EP0900319A1 - Procece et dispositif pour decouper des tubes ou des piliers ancres dans le sol - Google Patents

Procece et dispositif pour decouper des tubes ou des piliers ancres dans le sol

Info

Publication number
EP0900319A1
EP0900319A1 EP97925854A EP97925854A EP0900319A1 EP 0900319 A1 EP0900319 A1 EP 0900319A1 EP 97925854 A EP97925854 A EP 97925854A EP 97925854 A EP97925854 A EP 97925854A EP 0900319 A1 EP0900319 A1 EP 0900319A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pipe
tube
cutting
cutting unit
separation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP97925854A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0900319B1 (fr
Inventor
Peter Heinrichs
Fritz Tibussek
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mhwirth GmbH
Original Assignee
Wirth Maschinen und Bohrgeraete Fabrik GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wirth Maschinen und Bohrgeraete Fabrik GmbH filed Critical Wirth Maschinen und Bohrgeraete Fabrik GmbH
Publication of EP0900319A1 publication Critical patent/EP0900319A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0900319B1 publication Critical patent/EP0900319B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B29/00—Cutting or destroying pipes, packers, plugs or wire lines, located in boreholes or wells, e.g. cutting of damaged pipes, of windows; Deforming of pipes in boreholes or wells; Reconditioning of well casings while in the ground
    • E21B29/12—Cutting or destroying pipes, packers, plugs or wire lines, located in boreholes or wells, e.g. cutting of damaged pipes, of windows; Deforming of pipes in boreholes or wells; Reconditioning of well casings while in the ground specially adapted for underwater installations
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B29/00—Cutting or destroying pipes, packers, plugs or wire lines, located in boreholes or wells, e.g. cutting of damaged pipes, of windows; Deforming of pipes in boreholes or wells; Reconditioning of well casings while in the ground
    • E21B29/002—Cutting, e.g. milling, a pipe with a cutter rotating along the circumference of the pipe
    • E21B29/005—Cutting, e.g. milling, a pipe with a cutter rotating along the circumference of the pipe with a radially-expansible cutter rotating inside the pipe, e.g. for cutting an annular window

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and a method for cutting upright pipes anchored with their lower end in the ground, in particular support legs of an offshore oil drilling or production platform, according to the preambles of claims 1 and 4, respectively.
  • the support legs are only embedded in the seabed, for example rammed in, and hold due to the friction in the seabed. If this is not enough, the alternative is to insert the sunken foot of the support legs underwater concrete or the like, which possibly emerges partially from the lower end of the pipe in the surrounding seabed and, after hardening, forms an artificially created foundation anchored in the seabed, to the anchoring effect of which the effect of the weight of the concrete is added fills the lower part of the respective pipe up to a certain height.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a device and a method with which pipes of great length and large diameter such as the pillars of offshore production platforms, despite materials in the pipes, such as soil or concrete, can be obtained quickly and therefore economically even under the Seabed can be separated.
  • a cutting unit is used for this purpose, which is inserted through the upper open end of the support leg and lowered into the separating point therein, the material in the tube being drilled out as far as the separating point when the cutting unit is lowered.
  • An embodiment of the method according to claim 2 is particularly advantageous, in which a cutting unit is brought into effect with a cutting tool on the inner circumference of the pipe and the pipe is cut progressively in a circumferential direction from the inside to the outside.
  • a cutting separation process is quick, since thick chips are removed from the relatively soft structural steel of the tube and a groove with a high groove in the narrow separation zone extending in the circumferential direction Feed and high removal rate can be introduced until the entire material cross section is severed. Since the separation takes place from the inside, it does not matter where the separation point is located with respect to the seabed; the function of the process is not influenced by the external conditions.
  • the The weight of the tube is expedient according to claim 3, which can be done in a manner yet to be described by supporting the parts of the support structure on adjacent still-standing support legs.
  • a device which is characterized in that a rotatably drivable drilling tool head is arranged under the cutting unit, by means of which material such as seabed or concrete or the like located in the lower region of the pipe. can be drilled out, for example, over the inner cross section of the pipe to the point of separation or a little further.
  • the diameter of the bore corresponds at least to that of the cutting unit. This has the effect that the cutting unit can be lowered to the severing location. The lowering movement is not hindered by the cutting tool.
  • the cutting assembly according to claim 2 comprises at least one radially movable cutting tool that can be pressed against the inner circumference of the tube by means of a power drive, the engagement point of which can be progressively displaced in the circumferential direction in a plane substantially perpendicular to the tube axis.
  • the cutting tool is only extended radially after reaching the separation point and is then cut through the pipe by cutting through the wall. strength continuous inner circumferential groove against its inner circumference.
  • the cutting unit comprises a plurality of cutting tools distributed symmetrically around the pipe axis, which come into effect at the same time in the same cutting groove.
  • the power drive is designed as a fluid-operated piston / cylinder unit.
  • an embodiment according to claim 10 is advantageous.
  • the effect of this is that the air that rises above the platform signals the complete severing of the pipe, so that the cutting process can be stopped immediately afterwards, thereby preventing the cutting tools from rubbing against the edges of the separating groove and in the outside of the pipe increased wear or even breakage of the seabed.
  • a cleaning device which cleans the working area of the cutting tools from residues of the adhering material before the cutting tools attack.
  • the cleaning device can e.g. comprise a brush-like arrangement of cleaning elements.
  • a support device is provided which intercepts the weight of the tube during the separation process.
  • the support device can comprise an approximately identical length of the support tube which can be inserted into an adjacent already separated tube and which is located at the lower end in the tube on the sea floor or the tube foundation formed by the underwater concrete attaches and can be connected at the upper end to the separated tube, which can be done in the manner described in claim 14 by a hydraulically clamped cone clamp connection.
  • the separated pipe is held up with the adjacent platform parts, so that the pipe in which the cutting unit is currently working is not so heavily loaded.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of a support structure with a lifting platform lifted therefrom;
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows a side view of a support structure
  • FIG. 3 schematically, in side view, partly in section, a device according to the invention with a first embodiment of the cutting unit in a tube forming a support leg;
  • FIG. 4 shows an enlarged detail from FIG. 3
  • FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment of the cutting unit with linear guidance of the cutting tools
  • 6 and 7 are schematic representations upcoming cutting principles
  • FIG. 8 schematically shows an embodiment in which the cutting unit and the drilling tool head are arranged on a drilling rod
  • FIG. 9 shows a side view of the drilling tool head from FIG. 6 on an enlarged scale
  • Fig. 10 is a view of the drilling tool head from Fig. 9 from below and
  • FIG. 11 schematically shows a support device attached in an already cut support leg.
  • FIG. 1 shows an oil drilling or production platform 100 which is already separated into its main components and which comprises an actual platform 1 which, in the assembled state, is supported on a support structure designated overall by 2. All of the equipment normally arranged on platform 1, such as drilling equipment, accommodation, etc., has already been dismantled and is no longer shown in the drawing.
  • crane ships 5 are used which have cranes 6, the lifting height of which can be 200 m and more above sea level.
  • the actual platform 1 already hangs on the cranes 6 after being detached from the support structure 2.
  • the support structure 2 in Fig. 1 only the part located above sea level 10 (Fig. 2) is drawn, which can be 30 to 40 m high.
  • the support structure 2 is designed as a tower or trestle-like scaffold with support legs 3 and truss-like cross struts 4 and is anchored under the water surface in the sea floor by means of its support legs 3 reaching down into the water (indicated by dash-dotted lines).
  • the water can be over 100 m deep, and each support leg 3 can be embedded, for example rammed, into the sea floor by a comparable distance.
  • the support legs 3 are therefore very long. They consist of large tubes 13 of 1 to 2 m in diameter and considerable wall thicknesses of 30 to 50 now.
  • the number of support legs 3 depends on the structure of the support structure 2.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the dismantling situation of a support structure 2, which differs somewhat in construction from Fig. 1.
  • the upper parts 3 ′ of the support legs 3 are cut off at the separation point 8 and still belong to the actual platform 1, which is lifted from the support structure 2 by the cranes 6 according to FIG. 1.
  • the support structure 2 protrudes above sea level 10 and extends down a distance corresponding to the water depth to the sea floor 11.
  • the support legs 3 extend deep into the sea floor 11 and can be found at their lower ends by means of pressed-in underwater concrete or the like Seabed 11 can be anchored.
  • a separating device which can be lowered into the interior of the respective tube 13 and comes into contact with the inner circumference thereof, which is denoted as a whole by 50 in FIG. 3 and which comprises a cutting unit designated as a whole by 40, to which a drive device 30 is assigned.
  • a drilling tool head 60 is provided at the lower end of the linkage 14, the construction and mode of operation of which will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10.
  • a rotary drive 16 can be used, as is known from the prior art for driving a drill head of an air lifting and drilling device. It is therefore possible to use existing drive devices which only need to have modifications if necessary.
  • the linkage 14 extends within the tube 13 to be separated beyond its upper end, so that it is above the upper end of the tube 13 by means of a turntable 18 by means of a toothed gear attached to the circumference of the linkage ⁇ can be driven from the outside.
  • flushing head 17 At the upper open end of the rod 14 there is a so-called flushing head 17, through which material loosened in the drilling operation at the bottom of an earth borehole is flushed through the inner cross section of the rod 14 in the direction of arrow 14A into the line 15 using the air-lifting method.
  • the functioning of the flushing head 17 and the air lifting method are known from the prior art and will not be explained in more detail here.
  • a rotary connection head, designated 19, via which compressed air for the air lifting method and a further fluid medium (air or a hydraulic fluid), even at high pressures, into one or more feed lines 20 extending in or to the linkage 14 parallel to the latter or 22 can be introduced.
  • FIG. 4 shows an enlarged view of the cutting unit 40 from FIG. 3, which is arranged in a rotationally fixed manner at the lower end of the linkage 14.
  • the supply line 20 for compressed air and the supply line 22 for compressed air or a hydraulic fluid are indicated in the linkage 14. shown.
  • the linkage 14 With the compressed air, material released during drilling at the bottom of the bore can be conveyed to the surface through the flushing channel 21 formed in the interior of the rod assembly in the direction of arrow 14A.
  • the linkage 14 is connected via flange connections
  • the cutting unit 40 comprises a central part 41, in the interior of which the rinsing channel 21 is formed and whose outer dimension in the exemplary embodiment is only about one third of the inner diameter of the tube 13, so that an annular space 42 remains.
  • the cutting unit 40 comprises three pivotable cutting tools 24 distributed symmetrically over the circumference of the linkage 14. Each cutting tool
  • 24 has its own power drive 34 which is assigned only to it and which can consist of a fluid-operated piston / cylinder unit.
  • the fluid can be compressed air, the pressure of which is limited, or a hydraulic fluid with which higher pressures and thus actuation forces of the power drive 34 can be achieved.
  • the compressed air or the hydraulic fluid are supplied via the feed line 22, so that the individual cutting tools 24 are actuated synchronously and with the same forces. It goes without saying that a separate feed line can also be provided for each power drive 34.
  • the cutting tools 24 with their power drives are arranged in the annular space 42.
  • the power drives 34 are actuated with compressed air, then one in between the working volume of at least one cylinder and the interior of the linkage 14 can be Drawing, not shown, may be provided, which is designed such that it is opened when the piston of this power drive 34 is in its end position corresponding to the extended position of the cutting tool 24 assigned to it.
  • This measure has the effect that air rising in the linkage 14, which can be observed, for example, on the flushing head 17, signals the complete severing of the pipe.
  • the cutting process can then be stopped immediately, thereby preventing the cutting tools from wearing out prematurely due to unnecessary friction at the edges of the cutting groove or even being destroyed by penetration into the seabed outside the pipe.
  • Each cutting tool 24 consists of an elongated base body 25, at one end of which a cutting plate 26 is attached.
  • the cutting inserts 26 are designed as inserts consisting of material suitable for heavy machining.
  • the base body 25 is supported at its end facing away from the cutting plate 26 on a pivot pin 28 arranged horizontally to a circle around the axis A on the outer circumference of the central part 41.
  • a link 29 connected to the power drive, by means of which the cutting tool 24, when the link 29 moves upward, by pivoting around the pivot pin 28 pointing downward from a dash-dotted line in FIG.
  • Transport position 24 ' can be shifted radially outwards until the cutting plate 26 comes into contact with the inner circumference of the tube 13 and the tube 13 at the separation point 9 from the inside to the outside to form a progressing from the inside outwards, perpendicular to the axis A.
  • Level extending cut groove 45 is cut by cutting.
  • the power drive 34 is designed as a piston unit / cylinder unit which is arranged in the space 42 on the outer circumference of the central part parallel to the axis A. net and the piston rod 32 is motionally connected to the handlebar 29 via a slide 33 guided on the central part 41.
  • the cylinder of the piston / cylinder unit is in its fully extended position (further below than shown), so that the cutting tool 24 is aligned essentially along the axis A (position 24 ') and is free of the tube 13 is.
  • the piston of the piston / cylinder unit In order to press the cutting plate 26 against the inner circumference of the tube 13, the piston of the piston / cylinder unit is moved upward via the feed line 22 and the base body 25 of the cutting tool 24 is pivoted radially outward.
  • the contact pressure of the cutting plate 26 against the inner wall of the pipe can be adjusted to influence the cutting result via the pressure of the compressed air or hydraulic fluid supplied through the supply line 22.
  • the piston is moved downward and the cutting tool 24 is pushed back into its starting position 24 ', so that the cutting unit 40 can be pulled upward out of the separated tube 13.
  • the swiveling of the cutting tool 24 towards the inner tube wall or the actuation of the piston / cylinder unit can take place in a variety of ways known to the person skilled in the art. If there are several supply lines 22, the piston 32 can also be pressurized alternately in both directions, the Ruckstellmome ⁇ t can be effected via springs and the like.
  • the base body of the cutting tool can also be moved linearly.
  • 5 shows a cutting unit 140 with linear guidance of the base body 125 of the cutting tool 124 radial to the axis A of the cutting unit 140 or of the tube 13, the linear guides being formed in a tool guide body 131 which is arranged at the lower end of a central part 141 which has a flange 143 at the upper end for connection to the linkage 14.
  • the basic body 125 of the cutting unit Tools 124 can be displaced in radial guide channels 123 of the tool guide body 131. In the left half of FIG. 5, the cutting tool 124 is shown in the extended state, in the right half in the retracted state.
  • one leg 127 of a toggle lever is articulated and extends up to the knee joint 133, while the other leg 128 of the toggle lever is articulated centrally from the knee joint 133 close to the tube axis A.
  • one end engages an articulated rod 129 extending along the axis A, the other end of which is connected to the power drive 134 via a joint pin 132.
  • the piston / cylinder unit has pistons 135 formed on the central part 141.
  • the cylinder of the piston / cylinder unit is designed as a sliding cylinder 138 surrounding the piston 135, the end disks 138A, 138B of which slide on the cylindrical outer circumference 142 of the central part 141 on both sides of the piston 135 projecting radially therefrom and with the piston 135 Form pressure chambers 136, 137, which can be acted upon with either compressed air or hydraulic fluid.
  • the upper compressed air container 136 can be located at the upper end channel 136 'extending to the interior of the rod 114 may be provided, the mouth of which is released into the upper pressure chamber 136 when the sliding cylinder 138 is in its upper end position which limits the extended position of the cutting tools 124. Air rising inside the linkage 114 then again signals the end of the separation process.
  • a cutting unit 40, 140 which can be rotated about the axis A in the tube 13 has cutting inserts 26, 126 which can be displaced radially out of the cutting unit 40, 140 and carry out a rotary movement along the inner circumference of the tube 13 only about the axis A.
  • the cutting inserts 26, 126 act like internal parting steels.
  • FIG. 7 shows an alternative embodiment in which a cutting unit 240 can be rotated about the axis A, but does not carry cutting inserts which can be extended radially, but instead carries cutting tools 224 which can be rotated on a tool carrier 231 and which on the edge of the cutting unit gats about the axis A parallel axes B are rotatable and come milling on the inner circumference of the tube 13 to attack.
  • the cutting tools 224 therefore rotate both about the axis A and about the axis B. They can be designed in the manner of a side milling cutter.
  • FIG. 8 shows the separation device 50 as a whole with a cutting unit 40 according to FIGS. 3 and 4 which can be rotated on the linkage 14.
  • the linkage consists of a plurality of rod elements 14 'which are inserted in shots at coupling points 14 ′′ and extends from above into the tube 13, of which only the uppermost part is shown in FIG. 8.
  • stabilizers 35 are arranged at axial distances from one another, which bear against the inner wall of the tube 13 and in which the linkage 14 is mounted and can rotate freely.
  • a switching valve 47 is installed in the linkage 14 between two stabilizers 35, with which, for example, the reversal of direction of the radial pivoting movement of the cutting tools 24 can be controlled.
  • a stabilizing rod or heavy rod 49 can be installed in the rod 14 as the bottom rod.
  • the cutting unit 40 is arranged at the lower end of the linkage 14.
  • the respective predetermined separation point 9 can only be reached if the tube 13 is free up to there.
  • the tube 13 is filled to a certain height with seabed or underwater concrete, which can be located above the separation point 9.
  • FIGS. 9 and 10 there is a drilling tool head 60 fastened underneath, which can be seen in FIGS. 3, 4 and 8 below the cutting unit 40 there and is shown enlarged in FIGS. 9 and 10. It is the task of the drilling tool head 60 to drill out material located in the pipe within the lower section of the pipe 13 to be cut down to below the separation point 9 so that the cutting unit 40 can reach the separation point 9 provided.
  • the air lifting method briefly indicated with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 is used.
  • the device acts like a conventional earth drill; the cutting unit 40 is in this case functionless when the cutting tools are retracted. It is only put into operation after drilling has been completed.
  • the pipes 13 are thus cut off using existing drilling units and technology, the cutting unit 40 only having to be inserted between the drilling tool head 60 and the rod 14 and provided with feed lines.
  • the suction opening 48 is used for the air lifting process and is connected to the inner cross section of the linkage 14 (not shown).
  • a cleaning device with radially extendable brush-like or scratch-like cleaning elements 44 can be provided on the drilling tool head 60, by means of which the adhering concrete is removed down to the metal of the tube 13 before the cutting tools 24, 124 are brought into effect.
  • FIG. 11 shows a support device 70 with which the weight of the relevant pipe 13 itself, adjacent pipes 13 that have already been cut off, and thus still remaining structures of the platform, can be absorbed on a pipe 13 that is to be cut off.
  • a tube 13 which is adjacent to the support leg which is currently being worked and which has already been cut off at the separation point 9.
  • an additional support tube 80 is somewhat small in the cut tube 13 ⁇ ren diameter, the length of which exceeds the length of the tube 13 and which consequently projects beyond the upper end of the tube 13 and the remnants 63 of the platform still connected therewith.
  • the tube 13 is filled at the bottom with underwater concrete 61 up to an upper boundary surface 65.
  • the lower end 80 ′ of the support tube 80 sits on this boundary surface 65.
  • a conical clamping connection 62 is arranged in the space between the support tube 60 and the inner circumference of the tube 13, which can be clamped hydraulically.
  • a hydraulic lifting cylinder 64 is provided on the part of the support tube 80 protruding from the tube 13, which acts on the rest 63 of the platform. When the lifting device 64 is actuated, the remainder 63 is pulled up on the support tube 80. The upper part of the tube 13 is taken along. A defined distance is established between the attachment of the lifting cylinder 64 and the top of the rest 63 of the platform, which distance is to be maintained during the entire separation process of the other support legs. A gap is created at the separation point 9.
  • a permanent tension between the support tube and the tube 13 is now achieved via the cone-tensioning connection 62, so that the pressure in the lifting cylinder is constantly maintained 64 no longer arrives.
  • the pipes already cut off adjacent to the pipe 13 to be cut off and the residues 63 of the platform connected therewith are securely held up in this way, so that the entire structure does not collapse at the separation point 9 of the pipe 13 being processed. Without the support device, the cutting inserts 26, 126 could become jammed in the inner circumferential groove 45 (FIG. 4) formed at the point of separation 9 when the remaining wall cross section of the tube 13 is no longer able to cope with the load.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Placing Or Removing Of Piles Or Sheet Piles, Or Accessories Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

Selon l'invention, pour découper des tubes (13) ancrés dans le sol par leur extrémité inférieure, de grande longueur et de grand diamètre, en particulier de piliers d'appui (3) d'une plate-forme off shore (100) de forage ou d'exploitation de gisement de pétrole, on fait descendre une unité de coupe dans le tube (13) jusqu'à un point de coupe (9). L'unité de coupe (40) agit sur la périphérie progressivement de l'intérieur vers la périphérie extérieure du tube (13), et découpe ledit tube (13) par enlèvement de matière. Vu dans le sens de l'abaissement, une tête à outil de perçage (60) est montée devant l'unité de coupe (40), cette tête servant à enlever le matériau se trouvant dans le tube, tel que le matériau constituant le fond de la mer ou du béton.
EP97925854A 1996-05-23 1997-05-21 Procece et dispositif pour decouper des tubes ou des piliers ancres dans le sol Expired - Lifetime EP0900319B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19620756 1996-05-23
DE19620756A DE19620756A1 (de) 1996-05-23 1996-05-23 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Abtrennen von im Boden verankerten Rohren oder Pfeilern
PCT/DE1997/001017 WO1997044566A1 (fr) 1996-05-23 1997-05-21 Procece et dispositif pour decouper des tubes ou des piliers ancres dans le sol

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0900319A1 true EP0900319A1 (fr) 1999-03-10
EP0900319B1 EP0900319B1 (fr) 2001-04-18

Family

ID=7795111

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97925854A Expired - Lifetime EP0900319B1 (fr) 1996-05-23 1997-05-21 Procece et dispositif pour decouper des tubes ou des piliers ancres dans le sol

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US6183165B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP0900319B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19620756A1 (fr)
NO (1) NO312641B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997044566A1 (fr)

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CN111425158B (zh) * 2019-01-10 2023-12-22 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 油井井下管柱切割装置及其使用方法
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CN112046707B (zh) * 2020-09-03 2023-09-05 招商局邮轮制造有限公司 一种半潜式海洋平台合拢高支撑拆除方法
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0900319B1 (fr) 2001-04-18
WO1997044566A1 (fr) 1997-11-27
DE59703394D1 (de) 2001-05-23
NO985355D0 (no) 1998-11-17
US6183165B1 (en) 2001-02-06
DE19620756A1 (de) 1997-11-27
NO312641B1 (no) 2002-06-10
NO985355L (no) 1998-11-17

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