EP0367248B1 - Silberhalogenidkristallkörner und lichtempfindliches Silberhalogenidmaterial - Google Patents

Silberhalogenidkristallkörner und lichtempfindliches Silberhalogenidmaterial Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0367248B1
EP0367248B1 EP19890120227 EP89120227A EP0367248B1 EP 0367248 B1 EP0367248 B1 EP 0367248B1 EP 19890120227 EP19890120227 EP 19890120227 EP 89120227 A EP89120227 A EP 89120227A EP 0367248 B1 EP0367248 B1 EP 0367248B1
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Prior art keywords
silver halide
emulsion
crystal
grains
silver
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP19890120227
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0367248A1 (de
Inventor
Yukio Ohya
Syoji Matsuzaka
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Konica Minolta Inc
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Konica Minolta Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a silver halide crystal grains and to a silver halide light-sensitive material using the grains.
  • a method of achieving photographic characteristics such as the above-mentioned high speed, excellent graininess, high image-sharpness, low fog-density, and sufficiently high covering-power is to improve the quantum efficiency of silver halides.
  • it is useful for improving quantum efficiency by a monodisperse type emulsion upon narrowing the graininess distribution. It may further be presumed that monodisperse type emulsions could be advantageous to efficiently achieve a high speed with keeping a low fog-density, in the so-called chemical sensitizing process of sensitizing silver halide emulsions.
  • the silver halide emulsions prepared under the above-mentioned conditions are comprised of the so-called regular crystal grains in a cubic, octahedral, or tetradecahedral form having (100) and (111) faces in various proportions, and it has been known that a high speed may be obtained when using such regular crystal grains.
  • silver halide emulsions suitably applicable to high speed photographic films
  • silver iodobromide emulsions comprising polydisperse type twin-crystal grains have been known so far.
  • Japanese Patent O.P.I. Publication No. 58-113927-(1983) and so forth disclose silver iodobromide emulsions containing tabular twin-crystal grains.
  • twin-crystals contribute to a high sensitization.
  • a crystal form or size is liable to become uneven and photographic characteristics may hardly be controlled accurately. Therefore, photographic reproducibility is a problem to these techniques.
  • the intersecting lines or points of a face having a depressed portion may presumably display the peculiarity of the effect concentrations on chemical sensitization, exposure, and development. It is, therefore, desired to make a further development of such crystals having the above-mentioned depressed portions.
  • the silver halide crystal grains, having the above-mentioned depressed portions are preferably of the regular crystals without having any peculiar points such as a lattice defect that is a substantial hindrance, other than the above-mentioned concentrated positions of the crystals.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a novel silver halide light-sensitive material comprising an emulsion layer containing the above-mentioned silver halide crystal grains.
  • Silver halide grains of the present invention have calyxes, whereto ridge type crystal faces are attached.
  • the silver halide grains of the present invention comprise host crystal grains having [111] crystal faces and have protruding on the edges thereof ridge type crystal faces intersecting each other in a right angle.
  • the crystal faces of silver halide crystal grains contained in a silver halide emulsion are predominantly produced in correspondence with the densities of silver ions and halide ions arranged onto the crystal faces, lattice energies, surface energies, or growing conditions, so that specific crystal phases are given to the crystals.
  • the growing conditions of each crystal grain have a difference in grain-sizes, the sizes of the crystal faces will differ from each other so that each grain may produce a crystal habit, in spite of the fact that the crystal faces have one and the same Miller indices.
  • a plane face which will become an 'ultimate crystal face' to give a crystal phase to a crystal such plane face has a minimum growth rate in the normal direction of the face, according to A Johnsen, 1910. Therefore, a crystal form having a specific crystal phase may also be given to silver halide crystals belonging to the cubic system.
  • a crystal form of a hexahedron - a cube - as a crystal phase may be given to silver halide of cubic system by giving the silver halide the growing conditions in which the growing rate on the faces of the cube, i.e., the precipitation of silver ions and halide ions, is slower than that of crystal faces having the other Miller indices.
  • the crystal phase of host crystal grains may be changed from octahedral silver halide crystal grains enclosed with (111) faces to hexahedral - cubic - grains, in the following manner.
  • a tetradecahedron is temporarily produced in the form of a cubic octahedron, i.e., a tetradecahedron in which 6 vertexes of an octahedron are cut off, while (111) faces are gradually contracted.
  • the crystal grains have only the faces of a cube and, thereafter, the cubic crystal grains are getting larger as silver halide is further kept adding.
  • cubic crystal grains may also be introduced into octatriacontahedral crystal grains, for example, so as to serve as host grains.
  • octatricontahedral crystal faces are found first and then the host grains are finally occupied by the octatricontahedral crystal grains.
  • any crystal grains having the faces of hexatetracontahedron, modified rhombic tetracosahedron, or octahexacontahedron may be obtained as desired, when selecting the growing conditions for inhibiting the faces giving each crystal phase from growing.
  • the conditions for growing the above-mentioned silver halide grains having various crystal phases depend upon the diversified factors such as silver halide compositions, densities of ions arranged onto crystal faces, temperatures, lattices, surface energies, adsorptive substances, and silver halide solvents and, besides, growth modifiers for inhibiting silver halide from precipitating on crystal faces are also added to the factors.
  • the growth modifiers As the growth modifiers, a number of compounds have been already known. Among them, those useful for silver halide for photographic use are found from among the dyes for photographic use such as cyanine dye having an adsorptivity to the surface of the silver halide, stabilizers such as azaindene and imidazole, and fog inhibitors. (Refer to the aforegiven Patent Publications, Japanese Patent Application No. 62-159280(1987), and so forth.
  • the conditions of preparing crystal grains such as pAg, temperatures, the rates of adding silver halide, and the variations of the conditions are tested.
  • the silver halide crystal grains are prepared at a pAg of 7 to 11.5 and a pH of 5.8 to 11.5 and, at the point of time when octahedral or tetradecahedral crystals are completed, cyanine dyes are added en bloc in an amount of 1 to 300 mg/AgX mol.
  • the silver halide crystal grains are obtained so as to have crystal pieces each protruded in parallel with 3 plane faces (hereinafter called ridge type crystal faces) formed by the ridge lines of an octahedron and along the 3 plane faces intersecting each other in a right angle and also to have depressed portions whose bottoms are the precedent crystal faces on 8 quadrants, respectively.
  • 3 plane faces hereinafter called ridge type crystal faces
  • a means of preparing core/shell type grains may appropriately be applied. It may also be considered that the portions of the crystals of the invention are modified shell portions.
  • the peculiarity of each grain may further be amplified by applying a metal compound at a suitable point of time in the course of producing and/or growing crystal grains.
  • an octahedral crystal is taken as an example of host regular-crystals, in which (a-b), (b-c) and (c-a) are each the aforementioned ridge type crystal faces formed by axes a, b and c.
  • This figure shows only one quadrant made by 3 ridge type crystal faces.
  • (AB), (BC) and (CA) are each crystals having calyxes which are so protruded as to be in parallel with the above-mentioned ridge type crystal faces and so combined altogether as to intersect each other in a right angle.
  • Fig. 2 shows an electron microscopic photograph of a crystal of the invention, which was taken from almost the same angle as in the schematic diagram shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 shows the same crystal as above, photographed from the direction of axis a, b or c
  • Fig. 4 shows a group of crystals of the invention.
  • the growth inhibition factors do not work in the direction of growing calyxes. It may possibly be considered that the growth of twin crystals still progress the growth of tabular-shaped calyxes in the above-mentioned direction in a uniformly conditioned suspension system, like an after-effect of desease.
  • the silver halide emulsions applicable to the light-sensitive materials of the invention are allowed to use any silver halides such as silver bromide, silver iodobromide, silver chlorobromide, and silver chloride, each of which may be applied to ordinary types of silver halide emulsions.
  • silver bromide and silver iodobromide should particularly be preferable.
  • any of those prepared in an acidic process, a neutralizing process, or an ammoniacal process may be used.
  • Those grains may be grown either continuously or with preparing seed grains stepwise. The both processes of preparing the seed grains and growing them may be the same with or the different from each other.
  • halide ions and silver ions may be mixed up together at the same time, or one of these ions may be mixed in a solution containing the other ions. Taking the critical growth rate of silver halide crystals into consideration and controlling the pH and pAg values in a mixing tank, the silver halide crystals may be grown by adding, gradually and at the same time, the halide ions and silver ions into the kettle. In this manner, it is possible to obtain silver halide grains having a regular crystal form and an almost uniform grain-size.
  • metal ions are added into the silver halide grains by making use of at least one metal salt selected from the group consisting of cadmium salts, zinc salts, lead salts, thallium salts, iridium salts, rhodium salts, iron salts, and the complex salts thereof, so that the metal element thereof may be added to the inside and/or on the surfaces of the grains. It is also allowed to endow the inside and/or the surfaces of the grains with reduction-sensitization nuclei, when they are put in a suitable reducible-atmosphere.
  • any unnecessary soluble-salts contained in the silver halide emulsions applicable to the invention may either be removed therefrom after completing the growth of the silver halide grains thereof or remain contained as they are. In the case of removing them, they may be removed in accordance with the method described in, for example, Research Disclosure, No. 17643, Paragraph II.
  • silver halide grains for the light-sensitive materials of the invention those having a regular crystal form such as a cube, an octahedron, or a tetradecahedron, and those having an irregular crystal form such as a spheric or tabular form may also be used in combination, as well as with the crystal grains of the invention.
  • Silver halide grains may be used, provided the grain-size thereof is within the range of 0.05 to 30 ⁇ m and, preferably, 0.1 to 3.0 ⁇ m.
  • Any silver halide grains may be used in combination, regardless of their grain-size distributions. In other words, it does not care which type of emulsions is to be used; an emulsion having a wide grain-size distribution, (hereinafter called a polydispersive emulsion), or a mono-dispersive emulsion having a narrow grain-size distribution may either be used.
  • a polydispersive emulsion emulsion having a wide grain-size distribution
  • mono-dispersive emulsion having a narrow grain-size distribution may either be used.
  • monodispersive(ness) used herein has a value of not more than 0.20 when the value is obtained from a standard deviation of a grain-size distribution divided by an average grain-size.
  • Such monodispersive emulsions may be used independently or in the mixture of several kinds thereof. It is also allowed to use polydispersive and monodispersive emulsions together in a mixture.
  • Such silver halide emulsions may further be used in a mixture of not less than 2 kinds thereof each separately prepared.
  • Chalcogen sensitizers applicable to the chemical sensitization include, for example, sulfur, selenium and tellurium sensitizers. Among them, sulfur and selenium sensitizers are preferable for photographic use.
  • sulfur sensitizers any of the publicly known ones may be used. They include, for example, thiosulfate, allylthiocarbamide, thiourea, allylisothiocyanate, cystine, p-toluenethiosulfonate, and rhodanine. Besides the above, it is also allowed to use the sulfur sensitizers described in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos.
  • Such sulfur sensitizers may be added in an amount sufficient to effectively enhancing the photosensitive speed of an emulsion.
  • Such an amount thereof to be added may be varied over a considerably wide range under various conditions such as pH values, temperatures, and the sizes of silver halide grains. As a rough standard, it is preferable to add in an amount within the range of the order of about 10 ⁇ 7 to about 10 ⁇ 1 mols per mol of silver halide used.
  • the selenium sensitizers applicable to the invention include, for example, aliphatic isoselenocyanates such as allylisoselenocyanate, selenoureas, selenoketones, selenoamides, selenocarboxylic acids and the esters thereof, selenophosphates, and selenides such as diethyl selenide and diethyl diselenide.
  • aliphatic isoselenocyanates such as allylisoselenocyanate, selenoureas, selenoketones, selenoamides, selenocarboxylic acids and the esters thereof, selenophosphates, and selenides such as diethyl selenide and diethyl diselenide.
  • aliphatic isoselenocyanates such as allylisoselenocyanate, selenoureas, selenoketones, selenoamides,
  • the amounts thereof to be added are varied over a wide range. As a rough standard, they may preferably be added in an amount within the range of the order of about 10 ⁇ 7 to 10 ⁇ 1 mols per mol of silver halide used.
  • the gold sensitizers applicable to the invention may have a gold valence of either +1 or +3 and they include, for example, a variety of gold compounds.
  • the typical examples thereof include chloroaurates, potassium chloroaurate, auric trichloride, potassium auric thiocyanate, potassium iodoaurate, tetracyanoauric acid, ammonium aurothiocyanate, and pyridyl trichlorogold.
  • a rough standard thereof is preferably within the range of about 10 ⁇ 7 to 10 ⁇ 1 mols per mol of silver halide used.
  • Such gold sensitizers may be added at the same time when adding a sulfur or selenium sensitizer, or in the course of or after completion of a sulfur or selenium sensitization process.
  • such emulsion is to have a pAg within the range of 5.0 to 10.0 and a pH, 5.0 to 9.0, respectively.
  • a chemical sensitization process may be carried out in combination with another sensitization process using the salts or complex salts of the other noble metals such as platinum, palladium, iridium, and rhodium.
  • the complexes of Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt may effectively be used as the compounds for both releasing gold ions from gold-gelatinate and accelerating the adsorption of gold ions to silver halide grains.
  • Such compounds include, typically, (NH4)2[PtCl4], (NH4)2[PdCl4], K3[IrBr6], and (NH4)3[RhCl6]12H2O. Among them, ammonium II tetrachloropalladate (NH4)2PdCl4 is most preferable.
  • the amount thereof to be added to a gold sensitizer is preferably within the range of 10 to 100 times as much as the gold sensitizer used, in terms of a stoichiometric ratio, i.e., a mol-ratio.
  • Such a compound may be added at any points of time when starting a chemical sensitization, in the course thereof, or in the course of carrying out any following steps after completing the chemical sensitization. It is to be added, preferably, in the course of carrying out the chemical sensitization and, more preferably, at the same time when, before, or after adding the gold sensitizer.
  • reducing agents there is no special limitation. They include, for example, stannous chloride, thiourea dioxide, hydrazine derivative, and polyamine, each of which has been known.
  • Such reduction-sensitization may be carried out in the course of growing silver halide grains and, preferably, after completing the chalcogen, gold and noble-metal sensitization.
  • the amounts of such nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds to be added may be varied over a wide range depending on the conditions such as the sizes and compositions of emulsion gains and chemical sensitzation requirements. It is, however, preferable to add them in such an amount as is capable of forming one of from monomolecular layer to 10-molecular layer on the surfaces of silver halide grains.
  • the amounts thereof may also be increased or reduced in such a manner that the equilibrium state of an adsorption is controlled by varying a pH and/or a temperature when carrying out a sensitization. It is further allowed to add not less than two kinds of the above-mentioned compounds to make a total amount thereof to be within the above-mentioned range.
  • the above-mentioned compounds are also allowed to add into a photographic emulsion in such a manner that the compound is dissolved in a suitable solvent such as water or an aqueous alkaline solution, which does not harmfully affect the emulsion, and is then added in the form of a solution to the emulsion.
  • a suitable solvent such as water or an aqueous alkaline solution, which does not harmfully affect the emulsion
  • the compounds may preferably be added thereto before or at the same time when adding a sulfur or selenium sensitizer for chemical sensitization.
  • a gold sensitizer may be added in the course of or after completing a sulfur or selenium sensitization.
  • the above-mentioned silver halide grains may also be optically sensitized to a desired spectral wavelength region, by making use of a sensitizing dye.
  • the additives such as an antifoggant and a stabilizer may be added.
  • Emulsion layers and other hydrophilic colloidal layers may be hardened and are allowed to contain a plasticizer and the dispersion of a water-insoluble or hardly soluble synthetic polymer, that is so-called a latex.
  • couplers are added into the emulsion layers of a color photographic light-sensitive material. Besides, it is also allowed to use thereinto a colored coupler having a color-compensation effect, a competing coupler, and a compound capable of releasing a photographically useful fragment such as a development accelerator, a bleach accelerator, a developing agent, a silver halide solvent, a color toner, a layer hardener, a foggant, an antifoggant, a chemical sensitizer, a spectral sensitizer, and a desenstizer, upon coupling reaction with the oxidized product of a developing agent.
  • a development accelerator a bleach accelerator, a developing agent, a silver halide solvent, a color toner, a layer hardener, a foggant, an antifoggant, a chemical sensitizer, a spectral sensitizer, and a desenstizer
  • auxiliary layers such as a filter layer, an antihalation layer, and antiirradiation layer.
  • auxiliary layers such as a filter layer, an antihalation layer, and antiirradiation layer.
  • a dye capable of discharging from the light-sensitive material or being bleached, in the course of developing the light-sensitive material.
  • Such light-sensitive material is allowed to contain a formalin scavenger, a fluorescent brightening agent, a matting agent, a lubricant, an image stabilizer, a surfactant, a color-fog inhibitor, a development accelerator, a development retarder, and a bleach accelerator.
  • a sheet of paper laminated with polyethylene or the like, a polyethyleneterephthalate film, a baryta paper, and cellulose triacetate film may be used.
  • color photographic processes which have been commonly known may be carried out after exposing the light-sensitive materials to light.
  • a Comparative Emulsion EM-1 was prepared by the use of the following 7 kinds of solutions.
  • Solutions B and C were added into Solution A by keeping a temperature of 40°C and spending a time for 73.7 minutes in a double-jet precipitation method with a mixing stirrer described in Japanese Patent O.P.I. Publication Nos. 57-92523(1982) and 57-92524(1982).
  • the pAg and pH values of the emulsion and the rates of adding Solutions B and C were controlled as shown in Table-1.
  • the pAg and pH values of the emulsion were controlled by adjusting the flow rates of Solutions D and E by the use of a variable-flow roller tube pump. Two minutes after completing the addition of Solution C, the pH value of the emulsion was adjusted to be 6.0 with Solution E.
  • the resulting emulsion was desalted and washed in an ordinary method and was then dispersed in an aqueous solution containing ossein gelatin.
  • the resulting emulsion was a high-grade octahedral monodisperse type emulsion having an average grain-size of 1.0 ⁇ m and a variation coefficient of 12% in grain-size distribution.
  • Emulsion EM-2 of the invention which contains silver halide crystals of the invention was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, except that the following two kinds of aqueous solutions containing the photosensitive dyes were added 43.2 minutes after starting the addition of the solutions.
  • di-t-nonylphenol DNP di-t-nonylphenol DNP was used as a high boiling solvent for dissolving the coupler.
  • the coupler was protect-dispersed in an ordinary method.
  • Comparative EM-1 was color sensitized to green by adding the photosensitive dyes I and II which were used in Example 1 in the same amounts each as that of EM-2, when EM-1 was chemically sensitized.
  • a gelatin hardener and a surfactant were also added Into each of the above-mentioned layers.
  • the resulting samples were exposed to green light through a wedge in an ordinary method, and were then subjected to a sensitometry, respectively.
  • the exposed samples were treated in the following processing steps.
  • the samples thus developed were subjected to sensitometry by making use of green rays of light.
  • Fog ... This is expressed by a so-called minimum optical density value given onto a characteristic curve obtained in a sensitometry. It is not preferable when this value is relatively great, because the greater this value is, the higher a fog density will be.
  • Speed ... This is expressed by the reciprocal number of an antilog exposure giving an optical density of fog + 0.1 on a characteristic curve.
  • the speed values thereof are given in relation to the speed of the comparative emulsion that was regarded as a value of 100 when the comparative emulsion was ordinarily exposed to light for an exposure time of 1/500 sec. It is preferable when this value is relatively great, because the greater this value is, the faster the speeds will be.
  • Substantial density ... This is expressed by the value deducted a value of a minimum density from that of a maximum density on a characteristic curve.
  • Table-2 the values are indicated in relation to the substantial density value of the comparative emulsion that was regarded as a value of 100. It is preferable when the value is relatively great, the higher the development rate will be.
  • the samples were prepared by coating the following layers in order over a transparent support made of a subbed cellulose triacetate film bearing thereon an antihalation layer containing 0.40 g of black colloidal silver and 3.0 g of gelatin.
  • the quantities of the composites in the light-sensitive materials will be expressed in terms of a quantity per sq. meter, and the amounts of silver halide emulsions and colloidal silver will be expressed in terms of the silver contents thereof.
  • the multilayered color light-sensitive materials thus prepared were exposed to light through a white wedge in the ordinary method and processed in the aforementioned processing steps.
  • the resulting light-sensitive materials were each subjected to sensitometry, so that the green sensitivities were obtained.
  • the definitions of 'Sensitivity' is the same as that in the case of the aforementioned monochromatically sensitive coated samples.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Silberhalogenidkorn, umfassend Wirtkristallkörner mit [111]-Kristallflächen und an seinen Kanten vorspringenden gratartigen Kristallflächen, die einander in rechtem Winkel schneiden.
  2. Silberhalogenidkorn nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Wirtkristallkorn oktaedrisch ist.
  3. Silberhalogenidkorn nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Silberhalogenid aus Silberbromid oder Silberjodbromid besteht.
  4. Silberhalogenidemulsion mit Silberhalogenidkörnern nach Anspruch 1, wobei es sich bei der Silberhalogenidemulsion um eine Emulsion mit monodisperser Korngrößenverteilung handelt.
  5. Silberhalogenidemulsion nach Anspruch 4, wobei die durchschnittliche Korngröße der Silberhalogenidemulsion 0,1 - 3,0 µm beträgt.
  6. Photographisches Silberhalogenid-Aufzeichnungsmaterial mit einer Silberhalogenidemulsionsschicht, welche Silberhalogenidkörner nach Anspruch 1 enthält.
  7. Photographisches Silberhalogenid-Aufzeichnungsmaterial nach Anspruch 6, wobei die durchschnittliche Korngröße der Silberhalogenidemulsion 0,1 - 3,0 µm beträgt.
  8. Photographisches Silberhalogenid-Aufzeichnungsmaterial nach Anspruch 6, wobei die Silberhalogenidemulsion chemisch sensibilisiert ist.
  9. Photographisches Silberhalogenid-Aufzeichnungsmaterial nach Anspruch 6, wobei die Silberhalogenidemulsion optisch sensibilisiert ist.
EP19890120227 1988-10-31 1989-10-31 Silberhalogenidkristallkörner und lichtempfindliches Silberhalogenidmaterial Expired - Lifetime EP0367248B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP276558/88 1988-10-31
JP27655888A JP2631720B2 (ja) 1988-10-31 1988-10-31 ハロゲン化銀結晶粒子及びハロゲン化銀感光材料

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EP0367248A1 EP0367248A1 (de) 1990-05-09
EP0367248B1 true EP0367248B1 (de) 1995-09-27

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IT1251792B (it) * 1991-07-15 1995-05-26 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Emulsione agli alogenuri d'argento comprendente granuli aventi struttura a cratere o a tramoggia e metodo per la sua preparazione.

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CA1280312C (en) * 1985-09-03 1991-02-19 Joe Edward Maskasky Emulsions and photographic elements containing ruffled silver halide grains
JPH0820690B2 (ja) * 1986-02-03 1996-03-04 コニカ株式会社 ハロゲン化銀粒子及び核ハロゲン化銀粒子を含む写真感光材料

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EP0367248A1 (de) 1990-05-09
JP2631720B2 (ja) 1997-07-16
DE68924395D1 (de) 1995-11-02
DE68924395T2 (de) 1996-03-14
JPH02120849A (ja) 1990-05-08

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