EP0787848A1 - Verfahren zum Bestimmen der Wäschemenge und/oder der Wäscheart in einer Waschmaschine - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Bestimmen der Wäschemenge und/oder der Wäscheart in einer Waschmaschine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0787848A1
EP0787848A1 EP97101794A EP97101794A EP0787848A1 EP 0787848 A1 EP0787848 A1 EP 0787848A1 EP 97101794 A EP97101794 A EP 97101794A EP 97101794 A EP97101794 A EP 97101794A EP 0787848 A1 EP0787848 A1 EP 0787848A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
laundry
level
tub
phase
liquid
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Granted
Application number
EP97101794A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0787848B1 (de
Inventor
Valerio Aisa
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Wrap SpA
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Merloni Elettrodomestici SpA
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F34/00—Details of control systems for washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F34/14—Arrangements for detecting or measuring specific parameters
    • D06F34/18—Condition of the laundry, e.g. nature or weight
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/02—Characteristics of laundry or load
    • D06F2103/04—Quantity, e.g. weight or variation of weight
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/02—Characteristics of laundry or load
    • D06F2103/06—Type or material
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/18—Washing liquid level
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/38—Time, e.g. duration
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00—Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/02—Water supply

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to a method to determine the quantity of clothes and the type of fabric introduced in a laundry washer, and a laundry washer implementing such a method.
  • Said information may be transmitted to the laundry washer control-system directly by the user, through appropriate means (such as keyboards with display, indexed knobs, keys, etc.), or can be automatically obtained by the control system itself, when the latter is technologically appropriate to this purpose (e.g. including an electronic microprocessor control system).
  • the measure of the quantity of clothes and the type of fabric can be performed either directly or indirectly.
  • a direct measurement method appears stricter but difficult to implement, as some sophisticated and expensive sensors are required, whereas an indirect measurement method better complies with the low-cost and moderate accuracy requirements as demanded by a commercial laundry washer.
  • Said methods are based on the physical capacity of fabrics to absorb water, according to a procedure based on their quantity and fibre type.
  • German patent application DE-A-4.122.307 discloses an indirect measurement method as mentioned above.
  • the control system of a laundry washer elaborates the data information supplied by an electromechanical level sensor (pressure switch) during the initial phases of a washing cycle; such data information relate to the water level restoring process in the washing tub of the laundry washer.
  • an electromechanical level sensor pressure switch
  • FIG. 1 shows the main figure of said application DE-A4.122.307; said Fig. 1 shows a diagram indicating the water level in a laundry washer tub as a function of time.
  • the axis of ordinates show some phases of water inlet into the machine tub, indicated by t1 and tk , and some phases of water absorbion by the laundry, indicated by ts .
  • a quantity of water preset by the manufacturer is introduced through a proper solenoid valve into the machine tub, while the drum is at standstill; upon reaching the preset working level NA (i.e. the full level), the pressure switch trips causing said water inlet solenoid valve to close.
  • NA preset working level
  • This second phase occurs during a time interval ts1 , whose duration provides a measurement of the water absorption capacity by the laundry and consequently by the type of laundry.
  • the pressure switch Upon reaching the level NE , the pressure switch reacts, so causing the water inlet solenoid valve to open; therefore, during the subsequent time interval tk , water will be topped up in the washing tub to reach the working level NA ; upon reaching it the pressure-switch will react again, causing said solenoid valve to close.
  • the number of top-ups, or the sum of top-up times tk represents a measurement of the quantity of clothes introduced into the laundry washer.
  • the method described above has two main problems :
  • the method according to the present invention allows to overcome the two problems related to the cited known art, due to the fact that it is independen from the characteristics of the level sensor being used and is based on the concept of a "forced restoration" of the water level, as it will be better explained later.
  • the method according to the present invention develops through the following five phases shown in Fig. 2 by their time intervals indicated with T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T5 respectively.
  • water is supplied into the laundry washer tub for a fixed time T1 as imposed by the machine control system.
  • said time T1 allows the introduction in the tub of an appropriate water quantity, which is below the one related to the final working level ( full level); in particular, said water quantity indicated with " a " in Fig. 2, equals a fraction (eg. 1/2 or 2/3) of the quantity related to the final level and, in any case, is such to allow the laundry to be wetted, without however that the same is fully immersed in the water.
  • the level sensor of the laundry washer is "by-passed" by the electronic control system of the machine.
  • Said water inlet takes place while the laundry-washer drum is at standstill.
  • the laundry-washer drum is constantly rotated at a fixed speed for a preset time T2 .
  • the water level in the tub gradually decreases due to the water absorption by the clothes.
  • Time T2 is conveniently selected as a function of the machine geometry, i.e. as a function of the tub and drum characteristics, so as to warrant the required contact between the water supplied in the tub and the fabric contained in the drum.
  • the level sensor of the laundry-washer according to the present invention is in fact "by-passed" by the control system.
  • the drum is at standstill and the water inlet in the tub is completed up to the fixed level (indicated with “ c " in Fig. 2) related to the full condition of the level sensor in the laundry-washer (therefore the full level will be detected by the level sensor, which is enabled during this phase).
  • the machine control system will then execute the counting of time T3 , as required for this purpose.
  • the value of the ratio T3 / T1 (multiplied by an appropriate experimental coefficient K , which takes the machine geometry into account) is in relation with the water absorption speed by the fabric inside the laundry-washer drum, thus allowing the machine control system to identify the type of such fabric, on the basis of experimental reference data previously stored in permanent memory means contained in the control circuit itself.
  • the control system will cause the drum to rotate again at a constant speed for a preset time T4 long enough ( T4 > T2 ) to warrant that the water absorption is proportional to both the quantity of clothes and type of fabric (this latter data information being already obtained by the control system at the end of previous Phase 3).
  • time T4 is adequately selected as a function of the machine geometry without taking into account the characteristics of the level sensor.
  • the only condition being required is that at the end of the fourth phase the level sensor have left the full level and is in the socalled empty level condition, which is required for completion of the fifth phase.
  • the hystheresis of the level sensor is equal to a water quantity being not over about a liter of water, a condition which can be easily obtained for any type of level sensor available in trade.
  • the fourth phase is a phase with a preset time.
  • the water inlet is completed up to the fixed level related to the appropriate sensor ( full level) with the drum at standstill and the relevant time T5 required to this purpose is measured.
  • T5 jointly with the ratio T3 / T1 (indicating the fabric type) provides a good evaluation of the quantity of clothes contained in the laundry-washer.
  • the water inlet process Upon completion of the fifth phase, i.e. after the control system of the machine has determined both the quantity of clothes and the type of fabric, the water inlet process goes on in the usual manner (i.e. normally using the level sensor) till it reaches saturation, according to the inlet procedure which is typical for the type of level sensor being used. Said procedures, as mentioned, are apart from this invention.
  • both the restoration and water absorption phases are always started by the response of the pressure-switch, when crossing preset thresholds (called NA and NE ), but the start instant is considerably affected by the sensor physical and manufacturing characteristics (specifically the hystheresis), so that the measurements are often unreliable.
  • the time required to complete the measurement phase may be considerably long, due to the progressive extension of the absorption times tS , as the clothes become gradually saturated with water, and to the non-determinability of the required number of top-up/absorption cycles.
  • the method being the object of the present invention is fully independent from the characteristics of the level sensorand the total time required is restricted and exclusively a function of the values T3 and T5 .
  • the method of an indirect measurement of the quantity of clothes and of the fabric type in a laundry washer being the object of the present invention is based on the following conditions, which can be easily complied with:
  • the first condition is warranted by the flowrate self-setting characteristics being typical of the solenoid valves presently used for household laundry washers.
  • the second condition is always verified, being required for the water level control inside the laundry washer. It is independent from the type of the adopted level sensor, which may then be a conventional pressure-switch or an optical sensor (i.e. based on liquid refraction) or still a conductivity sensor or a solid state pressure sensor, etc.
  • the third condition fully agrees with the control system evolution in the field of household appliances, favoured by the increasing availability of low-cost microcontrollers.
  • control technology based on fuzzy logic, widely used by now in the consumers' application field, in particular in the household appliances field.
  • the evaluation of the quantity and type of clothes will then be executed using experimental data adequately codified in a permanent memory being comprised in the control system, since the latter, as previously mentioned, will be based on a microcontroller.
EP97101794A 1996-02-05 1997-02-05 Verfahren zum Bestimmen der Wäschemenge und/oder der Wäscheart in einer Waschmaschine Expired - Lifetime EP0787848B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITTO960076 1996-02-05
IT96TO000076A IT1284371B1 (it) 1996-02-05 1996-02-05 Metodo per determinare quantita' e/o tipo di tessuto introdotto in una lavabiancheria.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0787848A1 true EP0787848A1 (de) 1997-08-06
EP0787848B1 EP0787848B1 (de) 2002-05-08

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EP97101794A Expired - Lifetime EP0787848B1 (de) 1996-02-05 1997-02-05 Verfahren zum Bestimmen der Wäschemenge und/oder der Wäscheart in einer Waschmaschine

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0787848B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69712380T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2177838T3 (de)
IT (1) IT1284371B1 (de)

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2327502A (en) * 1997-07-14 1999-01-27 Lg Electronics Inc Determining the amount of laundry present in a drum washing machine
WO2004015187A1 (de) * 2002-07-29 2004-02-19 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Verfahren zum beschleunigten benetzen von wäsche in einer trommelwaschmaschine
EP1452636A3 (de) * 2003-02-28 2004-10-27 WRAP S.p.A. System und Vorrichtung zur Behandlung, insbesondere zum Waschen, von Textilien
EP1502986A1 (de) * 2003-07-31 2005-02-02 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Waschmaschine
WO2006072912A1 (en) * 2005-01-04 2006-07-13 Arcelik Anonim Sirketi A washing machine and the control method
WO2007003593A1 (de) * 2005-06-30 2007-01-11 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Verfahren zur bestimmung eines bekleidungsgewichts in einer waschmaschine und waschmaschine zur durchführung des verfahrens
WO2008000614A1 (de) * 2006-06-29 2008-01-03 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Bestimmung des wasserspeichervermögens von textilen in einer waschmaschine, sowie entsprechende waschmaschine
EP2256240A1 (de) * 2009-05-28 2010-12-01 Miele & Cie. KG Verfahren zum Waschen von Wäsche in einer Waschmaschine und Waschmaschine
EP2458062A1 (de) * 2010-11-29 2012-05-30 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. Verfahren zur Steuerung des Einlaufs von Waschflüssigkeit in eine Waschmaschine und das Verfahren auslösende Waschmaschine
US8245342B2 (en) 2008-07-30 2012-08-21 Whirlpool Corporation Method for determining load size in a washing machine
US8381341B2 (en) 2008-09-12 2013-02-26 Whirlpool Corporation Method and apparatus for determining load size in a washing machine
CN103334258A (zh) * 2013-06-24 2013-10-02 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 洗衣机及其控制方法
CN103334257A (zh) * 2013-06-24 2013-10-02 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 衣物材质的检测方法和洗衣机及其控制方法
CN103485121A (zh) * 2013-06-24 2014-01-01 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 洗衣机及其控制方法
ITTO20120598A1 (it) * 2012-07-06 2014-01-07 Illinois Tool Works Dispositivo di riscaldamento per elettrodomestici con sensore ottico di livello di liquido
DE102013104075A1 (de) * 2013-04-23 2014-10-23 Miele & Cie. Kg Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Waschmaschine und Waschmaschine
WO2015158012A1 (zh) * 2014-04-15 2015-10-22 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 洗衣机及其衣物负载的判断方法
US9243987B2 (en) 2013-05-01 2016-01-26 Whirlpool Corporation Method of determining fabric type of a laundry load in a laundry treating appliance
CN105332243A (zh) * 2014-06-30 2016-02-17 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 洗衣机及其控制方法和衣物材质判别方法及装置
CN114592316A (zh) * 2022-03-17 2022-06-07 海信（山东）冰箱有限公司 清洗物材质的识别方法及洗衣机、存储介质
US11371175B2 (en) 2020-06-04 2022-06-28 Midea Group Co., Ltd. Laundry washing machine with dynamic selection of load type
US11486072B2 (en) 2017-09-28 2022-11-01 Midea Group Co., Ltd. Automatic color composition detection for laundry washing machine
US11773524B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2023-10-03 Midea Group Co., Ltd. Laundry washing machine color composition analysis during loading
US11866868B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2024-01-09 Midea Group Co., Ltd. Laundry washing machine color composition analysis with article alerts
US11898289B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2024-02-13 Midea Group Co., Ltd. Laundry washing machine calibration

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008055643A1 (de) * 2008-11-03 2010-05-20 Miele & Cie. Kg Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Waschmaschine und Waschmaschine
DE102008054931B4 (de) * 2008-12-18 2012-03-08 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Verfahren zum Steuern einer Haushaltswaschmaschine
US9598808B2 (en) 2011-10-12 2017-03-21 Whirlpool Corporation Laundry treating appliance with method to detect the type and size of a load

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2081751A (en) * 1980-08-12 1982-02-24 Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete Water Level Regulation in an Automatic Washing Machine
DE4122307A1 (de) * 1991-07-05 1993-01-14 Licentia Gmbh Verfahren zur ermittlung von programmsteuerungs-parametern fuer haushalt-waschmaschinen
FR2684116A3 (fr) * 1991-11-25 1993-05-28 Licentia Patent Verwaltungs Gmbh Procede destine a determiner la quantite d'eau necessaire dans des machines a laver programmables.
EP0616068A1 (de) * 1993-02-11 1994-09-21 AEG Hausgeräte GmbH Trommelwaschmaschine mit einer Programmablaufsteuereinrichtung

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2081751A (en) * 1980-08-12 1982-02-24 Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete Water Level Regulation in an Automatic Washing Machine
DE4122307A1 (de) * 1991-07-05 1993-01-14 Licentia Gmbh Verfahren zur ermittlung von programmsteuerungs-parametern fuer haushalt-waschmaschinen
FR2684116A3 (fr) * 1991-11-25 1993-05-28 Licentia Patent Verwaltungs Gmbh Procede destine a determiner la quantite d'eau necessaire dans des machines a laver programmables.
EP0616068A1 (de) * 1993-02-11 1994-09-21 AEG Hausgeräte GmbH Trommelwaschmaschine mit einer Programmablaufsteuereinrichtung

Cited By (38)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2327502B (en) * 1997-07-14 2001-10-17 Lg Electronics Inc Method for detecting clothing amount in drum washing machine
GB2327502A (en) * 1997-07-14 1999-01-27 Lg Electronics Inc Determining the amount of laundry present in a drum washing machine
US8510886B2 (en) 2002-07-29 2013-08-20 Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgeraete Gmbh Process for accelerated wetting of laundry in a drum washing machine
WO2004015187A1 (de) * 2002-07-29 2004-02-19 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Verfahren zum beschleunigten benetzen von wäsche in einer trommelwaschmaschine
EP1452636A3 (de) * 2003-02-28 2004-10-27 WRAP S.p.A. System und Vorrichtung zur Behandlung, insbesondere zum Waschen, von Textilien
EP1502986A1 (de) * 2003-07-31 2005-02-02 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Waschmaschine
WO2006072912A1 (en) * 2005-01-04 2006-07-13 Arcelik Anonim Sirketi A washing machine and the control method
WO2007003593A1 (de) * 2005-06-30 2007-01-11 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Verfahren zur bestimmung eines bekleidungsgewichts in einer waschmaschine und waschmaschine zur durchführung des verfahrens
US8220292B2 (en) 2006-06-29 2012-07-17 Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgeraete Gmbh Determination of the water storage capacity of textiles in a washing machine, and corresponding washing machine
CN101479420B (zh) * 2006-06-29 2011-04-13 Bsh博世和西门子家用器具有限公司 用于确定洗衣机内织物含水量的方法以及相应的洗衣机
WO2008000614A1 (de) * 2006-06-29 2008-01-03 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Bestimmung des wasserspeichervermögens von textilen in einer waschmaschine, sowie entsprechende waschmaschine
US8245342B2 (en) 2008-07-30 2012-08-21 Whirlpool Corporation Method for determining load size in a washing machine
US8381341B2 (en) 2008-09-12 2013-02-26 Whirlpool Corporation Method and apparatus for determining load size in a washing machine
EP2256240A1 (de) * 2009-05-28 2010-12-01 Miele & Cie. KG Verfahren zum Waschen von Wäsche in einer Waschmaschine und Waschmaschine
US11028522B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2021-06-08 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. Method for controlling the intake of washing liquid in a laundry washing machine, and laundry washing machine actuating that method
WO2012072458A3 (en) * 2010-11-29 2012-08-09 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. Method for controlling the intake of washing liquid in a laundry washing machine, and laundry washing machine actuating that method
EP2458062A1 (de) * 2010-11-29 2012-05-30 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. Verfahren zur Steuerung des Einlaufs von Waschflüssigkeit in eine Waschmaschine und das Verfahren auslösende Waschmaschine
AU2011335165B2 (en) * 2010-11-29 2015-01-29 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. Method for controlling the intake of washing liquid in a laundry washing machine, and laundry washing machine actuating that method
US10028337B2 (en) 2012-07-06 2018-07-17 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Heating device for domestic appliances with optical liquid-level sensor
ITTO20120598A1 (it) * 2012-07-06 2014-01-07 Illinois Tool Works Dispositivo di riscaldamento per elettrodomestici con sensore ottico di livello di liquido
WO2014008442A1 (en) * 2012-07-06 2014-01-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Heating device for domestic appliances with optical liquid-level sensor
DE102013104075A1 (de) * 2013-04-23 2014-10-23 Miele & Cie. Kg Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Waschmaschine und Waschmaschine
US9243987B2 (en) 2013-05-01 2016-01-26 Whirlpool Corporation Method of determining fabric type of a laundry load in a laundry treating appliance
CN103485121A (zh) * 2013-06-24 2014-01-01 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 洗衣机及其控制方法
CN103334258A (zh) * 2013-06-24 2013-10-02 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 洗衣机及其控制方法
CN103485121B (zh) * 2013-06-24 2016-01-13 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 洗衣机及其控制方法
WO2014205861A1 (zh) * 2013-06-24 2014-12-31 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 洗衣机及其控制方法
CN103334257B (zh) * 2013-06-24 2016-03-09 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 衣物材质的检测方法和洗衣机及其控制方法
CN103334257A (zh) * 2013-06-24 2013-10-02 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 衣物材质的检测方法和洗衣机及其控制方法
WO2015158012A1 (zh) * 2014-04-15 2015-10-22 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 洗衣机及其衣物负载的判断方法
CN105332243A (zh) * 2014-06-30 2016-02-17 无锡小天鹅股份有限公司 洗衣机及其控制方法和衣物材质判别方法及装置
US11486072B2 (en) 2017-09-28 2022-11-01 Midea Group Co., Ltd. Automatic color composition detection for laundry washing machine
US11371175B2 (en) 2020-06-04 2022-06-28 Midea Group Co., Ltd. Laundry washing machine with dynamic selection of load type
US11773524B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2023-10-03 Midea Group Co., Ltd. Laundry washing machine color composition analysis during loading
US11866868B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2024-01-09 Midea Group Co., Ltd. Laundry washing machine color composition analysis with article alerts
US11898289B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2024-02-13 Midea Group Co., Ltd. Laundry washing machine calibration
CN114592316A (zh) * 2022-03-17 2022-06-07 海信（山东）冰箱有限公司 清洗物材质的识别方法及洗衣机、存储介质
CN114592316B (zh) * 2022-03-17 2024-03-29 海信冰箱有限公司 清洗物材质的识别方法及洗衣机、存储介质

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69712380D1 (de) 2002-06-13
ITTO960076A1 (it) 1997-08-05
ES2177838T3 (es) 2002-12-16
ITTO960076A0 (it) 1996-02-05
DE69712380T2 (de) 2003-01-09
IT1284371B1 (it) 1998-05-18
EP0787848B1 (de) 2002-05-08

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