Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C45/14—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
  • B29D23/00—Producing tubular articles
  • B29D23/001—Pipes; Pipe joints
  • B29D23/003—Pipe joints, e.g. straight joints
  • B29D23/005—Pipe joints, e.g. straight joints provided with electrical wiring
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C45/14—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles
  • B29C45/14065—Positioning or centering articles in the mould
  • B29C45/14073—Positioning or centering articles in the mould using means being retractable during injection
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C45/14—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles
  • B29C45/14549—Coating rod-like, wire-like or belt-like articles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C45/14—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles
  • B29C45/14065—Positioning or centering articles in the mould
  • B29C45/14073—Positioning or centering articles in the mould using means being retractable during injection
  • B29C2045/14081—Positioning or centering articles in the mould using means being retractable during injection centering means retracted by the injection pressure
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
  • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
  • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
  • B29C65/342—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising at least a single wire, e.g. in the form of a winding
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
  • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
  • B29C65/3468—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the means for supplying heat to said heated elements which remain in the join, e.g. special electrical connectors of windings
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
  • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
  • B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
  • B29C65/3476—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
  • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
  • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
  • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
  • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
  • B29C66/5221—Joining tubular articles for forming coaxial connections, i.e. the tubular articles to be joined forming a zero angle relative to each other
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
  • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
  • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
  • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
  • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
  • B29C66/5229—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method as defined in the preamble of claim 1 for supporting the ends of a resistance wire during the manufacture of electrically heat- weldable plastic tube fittings in an injection mould.
• the invention also relates to an arrangement as defined in claim 6 for applying the method.
• Heat-weldable, thermoplastic fittings i.e. muffs are intended to tightly fit together plastic tubes made of similar material.
• Such pipings made of plastic tubes are used e.g. as gas pipes in the processing industry.
• the fitting comprises a body with one or more adapter parts for the plastic tubes to be joined.
• the adapter parts in turn comprise fitting cavities into which the plastic tubes are fitted.
• the fitting cavities are joined by tube sections.
• the fitting, in 0 particular the adapter parts, are equipped with a resistance wire.
• the resistance wire is disposed in connection with the fitting cavity of each adapter part so that it passes by the fitting cavity in the vicinity of its inner surface and extends at least over the length of the joint between one fitting cavity and the plastic tube.
• the tube sections to be joined are disposed in the fitting cavities of the fitting.
• An electric current 5 suitable for heat welding is disposed to pass through the resistance wire over a certain period of time, and then both the fitting, the adapter part and the plastic tube mounted in the fitting cavity will be plasticised and melt in the joint area, subsequently solidifying to form a uniform tight unit.
• Plastic tube fittings are manaufactured with injection moulding techniques. Before the moulding step, the resistance wire is disposed inside the injection mould. The resistance wire is supported on the moulding core either by means of a premoulded fitting body or support pins.
• a first thin precasting i.e. fitting body
• the fitting body is preferably provided with recesses for connecting pegs, to which the ends of the resistance wire are attached. After the resistance wire including the connecting pegs have been fitted in position in the fitting body, this is returned into the injection mould and a second moulding is performed, whereby the fitting assumes its final shape.
• the connecting pegs extend beyond the moulded fitting and through these, electric current is supplied to the resistance wire in heat welding.
• the resistance wire is wound directly on a moulding core, as described for instance in EP patent specification 260 014.
• the moulding core has been provided with recesses, into which the connecting peg is attached by means of the support pins for the duration of the moulding.
• the support pins are removed either entirely or partly from the recesses after the moulding.
• the portion of the pin located within the recess in the core is removed by cutting.
• the pin is provided with a contraction such as a groove at the cut.
• the cutting is performed by means of the moulding core: the core is withdrawn from the finished, cooled fitting, the pins being cut off at the contraction.
• the top portion of the pin remains within the connecting peg, whereas the remainder remains within the recess in the moulding core, from where it is removed before the following moulding operation.
• the removal of the remainder of the pin from the moulding core constitutes a problem: in order not to deteriorate the following fitting moulding, these remaining portions must be carefully recovered.
• the additional operation step consisting of the removal of the pin remainder constitutes another problem.
• the pin is entirely removed from the core recess by means of an appropriate tool; the pin and the recess are for instance threaded, the pin being then screwed out from the recess after the moulding.
• This embodiment involves the problem of an additional operation step: removal of the pin from the recess with a tool after the moulding step.
• the purpose of the invention is to provide a new method and arrangement for supporting the ends of a resistance wire in the manufacture of electrically heat- welded plastic tube fittings in an injection mould, which resolves the problems described above.
• the method in accordance with the invention is characterised by the features defined in the characterising clause of claim 1.
• the arrangement in accordance with the invention is characterised by the features defined in the characterising clause of claim 6.
• Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the remaining claims. The invention is explained in greater detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which
• figure 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the support arrangement of a resistance wire of the invention in the manufacture of electrically heat-weldable plastic tube fittings in an injection mould before the injection moulding operation
• figure 2 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the support arrangement of the ends of a resistance wire of the invention in the manufacture of electrically heat- weldable plastic tube fittings in an injection mould after the injection moulding operation
• figure 3 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the finished thermoplastic fitting
• figure 4 A is a top view of the attachment of the end of the resistance wire to the peg and the screwing of the peg in the injection moulding step
• figure 4B is a top view of the position of the resistance wire and the pin at the end of the injection moulding step
• figure 5 shows a second support arrangement for the end of the resistance wire, however, illustrating one single peg and pin.
• FIG. 1 An arrangement for supporting the ends of a resistance wire in the manufacture of electrically heat-weldable plastic tube fittings in an injection mould is illustrated in figures 1 and 2.
• the injection mould comprises a core 1 and a mantle 2, and a moulding space 3 provided between these.
• the electrically heated resistance wire 4 is wound around core 1.
• Resistance wire 4 is attached at either end 4a, 4b to peg 5, 6.
• Core 1 has been provided with two recesses 7, 8, preferably holes or bores. Both pegs 5, 6 are connected to a pin 9, 10, which is fitted in recess 7, 8. With the aid of pins 9, 10 and pegs 5, 6, resistance wire 4 is retained in position around core 1 during the moulding.
• Resistance wire 4 is additionally fitted in the area of core 1, where the adapter parts of the fitting are formed in the moulding step for the tubes to be joined.
• the ends of both pegs 5, 6 will project from the finished fitting (cf. figure 3), to allow the connection of a power source during the joining of the tubes, as described below.
• the arrangement for supporting the ends 4a, 4b of resistance wire 4 further includes two guide bushings 11, 12, disposed to support two pins 9, 10 respectively, and recesses 13, 14, such as holes or bores for each guide bushing 11, 12, in the mantle 2 facing the moulding space 3.
• guide bushings 11, 12 are supported essentially vertically against the surface of core 1 and movable towards recess 7, 8 into the mantle 2 of the injection mould.
• the arrangement also comprises a flexible actuator disposed in connection with each recess 13, 14, in this case a spring, particularly a coil spring 15, 16. It is disposed behind guide bushing 11, 12 in a recess, such as a hole, thus being supported on the one hand by the recess bottom, i.e.
• spring 15, 16 ensures that no moulding compound enters the space between pin 9, 10 and guide bushing 11,12.
• An elastic actuator can be provided also in some other way than by means of coil spring 15, 16 as described above.
• the purpose of the elastic actuator is on the one hand to retain pin 9, 10 in position in recess 7, 8 before the injection moulding step starts and on the other hand to yield during the injection moulding step, as molten plastic is being introduced into the moulding space 3 of the mould, its pressure acting against the holding power of the actuator.
• this holding power by means of which the elastic actuator has been disposed to act on guide bushing 11, 12 and through this on pin 9, 10 and peg 5, 6, should be of and order of magnitude such that it does not press these means 11, 12; 9, 10; 5, 6 back into the molten moulding compound, as moulding space 3 is being filled with molten plastic and the plastic feed pressure subsides at the end of the injection moulding step.
• the elastic actuator used is for instance a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder, by means of which guide bushing 11, 12 and through this pin 9, 10 and peg 5, 6 are maintained inserted into recess 7, 8, the pressure of the molten plastic composition acting against the cylinder pressure in the injection moulding step.
• the cylinder is preferably mechanically driven so that it is pulled up along with guide bushing 11,
• recesses 7, 8 in pins 9, 10 are disposed to extend through the core 1 of the injection mould.
• the plastic pressure will act on pin 9, 10 directly through recess 7, 8 on the opposite side of core 1.
• pins 9, 10 and guide bushings 11, 12 are disposed to raise to the desired level above the surface of core 1 under the action of the plastic pressure.
• a stopper 19, 20, such as a pin or annular constriction of recess 13, 14 is disposed in recess 13, 14 of guide bushing 11, 12.
• Stopper 19, 20 is disposed at a distance from the surface of core 1 and at the same time from the rear surface of guide bushing 11, 12 supported on pin 9, 10 or similar under the action of spring 15, 16 such that guide bushing 11, 12 may rise to the desired height, i.e. at least to a level high enough to allow pin 9, 10 to be entirely withdrawn from recess 9, 10 in the injection moulding step.
• core 1 may be withdrawn directly from mantle 2 and the finished fitting.
• each pin 9, 10 includes a flange 21, 22 or a similar annular projection. It is disposed in the upper portion of pin 9, 10 so as to remain outside recess 7, 8 and hence on the surface of core 1 or above this.
• Peg 5, 6 is connected with pin 9, 10 on the other side of flange 21, 22.
• Peg 5, 6 and pin 9, 10 constitute a coaxial uniform piece.
• Guide bushing 11, 12 is disposed to rest on flange 21, 22.
• flange 21, 22 is disposed so as to form a gap 23, 24 between the flange and core 1, as illustrated in figure 1, the injection moulding compound will act on flange 21, 22 through gap 23, 24 in the moulding step and lift pin 9, 10, even if recess 7, 8 in pin 9, 10 would not extend through core 1.
• the cross-sectional area of the end of guide bushing 11, 12 essentially equals the area of flange 21, 22, and hence the pressure of the plastic to be injected will not act directly on the end of guide bushing 11, 12, the pressure being applied through the lower surface of flange 21, 22 to flange 21, 22 and further to guide bushing 11, 12 and to spring 19, 20 connected to this, and acting against the springback factor.
• FIG. 4 A and 4B show detail A- A as a top view of figures 1 and 2.
• End 4a of the resistance wire is attached to peg 5 and pin 9 so that resistance wire 4 is wound about peg 5 and pin 9.
• guide bushing 11 cf. figure 1 and 2
• resistance wire 4 is unwound from peg 5 and pin 9, and thus the resistance wire acquires additional length to the extent required by the rising of peg 5 and pin 9.
• end 4a of resistance wire 4 has been spot- welded at point a on pin 9, particularly at the edge of flange 21 pertaining to pin 9, and resistance wire
• each pin 25 includes a flange 26 or a similar annular projection.
• Pin 25 is fitted into recess 27 in core 1 so that flange 26 is on the surface of core 1 (or optionally above this, as in the preceding embodiment example).
• Guide bushing 29 rests on flange 26.
• one or more grooves or cavities 30 are provided in the lower surface of flange 26.
• the plastic pressure will thus be applied through cavity 30 to the lower surface of flange 26 and further to guide bushing 31 and to the associated spring (not illustrated in this figure) lifting pin 26 including peg 28 from recess 27.
• this arrangement corresponds to that of figures 1 and 2 on principle; however, recess 27 in pin 25 does not extend through core 1 (even if this is feasible).
• the following process steps are performed in the method of the invention for supporting the ends of the resistance wire in the manufacture of electrically heat-weldable plastic tube fittings: a) The electrically heated resistance wire 4 is wound about core 1 in the area of core 1 in which adapter parts 33, 34 of the fitting will be formed in the moulding step (cf. figure 3) for the tubes to be joined. b) The ends 4a, 4b of resistance wire 4 are connectd to pegs 5, 6 e.g. by spot welding.
• resistance wire 4 is first attached to the first peg 5 and the wire is preferably wound about this, and then the resistance wire is wound on the surface of core 1, and only then the second end of the resistance wire is attached to the second peg 6 and wound about this as well (cf. figures 4A and 4B).
• Pins 9, 10 are fitted in the recesses, such as holes 7, 8 provided in core 1.
• pins 5, 6 are supported on core 1 with the aid of pin 9, 10 included in each peg.
• Guide bushing 11, 12 is disposed in connection with each pin 9, 10 and peg 9, 10. Most preferably, guide bushing 11, 12 is disposed to rest on flange 21, 22 belonging to pin 9, 10.
• Each guide bushing 11, 12 is supported in a recess 13, 14 provided in mantle 2.
• Spring 15, 16 or a similar actuator is disposed to act on each guide bushing 11, 12 so that its holding power presses guide bushing 11, 12, peg 5, 6 and pin 9, 10 into position against core 1.
• spring 15, 16 presses guide bushing 11, 12 against the flange 21, 22 of pin 9, 10.
• Injection moulding is started by introducing molten moulding compound through opening 40 into moulding space 3 in a manner known er se, the moulding compound spreading about core 1.
• the injection mould is intended for the manufacture of a thermoplastic fitting comprising a straight cylindrical body 32 and two adapter parts 33, 34 disposed at the ends of body 32, as shown in figure 3.
• Adapter parts 33, 34 include fitting cavities 35, 36, into which the plastic tubes are fitted. Fitting cavities 35, 36 are interconnected either directly or with a short tube section 37.
• the fitting, in particular adapter parts 33, 34 are equipped with a resistance wire 4. Resistance wire 4 has been disposed in the join area between the tube to be connected, the fitting cavity 35, 36 of each adapter part 33, 34 and the fitting. Resistance wire 4 passes by fitting cavity 35, 36 in the vicinity of its inner surface and extends at least over the length of the joint between one fitting cavity and the plastic tube.
• the tube sections to be joined are fitted in the fitting cavities 35, 36 of the fitting.
• An electric current suitable for heat welding is connected to pegs 5, 6 and is thus disposed to pass through resistance wire 4 for a determined period, and then both the fitting, adapter part 33, 34 and the plastic tube fitted in fitting recess 35, 36 will be plasticised and melt in the join area and subsequently solidify to form a uniform, tight unit.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
• Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
• Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
• Branch Pipes, Bends, And The Like (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=8549480

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (14)

Families Citing this family (7)

Family Cites Families (2)

• 1997
  • 1997-09-05 FI FI973607A patent/FI103023B1/fi active IP Right Grant
• 1998
  • 1998-09-04 WO PCT/FI1998/000691 patent/WO1999012720A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1998-09-04 JP JP2000510587A patent/JP2001515804A/ja active Pending
  • 1998-09-04 KR KR1020007001934A patent/KR20010023300A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1998-09-04 IL IL13484998A patent/IL134849A0/xx unknown
  • 1998-09-04 AU AU90741/98A patent/AU9074198A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-09-04 HU HU0004237A patent/HUP0004237A3/hu unknown
  • 1998-09-04 TR TR2000/01578T patent/TR200001578T2/xx unknown
  • 1998-09-04 CN CN98813939A patent/CN1291131A/zh active Pending
  • 1998-09-04 EA EA200000199A patent/EA001743B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1998-09-04 CA CA002302208A patent/CA2302208A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-09-04 EP EP98942709A patent/EP1011949A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 1998-09-04 BR BR9812180-4A patent/BR9812180A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
• 2000
  • 2000-03-02 NO NO20001086A patent/NO20001086L/no not_active Application Discontinuation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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