Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
  • B65H75/00—Storing webs, tapes, or filamentary material, e.g. on reels
  • B65H75/02—Cores, formers, supports, or holders for coiled, wound, or folded material, e.g. reels, spindles, bobbins, cop tubes, cans, mandrels or chucks
  • B65H75/18—Constructional details
  • B65H75/28—Arrangements for positively securing ends of material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
  • B65H63/00—Warning or safety devices, e.g. automatic fault detectors, stop-motions ; Quality control of the package
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
  • B65H65/00—Securing material to cores or formers
  • B65H65/005—Securing end of yarn in the wound or completed package
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
  • B65H67/00—Replacing or removing cores, receptacles, or completed packages at paying-out, winding, or depositing stations
  • B65H67/06—Supplying cores, receptacles, or packages to, or transporting from, winding or depositing stations
  • B65H67/063—Marking or identifying devices for packages
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
  • B65H2511/00—Dimensions; Position; Numbers; Identification; Occurrences
  • B65H2511/50—Occurence
  • B65H2511/51—Presence
  • B65H2511/512—Marks, e.g. invisible to the human eye; Patterns
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
  • B65H2701/00—Handled material; Storage means
  • B65H2701/30—Handled filamentary material
  • B65H2701/31—Textiles threads or artificial strands of filaments

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for marking the thread end of a thread wound on a bobbin according to the preamble of claim 1 and a device for performing the method.
• DE-OS 1 760 243 has disclosed a method by which finding the free thread end of a cross-wound bobbin should be facilitated by winding up a certain length of thread as a thread reserve in the region of the head end of the cross-wound bobbin without being crossed. Although this reduced the search for the thread end to a narrow length section of the bobbin on which the thread end is located, finding the thread end still caused difficulties.
• the thread end of a package should be easier to find by the fact that to form a thread reserve after reaching a specific bobbin diameter or a specific quantity of thread, the thread over the outer surface onto the sleeve or secantially the end face of the coil and then returned to the outer surface.
• a thread reserve should also be formed at the end of the winding process.
• the bobbin is removed from the winding device and slowly rotated in the opposite direction to the winding direction, the thread end being pneumatically detected and sucked off by a thread suction device.
• the mouth of the thread suction device then swivels to an end of the bobbin tube protruding from the bobbin, whereupon the thread end is discharged through the thread suction device to the bobbin tube or blown into the bobbin tube or is wound around the end of the bobbin tube so that the bobbin is wound again in the winding direction is rotated.
• a blowing nozzle in particular a tangle nozzle, arranged perpendicular to and at a close distance from the spool surface.
• the object of the invention is to mark the free thread end of a bobbin after the end of the bobbin travel in such a way that it is easy to find again during further handling of the bobbin.
• the marking of the thread end should take place in such a way that it is secured against accidental unrolling and the like at the same time.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a suitable device for performing the method.
• the stated object is achieved in a method for marking the thread end of a thread wound on a bobbin by the characterizing part of claim 1.
• the thread end of the bobbin is clearly identified by the marking strip and can be found again without difficulty.
• a limited length of the thread end is unwound after completion of the winding operation, rewound after placing a marking strip on the bobbin surface, and the marking strip is partially overwound by the thread end in such a way that it remains clearly and clearly visible .
• the thread end is sucked into a thread suction device, then pulled out of the thread suction device by winding the bobbin and wound up again and wound over the marking strip.
• the marking strip can be placed in front of or behind the suction device.
• a marking strip is placed on the spool surface from one end of the spool (end face) - preferably with a slight remaining protrusion over the spool end - in such a way that it extends beyond the run-up area of the thread end and, after being wound, extends beyond the wound area ⁇ the section turned towards the end of the coil.
• the section of the marking strip which extends beyond the run-up area is preferably so long that after it has been folded over it essentially extends to the protrusion of the strip section below.
• An adhesive strip can advantageously be used as the marking strip.
• the marking strip is formed into a loop with the strip ends glued together as pull-off tabs and is placed on the suction mouthpiece of the suction device before the thread end is picked up and sucked in. After the limited thread length has been sucked in, the loop is pushed to the bobbin surface and placed on it. The thread is now wound up again, the loop forming the marking strip and containing a thread winding being partially wound over.
• a single-sided adhesive tape is placed on the bobbin surface and wound over before rewinding the thread end with the adhesive side facing out. If it has a sufficient length, the end that extends beyond the wound section can be folded over after the winding and glued to the part of the strip section below that protrudes at the end of the coil.
• the marking strip is an adhesive strip that is adhesive on one side.
• the marking strip can, for example, consist of sufficiently strong paper which enables the thread turns lying on it or enclosed by it to be pulled off without the risk of tearing.
• the marking strip consists of a film strip made of the same polymer as the wound filaments, in particular of a PETP, a PA or PP film strip, which later together with the stripped thread layers in the recyclable waste can migrate.
• the distance between the winding mandrel and the bobbin surface should be at least so large that it does not impede the placement of the marking strip which simultaneously fixes the thread end on the bobbin surface within the thread loop with the aid of a suitable device.
• the subsequent winding over of the marking strip can then take place, for example, in that the winding mandrel - for example when the bobbin is at a standstill - by turning back in the unwinding direction from the thread supply stored in the thread loop, the amount of thread required to form the thread turns to be placed on the marking strip releases. Any remaining thread from the thread loop travels into the suction.
• a one-sided adhesive material strip of sufficient length can be used as the marking strip, which is placed on the coil surface in the length range provided for overwrapping. That its adhesive side faces radially outwards. It is advantageously bent forward approximately in the longitudinal center, but in any case arranged such that the length section overwrapped can be pasted over and covered by a length section of approximately the same length that was left free during the winding and bent back after the winding.
• two material strips of essentially the same length can also be used as marking strips, at least one of which is provided with adhesive on one side.
• One of the strips for example the adhesive one, is placed with the adhesive side facing outward on the surface of the spool and overwound; after winding, the second strip is then glued to the first strip. Care must be taken to ensure that the adhesive side is never placed on the spool, but only comes into contact with the thread turns used to wind over the marking strip.
• Marking strips are also preferably used here, which consist of the same polymer as the wound thread, in particular a PETP, PA or PP film strip, which can later migrate together with the stripped thread layers into the recyclable waste.
• bobbins are to be provided with a marking strip which on their circumference has a bead-like thread accumulation formed by the thread end and wound without traversing, it is generally necessary to remove these thread accumulations before the marking strips are placed on and wound over, what in principle by tangential unwinding and removal of the thread by a suction device.
• the thread suction device is preferably moved away from the bobbin surface after the thread end has been picked up, then the suction device or only the thread is pivoted or deflected into the extension of the bobbin axis and pivoted back over the head after the thread accumulation has been pulled off, whereupon the above described forming of the thread loop begins.
• the removal of the suction from the bobbin surface is determined by the signal of an optical thread monitor installed in the input area of the suction device, which is activated when the in the suction of the incoming thread start is initiated.
• the bobbin is removed from the bobbin spindle after the end of the winding cycle and placed on a bobbin holder with a bobbin mandrel that can preferably be driven in both directions of rotation.
• a further developed device for carrying out the method according to the invention also offers the advantage that the thread end can be marked during the bobbin transport, for example on a doffer.
• a device for carrying out the method according to the invention results from claim 18.
• the device for severing the thread is advantageously placed in front of the entrance of the thread suction device.
• This device has a stand with a rotatable bobbin mandrel for tensioning a bobbin, a reel wheel which can be pivoted concentrically about the bobbin axis at a distance from the bobbin surface and which has at least one winding mandrel oriented essentially parallel to the bobbin axis, thread suction and - in particular in the case of an automatic process - a device for applying a marking strip to the surface of the spool. It should be mentioned here that, in principle, the application of a marking strip to the coil surface can also be carried out by hand according to the invention.
• the reel wheel has two or more arms connected to a hub which can be rotated about the coil axis and to the free ends of which an axially parallel winding mandrel is fastened.
• a winding reel wheel rotatably mounted coaxially to the coil mandrel - for example on the edge of a stationary circular disk arranged coaxially to the coil axis - can also serve as the carrier of the winding mandrel.
• the circular disk serving as storage can then have a cutout for the passage of the marking strip.
• the winding mandrels fastened to the radial arms or to the circumference of the circular or circular ring surface are preferably rotatably mounted, for example in roller bearings. But they can also be designed as rotatably mounted sleeves which are clipped onto cantilevered supporting mandrels.
• the advantage of this measure is that when winding up the thread reserve and also during unwinding, the friction occurring on the winding mandrels is reduced as a result of the slippage between the thread and the mandrel surface.
• the envelope of the mandrels - seen in cross section - is a square or the mandrels form the edges of a cube.
• the number of winding mandrels provided in a reel wheel can be arbitrary and the envelope of the winding mandrel axes - viewed in cross section - can be a regular polygon with a corresponding number of pages, but in practice it is limited by the requirement explained below that the free distance between the adjacent mandrels should be so large that the full coil can be pushed through the gap between the adjacent mandrels. This distance should preferably be at least 10 to 15 mm larger than the coil diameter.
• the winding mandrels in the different designs also have the task of placing the thread loop axially in such a way that the marking strip to be wound is at the predetermined location, usually in the vicinity of a bobbin face.
• the predetermined location usually in the vicinity of a bobbin face.
• the winding mandrels can also be shaped such that they guide the thread accordingly when the thread loop is formed.
• they can consist, for example, of two slender truncated cones touching the tips, of rods with deformations running in radial planes, forming a radially outwardly open rear sight at the desired location, or alternatively driven with a uniform direction of rotation when the reel wheel is turned helical spring-like structures with projections meeting at the desired point cut opposite slope.
• the reel wheel is freely rotatable on the spool.
• the reel wheel and the coil mandrel preferably each have their own drive.
• both the bobbin mandrel and the reel wheel each have their own stand, both of which, in a further development, are designed in such a way and can be displaced relative to one another that the axes of rotation of the bobbin mandrel and the reel wheel coincide.
• the thread can also be pulled off overhead without pivoting the suction by providing a suitable thread guide, for example a vertical guide rod attached to the free end of a pivot arm which can be pivoted about a pivot arm arranged on the base plate of the bobbin stand is, with which the thread entering the suction can be deflected so that the thread runs off the bobbin overhead.
• a suitable thread guide for example a vertical guide rod attached to the free end of a pivot arm which can be pivoted about a pivot arm arranged on the base plate of the bobbin stand is, with which the thread entering the suction can be deflected so that the thread runs off the bobbin overhead.
• the distance of the winding mandrels from the axis of the reel wheel is preferably such that the distance between the thread loop and the bobbin surface is at no point of the bobbin circumference less than approximately 50 mm and preferably nowhere is less than about 80 mm. According to this, for example when four winding mandrels are arranged, they are preferably at a distance from the coil axis which is at least 0.8 times the coil diameter.
• FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the device according to the invention with a device for applying a marking strip arranged in front of the suction device;
• FIG. 2 shows an embodiment corresponding to FIG. 1, but with a driven pressure roller
• FIG. 3 shows a coil with a special embodiment of the marking strip
• FIG. 4 shows an embodiment corresponding to FIG. 2, but with a pressure shoe instead of the pressure roller;
• FIG. 5 shows a marking strip designed as a loop to illustrate the application and fixing of the thread end winding
• Fig. 6 is the front view
• Fig. 8 is the front view
• FIG. 10 shows an annular reel wheel that is rotatably mounted coaxially to the coil mandrel
• Fig. 11 a coil and one to
• FIG. 14 shows an embodiment similar to that of FIGS. 11 to 13, but with spatially deformed mandrels.
• the bobbin holder consists of a bracket 3 and a bobbin holder mandrel 1.
• the bobbin holder 1, 3 is assigned a thread suction device 4.
• the coil 2 is attached to the spool holder 1.
• the thread suction 4 acting in the suction direction 16 can, for example, be arranged such that the extension of the The suction tube axis essentially affects the bobbin circumference in the narrow longitudinal area of the bobbin surface to be found in some winding devices, in which the thread was deposited after it was lifted out of the traverse at the end of the bobbin travel.
• a thread separating device 6 is located in front of the suction opening of the thread suction 4.
• a device 7-8 is provided for applying marking strips to the surface of the bobbin in the winding direction in front of the thread suction 4.
• it can consist of a drive cylinder 8 and a stamp 7.
• Devices known as contactless labeling machines have also proven suitable for contactless application of marking strips.
• FIG. 2 shows the same design of the device according to the invention as FIG. 1.
• the thread suction 4 is connected via a support 15, a pivot bearing 11 and an arm 13 to a roller 12, which in particular the pressing of the Rewinding from the thread suction 4 pulled thread end serves on the marking strips.
• the roller 12 can also be driven in both directions, as indicated by the arrow 17, so that it can drive the spool 2 in the unwinding (26) and winding direction (25) when carrying out the method according to the invention.
• thread suction 4 and pressure roller 12 are connected to one another, but it goes without saying that they can also be provided independently of one another, for example in a variable position or connected to the trestle 3.
• the device 7-9 for applying the marking strips to the bobbin surface also between the thread suction device 4 Thread separation device 6 and the pressure roller 12, ie, can be provided behind the thread suction 4 in the winding direction.
• roller arm 13 can be pivoted by a cylinder-piston unit and can be pivoted away from the winding surface during the winding travel.
• a marking strip 30 consisting of an adhesive strip with the bobbin 2 on the bobbin is at the end of the winding process with the bobbin 2 running out or - with the bobbin 2 removed - before or when the unwound end 38 of the thread is wound up, if necessary with the adhesive side radially outwards and preferably with an overhang 34, placed on the spool surface so that the front end 33 by some, for example approximately half the length of the adhesive strip, over the area 29 in which the thread accumulates, protrudes.
• the strip section 32 which extends beyond the winding area 29 is folded over the edge of the winding area 29 and its end 33 is pressed against the strip section 31 lying below and glued to it using an adhesive strip. It should be noted that even a non-adhesive marking strip which has the right material when selected and has a sufficient strip width can be used due to the curvature of the coil surface.
• FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the device according to the invention, which essentially corresponds to the embodiment according to FIG. 2.
• a pressure lever 35 equipped with a slide shoe 36 is provided at its free end.
• the sliding shoe 36 only rests on the coil surface with its own weight, but it is the same as in the case of the Pressure roller 12 possible to additionally press the slide shoe 36 against the surface of the spool by means of weights or a cylinder-piston unit, not shown.
• the marking loop 41 shown in FIG. 5 is similar to that shown in FIG. 3.
• the thread end 38 Before the thread end 38 is sucked into the thread suction device 4, it is pushed onto the suction nozzle 40 of a suction pistol and, after the thread has been taken over, pushed in the direction of arrow 42 towards the spool 2, placed on its circumference so that its end 32 remains within reach and away from the Thread wound several times (thread turns 37).
• the thread 38 is then cut through.
• the thread windings 37 formed in this thread section when winding over the loop can be fixed here when the loop 41 is pushed on.
• an additional strip or loop flap 43 is attached to it on the outer circumference of the loop bow, which has a section 44 provided with adhesive at least on the inside of its free end.
• FIGS. 6 and 7 show a front and side view of a device with a common stator 101 and a spool mandrel 102 fastened to it with a rotatably mounted spool 103.
• the reel wheel 108 which is equipped with only one winding mandrel 107, is by means of a between the stator 101 and Spacer ring 111 around the spool mandrel 102 freely rotatably fixed hub 109 mounted on the spool mandrel.
• the winding mandrel 107 is an axially parallel cylindrical rod or a sleeve rotatably mounted thereon.
• the marking strip 126 is inside the thread loop 110 comprising the winding mandrel 107 ( see Fig. 6) with the adhesive side up on the spool surface and released.
• the reel wheel 108 is then turned back in the direction of the arrow 112 and the marking strip 126 is wound over by winding back the thread material stored in the thread loop 110. Subsequently, the part of the marking strip 126 lying towards the stand 101 is bent over towards the middle of the spool and glued to the overwound strip section.
• FIGS. 8 and 9 show a device according to the invention in a comparable representation, which differs from the one described above in that on the hub
• the spoke-shaped arms 108 are attached, which in turn each have a winding mandrel 107 arranged on a circle 135 at their free ends.
• the arrangement is regular and, as can be seen in FIG. 8, the envelope of the winding mandrels 107 has a square shape.
• winding mandrels 107 seated on a reel wheel 108 is arbitrary. However, they should be arranged on a circle 135 so that their mutual distances are the same. Versions with no more than six to eight mandrels are preferred.
• 10 shows a reel wheel 118 with four winding mandrels 107, which has the shape of a circular ring. This is mounted in a manner not shown on a stationary circular disk 119 with its center in the coil axis. The circular disk 119 shows an opening above the coil 103 for the placement of the marking strip 126.
• the device of FIG. 10 is also equipped with a device 115-117, with the aid of which the thread 105 sucked in by a suction device 106 for unwinding a bead-shaped thread accumulation 134 (FIG. 11) (which is no longer present in the illustration). can be pivoted into the area of the coil axis.
• a vertically aligned rod 116 which is fastened to the free end of a swivel arm 117 and can be pivoted with it about the swivel bearing 115 provided on the base plate 114 of the stand 101.
• the thread 105 entering the thread suction 106 which has moved away from the bobbin 103 after the thread 105 has been gripped, is deflected by swiveling the rod 116 in front of the bobbin 103, with the suction 106 remaining in place, so that it is possible to thread the thread bead 134 overhead deduct.
• FIGS. 11 to 13 show a further embodiment of a device according to the invention. It differs from the ones described above in particular in that the mandrel 102 receiving the coil 103 with its coil sleeve 104 and the reel wheel 108 equipped here with four mandrels each have their own stand 101; 122 and that the two stands 101, 122 can be moved relative to one another. From FIGS. 11 to 13, FIG. 11 shows the start of the measures for the marking fixing of the thread end 105, FIG. 12 the formation of the thread loop 110 and FIG. 13 the placement of the marking strip 126.
• FIG. 11 is the coil stand 101 with the coil 103 between suction 106 and reel wheel 108 with stand 122.
• the suction 106 has gripped the thread end 105 (see FIG. 10) and first pulls off the thread bead 134 produced without oscillation; This is done tangentially in the representation, but a method of operation previously described for FIG. 10 is preferred.
• the bobbin 103 is displaced relative to the reel wheel by moving the stator 101 - as shown in FIG. 12 - in such a way that the bobbin axis 133 and the reel wheel axis 132 coincide and also the winding mandrels 107 Cover coil 103 axially according to FIG. 13. This is possible because the free distance between the adjacent mandrels 107 is greater than the coil diameter.
• the configuration of the reel wheel 108 with four winding mandrels 107 is arbitrary.
• Their number can, in principle, be arbitrary, starting with a winding mandrel 107, in practice a number of six to eight should not be exceeded in particular in the case of embodiments corresponding to FIGS. If the number is larger, there may be difficulties in dimensioning the reel wheel if there is a sufficiently large space between the mandrels 107.
• the thread loop 110 is formed by the reel wheel 108 being rotated counter to the direction of rotation indicated by arrow 112 when the spool 103 is further rotated in accordance with arrow 112 and, if necessary, suction of the thread end 105 is maintained by the suction 106.
• Fig. 13 shows the retracted position.
• the thread loop 110 is wound and the reel wheel 108 and bobbin 103 are stopped.
• the suction head at the free end of the piston rod 130 131 for holding the marking strip - the marking strip 126 is placed on the surface of the spool.
• the marking strip 126 - possibly further held by the device 127, 130, 131 - is then wound several times and then - not shown - the strip end projecting beyond the end face of the coil is turned over and glued to the overwrapped part of the marking strip 126.
• the cylinder-piston unit 127, 130 is supplied via the lines 128, the suction head 131 via the suction line 129.
• FIG. 14 shows, in a representation comparable to that of FIG. 13, an embodiment of the reel wheel 108 in which the winding mandrels 124 are shaped such that the thread loop 110 is automatically formed in the axial region of the bobbin 103 by a corresponding thread guide in which the winding over of the marking strip 126 is to take place.
• the winding mandrels 124 are bent radially inward over the largest part of their length and each form over the winding point 125 for holding the thread loop 110.
• winding mandrels 107 are also possible. They can consist, for example, of two slim truncated cones connected at the tips, possibly via an inserted short circular cylindrical section, or else as helical spring-like structures fastened to the reel wheel about their axis, with the location determined as the position of the thread loop 110 meet sections of opposite slope.
• the rotary drive required for displacing the thread loop which is the same for all mandrels 107, can be attached, for example, to a drive cord guided by a cord roller attached to the stand 122 coaxial to the reel wheel axis 132 and corresponding cord rollers to the rotatably mounted mandrel ends can be achieved by rotating the reel wheel 108, the pitch of the screw turns must be opposite to the direction of rotation. If the drive cord were not crossed, the pitch of the screw windings, as seen from the mandrel ends to the meeting point, would then have to run in the direction of rotation of the reel wheel 108. In the case of the relative movement of the thread 105 occurring on the spikes 107, the friction is thereby reduced.
• the mandrel 107 is rotatably supported on the reel wheel 108 in a projecting manner or is designed as a rotatably mounted sleeve.
• Bobbin holder Bobbin stand Thread extraction device Holder Thread separating device Stamp adhesive tape stamp Stamp cylinder Swivel bearing Pressure roller, drive roller, roller Roller arm Bobbin sleeve, support, suction direction, rotation direction, roller axis, winding direction, unwinding direction, sleeve, bobbin tube, length range, parallel winding, marking strips, adhesive strips, lower section, upper section, gluing, front end, pulling-off shoe, shoe lever, overlap, shoe cover in the loop, thread suction gun, loop, marking loop A loop, overwound sliding direction, arrow loop flap A loop flap, glued on adhesive section A adhesive section, glued on loop bow stand spool mandrel spool sleeve, spool sleeve thread thread suction winding mandrel reel wheel, spoke, arm hub thread loop, supply winding, loop spacer ring direction of rotation direction, arrow foot, plate swivel rod, swivel rod Swivel arm arm carrier, ring frame carrier Frame Spool stand Slid

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
• Quality & Reliability (AREA)
• Storage Of Web-Like Or Filamentary Materials (AREA)
• Replacing, Conveying, And Pick-Finding For Filamentary Materials (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

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Family Applications (1)

Country Status (6)

Families Citing this family (18)

Family Cites Families (15)

• 1994
  • 1994-01-11 WO PCT/DE1994/000017 patent/WO1995015907A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1994-01-11 KR KR1019950703254A patent/KR960700955A/ko not_active Withdrawn
  • 1994-01-11 US US08/454,127 patent/US5660343A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1994-01-11 EP EP94904132A patent/EP0683751A1/de not_active Ceased
  • 1994-01-11 CN CN94190935A patent/CN1116419A/zh active Pending
  • 1994-01-27 TW TW083100706A patent/TW253002B/zh active

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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