (20 g) and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The HCI solution was decanted, and this was repeated two times. The activated Zn was washed with distilled H 2 O (2 ⁇ , 100 mL), ethanol (2 ⁇ , 50 mL), and ether (2 ⁇ , 50 mL). The activated Zn was then placed under reduced pressure for 12 hours at 40°C.
• Procedure D General procedure for the synthesis of ethyl 2-alkyl-5-hydroxy-
• Procedure F General procedure for deacylation of the amides The amide of interest (1 eq) was dissolved in a small amount of MeOH.
• Step A 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid 4-fluoro-benzyl ester
• DMF dimethyl methyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid
• Step B 4-Dimethylaminomethyl-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid 4-fluoro-benzyl ester
• Step C Pyrrolo[3',2':5,6][l]benzopyrano[3,2-i]quinolizine-l-carboxylic acid, 8,9, 11 , 12, 13 , 13a, 14, 14a-octahydro-2-methyl-, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl ester
• Step A 4-Dimethylaminomethyl-lH-indol-5-ol
• Step B 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octahydro-quinolizinylium perchlorate
• Step C Pyrrolo[3',2':5,6][l]benzopyrano[3,2-i]quinolizine, 3,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,14a,15-decahydro-
• a mixture of perchlorate salt (406 mg, 1.71 mmol, Example 3, Step B) and 20 mL of ether was added 30 mL of aqueous NaOH (2N). The resulting mixture was shaken in a separatory funnel until all solid had dissolved. Two layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ether (2 x 30 mL). The combined ether layer was dried over Na 2 SO4 and concentrated in vacuo.
• Step B 4-Dimethylaminomethyl-2-methyl-lH-indol-5-ol
• Step C Pyrrolo[3',2':5,6][l]benzopyrano[3,2-i]quinolizine, 3,7,8,9,10,12,13, 14,14a,15-decahydro-2-methyl-
• a mixture of perchlorate salt 973 mg, 4.10 mmol, Example 3, Step B
• 30 mL of ether was added 40 mL of aqueous NaOH (2N).
• the resulting mixture was shaken in a separatory funnel until all solid had dissolved. Two layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ether (2 x 40 mL). Combined ether layer was dried over Na 2 SO4 and concentrated in vacuo.
• the residual oil was dissolved in 7 mL of dioxane, then 4-dimethylaminomethyl-
• Step A 6-Bromo-4-dimethylaminomethyl-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3- carboxylic acid ethyl ester 6-Bromo-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, prepared according to the literature procedure [Bell M.R.; Oesterlin R.; Beyler A.L.; Harding H.R.; Potts G.O., J. Med. Chem., 1967;10:264-266], (3.01 g, 10.1 mmol) and aqueous Me2NH (40%>, 2.79 mL, 22.2 mmol) were mixed with
• Step B 4-Dimethylaminomethyl-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid propyl ester 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid propyl ester (1.27 g, 5.43 mmol) and aqueous Me2NH (40%, 1.50 mL, 12.0 mmol) were mixed with 10 mL of EtOH, the mixture was heated with a heat gun until a clear solution was obtained. After cooled to ambient temperature, aqueous HCHO (37%, 0.528 g, 6.52 mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 days. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo to reduce the volume by half. Precipitate formed. Filtration and drying under vacuum gave 0.86 g (54%) of pure titled compound as a white solid: mp 135-137°C (dec);
• Step B To a mixture of perchlorate salt (0.458 g, 1.93 mmol, Example 3, Step B) and 30 mL of ether was added 30 mL of aqueous NaOH (2N). The resulting mixture was shaken in a separatory funnel until all solid had dissolved. Two layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ether (2 x 30 mL). Combined ether layer was dried over Na 2 SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residual oil was dissolved in 5.0 mL of dioxane, then indole mannich base
• Step B To a mixture of perchlorate salt (0.710 g, 2.23 mmol, Example 3, Step B) and 30 mL of ether was added 30 mL of aqueous NaOH (2N). The resulting mixture was shaken in a separatory funnel until all solid had dissolved. Two layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ether (2 x 30 mL). Combined ether layer was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residual oil was dissolved in 5.0 mL of dioxane, then indole Mannich base
• Step A 4-Dimethylaminomethyl-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid benzyl ester was synthesized from intermediate C according to Procedure G
• Step B By a procedure similar to that described in Example 7, Step C.
• Step C Yield: 0.269 g (50.7%); mp 199-200°C; IR: 3376, 3337, 2932, 2857, 1698, 1669, 1433,
• Procedure I General Procedure for the Synthesis of Ethyl 2-alkyl- [(pyrano[2,3-b]quinolizidine)[5,6-e]]indole-3-carboxylate. To a stirred solution of NaOH (50% w/w, 100 mL) and ether (20 mL) was added iminium perchlorate salt
• Step B Pyrrolo[3 ',2' :5,6][l]benzopyrano[3,2-i]quinolizine-l -carboxylic acid
• Step A tert-Butyl 3-amino-3-methylcrotonate Activation of Zn: To a stirred 3N HCI solution (50 mL) was added Zn (20 g) and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The HCI solution was decanted, and this was repeated two times. The activated Zn was washed with distilled H2O (2x, 100 mL), ethanol (2 ⁇ , 50 mL), and ether (2x, 50 mL). The activated Zn was then placed under reduced pressure for 12 hours at room temperature.
• Step B tert-Butyl 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-indolecarboxylate.
• 1 ,4-Benzoquinone (3.30 g, 30 mmol) in ethanol (15 mL) was heated up until all solid was dissolved.
• tert-Butyl 3 -amino-3 -methyl crotonate (5.50 g, 35 mmol) in ethanol (15 mL) was added to the hot solution, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 6 hours, cooled, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (AI2O3, ethyl acetate) to afford 3.57 g of title compound (14.4 mmol, 48%) as a brown crystal, mp 114.0-116.0°C.
• Step C tert-Butyl 4-(dimethylamino)methylene-5-hydroxy-2-methyl- 3-indolecarboxylate.
• tert-butyl 5-hydroxy-2-methyl- 3-indolecarboxylate (1.48 g, 6.0 mmol) in ethanol (4.5 mL) was added formaldehyde (0.55 mL, 7.2 mmol) and dimethylamine (1.66 mL, 13.2 mmol). The solution was stirred at 60°C for 10 hours, cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step A l,6-Dimethyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyridine l,6-Dimethyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyridine was synthesized according to the procedure published in Lipp A., Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1898;289:216.
• Step B 2,6a,7-Trimethyl-7,8,9,10,10a,l l-hexahydro-3H,6aH-6-oxa-3,7-diaza- cyclopenta[a]anthracene-l -carboxylic acid ethyl ester
• Step A l-Ethyl-6-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridinium perchlorate l-Ethyl-6-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridinium perchlorate was synthesized according to the procedure published in Ladenburg A., Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1899;304:54.
• Step B 7-Ethyl-2,6a-dimethyl-7,8,9,l 0,10a, 11 -hexahydro-3H,6aH-6-oxa-
• Step A 6-Ethyl-l-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridinium perchlorate
• 6-Ethyl-l-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-pyridinium perchlorate was synthesized according to the procedure published in Leonard N.J.; Hauck, Jr., F.P., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1957;79:5279.
• Step B 6a-Ethyl-2,7-dimethyl-7,8,9,l 0,10a, 11 -hexahydro-3H,6aH-6-oxa-
• 6-Ethyl-l-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-pyridinium perchlorate (0.712 g, 3.16 mmol, Example 21, Step A) was dissolved in a minimum amount of water and treated with 50%> aqueous NaOH until strongly basic. The aqueous solution was extracted with 4 x 15 mL of Et 2 O, and the combined extracts were washed with 1 x 15 mL of saturated aqueous NaCl, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated into the reaction flask to give 6-ethyl-l -methyl- 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro- pyridine.
• Step A l,6-Diethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-pyridinium perchlorate 1 ,6-Diethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-pyridinium perchlorate was synthesized according to the procedure published in Leonard N.J., Hauck, Jr., F.P., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1957;79:5279.
• Step B 6a,7-Diethyl-2-methyl-7,8,9,10,10a,l l-hexahydro-3H,6aH-6-oxa- 3,7-diaza-cyclopenta[a]anthracene-l-carboxylic acid ethyl ester l,6-Diethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-pyridinium perchlorate (0.485 g,
• Example 23 Step A was dissolved in a minimum amount of water and treated with 50% aqueous NaOH until strongly basic. The aqueous solution was extracted with 4 x 15 mL of Et 2 O, and the combined extracts were washed with 1 x 15 mL of saturated aqueous NaCl, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated into the reaction flask to give 207 mg (1.49 mmol) of 1,6-diethyl- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyridine. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (1.3 mL) and
• Step A l-Benzyl-6-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-pyridinium perchlorate l-Benzyl-6-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-pyridinium perchlorate was synthesized according to the procedure published in M ⁇ hrle H.; Dwuletzki H.Z., Naturforsch., B: Anorg. Chem., Org. Chem., 1986;41b:1323.
• Step B 7-Benzyl-2,6a-dimethyl-7,8,9,10,10a,l l-hexahydro-3H,6aH-6-oxa-
• Step A l-Methyl-6-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-pyridinium perchlorate
• Step B 2,7-Dimethyl-6a-phenyl-7,8,9,10,10a,l l-hexahydro-3H,6aH-6-oxa-
• Step A 2,3,5,6,7,8-Hexahydro-lH-indolizinylium perchlorate 2,3,5,6,7,8-Hexahydro-lH-indolizinylium perchlorate was synthesized according to the procedure published in Reinecke M.G.; Kray L.R., J. Org. Chem., 1964;29:1736.
• Step B lH,7H-Indolizino[8',8a':5,6]pyrano[3,2-e]indole-l-carboxylic acid, 8,9,1 l,12,13,13a,14,14a-octahydro-2-methyl-, ethyl ester 2,3,5,6,7,8-Hexahydro-lH-indolizinylium perchlorate (0.330 g,
• Example 27 Example 27, Step A was dissolved in a minimum amount of water and treated with 50%> aqueous NaOH until strongly basic. The aqueous solution was extracted with 4 x 15 mL of Et O, and the combined extracts were washed with 1 x 15 mL of saturated aqueous NaCl, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated into the reaction flask to give 143 mg (1.16 mmol) of enamine. 1 ,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydro-indolizine was dissolved in dioxane (1.5 mL) and
• Step A 1, 2,3, 5, 6,7-Hexahydro-pyrrolizinylium perchlorate
• Step B 3H,7H-Pyrrolizino[r,8':5,6]pyrano[3,2-e]indole-l-acetic acid, 8,9,1 1 ,12,12a, 13-hexahydro-2-methyl-, ethyl ester 1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydro-pyrrolizinylium perchlorate (0.904 g, 4.31 mmol,
• Example 28 was dissolved in a minimum amount of water and treated with 50%) aqueous NaOH until strongly basic. The aqueous solution was extracted with 4 x 15 mL of Et2 ⁇ , and the combined extracts were washed with 1 x 15 mL of saturated aqueous NaCl, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated into the reaction flask to give 325 mg (2.98 mmol) of enamine, 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-lH- pyrrolizine.
• Step A 1 ,3,4,8, 9, 9a-Hexahydro-2H-quinolizine l,3,4,8,9,9a-Hexahydro-2H-quinolizine was synthesized according to the procedure published in Bohlmann F. et al., Chem. Ber., 1973;106:3026.
• Step B 2-Methyl-8,9,10,10a,l l,12,12a,13-octahydro-3H,6aH,7H-6-oxa-3,6b- diaza-benzo[a]cyclopenta[h]anthracene-l -carboxylic acid ethyl ester 1, 3,4,8, 9,9a-Hexahydro-2H-quinolizine (0.372 g, 2.71 mmol, Example 29, Step A) was dissolved in dioxane (2.7 mL) and 4-dimethylaminomethyl-5- hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.374 g, 1.36 mmol) was added.
• Example 30 3H-pyrido[l",2":r2']azepino[3'2':5,6]pyrano[3,2-e]indole-l -acetic acid, 7,8,9,10,12,13, 14,15, 15a,16-decahydro-2-methyl-, ethyl ester, or 7H-Azepino[l",2":l"2']pyrido[3',2':5,6] ⁇ yrano[3,2-e]indole-l-acetic acid, 3,8,9,10,11, 13, 14,15,15a,16-decahydro-2-methyl-, ethyl ester
• Step A 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-Octahydro-pyrido[l,2-a]azepine perchlorate
• Procedure K General procedure for the condensation reaction: 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9- octahydro-quinolizinylium perchlorate (17.8 mmol, 1.2 eq) was converted to the enamine in the following manner: the imine was dissolved in IN NaOH (10 mL) and the solution extracted with 2 x 20 mL of diethyl ether. The extracts were combined dried, and evaporated under vacuum to yield a white solid. The solid was dissolved in dioxane (10 mL).
• Step A 4-Dimethylaminomethyl-5-hydroxy-2-methyl- 1 H-indole-3-carboxylic acid benzyl amide was synthesized from Intermediate X according to Procedure J. Yield: 0.582 g (69.2%); mp: 208-210 °C; IR: 3312, 1610, 1510, 1437, 1207, 747,
• Example 32 was synthesized according to Procedure K. Yield: 0.228 g (35.9%); mp: 235-237°C; IR: 3177, 2929, 1627, 1429, 1089 cm " 1 . 1H NMR
• Step A 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid ethylamide
• 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-l-H-indole carboxylic acid (3.28 g, 17.2 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (20 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere and cooled to 0°C in an ice-water bath.
• To this solution were added in succession triethylamine (2.39 mL, 17.2 mmol) and solid O-benzotriazol-l-yl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (6.51 g, 17.2 mmol).
• reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 15 minutes, gaseous ethylamine was bubbled in for 10 minutes. After sequentially 15 minutes stirring at 0°C and 15 minutes at ambient temperature, reaction mixture was mixed with 60 mL of EtOAc, the resulting mixture was successively washed with IN HCI aqueous solution (2 x 60 mL), brine (2 x 60 mL), and was dried over Na2SO4. The solution was concentrated in vacuo affording a solid. The crude product was further purified by flash chromatography (100%> EtOAc) followed by recrystalhzation from EtOAc to provide 0.81 g (18%) of pure titled compound as a white solid: mp 199-201°C
• Step B 4-Dimethylaminomethyl-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid ethylamide 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid ethylamide (0.708 g, 3.24 mmol) was mixed with 7 mL of EtOH, aqueous Me2NH (40%, 0.895 mL,
• Step C Pyrrolo[3',2':5,6][l]benzopyrano[3,2-i]quinolizine-l-carboxamide, N- ethyl-8,9,l l,12,13,13a,14,14a-octahydro-2-methyl-
• perchlorate salt 263 mg, 1.11 mmol, Example 3, Step B
• 30 mL of ether was added 40 mL of aqueous NaOH (2N). The resulting mixture was shaken in a separatory funnel until all solid had dissolved.

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