Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
  • C25D11/36—Phosphatising

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for forming a lubricative film for the cold working of metal materials, which is used for the purpose of reducing the friction that occurs between a tool and a work piece, thereby preventing seizure during the cold 5 working of metal.
• a method widely employed in the past in the field of the cold plastic working of metal materials involved forming a chemical conversion film as a lubrication undercoating on the surface of a metal material, and forming a lubricative film over this by a lubrication treatment featuring a water- or oil-based lubricant.
• a phosphate treatment 0 using zinc phosphate, zinc-iron phosphate, zinc-calcium phosphate, manganese phosphate, iron phosphate, or the like has been performed on carbon steel or low-alloy steel; an oxalate treatment has been performed on stainless steel; a chemical conversion film treatment in which the main component of the film is an aluminum fluoride has been performed on aluminum; a chemical conversion film treatment in which the main s component is copper oxide has been performed on copper; and a conversion film treatment in which the main component is titanium fluoride has been performed on titanium.
• a lubricative film After the formation of a chemical conversion film, the general practice is to form 0 a lubricative film using a water- or oil-based lubricant.
• a lubricative film with a three-layer structure composed of a phosphate film, a metal soap, and a soap (this three layer structure being hereinafter referred to as a reaction type soap film) is formed on the material surface, and this 5 method is called a reaction type soap treatment.
• Reaction type soap films are the most commonly used lubricative films because they provide good lubrication performance even under harsh cold forging conditions. o
• the process steps or operations generally entailed by a reaction type soap treatment are as follows:
• Descaling (acid pickling with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or the like, or mechanical descaling by shot blasting or the like combined with acid pickling with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or the like);
• the first problem is the generation of sludge.
• the ferrous ions that are dissolved into the treatment liquid by etching are turned into ferric ions through the action of an oxidation promoter, and this product is generally removed from the system as iron phosphate sludge, which is the source of the above-mentioned sludge generation.
• iron phosphate sludge which is the source of the above-mentioned sludge generation.
• large amounts of s sludge are generated in oxalate treatments, fluoride treatments, and oxide treatments, and people involved in the field of industrial waste are currently dealing with the disposal of this sludge.
• Sludge management is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 2-197581 , for example, which deals with a method for reducing the amount of sludge by 0 lowering the treatment temperature by using a treatment liquid to which a water-soluble aromatic compound having nitro groups and sulfone groups has been added. While this is indeed an effective method, the reduction in sludge generation is still only about half that in the past, and further reductions are needed.
• a second problem is waste liquid treatment.
• the liquids used in the 5 oxalate treatment of stainless steel or in the chemical conversion treatment of aluminum, copper, or titanium lose their strength, so that the resulting film no longer performs the same as it did at first, and therefore the treatment liquid has to be discarded and replaced every so often.
• This waste liquid is processed with wastewater equipment, or, for production lines not having such equipment, industrial waste treatment specialists o take over. Because the waste liquids contain various substances, including the components contained in the treated metal materials and the liquid components from pre-treatments such as degreasing and acid pickling, this wastewater treatment is tremendously expensive. Furthermore, as of now no practical way to regenerate these liquids has been implemented.
• a third problem is that the lubrication undercoating that can be formed is limited by the material intended for chemical conversion treatment.
• a lubricative film is formed by coating the surface of the material in question with a metallic soap or an oil-based lubricant whose lubricity has been enhanced by the addition of an extreme-pressure additive.
• the performance of these lubricants is inherently inferior to that of reaction type soap films, and the cross- section reduction ratio per drawing pass cannot be increased in plastic working, so this inevitably requires more working passes, including the lubricative film treatment step. The result is a higher production cost.
• the reactive soap tends to react excessively, and changes in the treatment time or liquid temperature cause undesirable and large changes in the amount of metallic soap generated. Friction increases if a smaller amount of metallic soap is generated, but on the other hand, if the metallic soap is generated excessively, beyond the proper amount, then it will tend to clog the tool. Moreover, excessive reactivity leads to a need to replace the reactive soap treatment liquid more often.
• a fourth problem is that it is difficult to produce the amount of lubricative film required by a chemical conversion treatment. Specifically, when a chemical conversion film is used as a lubrication undercoating, the formation of the chemical conversion film proceeds through the corrosion of the metal, so that a passivation layer is produced, which covers the metal surface and stops the production of the film.
• the concentration of the chemical conversion treatment liquid, the treatment temperature, the acid ratio, and other conditions are generally set with an eye toward controlling the amount of film.
• precise control of the film amount can not be achieved just by setting general treatment conditions, and if an attempt is made to set the treatment conditions for every metal material to be treated, there will be a marked drop in production efficiency.
• the actual practice is for the working conditions to be set up for the material that is the most difficult to work, which is done as a safety factor in real production.
• Another method for forming a phosphate film is an electrolysis treatment that makes use of an external power source.
• Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 6-322592 discloses a method in which a phosphate film is formed by a pulse current using a steel material as the anode, after which a sodium stearate treatment is performed to produce a reaction type soap film. This method, however, gener- ates sludge because the phosphate film production proceeds while the steel material is dissolved.
• the present invention is a method for forming a lubricative film for cold working on a metal material, and an object thereof is to provide a novel method for forming a lubricative film with which at least some, and most preferably all, of the above-mentioned problems encountered in the past can be solved.
• the chemical conversion film has a thickness corresponding to a mass per unit area of 6 to 20 grams of film per square meter of surface coated, this unit of areal density or "coating weight" as it is usually called being hereinafter usually abbreviated as "g/m 2 .
• this unit of areal density or "coating weight” as it is usually called being hereinafter usually abbreviated as "g/m 2 .
• a subordinate object of the present invention is accordingly to form a thick phosphate conversion film without producing so much sludge.
• a long contact time with the chemical conversion treatment liquid was required to form a thick conversion film; this diminished productivity.
• An additional subordinate object of the present invention is to form a thick phosphate conversion film at a high level of productivity.
• a third subordinate object of the present invention accordingly is to provide a method with which a thick phosphate conversion film can be formed even on stainless steel or the like.
• One major embodiment of the present invention is a process for forming a lubricative film for cold working, said process comprising the following operations: (I) bringing said metal substrate into contact with an aqueous electrolyte solution comprising, preferably consisting essentially of, or more preferably consisting of water and:
• Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of apparatus used in a backward punch test that was run to test the efficacy of lubricant compositions and processes according to the present invention.
• Figures 2a through 2d are projection views of test substrates used in this test before being tested, while Figures 3a through 3d are projection views of the same test substrates after being punched.
• Metal substrate materials that can be used in the present invention include any electrically conductive materials, including ferrous materials such as carbon steel, chromium steel, chromium-molybdenum steel, nickel-chromium steel, nickel-chromium- molybdenum steel, stainless steel, boron steel, and manganese steel, and non-ferrous materials such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and copper.
• ferrous materials such as carbon steel, chromium steel, chromium-molybdenum steel, nickel-chromium steel, nickel-chromium- molybdenum steel, stainless steel, boron steel, and manganese steel
• non-ferrous materials such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and copper.
• a process according to the invention is applied to a metal substrate which has, if it has been normally soiled by any working oil or other foreign matter used in some previous working operation or has any scale formed in a previous operation, been cleaned and pickled before being contacted with the aqueous electrolyte solution in operation (I) of a process according to the invention as described above.
• a commercially available alkali-based cleaning and degreasing agent preferably is used for the initial cleaning treatment when any oil or similar lubricant has been applied to the metal surface in a previous processing operation. If any visible scale remains after cleaning, mechanical descaling is often preferred as the next preparatory operation for the substrate surface eventually to be cold worked. Mechanical descaling includes the use of a bending roll, shot blasting, air blasting, and liquid honing. After mechanical descaling, any remaining scale preferably is removed by a high-pressure water jet or brushing.
• Acid pickling may alternatively be used alone or in combination with mechanical descaling to remove any scale present on the surface of the metal substrate to be cold worked.
• Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hexafluorozirconic acid, or the like can be used for the acid pickling liquid.
• the acid pickling can also include the use of electrolysis with the metal substrate as anode and/or cathode. After this acid pickling, the pickled surface preferably is thoroughly rinsed with water so that the acid pickling liquid is not admixed into the surface conditioning treatment liquid and/or the phosphate treatment liquid used later.
• acid pickling it is preferable for acid pickling to be performed after mechanical descaling, if the latter is used, and it is preferable for acid pickling to be used even on substrates with no visible scale on the surface, because the pickling facilitates the formation of a good phosphate conversion coating later.
• the substrate In order to raise the phosphate film production rate and produce finer crystals in the phosphate film, the substrate normally preferably is brought into contact with a pre- treatment liquid containing colloidal titanium, or with a pre-treatment liquid in which a metal phosphate including particles whose diameter is 5 micrometres, hereinafter usually abbreviated as " ⁇ m", or less has been dispersed, before beginning operation (I) of a process according to the invention as described above, but after any chemical cleaning, descaling, and/or pickling as described above. It is also effective to heat the treated material immediately prior to the phosphate treatment, in which case the rate at which the phosphate film is produced will increase.
• the aqueous electrolyte solution utilized in operation (I) of a process according to the invention as described above must contain dissolved zinc ions.
• these ions are supplied from a source, such as a water soluble salt of zinc, in which zinc is already present in cationic form and is expected to remain in cationic form when dissolved, or from a source such as zinc metal or zinc oxide, that is expected to react with acid already present in a precursor solution made during the course of pre- paring the final aqueous electrolyte solution to be used in a process according to the invention.
• any zinc present in these sources that are mixed to make up the final aqueous electrolyte solution used in a process according to the invention is to be presumed for purposes of this description as present in cationic form to the full extent stoichiometrically possible from the amount of zinc contained in the source(s) used in making the aqueous electrolyte solution, irrespective of any incomplete dissociation, complex formation, or the like that may occur in this electrolyte solution.
• the dissolved phosphate anions required for the aqueous electrolyte solution used in operation (I) of a process according to the invention as described above may be sourced to this solution by any water soluble salts, including only partially neutralized salts, of orthophosphoric or condensed phosphoric acids and/or by these acids them- selves.
• the full stoichiometric equivalent as PO 4 -3 anions of all such substances mixed to make the aqueous electrolyte solution are to be understood for purposes of this description as constituting dissolved phosphate anions therein, irrespective of the actual degree of dissociation, complex formation, condensation to make polyphosphoric acids or their anions and the like that may occur in the actual electrolyte solution.
• orthophosphoric acid itself and/or its water soluble zinc salts are preferred as sources over any other substances.
• the third necessary component of the aqueous electrolyte solution used in a process according to this invention as described above is an auxiliary acid. It is preferred for this auxiliary acid to have at least a first ionization constant that is at least, with increasing preference in the order given, 10 ⁇ 5 , 10 "4 , 10 ⁇ 3 , 10 ⁇ 2 , or 0.10. Nitric acid is particularly preferred as the auxiliary acid, but any other sufficiently strong acid that does not interfere with the intended operation of a process according to the invention may also be used.
• the aqueous electrolyte solution used in a process according to the invention preferably contains, independently for each constituent stated and independently for the lower and upper limits of preferred concentrations stated:
• nitric acid 30 to 80 g/l of nitric acid. If the zinc ions content is less than 20 g/l, the phosphate ions content is less than 20 g/l, or the nitric acid content is less than 30 g/l, it will often take an undesirably long time to form a chemical conversion film of the desired thickness, so that productivity of the process will be suboptimal. If the amount of nitric acid is less than 30 g/l, good coverage of the surface with a phosphate film can not normally be achieved because metallic zinc will co-deposit preferentially, so that good lubricity will not be obtained.
• the zinc ions content is no more than 50 g/l
• the phosphate ions content is no more than 70 g/l
• the nitric acid content is no more than 80 g/l.
• No particular benefit in productivity will normally be obtained by raising these concentrations any higher and more of the ingredients of the phosphate treatment liquid will be wasted by dragout, so that the cost of the process will be increased without any compensating economic benefit.
• the molar ratio of metal ions to phosphate ions it is independently preferable for the molar ratio of metal ions to phosphate ions to be from 0.3 to 2, and for the molar ratio of nitric acid to phosphate ions to be from 0.1 to 3.
• the molar ratio of metal ions to phosphate ions is less than 0.3, it will be difficult to produce a phosphate film at an economically attractive rate. If this ratio exceeds 2, a film will still be readily produced, but the electrolyte solution will be more costly without any offsetting economic benefit. If the molar ratio of nitric acid to phosphate ions is below 0.3, there is a danger that zinc plating will occur preferentially, but if this ratio exceeds 3, the crystals in the phosphate coating formed will be undesirably coarser.
• the electrolyte solution used in operation (I) of a process according to the invention as described above to contain, in addition to zinc, at least one type of divalent or trivalent metal ions selected from among magnesium, aluminum, calcium, manganese, chromium, iron, nickel, and copper. It is especially preferable for the metal ions in the phosphate treatment to comprise, or more preferably to consist essentially of, zinc and calcium. If these ions comprise zinc and calcium, then it is preferable for the molar ratio of calcium ions to zinc ions to be between 0.1 and 2.
• a cathodic electrolysis treatment conducted in this treatment liquid will yield a zinc phosphate film that contains both Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 • 4H 2 O and Zn 2 Ca(PO 4 ) 2 • 2H 2 O.
• the phosphate treatment is conducted using the metal substrate as the cathode.
• the type of electrolysis may be either direct current, sine wave, or square wave, and it is also possible to use a method in which a direct current waveform is used as a bias, and a sine wave or square wave is superposed over this.
• the electrolysis may be controlled by means of the current or the voltage.
• Counter-electrodes that can be used for the electrolysis treatment include electrodes made of carbon, stainless steel, platinum, titanium alloy, and titanium-platinum-covered alloy.
• the phosphate film is formed while the substrate metal is kept cathodic, metallic components of the substrate are not eluted into the treatment liquid. Therefore, there is normally no sludge production whatsoever, nor is there necessarily any decrease in the performance of the treatment liquid, and no need whatsoever to discard and replace the treatment liquid, provided that the constituents of the electrolyte solution that are incorporated into the phosphate coating formed are replenished in the electrolyte solution.
• the metal ions incorporated into the phosphate coating formed can be replenished continuously if the same type of metal as that of the metal ions contained in the treatment liquid is used for the anode, but in this case the liquid must be managed so that the amount of metal ions is kept constant in the treatment liquid.
• the metal ions, alternatively, and the phosphate ions incorporated into the phosphate coating formed can be replenished by addition of one or more replenishers that contain them. Any adverse change in the electrolyte solution that occurs as a result of anodic reactions at the counter-electrode can also be corrected by suitable replenishment.
• the temperature of the treatment liquid can be much lower than in the past, and treatment at normal ambient human com- fort temperature is possible, so that there is a significant savings in the thermal energy entailed by the treatment.
• a phosphate film can be formed regardless of the type of metal substrate with the present invention, high cold working forces can be used, even on substrates with which this was difficult with conventional methods. For instance, copper or stainless steel can be subjected to a phosphoric acid treatment and then to a reaction type soap treatment.
• the amount of phosphate film can be set as desired, it is possible to obtain a lubricative film in the required amount that is suited to the cold working subsequently performed.
• the film amount can be controlled by means of the treatment liquid concentration, the treatment liquid temperature, the current density, and the treatment duration.
• a phosphate film can be formed even at less than 20 A/dm 2 , but it will take a long time to form a chemical conversion film of 6 to 20 g/m 2 , so that productivity will be low. 100 A/dm 2 or less is adequate, however, and no particular benefit will be accrued by raising the current density any higher, while energy costs will be increased. At any given current density, the longer the treatment duration, the larger the possible amount of phosphate film.
• the most preferred method for controlling the amount of phosphate film is by controlling the current density and time of electrolysis. Controlling the concentration, temperature, and treatment duration is possible with conventional chemical conver- sion treatment methods, but it is difficult to set these according to the treated material on an actual production line.
• the lubricative film formation method of the present invention allows the specified phosphate film amount to be achieved merely by varying the setting of the current density in the cathodic electrolysis treatment, and the preferred amount of phosphate coating can be obtained within a few seconds of electrolysis at the preferred values of current density specified above.
• the treated material preferably is rinsed with water to remove any phosphate treatment liquid that may be adhering.
• a phosphate film is formed, and then a lubricative film is formed. (This makes it possible to form a good lubricative film even on metal substrates with which this was impossible with conventional chemical conversion treatment methods involving no electrolysis.
• the lubrication treatment is formed by applying either a water- or oil-based lubricant-containing liquid to the outer surface of the phosphate film.
• the lubrication liquid is normally prepared in a treatment tank, and either the phosphate coated substrate is dipped in this tank, or the lubricant is sprayed onto the treated material, which forms a lubricative film.
• a sodium, potassium, lithium, or other such salt of a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid can be used as the alkali metal salt of a fatty acid.
• An unsaturated fatty acid dimeric acid, trimeric acid, or the like having at least one double bond can also be used.
• the alkali metal salt of a fatty acid is made into a water-based treatment liquid with a content of 1 to 20 percent by weight (hereinafter usually abbreviated as "wt%").
• Any metallic soap and solid lubricant desired can be used after being dispersed in water using a surfactant, and the specific treatment method for bringing about contact is the same as that used for the alkali metal salt of a fatty acid.
• a metal salt of a higher fatty acid can be used as an aqueous metallic soap.
• higher fatty acids include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and behenic acid, while examples of metals include calcium, aluminum, magnesium, barium, zinc, and lead, etc. Of these, calcium stearate can be used to best advantage.
• the solid lubricant can be molybdenum disulfide, graphite, tungsten disulfide, fluorinated graphite, boron nitride, talc, mica, or PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene). Since the alkali metal salt of a fatty acid, the metallic soap, and the solid lubricant are all water-based, a mixture of these can also be used.
• the liquid lubricant preferably is brought into contact at a treatment temperature of 60 to 90 °C with a metal substrate that has undergone prior phosphate treatment, and, independently, any cold working preferably is performed only after the water in the water- based lubricant has been evaporated by a suitable drying apparatus, leaving the other constituents of the water-based lubricant to constitute a lubricative film.
• any oil-based lubricant used according to the invention to comprise, or more preferably to consist essentially of, at least one type of component selected from among mineral oils, animal and vegetable oils, and synthetic ester oils.
• Machine oil, turbine oil, or spindle oil can be used as a mineral oil, while palm oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, castor oil, lard, beef tallow, fish oil, and the like can be used as animal and vegetable oils.
• a fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol with a neopentyl- polyol ester structure can be used, for example, as a synthetic ester oil.
• a chlorine-, sulfur-, or phosphorus-based extreme-pressure additive may be added to these oil-based lubricants.
• the lubricative film formation method of the present invention can be applied to a batch process in which the treated material is successively treated in the order of the separate process operations, or a continuous process, such as an in-line process in which a wire is drawn out and continuously treated.
• Batch processes include barrel treatment processes, which are generally performed for the treatment of forged parts.
• the underlying metal substrate on which a lubricative film is formed by the method of the present invention may be subjected directly as it is to cold working, but it may also be cold worked after undergoing cold drawing at a cross sectional reduction of 15 % or less.
• Substrates of carbon steel (Type S45C), austenitic stainless steel (Type SUS 304), and aluminum (Type A6061 ), each with a diameter of 30 millimeters (hereinafter usually abbreviated as "mm"), were cut into pieces having a diameter of 30 mm and a height of one of each 2 mm increment from 18 to 40 mm. These were subjected to an electrolysis treatment and lubrication treatment by the procedures set forth below, after which performance tests were conducted.
• PROCESS OPERATIONS — VARIATION 1 VARIATION 1 :
• Lubrication treatment A lubrication treatment was conducted as described in the tables below. PALUBE® 234 and 235 (reaction type soap lubricants), PALUBE® 4612
• Lubrication treatment A lubrication treatment was conducted as shown in tables below.
• PALUBE® 234 a reaction type soap lubricant
• PALUBE® 4612 a non-reaction type soap
• PALUBE® 4649C a molybdenum disulfide-based lubricant
• the film amount and the lubrication amount were calculated from these measured values using the following equations: Film amount ⁇ (W2-W3) Lubrication amount ⁇ (W1-W2), except that when the lubrication was performed with palm oil, the lubrication amount was calculated from the increase in weight before and after the oil was applied. (2) Lubrication Performance
• the lubrication performance was checked by means of a backward punching test as illustrated in the drawing figures.
• the dies 2 in Figure 1 were set to bind the circumference of the cylindrical test specimens 1 as illustrated in Figure 1 , and the specimen was then subjected to a downward stroke from a punch 3 also shown in Figure 1.
• the punch had a diameter designed to give a 50 % cross section reduction of the test specimens 1 and to produce a cup-like molding as shown in Figures 3a through 3b.
• the lower dead point of the press was adjusted to give a 10 mm residual margin at the bottom of the test specimen.
• Table 1 shows the concentrations of important constituents in electrolyte solutions from which a phosphate conversion coating was deposited in at least one comparison example or example according to the invention.
• a phosphate coating was deposited by simple direct current cathodic electrolysis at 80 °C; and ⁇ A conventional colloidal titanium surface conditioning pretreatment was used on the substrates after they were cleaned and before beginning the electrolysis that deposited the phosphate coating.
• a thick chemical conversion film can also be formed at a high level of productivity. Furthermore, a thick chemical conversion film of
• E10 The electrolysis was pulsed rather than simple direct current.
• E22 The electrolysis was at 40 °C instead of 80 °C.
• the surface conditioning treatment was the dispersed solid phosphate type rather than the conventional titanium type, and the electrolysis was at 40 °C instead of 80 °C.
• the surface conditioning treatment was the dispersed solid phosphate type rather than the conventional titanium type.
• CE4 The chemical conversion treatment was at 40 °C instead of 80 °C.
• CE5 Electrolysis of the substrate was anodic rather than cathodic.
• CE6 Electrolysis of the substrate was anodic rather than cathodic and was pulsed rather than simple DC.
• CE7 The chemical conversion treatment was at 95 °C instead of 80 °C.
• CE9 The chemical conversion treatment was at 90 °C instead of 80 °C.
• CE11 through CE14 The chemical conversion treatment was at 85 °C instead of 80 °C.
• CE13 A conventional colloidal titanium surface conditioning treatment was used on the substrates between cleaning and phosphating.
• CE14 A dispersed solid phosphate particle type surface conditioning treatment was used on the substrates between cleaning and phosphating.
• CE15 The chemical conversion treatment was at 95 °C instead of 80 °C.
• CE16 The chemical conversion treatment was at 85 °C instead of 80 °C.
• a phosphate can be formed even on materials other than carbon steel, namely, stainless steel or non-ferrous materials. If the thick chemical conversion film of a phosphate formed by the method of the present invention is coated with a conventional water- or oil- based lubricant, an excellent lubricative film for cold working can be obtained.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
• Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
• Lubricants (AREA)
• Forging (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=26515992

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (4)

Families Citing this family (9)

Citations (8)

Family Cites Families (4)

• 1999
  • 1999-07-22 JP JP11206973A patent/JP2000144494A/ja active Pending
  • 1999-09-13 CA CA002343779A patent/CA2343779A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-09-13 EP EP99946930A patent/EP1119652A4/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1999-09-13 WO PCT/US1999/021117 patent/WO2000015879A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation

Patent Citations (8)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events