EP0876292B1 - Grue mobile - Google Patents

Grue mobile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0876292B1
EP0876292B1 EP97902203A EP97902203A EP0876292B1 EP 0876292 B1 EP0876292 B1 EP 0876292B1 EP 97902203 A EP97902203 A EP 97902203A EP 97902203 A EP97902203 A EP 97902203A EP 0876292 B1 EP0876292 B1 EP 0876292B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mobile crane
jib
axis
rotary carriage
crane according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97902203A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0876292A1 (fr
Inventor
Horst Bendix
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Maschinenbau Kirow Leipzig Rail & Port AG
Original Assignee
Maschinenbau Kirow Leipzig Rail & Port AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Maschinenbau Kirow Leipzig Rail & Port AG filed Critical Maschinenbau Kirow Leipzig Rail & Port AG
Publication of EP0876292A1 publication Critical patent/EP0876292A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0876292B1 publication Critical patent/EP0876292B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66F—HOISTING, LIFTING, HAULING OR PUSHING, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, e.g. DEVICES WHICH APPLY A LIFTING OR PUSHING FORCE DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OF A LOAD
    • B66F9/00—Devices for lifting or lowering bulky or heavy goods for loading or unloading purposes
    • B66F9/06—Devices for lifting or lowering bulky or heavy goods for loading or unloading purposes movable, with their loads, on wheels or the like, e.g. fork-lift trucks
    • B66F9/065—Devices for lifting or lowering bulky or heavy goods for loading or unloading purposes movable, with their loads, on wheels or the like, e.g. fork-lift trucks non-masted
    • B66F9/0655—Devices for lifting or lowering bulky or heavy goods for loading or unloading purposes movable, with their loads, on wheels or the like, e.g. fork-lift trucks non-masted with a telescopic boom
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C23/00—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes
    • B66C23/18—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes specially adapted for use in particular purposes
    • B66C23/36—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes specially adapted for use in particular purposes mounted on road or rail vehicles; Manually-movable jib-cranes for use in workshops; Floating cranes
    • B66C23/42—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes specially adapted for use in particular purposes mounted on road or rail vehicles; Manually-movable jib-cranes for use in workshops; Floating cranes with jibs of adjustable configuration, e.g. foldable

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a mobile crane and its use for stacking of containers.
  • the container a bridge in a cable-operated load suspension device (spreader).
  • the Containers can be stacked within the bridge width of the gantry crane can be discontinued.
  • Devices of this type can be used in a roadworthy design Independent wheel drive and all-wheel steering with steering locks of up to 45 or have 90 degrees.
  • the drive energy is generated by diesel gensets and converted to diesel-hydraulic or diesel-electric for speeds of 90 m / min in horizontal travel and 40 m / min for trolley travel.
  • this stacker either has one Rope hoist or a special, designed for container transport, Lifting and lifting equipment.
  • This vehicle which is below or the side of the boom of a driver's cab, can in front of the Front axle of the undercarriage picked up, stacked and also for Be kept horizontal. In very long vehicles, it can during horizontal travel in the steepest boom position of the container also in Area above the front axle, however 20'containers or longer considerably laterally across the vehicle width stand out.
  • the vehicles have a rear steerable axle, so that it is possible to swivel in stacking aisles on a container space.
  • the tramline is also to dimension it so broadly because these stacker only in front of the Can stack the front axle and therefore always across the container stacking area must be positioned.
  • Mobile cranes are also known from DE-C2 2450003 or Mobile cranes on road-running undercarriages in the longitudinal central axis of the Vehicle a turntable above the rear axle or between the axles (DE-C3 2544525, EP-A-0 543 276 EP-A-0611725), which also with counterweights for a telescopic boom with luffing mechanism, as well as an operator cabin is provided.
  • a - swiveling - operator's cabin Use both for horizontal travel and for crane operation Find.
  • Such mobile cranes can operate at speeds of 60 km / h or can be driven more, but can only be stacked on stationary ones Use locations.
  • Container transport can only be done in front of the vehicle respectively;
  • the route width is relatively large, which makes the ratio between stacking area and driveway area becomes very unfavorable.
  • the vehicle has a low one Stability, especially when loaded containers with weights up to 45 t to be transported and / or stacked.
  • the transport trip there is a very high tire load on the front axle of the Vehicle, which limits the transport load and / or tire damage or damage to the roadway due to excessive specific wheel loads cannot be avoided.
  • the driver of the Stackers a poor view.
  • the invention is based on the problem of a mobile crane for the Stacking and horizontal transport of containers and similar loads to propose even on unpaved terrain, where the disadvantages of Prior art devices avoided the benefits of each
  • vehicle types are used and those with the lowest possible Device dimensions a maximum possible load dimension can be mastered can, with the smallest possible maneuvering effort and high stability.
  • the ratio of stacking space to the necessary stacking aisle is for reasons the economy of space should be as large as possible.
  • the solution is characterized in that starting from a normal Mobile crane with telescopic boom this is modified so that the Wheel axles are provided with steerable wheels, so that a very low one Turning circle is created and a turntable is provided, including the superstructure has the maximum width of the vehicle, but at most the width of the Vehicle including the wheels when the steering is turned and the Turntable in the middle between the wheel axles, i.e. also in the center of the Under car is arranged.
  • This solution enables the vehicle to be maneuverable in all directions around the longitudinal and transverse axes of the crane, which are considerably higher than previously known stacking cranes lies and is only comparable with the maneuverability of the Gantry cranes for container handling.
  • An essential purpose of the central The arrangement of the turntable lies in the central introduction of all static Forces and thus an even load distribution on all wheel axles of the Vehicle, be it two, four or six axles.
  • This Load increase for the crane relieves or reduces the load on the individual axes the tire load at maximum load.
  • This is supplemented by a Transport storage for the containers to be transported, always as possible lies above the projection surface of the undercarriage.
  • the focus of the Containers are located between the side wheels approximately in the middle of the Vehicle transverse axis held so that from the sum of the Counterweights and the recorded load weights as possible uniform distribution on the individual wheels. At the same time, through this measure in turn is the effective max. Tropic and the necessary Stacking aisle width considerably reduced.
  • each wheel axle or for increased demands on the Maneuverability or off-road capability also individually driven and each wheel can be adjusted individually in its swivel direction, preferably with a steering angle of up to 45 degrees or even 90 degrees.
  • the mobile crane like this also be moved in the "crab walk” when a uniform impact of all Wheels of the mobile crane is set. This makes maneuvering very tight Spaces possible.
  • the vehicle is preferably provided with an autonomous travel drive for horizontal travel, for example a diesel unit, the axle drives and / or the individual wheel drives being implemented as sensitive hydraulic drives via corresponding converters and hydraulic pumps.
  • the drive energy can be used for the lifting functions of the device, for example the hydraulic cylinder of the telescopic boom and the support cylinder, which is preferably designed as a hydraulic cylinder.
  • these sub-functions also include the option of rotating the operator's cab on the rotary table, which can also be swiveled hydraulically, in order to be able to swivel it from a lateral loading position to a forward-facing horizontal travel position and to provide the driver with a corresponding view .
  • provision can also be made to move the cabin on the turntable vertically into a position which enables the driver to optimally handle the device. If there is little available space, the driver's seat can, as is known per se, only be pivoted in the cabin.
  • the truck has a length / width ratio of four axes about two. The width results from the width of the goods to be transported Containers whose long center of gravity with a small safety distance of 10-30%, preferably at least 70% of its width, above that Undercarriage lies, and the width of the holding members of the boom and Support cylinder or luffing gear.
  • Additive can be provided to cross the undercarriage and Longitudinal stabilizers improve their stability and also a To protect the tires in that no inclination of the Undercarriage is due to the tire deflection. Can also during of container transport, the support on the undercarriage - if the Container is set down at all - be attached so that here too the load is evenly applied to the undercarriage.
  • the rotary table is, as is known from other similar systems, by means of Slewing ring or friction gear in the undercarriage can be swiveled through 360 ° arranged.
  • the driver's cabin is preferably on the turntable itself - in the direction of travel seen - arranged on the right next to the luffing area of the boom at the front edge of the turntable, while the rear edge - from the driver seen - the placement of the counterweights and the rocking axis of the
  • the boom and the support cylinder are reserved.
  • the counterweights are optimally used.
  • the counterweights can also serve as side supports for one about the level of the roof of the driver's cab arranged rocker for the Cantilevers are provided. This high position of the rocker joint enables with a horizontal boom, a commercially available container with the help to capture the spreader that is right on the floor next to the mobile crane has its stacking place.
  • the position of the driver's cab on the "Front" edge of the turntable limited by that for holding one Containers required clearance from the ground, which by the Bottom edge of the container during its pick-up and Inward pivoting movement in the direction of the vehicle axis is limited.
  • the vehicle can also be equipped with safety technology, preferably with electronic sensors that both limit the Tire load as well as stability depending on the Cantilever position, both its luffing position and its extension length considered.
  • Other critical stability parameters such as inclination of the Undercarriage in the longitudinal and transverse directions and position of the driver's cabin, can be included in the monitoring.
  • the telescopic boom is designed in its retracted position so that a container can be picked up directly to the side of the mobile crane, while its maximum extended position must be adapted to the maximum stack height.
  • the support cylinder can be arranged so that it is arranged almost parallel to the boom in the steepest boom position, so that there is a maximum free space in the longitudinal direction above the undercarriage for Cont a inertransport.
  • Fig. 1 shows the mobile crane with four axes F 1 to F 4, the undercarriage U wear.
  • a turntable D is arranged centrally on the undercarriage U has a 360 ° swivel range.
  • the driver's cabin K is on the turntable with rotary degree of freedom KR and vertical degree of freedom KV, as well as that Counterweight G arranged.
  • This view is between the two elements the telescopic boom in the transverse axis QA, the support cylinder Z, the Load suspension device L and the spreader S can be seen.
  • the spreader S holds you 40 'container 1 or alternatively - dashed - a smaller 20' container 6 in Transport position in the longitudinal direction to the undercarriage U.
  • FIG. 2 shows the mobile crane according to FIG. 1 in a front view in its entire width b, which corresponds to approximately half the length 1 of the vehicle.
  • the undercarriage is connected via the turntable D to the superstructures, which are all arranged on the turntable or turntable D.
  • the driver's cabin K can be seen here in the loading position, as in Fig. 1.
  • an axis W is arranged as a luffing axis for the boom A, which - here consisting of the telescopic parts A 1 and A 3 - is drawn with the associated extension positions S 1 and S 3 for the swivel joint of the spreader S.
  • Am The head of the boom is the load-carrying means L rotatably as a connection to the load attachment means, the spreader S, both of which are connected by the swivel joint or swivel joint S 3 or S 1.
  • the support cylinder Z is on the turntable at a point on a projection line stored between the center of the turntable, represented by the Longitudinal axis LA and the rocking axis arranged radially on the outside of the turntable W.
  • the cylinder CLOSED bearing can be swiveled with the turntable coupled.
  • the other end of the support cylinder is in the swivel joint ZO with the lower section A1 of the telescopic boom A connected.
  • the support cylinder Z can extend the axis point ZO by the rocking angle WW, represented as a line of motion of the pivot point ZO, until the boom A is in the horizontal position, represented by the position of the Swivel bearing S 4 of the spreader S for receiving the container 4 from Floor next to the mobile crane.
  • the other dash-dotted lines SW 1, SW 3 and SW 5 indicate the different swivel angles of the associated Spreader - swivel axes S 1, S 3, S 5.
  • the position of the container 1 is Transport position for this container, as is also shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 shows of the mobile crane only the undercarriage U with the different chassis axles F1 to F4 (Fig. 2), to the individually steerable Wheels FR are coupled.
  • the Load introduction takes place via the theoretical load introduction point as Intersection between the transverse axis QA and the longitudinal axis LA over the in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 shown rotary table D in the undercarriage U.
  • Der The undercarriage distributes the load evenly over the axles F that contribute to this if necessary with suitable and known differential gears, Handlebars and / or converters FA are provided so that the axle loads can be transferred evenly.
  • the Axes F1 and F2 are assigned to a common turntable UD; in the same way, the axles F3 and F4 can also be coupled via a common turntable.
  • the wheel position of each axle should be controllable separately, preferably each Wheel, as shown on axes F1 and F4 in Fig. 3, individually be adjustable.
  • This very agile vehicle has a width of the Undercarriage b during the entire width of the space with the steering turned takes a measure b2.
  • This dimension b2 is slightly smaller than the width b4 a route in the curve, where b4 is the narrowest route width for the Undercarriage U represents, while b6 is the wheel position for the narrowest Includes route width.
  • FIG. 4 an alley PG of a stacking area P is shown in the event that a mobile crane is to travel diagonally through this alley.
  • the turning of the wheels FR to the axis of the vehicle F is shown here at 45 °.
  • the vehicle needs a route width b5 that is approximately twice the width b; with the inclusion of a 40 'container, this results in a necessary width of the stacking alley b3 which is only slightly larger than the width which the vehicle itself occupies. From Fig. 3 it can be seen that the turning radius of the vehicle corresponds only to approximately twice its width b.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Carriers, Traveling Bodies, And Overhead Traveling Cranes (AREA)
  • Jib Cranes (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Grue automotrice comprenant
    un châssis (U) avec au moins deux essieux (F1-F4), qui sont munis de roues (FR) orientables et pouvant être actionnées séparément sur au moins deux axes,
    un plateau tournant (D), monté sur le châssis sur un palier rotatif situé sur l'axe médian longitudinal (LA) et l'axe transversal (QA), ainsi qu'au milieu entre les essieux,
    des contrepoids (G), une cabine de manoeuvre (K) et une flèche télescopique (A) qui, au moyen d'un vérin de soutènement (Z), peut pivoter autour d'un axe horizontal, formant un assemblage actif avec le plateau tournant,
    caractérisée en ce que ladite grue automotrice est conçue pour l'empilage ou le transport horizontal de conteneurs, dans laquelle
    le plateau tournant, y compris les éléments montés sur ledit plateau, présente au maximum une largeur qui correspond à la largeur maximale du véhicule,
    des contrepoids (G), la cabine de manoeuvre (K) et la flèche télescopique (A) sont montés sur le plateau tournant,
    la flèche, montée sur le plateau tournant, peut pivoter autour d'un axe de basculement horizontal (W) au moyen du vérin de soutènement (Z) également logé de manière mobile sur le plateau tournant, et
    le vérin de soutènement est monté sur le plateau tournant sur un rayon (r), qui s'étend du milieu du plateau tournant vers l'axe de basculement, et est couplé avec le plateau tournant.
  2. Grue automotrice selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que chaque essieu et/ou chaque roue (FR) peuvent être actionnés séparément.
  3. Grue automotrice selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que les roues peuvent pivoter jusqu'à 90° séparément ou par essieu.
  4. Grue automotrice selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée par un mécanisme de translation autarcique pour le déplacement horizontal de la grue, qui fournit en même temps l'énergie pour les entraínements des roues et/ou autres fonctions motrices.
  5. Grue automotrice selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que, lorsque la flèche est dans la position de basculement la plus pentue, l'axe (ZU-ZO) du vérin de soutènement est pratiquement parallèle à l'axe de la flèche.
  6. Grue automotrice selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que l'axe de basculement (W) est disposé quelque peu au-dessus des contrepoids.
  7. Grue automotrice selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce qu'un moyen de réception des charges (S), dont l'axe de pivotement (S1-S5) est situé, au moins dans la position de basculement la plus pentue, à l'intérieur du rayon (r) du plateau tournant, est accroché de manière pivotante contre l'extrémité libre de la flèche.
  8. Grue automotrice selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisée en ce que la cabine de manoeuvre sert en même temps de cabine de conduite pour le déplacement horizontal de la grue.
  9. Grue automotrice selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisée en ce que la cabine de manoeuvre est montée de manière à pouvoir tourner sur le plateau tournant.
  10. Grue automotrice selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisée en ce que la cabine de manoeuvre est montée de manière à pouvoir se déplacer dans le sens vertical.
  11. Grue automotrice selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisée par des capteurs électroniques destinés à surveiller un ou plusieurs paramètres de sécurité sélectionnés dans le groupe de paramètres relatifs à l'inclinaison longitudinale du châssis, l'inclinaison transversale du châssis, la sollicitation des roues, la sollicitation des pneus, la position de la flèche, la position de la cabine de manoeuvre.
  12. Grue automotrice selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisée par sa largeur minimale (b), qui est égale à 0,7 fois la largeur du conteneur (1-6) à transporter, plus la largeur de la flèche (A) et la largeur du vérin de soutènement (Z).
  13. Utilisation d'une grue automotrice qui, montée sur un châssis (U) avec au moins deux essieux (F1-F4) actionnés, est munie d'une flèche (A) télescopique et basculante pour le transport horizontal des conteneurs (1-6), dans laquelle, pendant le transport, la flèche est dans sa position de basculement la plus pentue et le conteneur est maintenu par la flèche sur un cadre de levage (S) pivotant, dont l'axe de pivotement (S1-S5) est situé au-dessus du châssis, caractérisée en ce que le châssis présente une table tournante (D) d'une capacité de rotation de 360°, la table tournante ayant un diamètre maximal représentant environ la largeur du véhicule (b), la flèche (A) étant disposée sur la table tournante qui tient le conteneur dans la position télescopique la plus courte possible et dans la position de la flèche se trouvant exactement dans l'axe longitudinal (LA) ou dans l'axe transversal (QA) de la grue mobile.
  14. Utilisation d'une grue automotrice selon la revendication 13, pour l'empilage de conteneurs sur des zones d'empilage (P), dont les couloirs de passage (PG) sont plus étroits que le double de la largeur (b) de la grue automotrice.
  15. Utilisation selon la revendication 13 ou 14, caractérisée en ce que, pendant le déplacement horizontal de la grue, le conteneur est déposé sur des consoles de support montées sur le châssis.
EP97902203A 1996-01-26 1997-01-22 Grue mobile Expired - Lifetime EP0876292B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19603966 1996-01-26
DE19603966A DE19603966A1 (de) 1996-01-26 1996-01-26 Mobilkran
PCT/EP1997/000292 WO1997027138A1 (fr) 1996-01-26 1997-01-22 Grue mobile

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0876292A1 EP0876292A1 (fr) 1998-11-11
EP0876292B1 true EP0876292B1 (fr) 2000-06-07

Family

ID=7784469

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97902203A Expired - Lifetime EP0876292B1 (fr) 1996-01-26 1997-01-22 Grue mobile

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0876292B1 (fr)
AU (1) AU1594297A (fr)
CA (1) CA2244254A1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19603966A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997027138A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20210039929A1 (en) * 2018-03-06 2021-02-11 Cargotec Patenter Ab Cargo handling vehicle for navigation in narrow aisles and method therefore

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FI980400A (fi) * 1998-02-23 1999-08-24 Meclift Ltd Oy Siirtokone
NO994064L (no) * 1999-08-23 2001-02-26 Arild Bolsoe Anordning for håndtering av last
DE10147777B4 (de) * 2001-09-27 2005-06-23 Rheinmetall Landsysteme Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Erhöhung der Standsicherheit bei mobilen Krananlagen
DE102015108725A1 (de) * 2015-06-02 2016-12-08 Terex Cranes Germany Gmbh Schwenklageranordnung mit einem Schwenkzapfen und mindestens einem Lagerbock und ein Montageverfahren hierfür

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US3270899A (en) * 1964-04-17 1966-09-06 Baldwin Lima Hamilton Corp Load handling vehicle
US3685673A (en) * 1970-05-28 1972-08-22 Crutcher Resources Side-loading self-propelled material transporting device
DE2248074A1 (de) * 1972-09-30 1974-04-04 Gisbert Plugge Schwerlastfahrzeug
GB1518798A (en) * 1974-10-05 1978-07-26 Coles Cranes Ltd Rough terrain cranes (swingable cb)
DE2450003C2 (de) * 1974-10-22 1984-05-10 Fa. Johannes Fuchs, 7257 Ditzingen Fahrzeugkran mit Kabine mit verschiedenen Stellungen
DE3174352D1 (en) * 1981-11-23 1986-05-15 O R M I G S P A Mobile yard crane for the handling of containers
IL75141A0 (en) * 1985-05-09 1985-09-29 Eyal Engineering & Ind Co Ltd Tow truck
DE9001589U1 (de) * 1990-02-12 1990-06-13 Liebherr-Werk Ehingen Gmbh, 7930 Ehingen Kranfahrzeug
DE9114464U1 (de) * 1991-11-21 1993-03-25 Krupp Industrietechnik GmbH, 4100 Duisburg Kranfahrzeug
DE9302376U1 (de) * 1993-02-18 1993-06-24 EC Engineering + Consulting Spezialmaschinen GmbH, 7900 Ulm Kranfahrzeug

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20210039929A1 (en) * 2018-03-06 2021-02-11 Cargotec Patenter Ab Cargo handling vehicle for navigation in narrow aisles and method therefore

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0876292A1 (fr) 1998-11-11
DE19603966A1 (de) 1997-07-31
WO1997027138A1 (fr) 1997-07-31
CA2244254A1 (fr) 1997-07-31
DE59701841D1 (de) 2000-07-13
AU1594297A (en) 1997-08-20

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