EP0934786B1 - Procédé pour la coulée continue de métal et installation de coulée continue appropriée - Google Patents

Procédé pour la coulée continue de métal et installation de coulée continue appropriée Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0934786B1
EP0934786B1 EP99890050A EP99890050A EP0934786B1 EP 0934786 B1 EP0934786 B1 EP 0934786B1 EP 99890050 A EP99890050 A EP 99890050A EP 99890050 A EP99890050 A EP 99890050A EP 0934786 B1 EP0934786 B1 EP 0934786B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
zone
mold
radius
circular arc
strand
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99890050A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0934786B2 (fr
EP0934786A1 (fr
Inventor
Heinz Hödl
Michael Stiftinger
Andreas Eichinger
Kurt Engel
Jean-François Marioton
Gérard Zurita
Vincent Guyot
Catherine Lopes
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH
Sollac Fos
Original Assignee
Voest Alpine Industrienlagenbau GmbH
Sollac Fos
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
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Application filed by Voest Alpine Industrienlagenbau GmbH, Sollac Fos filed Critical Voest Alpine Industrienlagenbau GmbH
Priority to SI9930001T priority Critical patent/SI934786T2/xx
Publication of EP0934786A1 publication Critical patent/EP0934786A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0934786B1 publication Critical patent/EP0934786B1/fr
Publication of EP0934786B2 publication Critical patent/EP0934786B2/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B22D11/128—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for removing
    • B22D11/1282—Vertical casting and curving the cast stock to the horizontal

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the continuous casting of metal, in particular Steel strands, by pouring the metal into a straight, vertically aligned mold and Subsequent removal of the straight strand formed in the mold, the straight Strand initially in a bending zone along a transition curve into a circular arc shape bent a radius, guided along a circular arc with the radius, then straightened in a final straightening zone along a transition curve and is then conveyed over an approximately horizontal straight line, as well as a Continuous caster for carrying out the method and a method for converting a Continuous caster with an arc mold into a continuous caster with a straight mold.
  • the strand below the mold is usually guided in a straight line led, which extends over a length that the strand due to the direct cooling below the mold secures a sufficiently strong strand shell so that the strand can then be bent in a bending zone such that it is along a Circular arc guide that connects to the bending zone and a predetermined radius has, can be promoted.
  • An end straightening zone adjoins the circular arc guide in which the strand is again straightened. In the straight state The strand is conveyed over an approximately horizontally aligned straight guide.
  • Arc mold is the cavity into which the liquid metal is poured, arcuate, preferably formed in a circular arc, so that the strand emerging from the mold be supported and promoted directly after exiting using an arcuate guide can.
  • arcuate preferably formed in a circular arc
  • the invention has for its object a method for continuous casting and a Continuous caster to carry out the process in which the strand under Using a straight mold and using the most important components a continuous caster with a curved mold, e.g. the circular arc guide, casting platform etc. can be poured.
  • Another object of the invention is in a continuous caster with a straight mold, about the height required by a continuous caster with curved Has mold with the same radius of the casting strand or the circular arc guide. Necessary conversions when changing from an arc mold to a straight mold should be minimized in terms of time and costs.
  • the task is the beginning of a method for continuous casting of a metal strand described type in that the strand in at least one bending zone along a Transition curve is bent into a circular arc shape having a first radius and in at least one downstream directional zone along a transition curve into a Arc shape with a larger radius than the radius that the strand after the first Has bending zone, is bent, the larger radius preferably the radius of the Circular arc guidance in front of the final straightening zone corresponds.
  • the strand having a first radius is preferably between the first Bending zone and the first subordinate straightening zone along a circular arc guide this first radius, advantageously the straight strand emerging from the mold between the mold and the first bending zone along a vertical straight line becomes.
  • At least one other in the first bending and downstream straightening zone Deformation can be carried out in a further bending and downstream straightening zone.
  • a continuous caster for carrying out the method according to the invention with a straight mold, with one of these downstream in the strand extraction direction a bending zone, a circular arc guide and an end straightening zone followed by approximately Horizontal straight guidance is characterized in that at least one bending zone at least one straightening zone with subsequent circular arc guidance is arranged downstream.
  • a further bending zone with a downstream straightening zone is provided.
  • a preferred embodiment is characterized in that according to the AT-B - 331 439 the course of the curve caused by the bending zone (s) or straightening zones Elongation of the strand in at least one of the two transition areas approximately the shape of an obliquely distorted "S" with a turning tangent, the slope on The beginning and end of the expansion curve plotted over the area is zero on the X axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, the origin of which is on The beginning of the transition curve is located and its X-axis is a tangent to the Represents transition curve.
  • the slope of the turning tangent suitably corresponds to a maximum of one permissible change in elongation of 0.0025% / mm for bending and 0.0030% / mm for Judge.
  • the straight mold is installed in the caster at a level that is different from the level the arc mold deviates only slightly, preferably lies slightly above this level, whereby the deviation from the level of the arc mold depends on the height of the hall installed crane system etc.
  • a "small height deviation" is usually one referred to, in which a reconstruction of the hall structure can be avoided in any case;
  • the height deviation for conventionally designed casting halls is 1 ⁇ 2 m to maximum one meter.
  • Fig. is a schematic side view of a Continuous caster with straight mold and curved mold shows.
  • Strand guide 2 illustrates, the strand guide to simplify the illustration 2 in the upper area - i.e. immediately below the bow mold 1 - only by one dashed line, which illustrates the outside or underside of the strand.
  • This Strand guide 2 is, as usual, of support and adjoining the mold Guide rollers 2 'formed, the strand on both sides, ie on the outside or bottom and also support on the inside or top at close intervals.
  • the one with a dashed line The illustrated bottom or outside of the strand thus forms an envelope of all of these Roll.
  • the casting platform 3 lies approximately at the height of the upper edge of the arc mold 1.
  • the interior 4 of the arc mold 1, ie the continuous cavity 4, into which the molten metal flows via a conventional ladle (not shown) into a likewise not shown but conventionally designed intermediate vessel and flows from this over a pouring tube into the arc mold 1, is designed in an arc shape, etc. circular arc.
  • the circular arc guide 2 adjoining the arc mold 1 has a radius R end .
  • the center 5 of this circular arc guide is located approximately at the level of the lower half of the arc mold 1 and thus by the height H 0 below the casting level 6 of the arc mold 1.
  • the straightening zone 7 advantageously has a transition curve according to AT-B - 331 439 um to ensure a gentle straightening of the strand.
  • an approximately horizontally oriented straight guide 8 is provided, which is also closely adjacent Has support and guide roles. The strand runs along this straight guide 8 conveyed out, then separated into individual strand pieces or directly rolled.
  • the Straight guide 8 can also deviate from the horizontal; so are 5 ° ⁇ from that Horizontal easily possible.
  • a solid caster is shown in full lines in the figure, in which instead of Arc mold 1 a straight mold 9 is used. As can be seen from the figure this straight mold 9 by a horizontal amount HH compared to the curved mold 1 in Direction to the center 5 of the circular arc guide 2 arranged offset.
  • this straight mold 9 is also offset by a small amount in terms of height relative to the curved mold 1, etc. raised by the height H v .
  • a vertically oriented straight guide 11 adjoins the straight mold 9, ie a mold 9 with a vertically aligned and straight-line cavity 10 into which the molten metal is poured. This ensures a purely vertically aligned section of the cast strand, which ensures efficient cleaning, ie rising of impurities and gas bubbles which are flushed into the liquid core of the strand with the pouring jet.
  • a bending zone 12 is provided, the one Has transition curve, along which the strand from straight to a circular arc shape is bent.
  • This transition curve is also expedient according to AT-B - 331 439 designed.
  • the circular arc shape has a radius R min which is smaller than the radius R end of the circular arc guide 2, which was provided for the arc mold 1.
  • R min Downstream of the bending zone 12 is a circular arc guide 13 with the radius R min, which extends only over a smaller radius angle of approximately 20 °.
  • a straightening zone 14 adjoins this circular arc guide 13, in which the strand is slightly straightened, etc. is bent precisely to the radius R end that the circular arc guide 2 originally intended for the arc mold 1 has.
  • R min is to be selected depending on the material to be cast, the casting speed and the casting thickness (strand thickness). When choosing R min , it should be noted that the strand shell is not subjected to excessive loads (no excessive change in elongation) when it is bent for the first time.
  • the strand emerging from the straight mold 9 is first bent to a radius R min which is smaller than the radius R end of the circular arc guide 2 of the arc mold 1, and only then is it bent to this radius R end .
  • This bending of the straight strand to the radius R end can also take place in several stages, for example by arranging several straightening zones 14 one behind the other, but also by bending in a first bending zone 12 which bends the straight strand to a narrower radius R min than the radius R end of the circular arc guide, then aiming at a slightly larger radius than R min , which the strand assumes when it leaves the first bending zone, this process also being able to be repeated several times, until the radius R end of the circular arc guide of the arc mold is reached .
  • These variants with multiple straightening or multiple bending-straightening can be used advantageously if it is desired that the straight mold 9 is exactly at the level 3 of the arch mold 1 removed.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)

Claims (18)

  1. Procédé pour la coulée continue de métal, en particulier de barres en acier, par la coulée du métal dans une coquille (9), qui est orientée verticalement et droite, et par le retrait ultérieur de la barre droite formée dans la coquille (9), dans lequel la barre droite est d'abord pliée dans une zone de pliage le long d'une courbe de transition dans un moule en arc de cercle présentant un rayon (Rend), est conduite le long d'un élément de guidage en arc de cercle (2) présentant le rayon (Rend), est ensuite redressée dans une zone d'alignement terminal le long d'une courbe de transition et est ensuite extraite par l'intermédiaire d'une glissière approximativement horizontale (8), caractérisé en ce que la barre est pliée selon une forme en arc de cercle présentant un premier rayon (Rmin) dans au moins une zone de pliage (12) le long d'une courbe de transition et en ce que celle-ci est pliée dans au moins une zone d'alignement (14) agencée en aval le long d'une courbe de transition selon une forme en arc de cercle, présentant un rayon (Rend) supérieur au rayon (Rmin) que la barre présente en aval de la première zone de pliage, le rayon supérieur (Rend) correspondant de préférence au rayon (Rend) de l'élément de guidage en arc de cercle (2) en amont de la zone d'alignement terminal (7).
  2. Procédé suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la barre présentant un premier rayon (Rmin) est guidée entre la première zone de pliage (12) et la première zone d'alignement (14) agencée en aval le long d'un élément de guidage en arc de cercle (13) possédant ce premier rayon (Rmin).
  3. Procédé suivant la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la barre droite, qui sort de la coquille (9), est guidée entre la coquille (9) et la première zone de pliage (12) le long d'un guidage droit vertical (11).
  4. Procédé suivant une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que la barre est pliée, après le pliage dans la première zone d'alignement (14) agencée en aval de la zone de pliage (12), dans au moins une autre zone d'alignement agencée en aval selon une forme en arc de cercle possédant un rayon plus grand que le rayon (Rmin), que la barre présente en amont de la zone d'alignement agencée en aval.
  5. Procédé suivant une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que, après la déformation dans la première zone de pliage et d'alignement agencée en aval (12, 14), au moins une autre déformation est effectuée sur la barre dans une autre zone de pliage et d'orientation agencée en aval.
  6. Installation de coulée continue pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé suivant une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 5 comprenant une coquille droite (9), un élément de guidage de barre avec une zone de pliage (12) qui est agencé en aval de celle-ci (9) suivant la direction de retrait de la barre, un élément de guidage en arc de cercle (2) et une zone d'alignement terminale (7) présentant une glissière (8) pratiquement horizontale s'y rattachant, caractérisée en ce qu'au moins une zone d'alignement (14) avec un guidage en arc de cercle (2) s'y rattachant est agencée en aval d'au moins une zone de pliage (12).
  7. Installation de coulée continue suivant la revendication 6, caractérisée en ce qu'il est prévu un élément de guidage en arc de cercle (13) entre la première zone de pliage (12) et la première zone d'alignement (14).
  8. Installation de coulée continue suivant la revendication 6 ou 7, caractérisée en ce qu'il est prévu un guidage droit vertical (11) destinée à la barre entre la coquille (9) et la première zone de pliage (12).
  9. Installation de coulée continue suivant une ou plusieurs des revendications 6 à 8, caractérisée en ce qu'il est prévu, en aval de la première zone de pliage et d'alignement agencée en aval (12, 14), au moins une autre zone de pliage avec une zone d'alignement agencée en aval.
  10. Installation de coulée continue suivant une ou plusieurs des revendications 6 à 9, caractérisée en ce que l'allure de l'extension de la barre, qui est produite par la ou les zone(s) de pliage (12) et respectivement les zones d'orientation (7, 14) possède dans au moins l'une des deux zones de transition approximativement la forme d'un "S" qui est tordu obliquement et qui présente une tangente d'inflexion, dans lequel la pente est nulle au début et à la fin de la courbe de pliage appliquée à la zone en étant rapportée à l'axe X d'un système de coordonnées cartésien, dont l'origine se trouve chaque fois au début de la courbe de transition et dont l'axe X montre une tangente à la courbe de transition.
  11. Installation de coulée continue suivant la revendication 10, caractérisée en ce que la pente de la tangente d'inflexion correspond au plus à une variation admissible maximale de l'extension de 0,0025 %/mm en flexion et 0,0030%/mm en alignement.
  12. Installation de coulée continue suivant la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisée en ce que la courbe de transition suit l'équation différentielle de la variation de courbure (y"') y''' = ϕ' (xj)·1REoXE∫ϕ' (xj) dx et en ce que ϕ' (xj) est la fonction de la variation de l'extension, qui présente, sur l'extension de la zone de pliage et respectivement d'alignement (12, 14, 7), un cours qui part de zéro, monte d'abord, atteint ensuite le maximum de la variation d'extension et tombe ensuite de nouveau à zéro, RE est égal au rayon d'arc de cercle à l'extrémité de la zone de pliage et respectivement au début de la zone d'alignement (12, 14, 7) et XE représente la projection verticale de la zone de pliage (12), et respectivement la projection horizontale de la zone d'alignement (14, 7), et xj une coordonnée de position dans le système de coordonnées.
  13. Procédé de transformation d'une installation de coulée continue comprenant une coquille en courbe (1), un élément de guidage en arc de cercle (2) s'y rattachant et une zone d'alignement terminal (7) avec une glissière (8) pratiquement horizontale agencée en aval, dans une installation de coulée continue comprenant une coquille (9) orientée verticalement et droite, caractérisé
    en ce que la coquille en courbe (1) et une partie s'y rattachant (15) de
    l'élément de guidage en arc de cercle (2) sont retirées,
    en ce qu'une coquille droite (9) est incorporée à un emplacement de l'installation de coulée continue, dont l'écartement de l'axe médian par rapport au centre de courbure (5) de l'élément de guidage en arc de cercle (2) est inférieur au rayon (Rend) de l'élément de guidage en arc de cercle d'origine (2),
    en ce qu'une zone de pliage (12), qui présente une courbe de transition et qui est en alignement avec la coquille droite (9) est incorporée, à partir de laquelle la barre sort avec un premier rayon (Rmin) qui est plus faible que le rayon (Rend) de l'élément de guidage en arc de cercle (2), et
    en ce que, en aval de la zone de pliage (12), au moins une zone d'alignement (14) est incorporée à partir de laquelle la barre sort avec un deuxième rayon (Rend) qui est supérieur au premier rayon (Rmin), et lequel deuxième rayon (Rend) correspond de préférence au rayon (Rend) de la partie de l'élément de guidage en arc de cercle existant à l'origine, qui reste dans l'installation de coulée continue, et qui passe dans cet élément de guidage en arc de cercle (2) de façon alignée, c'est-à-dire comme une tangente.
  14. Procédé suivant la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce qu'un élément de guidage en arc de cercle (13) est incorporé entre la zone de pliage (12) et la première zone d'alignement (14).
  15. Procédé suivant la revendication 13 ou 14, caractérisé en ce qu'une glissière (11) agencée en alignement avec la coquille (9) est incorporée entre la coquille (9) et la zone de pliage (12).
  16. Procédé suivant une ou plusieurs des revendications 13 à 15, caractérisé en ce que la coquille droite (9) est incorporée dans un niveau de l'installation de coulée continue, qui ne s'écarte que faiblement du niveau (3) de la coquille courbe (1), se situant de préférence légèrement au-dessus de ce niveau (3).
  17. Procédé suivant une ou plusieurs des revendications 13 à 16, caractérisé en ce qu'une autre zone d'alignement avec un élément de guidage en arc de cercle agencé en aval est incorporée en se rattachant à la première zone d'alignement (14).
  18. Procédé suivant une ou plusieurs des revendications 11 à 17, caractérisé en ce que au moins une autre zone de pliage et d'alignement agencée en aval est incorporée en aval de la première zone de pliage et d'alignement agencée en aval (12, 14).
EP99890050A 1998-11-06 1999-02-10 Procédé pour la coulée continue de métal et installation de coulée continue appropriée Expired - Lifetime EP0934786B2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SI9930001T SI934786T2 (en) 1998-11-06 1999-02-10 Process of continuous casting of metal and continuous casting plant for carrying out the method

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT0184498A AT406746B (de) 1998-11-06 1998-11-06 Verfahren zum stranggiessen von metall sowie stranggiessanlage hierzu
AT184498 1998-11-06

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0934786A1 EP0934786A1 (fr) 1999-08-11
EP0934786B1 true EP0934786B1 (fr) 2000-04-26
EP0934786B2 EP0934786B2 (fr) 2003-12-03

Family

ID=3522250

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99890050A Expired - Lifetime EP0934786B2 (fr) 1998-11-06 1999-02-10 Procédé pour la coulée continue de métal et installation de coulée continue appropriée

Country Status (19)

Country Link
US (1) US6155332A (fr)
EP (1) EP0934786B2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2002529248A (fr)
KR (1) KR100585998B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1214884C (fr)
AT (1) AT406746B (fr)
AU (1) AU766532B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR9915112A (fr)
CA (1) CA2346999C (fr)
DE (1) DE59900002D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0934786T4 (fr)
ES (1) ES2148008T5 (fr)
MX (1) MXPA01004540A (fr)
PL (1) PL191476B1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2229957C2 (fr)
SI (1) SI934786T2 (fr)
TW (1) TW424018B (fr)
WO (1) WO2000027565A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA200103606B (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19956556A1 (de) * 1999-11-24 2001-05-31 Sms Demag Ag Radien-Konfiguration der Strangführung einer Vertikalabbiege-Stranggießanlage
DE102013224557A1 (de) * 2013-11-29 2015-06-03 Sms Siemag Ag Stranggießanlage und Verfahren zum Stranggießen eines Metallstranges
CN104588604B (zh) * 2015-01-06 2017-01-11 燕山大学 一种连铸机弯曲段和矫直段辊列设计方法
CN105945248B (zh) * 2016-06-21 2018-01-23 燕山大学 一种直弧型连铸机的蠕变弯曲蠕变矫直方法
CN115415489B (zh) * 2022-09-05 2024-02-13 东北大学 一种铝/铝合金薄板坯连铸装备及工艺

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DE1124450B (de) * 1960-11-18 1962-03-01 Bergwerksverband Gmbh Einrichtung zum Abstuetzen des Bergeversatzes in der steilen und halbsteilen Lagerung
DE1250973B (fr) * 1963-05-03 1967-09-28
JPS5030575B1 (fr) * 1970-01-29 1975-10-02
AT331439B (de) * 1973-07-24 1976-08-25 Voest Ag Strangfuhrung fur eine stranggiessanlage
JPS5180624A (en) * 1975-01-13 1976-07-14 Nippon Kokan Kk Haganenorenzokuchuzoho oyobi sonosochi
JPS5257027A (en) * 1975-11-06 1977-05-11 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Method of continuous casting
DE3011137C2 (de) * 1980-03-22 1988-03-24 Mannesmann AG, 4000 Düsseldorf Verfahren zum Regeln der Einzelantriebe einer Bogenstranggieß-Vielrollenmaschine für Stahl
JPS56134054A (en) * 1980-03-22 1981-10-20 Hitachi Zosen Corp Guiding method for continuously cast ingot
JPS58363A (ja) * 1981-06-25 1983-01-05 Nippon Steel Corp 多点矯正彎曲型連続鋳造方法及び装置
AT373518B (de) * 1982-05-18 1984-01-25 Voest Alpine Ag Strangfuehrung fuer eine stranggiessanlage zum kontinuierlichen giessen von metallschmelze
JPS59118257A (ja) * 1982-12-24 1984-07-07 Nippon Steel Corp 連続鋳造機
JP3091814B2 (ja) * 1994-02-16 2000-09-25 新日本製鐵株式会社 型式変更容易な連続鋳造機
US5853643A (en) * 1996-07-19 1998-12-29 Bauer; Scott V. Method for constructing a liquid-impervious electric motor assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK0934786T4 (da) 2004-02-02
BR9915112A (pt) 2001-07-31
DE59900002D1 (de) 2000-05-31
PL348099A1 (en) 2002-05-06
ZA200103606B (en) 2002-02-11
EP0934786B2 (fr) 2003-12-03
TW424018B (en) 2001-03-01
ES2148008T3 (es) 2000-10-01
AT406746B (de) 2000-08-25
AU1018000A (en) 2000-05-29
CA2346999C (fr) 2008-06-17
EP0934786A1 (fr) 1999-08-11
RU2229957C2 (ru) 2004-06-10
CN1325330A (zh) 2001-12-05
ATA184498A (de) 2000-01-15
SI934786T2 (en) 2004-04-30
KR100585998B1 (ko) 2006-06-01
KR20010082285A (ko) 2001-08-29
DK0934786T3 (da) 2000-09-25
AU766532B2 (en) 2003-10-16
ES2148008T5 (es) 2004-07-16
CN1214884C (zh) 2005-08-17
JP2002529248A (ja) 2002-09-10
PL191476B1 (pl) 2006-05-31
WO2000027565A1 (fr) 2000-05-18
US6155332A (en) 2000-12-05
CA2346999A1 (fr) 2000-05-18
SI934786T1 (en) 2000-08-31
MXPA01004540A (es) 2003-09-10

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