EP1036839A2 - Kompakte, teilchenförmige Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel enthaltend quervernetztes Polyvinylpyrrolidon und dessen Verwendung - Google Patents
Kompakte, teilchenförmige Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel enthaltend quervernetztes Polyvinylpyrrolidon und dessen Verwendung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1036839A2 EP1036839A2 EP00103131A EP00103131A EP1036839A2 EP 1036839 A2 EP1036839 A2 EP 1036839A2 EP 00103131 A EP00103131 A EP 00103131A EP 00103131 A EP00103131 A EP 00103131A EP 1036839 A2 EP1036839 A2 EP 1036839A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cross
- particles
- compact
- grain size
- detergents
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
- C11D17/0065—Solid detergents containing builders
- C11D17/0073—Tablets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/06—Powder; Flakes; Free-flowing mixtures; Sheets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3769—(Co)polymerised monomers containing nitrogen, e.g. carbonamides, nitriles or amines
- C11D3/3776—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. lactam
Definitions
- the invention relates to the use of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone as an addition to compact, particulate washing and Detergents to increase their rate of decay when brought together with water, the particles of the cross-linked Polyvinylpyrrolidons with a grain size of 50 to 400 ⁇ m have a method for producing the compact, particulate Detergents and cleaning agents, as well as the compact, particulate Detergents and cleaning agents themselves.
- Compact detergent and cleaning agent formulations are included Help different agglomeration, compacting or Tableting technologies.
- washing and Compact detergent products for example in the form from tablets, it is difficult to balance between sufficient strength and sufficient rapid dissolution or produce rapid disintegration when exposed to water.
- detergent tablets must be placed in the dispenser be dosed into the washing machine when brought together with Water within a period of less than a minute disintegrate.
- With a slight degree of compaction of detergent tablets becomes a satisfactory rate of decay achieved in the application, but often not the desired one Fracture hardness or abrasion resistance.
- So made Tablets have a low breaking strength and tend to to crumble and break during transport.
- the compact detergents and cleaning agents produced in this way show an increased, but not yet sufficient high decay rate, especially with compact ones Detergents and cleaning agents are used to increase the shape and Breaking strength were compressed with higher compression pressures. Furthermore, the compact washing and washing machines produced in this way Detergent has the disadvantage that the disintegrant before compacting in a complex process step into one granular form must be transferred.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of providing additives the decay rate of compact, further increase particulate detergents and cleaning agents and that do not have the disadvantages mentioned above.
- cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone as an additive to compact, particulate Detergents and cleaning agents to increase their rate of decay when brought together with water
- the Particles of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone have a grain size have from 50 to 400 microns.
- compact, particulate detergents and cleaning agents are to be understood as washing or cleaning-active moldings, in particular tablets such as detergent tablets, dishwasher tablets, bleach tablets, stain remover tablets or water softening tablets, in particular laundry detergent tablets for laundry use in the household, in particular for machine use.
- the term Shaped body is not limited to the tablet shape. In principle, any spatial shape, such as tablets, spheres, strands, rings, bars or scales, is possible, which can be imposed on the starting materials if necessary due to an outer container.
- Crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone is preferably the crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone used as a tablet disintegrant in the pharmaceutical industry, such as, for example, Kollidon CL (R) or Luvicross (R) (trade name of BASF-Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, see Volker Bühler, Kollidon - Polyvinylpyrrolidone for the pharmaceutical industry, BASF August 1993, p. 156 f.) Understood.
- Kollidon CL R
- Luvicross Luvicross
- the particles of the cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone used have a grain size of 50 to 400 microns, preferably 80 to 300 ⁇ m.
- cross-linked is particularly preferred Polyvinylpyrrolidone
- the particles of the cross-linked Polyvinyl pyrrolidones with a grain size of 50 to 400 ⁇ m, preferably 80 to 300 ⁇ m, and at least 10% by weight, preferably 15% by weight, particularly preferably 25% by weight of the particles Have grain size less than 200 microns.
- this grain size distribution which, in a manner known per se, with a broad grain size distribution, by polymerization such as popcorn polymerization and drying producible solid polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon CL® or Luvicross®) directly and without further granulation steps by appropriate classification, such as separated by sieving or sifting and so the grain size distribution set. Drying takes place in a manner known per se Way, for example by roller drying.
- polymerization such as popcorn polymerization and drying producible solid polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon CL® or Luvicross®) directly and without further granulation steps by appropriate classification, such as separated by sieving or sifting and so the grain size distribution set. Drying takes place in a manner known per se Way, for example by roller drying.
- the invention further relates to compact, particulate washing and Detergent, crosslinking the aforementioned Polyvinylpyrrolidone in amounts of 0.5 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight, particularly preferably 0.5 to 5 wt .-%, to increase their rate of decay at Bring together with water included.
- the particles of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidones according to their preferred Use a grain size of 50 to 400 microns and at least 10% by weight of the particles have a grain size of less than 200 ⁇ m.
- compact, particulate detergents and cleaning agents have been developed already explained above.
- Preferred compact, particulate Detergents and cleaning agents are molded articles that are suitable for washing suitable for laundry, i.e. compact, particulate washing and Cleaning agents which, in addition to the use of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone the usual ingredients of Detergents for laundry included.
- the compact, particulate detergents and cleaning agents according to the invention are produced in a manner known per se by informing, in particular by compacting or compacting, preferably by pressing the powdery constituents (crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone as disintegrant and usual ingredients of washing or cleaning agents, bleaching agents and water softeners) Tableting: state of the art ", S ⁇ FW-Journal, 1996, 122nd year., Pp. 1016-1021).
- Common ingredients of compact, particulate laundry and Cleaning agents are, for example, ionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants, inorganic and organic, water-soluble or water-insoluble builder substances and cobuilders, bleaching agents, in particular peroxy bleaching agents, but also active chlorine compounds, which advantageously are coated, bleach activators and bleach catalysts, Enzymes and enzyme stabilizers, foam inhibitors, Graying inhibitors, color transfer inhibitors, optical Brighteners, substances that re-soiling textiles prevent so-called soil repellents, as well as common inorganic Salts such as sulfates and organic salts such as phosphonates, optical brighteners, dyes and fragrances or corrosion inhibitors.
- ionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants inorganic and organic, water-soluble or water-insoluble builder substances and cobuilders
- bleaching agents in particular peroxy bleaching agents, but also active chlorine compounds,
- Preferred detergents are so-called compact detergents as ingredients at least one surfactant and at least one Builder included.
- Detergent and cleaning agent is the above-mentioned cross-linked Polyvinylpyrrolidone, preferably in amounts from 0.5 to 20% by weight, particularly preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight, very particularly particularly preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the washing and cleaning-active molded body produced, the powdery common ingredients of washing or cleaning agents, Bleaches and water softeners or their powdered form Precursors or sub-components to increase the rate of decay before the final compaction or Tableting step added.
- the powdery usual ones Ingredients of washing or cleaning agents, bleaching agents and water softeners, the precursors or sub-components of which for example as powder, granules or in the form of strands in front. They have particle sizes in the range of, for example 200 ⁇ m to 3 mm, preferably 250 ⁇ m to 2 mm.
- the powdery After mixing the powdery, usual ingredients of Detergents or cleaning agents, bleaches and water softeners or their subcomponents with the invention using cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, if necessary after further mixing steps, processing the mixture to aggregated, compact shaped bodies while increasing the Density, e.g. by extruding or pressing the mixture.
- the mixture can advantageously be so portion that e.g. Tablets or balls in one produces such a size that for a wash in one Washing machine, for example, only one to three tablets or Bullets are required.
- the diameter of the molded body the made-up mixtures is, for example, 1 to 50 mm, preferably 2 to 35 mm.
- crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone according to the invention as an addition to compact, particulate washing and Detergents leads to a significant increase in Disintegration speed of compact, particulate washing and Detergents when brought together with water. Also in the case of unbreakable, highly compressed molded bodies, disintegration takes less seconds. It doesn't just mean that possible the compact, particulate detergents and cleaning agents by means of a metering device directly into the aqueous To give a fleet of a mechanical process also the compact, particulate detergents and cleaning agents directly in the induction channel of commercially available household machines, especially the washing machines.
- composition A bulk density approx. 770 g / l
- crosslinked Polyvinylpyrrolidone Examples 1 and 2: grain size 80 to 400 ⁇ m, Examples 3 and 4: grain size less than 100 ⁇ m
- Examples 1 and 2 grain size 80 to 400 ⁇ m
- Examples 3 and 4 grain size less than 100 ⁇ m
- the mixtures each contained 5% of the invention using cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- the tablets were tested for their dissolution behavior in water (see Table).
- the hardness of the tablets was measured using a tablet tester from Kraemer, Darmstadt. The device measures that horizontal force required to take a tablet break.
- a decay time tester from Erweka was used to determine the solubility.
- the tablets were moved in a disintegration test basket with a sieve bottom in a tempered water bath (30 up and down movements per minute with a lifting height of 20 mm). The time was determined after which there was no residue on the sieve bottom. The results are shown in the table.
- composition A Alkyl benzene sulfonate 8th Calico coconut soap 1.2
- Nonionic surfactant 6 (1 mole of C 13 / C 15 fatty alcohol reacted with 7 moles of ethylene oxide Zeolite A 35 sodium 8th Sodium metasilicate x 5.5 H 2 O 6 Sodium citrate 4th Sodium percarbonate 18th Tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) 5
- Complexing agent 0.3 ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate
- Other ingredients 2.5 fragments, foam attenuators, enzymes, optical brighteners
- tablets of approx. 3 g and a diameter of 20 mm were produced from the powdered, granulated detergent A and tested for their dissolving behavior in water (see table).
- the measurement values were determined analogously to Examples 1 to 4 Properties of detergent tablets example Detergent A with PVP of the grain size Pressing force in kN Pressure in MPa Breaking strength in N Dissolution behavior in minutes 1 80 to 400 ⁇ m 6.48 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 5 seconds 2nd 80 to 400 ⁇ m 29.41 12th ⁇ 10 seconds 3rd ⁇ 100 ⁇ m 5.98 ⁇ 3 30 minutes 4th ⁇ 100 ⁇ m 26.39 14 30 minutes Comparative Example 1 without the addition of PVP 4.09 13 8th > 30 minutes Comparative Example 2 without the addition of PVP 7.97 25th 11 > 30 minutes
- the Particles have a grain size of 80 to 400 ⁇ m, a clear faster disintegration of the detergent tablets at significantly higher Breaking strength is achieved.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Waschmittel der Zusammensetzung A (alle Angaben in Gew.-%) | |
Alkylbenzolsulfonat | 8 |
Kalikokosseife | 1,2 |
Nichtionisches Tensid | 6 (1 Mol C13/C15-Fettalkohol, umgesetzt mit 7 Mol Ethylenoxid |
Zeolith A | 35 |
Natriumcarbonat | 8 |
Natriummetasilikat x 5,5 H2O | 6 |
Natriumcitrat | 4 |
Natriumpercarbonat | 18 |
Tetraacetylethylendiamin (TAED) | 5 |
Komplexbildner | 0,3 (Ethylendiamintetramethylenphosphonat) |
Copolymer Acrylsäure/Maleinsäure 70:30, Molmasse 70000 | 4 |
Natriumsulfat | 3 |
Übrige Bestandteile | 2,5 (Duftstoffe, Schaumdämpfer, Enzyme, opt. Aufheller) |
Schüttdichte ca. 770 g/l | |
Teilchengröße ca. 700-1000 µm |
Eigenschaften der Waschmitteltabletten | |||||
Beispiel | Waschmittel A mit PVP der Korngröße | Preßkraft in kN | Preßdruck in MPa | Bruchkraft in N | Auflöseverhalten in Minuten |
1 | 80 bis 400 µm | 6,48 | < 3 | < 5 Sekunden | |
2 | 80 bis 400 µm | 29,41 | 12 | < 10 Sekunden | |
3 | < 100 µm | 5,98 | < 3 | 30 Minuten | |
4 | < 100 µm | 26,39 | 14 | 30 Minuten | |
Vergleichsbeispiel 1 | ohne Zusatz von PVP | 4,09 | 13 | 8 | > 30 Minuten |
Vergleichsbeispiel 2 | ohne Zusatz von PVP | 7,97 | 25 | 11 | > 30 Minuten |
Claims (5)
- Verwendung von quervernetztem Polyvinylpyrrolidon als Zusatz zu kompakten, teilchenförmigen Wasch- und Reinigungsmitteln zur Erhöhung ihrer Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit beim Zusammenbringen mit Wasser, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Partikel des quervernetzten Polyvinylpyrrolidons eine Korngröße von 50 bis 400 µm aufweisen.
- Verwendung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens 10 Gew.-% der Partikel des quervernetzten Polyvinylpyrrolidons eine Korngröße kleiner 200 µm aufweisen.
- Verwendung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Partikel direkt durch Klassiern der aus der Polymerisation und Trocknung erhaltenen Polyvinylpyrrolidonfestkörper erhalten werden.
- Kompakte, teilchenförmige Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie quervernetztes Polyvinylpyrrolidon in Mengen von 0,5 bis 20 Gew.-% zur Erhöhung ihrer Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit beim Zusammenbringen mit Wasser enthalten, wobei die Partikel des quervernetzten Polyvinylpyrrolidons eine Korngröße von 50 bis 400 µm und mindestens 10 Gew.-% der Partikel eine Korngröße kleiner 200 µm aufweisen.
- Verfahren zur Herstellung von kompakten, teilchenförmige Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel, enthaltend quervernetztes Polyvinylpyrrolidon als Sprengmittel, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man quervernetztes Polyvinylpyrrolidon in Mengen von 0,5 bis 20 Gew.-%, wobei die Partikel des quervernetzten Polyvinylpyrrolidons eine Korngröße von 50 bis 400 µm und mindestens 10 Gew.-% der Partikel eine Korngröße kleiner 200 µm aufweisen mit den pulverförmigen Inhaltsstoffen von Waschmitteln vermischt und anschließend das Gemisch durch Verdichten in eine kompakte Form überführt.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19912031 | 1999-03-17 | ||
DE19912031A DE19912031A1 (de) | 1999-03-17 | 1999-03-17 | Verwendung von quervernetztem Polyvinylpyrrolidon zur Erhöhung der Zerfallgeschwindigkeit von kompakten teilchenförmigen Wasch- und Reinigungsmitteln |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1036839A2 true EP1036839A2 (de) | 2000-09-20 |
EP1036839A3 EP1036839A3 (de) | 2001-04-18 |
Family
ID=7901394
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00103131A Withdrawn EP1036839A3 (de) | 1999-03-17 | 2000-02-16 | Kompakte, teilchenförmige Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel enthaltend quervernetztes Polyvinylpyrrolidon und dessen Verwendung |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6329334B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1036839A3 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2000273490A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1165605C (de) |
DE (1) | DE19912031A1 (de) |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002033037A1 (en) * | 2000-10-18 | 2002-04-25 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Detergent tablet |
WO2002042402A1 (en) * | 2000-11-24 | 2002-05-30 | Unilever N.V. | Cleaning compositions |
EP1219700A1 (de) * | 2000-12-28 | 2002-07-03 | Unilever Plc | Waschmittel- und Reiningungsmittelzusammensetzungen |
WO2003038021A2 (en) | 2001-10-26 | 2003-05-08 | Isp Investments Inc. | Tablet of compacted particulate cleaning composition |
WO2004037961A2 (en) | 2002-10-23 | 2004-05-06 | Isp Investments Inc. | Tablet of compacted particulate cleaning composition |
US6900165B2 (en) | 2000-03-10 | 2005-05-31 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Use of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone as a disintegrant in compact, particulate detergents and cleaning agents |
WO2007071580A1 (de) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-06-28 | Basf Se | Feinteiliges quervernetztes polyvinylpyrrolidon als tablettensprengmittel |
US8568780B2 (en) | 2007-06-06 | 2013-10-29 | Basf Se | Pharmaceutical formulation for the production of rapidly disintegrating tablets |
EP3444327A1 (de) * | 2015-12-08 | 2019-02-20 | Ecolab USA Inc. | Gepresstes handspülmittel |
US10406105B2 (en) | 2007-06-06 | 2019-09-10 | Basf Se | Pharmaceutical formulation for the production of rapidly disintegrating tablets |
WO2023117494A1 (en) | 2021-12-20 | 2023-06-29 | Basf Se | Polypropylene imine polymers (ppi), their preparation, uses, and compositions comprising such ppi |
WO2024175407A1 (en) | 2023-02-21 | 2024-08-29 | Basf Se | Modified alkoxylated polyalkylene imines or modified alkoxylated polyamines |
WO2024175409A1 (en) | 2023-02-21 | 2024-08-29 | Basf Se | Modified hyperbranched alkoxylated polyalkylene imines |
WO2024175401A1 (en) | 2023-02-21 | 2024-08-29 | Basf Se | Modified alkoxylated polyalkylene imines or modified alkoxylated polyamines |
WO2024188713A1 (en) | 2023-03-13 | 2024-09-19 | Basf Se | Alkoxylated nitrogen containing polymers and their use |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6974789B1 (en) * | 1999-01-23 | 2005-12-13 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Detergent tablet |
KR100366399B1 (ko) * | 2000-07-06 | 2003-01-09 | 주식회사피죤 | 크림상 세탁용 세제 조성물 |
DE102010051226A1 (de) * | 2010-11-12 | 2012-05-31 | Dental Care Innovation Gmbh | Ausspültablete mit abrasiven Bestandteilen |
JP2019502776A (ja) | 2015-11-20 | 2019-01-31 | アイエスピー インヴェストメンツ エルエルシー | ラクタム部分を有する増殖性ポリマー |
CN110505867A (zh) | 2017-02-02 | 2019-11-26 | 洁碧有限公司 | 用于牙齿清洁的包括研磨剂的片剂 |
JP7195771B2 (ja) | 2018-06-11 | 2022-12-26 | 株式会社日本触媒 | ポリビニルピロリドン重合体の製造方法 |
CN110184129B (zh) * | 2019-06-24 | 2021-01-15 | 广东水卫仕生物科技有限公司 | 洗涤剂组合物及其制备方法和应用 |
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1999
- 1999-03-17 DE DE19912031A patent/DE19912031A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2000
- 2000-02-16 EP EP00103131A patent/EP1036839A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-03-14 US US09/525,062 patent/US6329334B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-03-17 JP JP2000077067A patent/JP2000273490A/ja active Pending
- 2000-03-17 CN CNB001043277A patent/CN1165605C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6900165B2 (en) | 2000-03-10 | 2005-05-31 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Use of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone as a disintegrant in compact, particulate detergents and cleaning agents |
WO2002033037A1 (en) * | 2000-10-18 | 2002-04-25 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Detergent tablet |
WO2002042402A1 (en) * | 2000-11-24 | 2002-05-30 | Unilever N.V. | Cleaning compositions |
EP1219700A1 (de) * | 2000-12-28 | 2002-07-03 | Unilever Plc | Waschmittel- und Reiningungsmittelzusammensetzungen |
WO2003038021A2 (en) | 2001-10-26 | 2003-05-08 | Isp Investments Inc. | Tablet of compacted particulate cleaning composition |
WO2004037961A2 (en) | 2002-10-23 | 2004-05-06 | Isp Investments Inc. | Tablet of compacted particulate cleaning composition |
WO2007071580A1 (de) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-06-28 | Basf Se | Feinteiliges quervernetztes polyvinylpyrrolidon als tablettensprengmittel |
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WO2023117494A1 (en) | 2021-12-20 | 2023-06-29 | Basf Se | Polypropylene imine polymers (ppi), their preparation, uses, and compositions comprising such ppi |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE19912031A1 (de) | 2000-09-21 |
CN1267715A (zh) | 2000-09-27 |
US6329334B1 (en) | 2001-12-11 |
CN1165605C (zh) | 2004-09-08 |
EP1036839A3 (de) | 2001-04-18 |
JP2000273490A (ja) | 2000-10-03 |
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