EP0907573B1 - Fermeture pour tube en plastique - Google Patents

Fermeture pour tube en plastique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0907573B1
EP0907573B1 EP97921839A EP97921839A EP0907573B1 EP 0907573 B1 EP0907573 B1 EP 0907573B1 EP 97921839 A EP97921839 A EP 97921839A EP 97921839 A EP97921839 A EP 97921839A EP 0907573 B1 EP0907573 B1 EP 0907573B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cap
tube
shoulder
plastic container
container according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97921839A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0907573A2 (fr
Inventor
Hans Kühn
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Individual
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Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0907573A2 publication Critical patent/EP0907573A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0907573B1 publication Critical patent/EP0907573B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/02—Caps or cap-like covers without lines of weakness, tearing strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices
    • B65D41/04—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation
    • B65D41/0471—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with means for positioning the cap on the container, or for limiting the movement of the cap, or for preventing accidental loosening of the cap
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/32—Caps or cap-like covers with lines of weakness, tearing-strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices, e.g. to facilitate formation of pouring openings
    • B65D41/34—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt
    • B65D41/3404—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt with ratchet-and-pawl mechanism between the container and the closure skirt or the tamper element
    • B65D41/3409—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt with ratchet-and-pawl mechanism between the container and the closure skirt or the tamper element the tamper element being integrally connected to the closure by means of bridges
    • B65D41/3414—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt with ratchet-and-pawl mechanism between the container and the closure skirt or the tamper element the tamper element being integrally connected to the closure by means of bridges with drive means between closure and tamper element
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/32—Caps or cap-like covers with lines of weakness, tearing-strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices, e.g. to facilitate formation of pouring openings
    • B65D41/34—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt
    • B65D41/3442—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt with rigid bead or projections formed on the tamper element and coacting with bead or projections on the container
    • B65D41/3447—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt with rigid bead or projections formed on the tamper element and coacting with bead or projections on the container the tamper element being integrally connected to the closure by means of bridges

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a container body and one Cap existing plastic container, in particular a tube, for flowable or pourable or paste-like ingredients.
  • the plastic tube according to the invention a signal band (guarantee closure), and a cap locking mechanism which locks the tube cap to the tube body when the Tube cap is screwed onto the tube body.
  • a disadvantage of this sealing technique lies in the possibility that after the first time the tube is opened, a new seal on the parting line glued and gives the impression that there is an undamaged tube. Another disadvantage is the need for review the integrity of the seal the tube must be rotated until the seal is recognizable; an activity that is very time consuming and laborious can be.
  • the document DE-U-83 01 345 describes a tube for sensitive Filling goods consisting of a tube body provided with a screw thread and a tube cap provided with a complementary screw thread consists. Furthermore, this previously known tube has until first use an additional sealing closure on the inside of the Cap lid is arranged so that it is the outlet end of the tube body seals.
  • GB-A-1 269 723 is a tube with a plastic cap and a Metal body known.
  • the cap from this publication is marked with a provided additional collar part, which by means of connecting marks with the Tube cap is connected.
  • EP-A-0 219 946 describes the generic state of the art.
  • the present Invention thus based on the technical problem, a tube cap and Tube body to create existing plastic tube, which also on the one hand Screw threads with a large thread pitch provide a lasting seal ensuring fastening of the tube cap on the tube body allowed, and on the other hand an easily recognizable one, even with small ones Plastic tubes have a reliable working seal.
  • the present invention solves the above problem with a plastic tube by providing a plastic container in which the Bulge has an underside, the one with the container shoulder Includes the first Easy to unscrew the cap and the first time you open the sealing tape a barb-like resistance to oppose.
  • the tube consists of a tube main body 50 and a tube shoulder 20.
  • the tube body 10 can be made using different processes known in the art.
  • the tube body is made of plastic, which using Injection molding process is given the desired shape. Suitable materials for this are thermoplastics, such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalates (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) or other plastics.
  • PE polyethylene
  • PET polyethylene terephthalates
  • PP polypropylene
  • PA polyamide
  • EVOH ethylene vinyl alcohol
  • the tube shoulder 20 preferably consists of a threaded part 21, a essentially cylindrical middle part 22 and a nozzle-shaped end part 23, from which the ingredient of the tube emerges. But also other trainings the tube shoulder 20 are conceivable.
  • the threaded part 21 is preferably a 3-course coarse thread with a Thread pitch from 6 to 12 mm.
  • the cylindrical middle part 22 is formed.
  • the cylindrical middle part contains the more precisely in connection with FIG. 2 locking recess 30 to be described and can be made of a layered laminate exist, as shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 2 (which represents a detailed view of Fig. 1) is the invention Locking recess 30 can be seen.
  • the locking recess 30 from a circumferential side around the tube middle part 22 Throat 31, the underside of which is designed as a flat bed 31a, the has a diameter of approximately 0.25 mm. Locked in this throat 31 the inventive, to be described in more detail in connection with FIG. 3 Locking cam 110 of the tube cap 100 when it is approaches its end position when screwed on.
  • the glides Locking cam 110 (shown in dashed lines in Fig. 2) over a circular or bead-like knee 23a of the end portion 23, which preferably has a radius of 0.5 mm. After the cam knees 23a, she jumps into her throat 31 and sits on bed 31a on. This prevents unwanted loosening of the cap because the cam meets the elastic resistance of the knee 23a, which is only by a certain moment of force can be overcome.
  • the recess 30 can also be the The shape of the locking cam may be limited on the circumference.
  • this embodiment is not optimal because of a defined positioning the locking cam in relation to the recess in front of the Unscrewing is necessary to ensure that the cam is in its final position actually reached the recess.
  • FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the tube cap 100 according to the invention shown.
  • this tube cap is 100 advantageously formed as a stand cap 100, which allows the Tube on the head allowed, the ceiling side 150 as a tube footprint serves.
  • Inside the tube cap 100 there is a complement in the lower area screw thread designed for the screw thread of the tube shoulder 120 provided. As you can clearly see from the illustration, it is advantageously a three-start thread.
  • the remaining one Part 130 of the tube cap is dimensioned so that it is cylindrical Middle part 22 and the nozzle-shaped end part 23 of the tube shoulder 20 can record.
  • the tube cap 100 a sealing ring 140, which is concentric with the center of the bottom part 150 of the cap 100 is aligned.
  • the diameter of the sealing ring is preferably designed so that when the cap is screwed on the nozzle-shaped end part 23 of the tube shoulder 20 sits around this to seal. This is especially important if there are ingredients in the tube be kept with the environment with the tube closed should not come into contact, for example to escape the aroma or prevent solvents.
  • Locking cam 110 existing tube locking mechanism of the tube cap 100 can be seen.
  • six locking cams are provided, which are lenticular or have a diamond shape.
  • Such a shape has two things Advantages: On the one hand, it is easy to manufacture in terms of production technology, since the appropriate injection molding tools are easily trained accordingly can. On the other hand, such locking cams allow easy sliding into the corresponding locking recess 30, wherein a tight fit is guaranteed at the same time.
  • Tube cap are the locking cams 110 (e.g. two or more) distributed symmetrically around the inner circumference of the cap 100.
  • a plurality of locking cams 110 are provided so that in the extreme case, a locking bar running along the inside wall of the cap results.
  • a web is also easy to manufacture in terms of production technology, and has the advantage that there is a particularly tight fit of the cap.
  • the recess 30 is designed as a groove 31 encircling the tube shoulder his.
  • the locking cams are located 110 close to the threaded part 120 of the tube cap 100; they are both in the lower third of the tube cap. This has the Advantage that the axial displacement torque triggered by the thread 120 is transmitted as directly as possible to the locking cams to them effectively into the complementary recess 30 of the tube shoulder 20 pull.
  • the locking cams are arranged approximately in the upper third of the Tube cap 100 can increase the elasticity of the tube cap material and the resulting deformation cause the locking cam 110 not positively in the correspondingly provided recess jumps.
  • the figures 4A, 4B and 4C show the second aspect of the invention Plastic tube, namely a tube with a sealing tape.
  • the preferred embodiment of a tube cap 100 shown is with is provided with a thread 120 and has a sealing tape in the lower region 300 on that with a number of webs 400 with the tube cap connected is.
  • the sealing tape 300 becomes the tube body via the screw thread of the tube body pressed until it finally joins with one on the bottom of the Sealing tape 300 designed, circular running around the sealing tape Locking surface 350 via a formed on the tube shoulder Ringwust 500 (see FIG. 4B) slips away and below the ring bead 500 locked.
  • the sealing tape 300 is replaced by a Holding surface 370 (see FIG. 4B) held axially.
  • FIG. 4B shows the annular bead 500 with the two surfaces 550 and 570, whereby the surface 370 of the sealing tape 300 latches onto the surface 570 is shown.
  • the surface 570 is slightly inclined upwards another embodiment is possible, e.g. a horizontal one Surface orientation or a downward surface orientation.
  • the first turning off of the tube cap 100 produces a torque introduced into the tube cap, so that the tube cap on the threads moved up. This upward movement directs tension into the webs 400 between the sealing tape 300 and tube cap 100
  • the thickness and number of webs 400 is thus according to the one to be applied To dimension torque so that the webs 400 tear can be.
  • the webs must not be designed too strong, otherwise they will be the torque to be applied and the associated tensile stress cannot be cut and the sealing tape 300 over the ring bead 500 would be withdrawn upwards.
  • FIG. 4C shows a special variant of the sealing tape arrangement according to the invention shown, for which protection is sought in the individual.
  • a retrofit part 510 that fits over a standard tube shoulder (not shown) can be drawn, which none for the latching has a ring bead 500 necessary ring bead cap. So it would be possible with two small parts (for example, that shown in Fig. 4A Sealing tape cap and the complementary one shown in FIG. 4C Retrofit part) any tubes afterwards with the invention To equip the sealing tape function.
  • FIG. 5 shows a further, particularly preferred embodiment of a plastic tube according to the invention with sealing tape.
  • the sealing tape has no circular circumferential locking surface 350, but instead locking cams 350 '. These locking cams 350 'slide over a corresponding one on the tube shoulder 20 trained ringworm 500 'away and lock there.
  • the tube cap it is also possible for the tube cap to be equipped with a circumferential locking surface 350, and to support them with additional locking cams 350 '. This allows a particularly secure locking of the sealing tape.
  • the ring bead 500 ' can otherwise be designed like the annular bead 500 from FIG. 4B, and the tube cap like that shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIGS. 6A-6C show an alternative tube according to the invention, such as it is used particularly in the USA.
  • the design of the tube cap produced as a laminate cap is shown in FIGS. 6A-6C but two further, particularly preferred features of the invention Tube.
  • Fig. 6A and here in particular Detailed view can be seen that here one instead of a ring bead 500 Bulge 500 "with a fin-like shape is used.
  • This Bulge 500 has one that interacts with sealing tape 300 Surface 501 that the sealing tape only one when you unscrewed it for the first time opposes very little resistance, which makes it easy to slide the Seal tape allowed.
  • the bulge exercises when it is separated for the first time a barb-like resistance to the locking cams 350 'of the Sealing tape from (see FIG. 6B), which for separating the sealing tape (300) and tube cap (100) leads.
  • Driving elements are shown 405, both on the sealing tape 300 and on the tube cap 100 are molded.
  • These entrainment elements 405 are arranged in relation to one another in this way and work together so that when the tube cap is unscrewed for the first time 100 on the tube shoulder 20 (direction of rotation A) through the webs 400 the driving elements 405 are relieved of the shear forces that occur and when the tube cap 100 is first separated from the tube shoulder 20 (direction of rotation B) the shear forces in full on the Bars 400 work and tear them apart.
  • the driving elements 405 ' on the sealing tape 300 they have one Sloping run-up on, even with small spacing of the driving elements 405, 405 'on the tube cap 100 and the sealing tape 300 ensures that when the tube cap 100 and Tube shoulder 20 (direction of rotation B) the driving elements 405, 405 'themselves do not catch, but push off and tear the webs 400 to lead.
  • Fig. 7 shows a perspective view of the sealing tape 300 with the torn off webs 400, the preferred driving elements 405 ', and the Sealing tape locking area 350.
  • the number of webs 400, as well the shape and cross-sections (see following Fig. 8,9) can vary depending on the choice of material and / or aesthetic aspects are selected, according to the invention but the number of bars should be at least two and they should be dimensioned so that a visible perforation can be seen.
  • the characteristic breaking strength of the respective material and a torque to be applied by hand is the dimensioning in Select connection with the pitch.
  • a favorable dimensioning of the Bridges can be chosen so that only one adult with an application much higher torque the webs from the sealing tape or can loosen the tube cap.
  • Fig. 8 shows various embodiments of the invention with respect to the Web 400 (400a, 400b, 400c).
  • 400a is a web that is essentially as Rectangle is formed, the tear-off area is not clearly determined can be.
  • the web 400b is also vertical and essentially also has a rectangular cross-section, however, is marked by a notch 450 attached to it the upper edge of the sealing tape or at the lower end of the web 400b is arranged, a predetermined breaking point is provided at which the webs 400b should loosen from the ring 300.
  • the web 400c is offset at an angle ⁇ with respect to the horizontal arranged, whereby the tube cap 100 very easily on the tube body can be turned open and when unscrewing the tube cap a notch effect in the mouth area due to a lateral stretching of the web 400c of the web 400c is introduced into the sealing tape 300, so that the Tear off webs 400c easily.
  • the sealing tape 300 is in lateral section with the surfaces 350 and 370 and the lower edge 352 shown, the dimensioning of the webs 400 is only shown by way of example, if also preferred.
  • the lateral sectional view to see an additional embodiment (shown in dashed lines), after which the surface 370 as an undercut can be trained. This embodiment also represents a special one secure locking of the sealing tape securely.
  • the rotation orientation of the tube cap is determined by the thread selection.
  • Right-handed threads as shown in Fig. 3, can be in the direction Screw A onto the thread and loosen in direction B from the thread.
  • the direction of rotation is reversed for left-handed threads.
  • the Embodiment 352a has a vertical flank 390a
  • the embodiment 352b has a flank that is inclined with respect to the vertical 390b.
  • the inclined flank 390b faces the vertical flank 390 the advantage that a larger anti-rotation is guaranteed and at the same time an axial displacement lock can be achieved, because by the Tilting the undercut a higher resistance becomes.
  • the contours 390a, b engage in an arranged on the tube body, complementary gearing.
  • FIG. 10 shows a further, preferred plastic tube at which molded the screw thread of the cap 100 onto the cap base 150 is.
  • This tube can also optionally use the locking mechanism according to the invention and have the sealing tape according to the invention (shown an embodiment only with sealing tape).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Tubes (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Récipient en plastique pour un contenu fluide, coulant ou pâteux, comportant :
    a. un corps principal de récipient (50) et une épaule (20) périphérique qui est adjacente au corps principal de récipient (50) et qui comporte une bosse (500"),
    b. un capuchon (100) qui coopère avec ladite épaule (20) pour fermer ledit corps principal (50) et au bord inférieur duquel s'étend une bande de garantie (300) qui est reliée au capuchon (100) de manière à pouvoir en être séparée de telle sorte que, lorsque le capuchon (100) est séparé de l'épaule (20) pour la première fois, cette bande de garantie se détache dudit capuchon et reste attachée à ladite épaule ; caractérisé en ce que
    c. la bosse (500") comporte une face inférieure qui forme un angle aigu avec l'épaule afin de faciliter le premier dévissage du capuchon (100) et pour opposer à la bande de sécurité une résistance analogue à celle d'un crochet lors de la première ouverture du récipient.
  2. Récipient en plastique selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la bande de sécurité (300) est reliée au capuchon (100) par des traverses (400) à la manière d'une perforation.
  3. Récipient en plastique selon la revendication 2, dans lequel au moins un élément d'entraínement (405) est formé à chaque fois sur la bande de sécurité (300) et sur le bord inférieur du capuchon, lesquels éléments d'entraínement sont associés l'un à l'autre et coopèrent l'un avec l'autre de telle sorte que, lorsque le capuchon (100) est dévissé sur l'épaule (20) pour la première fois, les traverses (400) sont soulagées des forces de cisaillement par les éléments d'entraínement (405) et, lorsque le capuchon (100) est séparé de l'épaule (20) pour la première fois, les forces de cisaillement agissent pleinement sur les traverses (400) et les déchirent.
  4. Récipient en plastique selon la revendication 3, dans lequel, soit l'élément d'entraínement (405') sur le capuchon (100), soit l'élément d'entraínement (405') sur la bande de sécurité (300), comporte un biseau qui garantit, même en cas de petit écartement entre les éléments d'entraínement (405, 405') respectivement sur le capuchon (100) et sur la bande de sécurité (300), que, lorsque le capuchon (100) est séparé de l'épaule (20) pour la première fois, les forces de cisaillement agissent pleinement sur les traverses (400) et les déchirent.
  5. Récipient en plastique selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel la bande de sécurité (300) est pressée sur le corps de récipient par l'intermédiaire d'une bosse (500) en bourrelet qui a un plus grand diamètre extérieur que le diamètre intérieur de la bande de garantie (300).
  6. Récipient en plastique selon l'une des revendications 2 à 5, dans lequel les traverses (400a) en perforation s'étendent globalement parallèlement au récipient.
  7. Récipient en plastique selon l'une des revendications 2 à 5, dans lequel les traverses (400c) en perforation sont disposées avec un certain angle par rapport au récipient.
  8. Récipient en plastique selon l'une des revendications 2 à 7, dans lequel les traverses (400b) en perforation comportent dans la zone de débouché des traverses et de la bande de garantie (300) un évidement en forme d'entaille (450).
  9. Récipient en plastique selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, dans lequel le bord inférieur (352) de la bande de garantie (300) a un contour (352a, b) en dents de scie orienté vers le bas.
  10. Récipient en plastique selon la revendication 9, dans lequel le contour en dents de scie (352a, b) pénètre dans un contour complémentaire sur le dessus du récipient.
  11. Récipient en plastique selon la revendication 10, dans lequel le contour en dents de scie exerce une action de blocage en rotation sur la bande de garantie (300) lorsque le capuchon (100) est tourné pour l'ouverture.
EP97921839A 1996-04-30 1997-04-30 Fermeture pour tube en plastique Expired - Lifetime EP0907573B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19617350 1996-04-30
DE19617350A DE19617350A1 (de) 1996-04-30 1996-04-30 Kappenarretierung
PCT/EP1997/002223 WO1997041041A2 (fr) 1996-04-30 1997-04-30 Fermeture pour tube en plastique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0907573A2 EP0907573A2 (fr) 1999-04-14
EP0907573B1 true EP0907573B1 (fr) 2000-08-30

Family

ID=7792938

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97921839A Expired - Lifetime EP0907573B1 (fr) 1996-04-30 1997-04-30 Fermeture pour tube en plastique

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6223919B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP0907573B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH11509815A (fr)
CN (1) CN1216964A (fr)
BR (1) BR9710167A (fr)
CA (1) CA2253303A1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19617350A1 (fr)
PL (1) PL329642A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997041041A2 (fr)

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GB8525351D0 (en) * 1985-10-15 1985-11-20 Johnsen Jorgensen Plastics Ltd Tamper resistant closures
CH672296A5 (fr) 1986-12-19 1989-11-15 Neopac Ag
US4763804A (en) 1987-08-14 1988-08-16 Corning Glass Works Autoclavable tissue culture container and closure
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FR2718714B1 (fr) * 1994-04-15 1996-07-19 Rical Sa Capsule à vis pour le bouchage du goulot d'un récipient.
US5487481A (en) * 1994-10-31 1996-01-30 Sander; Dieter Tamper evident plastic closure

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US6223919B1 (en) 2001-05-01
CN1216964A (zh) 1999-05-19
WO1997041041A2 (fr) 1997-11-06
WO1997041041A3 (fr) 1998-01-15
CA2253303A1 (fr) 1997-11-06
EP0907573A2 (fr) 1999-04-14
BR9710167A (pt) 1999-08-10
PL329642A1 (en) 1999-04-12
DE19617350A1 (de) 1997-11-06
DE59702287D1 (de) 2000-10-05
JPH11509815A (ja) 1999-08-31

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