EP0361276B1 - Appareil et procédé pour préparer des fibres textiles nettoyées et en alimenter une machine textile - Google Patents

Appareil et procédé pour préparer des fibres textiles nettoyées et en alimenter une machine textile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0361276B1
EP0361276B1 EP89117279A EP89117279A EP0361276B1 EP 0361276 B1 EP0361276 B1 EP 0361276B1 EP 89117279 A EP89117279 A EP 89117279A EP 89117279 A EP89117279 A EP 89117279A EP 0361276 B1 EP0361276 B1 EP 0361276B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fibers
chute
fiber
reserve
feed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89117279A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0361276A2 (fr
EP0361276A3 (en
Inventor
Akiva Pinto
Günter Lucassen
Bernhard Bocht
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hollingsworth GmbH
Hergeth Hollingsworth GmbH
Original Assignee
Hollingsworth GmbH
Hergeth Hollingsworth GmbH
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Publication date
Application filed by Hollingsworth GmbH, Hergeth Hollingsworth GmbH filed Critical Hollingsworth GmbH
Publication of EP0361276A2 publication Critical patent/EP0361276A2/fr
Publication of EP0361276A3 publication Critical patent/EP0361276A3/de
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Publication of EP0361276B1 publication Critical patent/EP0361276B1/fr
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Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01GPRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
    • D01G21/00Combinations of machines, apparatus, or processes, e.g. for continuous processing
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01GPRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
    • D01G23/00Feeding fibres to machines; Conveying fibres between machines
    • D01G23/08Air draught or like pneumatic arrangements

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and a method for preparing and feeding cleaned textile fibers in an associated textile processing machine, an air flow conveying fibers directly into a vertical feed shaft by a cleaning device that works with an increased cleaning effect.
  • This type of vertical feed shaft usually has a storage container called a reserve shaft, which is arranged above the shaft area.
  • the fibers are guided horizontally into the reserve shaft by an air flow carrying the fibers.
  • the air exits the reserve shaft, causing the fibers to be deposited in a column above an upper feed roller that feeds the fibers into the shaft area.
  • the fibers are typically cleaned by a flake feeder such as that described, for example, in US Pat. No. 4,682,388 and introduced into the air stream. Then the fibers are fed from the flake feed device to the vertical feed shaft.
  • the flake feed device has a pair of feed rollers which form a clamping point and between which the fibers are transported on a feed belt which feeds the fibers into the transport air flow to the reserve shaft of the feed shaft.
  • the amount of fibers that are fed to the reserve shaft is determined by determining the air pressure in the feed channel leading to the reserve area. When fibers accumulate in the spare shaft, the air pressure increases. This is because an air outlet arranged on a wall of the reserve shaft is blocked less or more with fibers, so that the air pressure changes accordingly.
  • Such a feed and control system is in U.S. Patent 4,682,388. The change in air pressure is used to determine the amount of fiber and to control the feed rollers of the flake feed device so that the fiber feed can be controlled accordingly.
  • the feed rollers of the cleaning device create a feed with a clamping point, in which the fiber feed can be actively stopped and started without any time delay, ie feeding or stopping the feeding of fibers takes place practically instantaneously.
  • the fiber feed is also stopped, so that the controlled fill level in the reserve shaft remains relatively the same and in the desired range.
  • Such a filling level is normally desired so that part of the air outlet remains free. The escape of air is necessary to prevent the fiber column in the reserve shaft from being subjected to excessive pressure and to prevent the feed roller from being overloaded and blocked.
  • Fiber cleaning machines which have no nip point and in which the fibers are only guided by a flowing air stream over fiber cleaning and opening rollers.
  • a fiber cleaning device without a pinch point is manufactured by Hergeth Hollingsworth GmbH in Dülmen, Federal Republic of Germany, under the name roller cleaner model WR / Z.
  • This roller cleaning device is particularly suitable for cleaning various types of heavily contaminated cotton and is mainly used as an initial cleaning device in a cleaning line.
  • Such fiber cleaning devices without clamping points are usually arranged between a bale opening machine and the mixing station within a cleaning line. With this type of cleaner, the cleaning effect and opening properties are excellent.
  • the fibrous material is passed axially through a pair of rollers and exits the other side of the cleaning machine, being contained in the transport air stream all the time.
  • this fiber cleaning device there is generally no feed with a clamping point which can control or prevent excessive fiber accumulation in the reserve shaft if it is necessary to stop the feeding process.
  • Excess fibers that are carried in the pipelines are deposited in the reserve shaft with this device, as a result of which the feed roller at the nip point can be blocked by overloading. Since, according to the prevailing opinion, vertical feed shafts have to be fed by cleaning devices which have feed with a clamping point, no cleaning point-free cleaning devices have been used to feed vertical feed shafts.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a method for cleaning fibers and for supplying cleaned fibers to a vertical feed shaft, in which a pinch-point-free fiber cleaning device working with an increased cleaning effect is used.
  • the invention is intended to provide a system and a method in which cleaned fibers can be fed to a vertical feed shaft by means of a pinch-free fiber cleaning device without excess fibers containing in the continuous air stream being deposited in the feed shaft if there is no material requirement for the feed shaft.
  • the invention is also intended to provide a system and method in which the fibers are fed directly from a pinchless fiber cleaning device to a vertical feed shaft, the control of the system being such as to compensate for excess fibers contained in the air flow passing therethrough when one processing machine fed through the feed shaft, e.g. Card or the like is stopped so that the like when resuming the carding process. blocking of the shaft feed roller is prevented.
  • one processing machine fed through the feed shaft e.g. Card or the like
  • a preferred embodiment of this textile fiber preparation and delivery system is provided with an air flow channel which is a fiber source with an inlet to the cleaning device and connects an outlet from the cleaning device to a reserve shaft, a control device which controls a quantity of fibers fed from a fiber source as a function of the quantity of fibers in a reserve shaft; wherein a controller controls the operation of an upper feed roller in response to a fiber level in an effective zone for forming a fiber mat, and wherein the control device continues to operate the upper feed roller after delivery of a fiber mat is completed to remove excess fibers that have deposited in an airflow channel , which extends from the fiber source to the reserve shaft, and to prevent blocking of an air outlet of the reserve shaft, so that when the fiber mat delivery is resumed, the upper feed roller is prevented from blocking.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the textile fiber preparation and feeding system with the pinchless fiber cleaning device.
  • A denotes a mixing plant for the production of a fiber mixture.
  • the fibers are transported in the form of an air stream 10 carrying fibers from the mixing device to a fiber cleaning device B without a pinch point.
  • the fibers are transported in the air stream through the cleaning device B directly to a vertical feed shaft C without a nip point.
  • the fibers are compressed in the vertical shaft and in the form of a Compact fiber mat 12 issued or the like an associated card. 14 is supplied.
  • Mixing system A effects an effective niche at this stage of fiber processing.
  • Mixing is one of the first processes in fiber preparation and is used to homogenize and intensify fiber flake mixtures, to compensate for deviations in material density and to compensate for differences in material moisture.
  • the fibers can be fed to the mixing device by a conventional or an automatic bale opening system, as is described, for example, in DE-3 208 346 (US-4 514 881).
  • the fibers pass from the fiber bale opener system through an inlet 16 into the mixing device. 16 is the inlet to a reciprocating fiber-air separator 18 which is conventionally moved perpendicular to the direction in which the fibers travel through the mixer.
  • the transverse movement of the separating device distributes the separated fibers evenly in layers over the entire working width of the mixing device.
  • the density of the fibers in a mixing chamber 20 of the mixing device can be precisely controlled in a conventional manner by means of photocells and a pressure roller (not shown).
  • the fiber layers are transported on a conveyor belt 22 in the mixing device and fed to a needle-punched cloth 24, which removes the fibers from the cross-section of the layers and further transports them to a stripping roller 26, from which the fibers are fed to the cleaning device B by the transport air stream 10.
  • This mixing device is a processing machine for natural and man-made fibers with a stack length of up to 120 mm.
  • the pinch-free fiber cleaning device B is arranged between the mixing device or another fiber source and the vertical feed shaft C.
  • the cleaning device B has an inlet 30 on one side and an outlet 32 on the opposite side. Any suitable fiber cleaning device without a clamping point when the fibers are conveyed through the cleaning device can be used.
  • the cleaning device is provided with a pair of opening and cleaning rollers 34 and 36. The fibers are moved axially along the length of the rollers rotating at high speed by the transport air stream 10. Contaminants separated from the opening rollers fall through a grate 38 into a floor container of the cleaning device, from which they can be removed by suction. The rolls rotate continuously while the fibers are transported along the opening rolls.
  • the opener rollers 34 and 36 are provided with pins 40 which extend radially outward.
  • a transport fan 42 creates the air flow to carry the fibers.
  • the transport air stream 10a which emerges from the cleaning device B, contains opened and highly cleaned fibers.
  • the air stream 10a with the cleaned fibers enters an inlet duct 44 of the vertical feed shaft.
  • the vertical feed shaft C is provided with a reserve shaft 46 which receives the fibers, the air from the transport air flow in the direction of arrows 48 exits through an air outlet 50 which is formed in a rear wall of the reserve shaft 46.
  • the air outlet 50 may have a reed plate through which the air exits.
  • the fibers are deposited in the reserve shaft F over an upper feed roller 52.
  • the upper feed roller 52 introduces the fibers into an active zone 54 to form a fiber column, which leave the fibers in the form of a compressed fiber mat 12.
  • the fiber mat is removed by delivery rollers 56.
  • the operation of the feeder shaft is conventional and is described in detail, for example, in US 4,476,611.
  • the card or the like. 14 can sometimes be switched off for various reasons, which can even happen several times in a day.
  • the pinch-free fiber cleaning device B causes an increased throughput line and an increased cleaning effect, but also produces an excessive amount of fibers in the channel system 58 between the fiber source at the mixing device A and the upper feed roller 52 of the vertical feed shaft C.
  • a control system 60 regulates the amount of fiber that does that Reserve shaft 46 is supplied. This is done by determining the pressure with a pressure sensor 62 which indicates the amount of fiber present in the reserve shaft. When fibers accumulate and more or less cover the air outlet 50, the pressure changes so that it gives an indication of the amount of fibers.
  • a suitable control system which describes the feeding of fibers from a flake feed device to a vertical feed shaft C.
  • the control system operates the rollers of the flake feeder which has a nip point for controlling fiber feed between the rollers.
  • the fibers fed can be controlled essentially instantaneously without any noticeable time delay occurring.
  • the system for flowing through the transport routes and the associated devices results in a system with a substantially higher capacity. It is essential that in this phase there is a large amount of fiber in the distribution system. If the card or the like.
  • this problem is avoided by using a fiber cleaning device without a clamping point and having an increased cleaning effect in combination with a vertical feed shaft is used with the control system 60 programmed to continue operating the upper feed roller 52 when the card 14 operation or delivery of the batt is complete.
  • the control system 60 programmed to continue operating the upper feed roller 52 when the card 14 operation or delivery of the batt is complete.
  • a compensation for the additional or excess fibers in the continuous system is created by reducing the fiber column deposited in the reserve shaft.
  • compensation is made for the excess fibers present in the reserve shaft.
  • the risk of blocking an air outlet is substantially eliminated, so that cleaning of the reserve shaft is not necessary even if a fiber cleaning device without a pinch point is used.
  • the transport line D for conveying the transport air flow has a first section 63a between the mixing device A and the cleaning device B and a second section 63b between the cleaning device B and the reserve shaft 46.
  • the controller 60 which may be any conventional controller that can be programmed by those skilled in the art, receives pressure signals 62 at 64 and also receives a signal 66 from the feed roller 56 which indicates that the operation of the Processing machine and / or the delivery of the fiber mat is finished.
  • the control device 60 outputs an output signal 68, which controls the operation of the needle sliver 24 in a conventional manner, and an output signal 70, which controls the operation of the conveying device 22 in a conventional manner.
  • both the needle lattice and the feed belt can be driven by normal speed-controlled direct current motors which are controlled by the output signal from the control device 60.
  • the fiber supply from the mixing device A is terminated by stopping the drive of the needle bar cloth 24 and the conveyor belt 22.
  • the rollers 34 and 36 and the blowing device 42 continue to operate, so that excess fibers are present in the transport line D over the entire distance from the fiber source A to the vertical feed shaft C.
  • the controller 60 outputs a signal 72 to the upper feed roller 52 to cause the feed roller 52 to operate for a predetermined period of time sufficient to remove the excess fibers so that the excess fibers do not accumulate and Block air outlet 50.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Procédé pour augmenter l'effet de nettoyage d'un système pour la préparation et l'amenée de fibres textiles, lequel système transporte les fibres à un puits d'alimentation vertical (C), qui est muni d'un puits de réserve (46) avec une évacuation d'air (50), d'une zone active (54), à partir de laquelle est distribuée une nappe de fibres comprimée (12), et d'un rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52) qui est monté entre le puits de réserve (46) et la zone active (54), pour introduire les fibres à partir du puits de réserve (46) dans la zone active (54), caractérisé par les étapes de procédé suivantes :
    a) transport des fibres textiles, dans un courant d'air de transport (10), d'une installation de mélange (A) jusqu'au puits d'alimentation (C) ;
    b) mise en place d'un dispositif de nettoyage de fibres (B) dépourvu de point de serrage entre l'installation de mélange (A) et le puits d'alimentation (C) ;
    c) transport des fibres de l'installation de mélange (A) au dispositif de nettoyage de fibres (B) dépourvu de point de serrage au moyen d'un courant d'air de transport (10) ;
    d) nettoyage des fibres pendant que les fibres dans le courant d'air de transport (10) sont conduites directement à travers le dispositif de nettoyage de fibres (B) dépourvu de point de serrage ;
    e) amenée des fibres nettoyées directement au puits d'alimentation (C).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par
    - l'arrêt de la sortie de la nappe de fibres hors du puits vertical (C), et
    - l'enlèvement des fibres excédentaires dans le puits d'alimentation (C) après arrêt du processus de sortie exécuté à partir du puits d'alimentation (C), pour empêcher que le rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52) se bloque par surcharge lors de la remise en marche.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé par l'enlèvement des fibres excédentaires, qui sont entraînées dans le courant d'air de transport (10) s'écoulant de l'installation de mélange (A) au puits de réserve (46), après arrêt de la sortie de la nappe de fibres hors du puits d'alimentation (C), tandis que le fonctionnement du rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52) se poursuit, après arrêt de la sortie de la nappe de fibres, pendant un temps suffisant pour éviter une obstruction de l'évacuation d'air (50) du puits de réserve (46) en raison de fibres excédentaires.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par les étapes de procédé suivantes :
    a) amenée de fibres à partir d'un dispositif de mélange de fibres textiles (A) qui homogénéise et intensifie les fibres ;
    b) liaison directe d'un dispositif de nettoyage (B) dépourvu de point de serrage avec l'installation de mélange (A) ,
    c) liaison du dispositif de nettoyage (B) avec le puits de réserve (46) du puits d'alimentation (C) ;
    d) liaison de l'installation de mélange (A), du dispositif de nettoyage (B) et du puits de réserve (46) avec un système distributeur, qui est actionné par le courant d'air de transport (10) ; et
    e) transport des fibres dans le courant d'air de transport (10) à partir de l'installation de mélange (A) à travers le dispositif de nettoyage (B) et dans le puits de réserve (46) sans point de serrage.
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 4, caractérisé par une commande du fonctionnement du rouleau d'amenée supérieur (52) du puits d'alimentation (C) de telle sorte que l'alimentation des fibres à partir du puits de réserve (46) dans la zone active (54), après arrêt de la sortie de la nappe de fibres et de l'amenée des fibres textiles mélangées, est poursuivie pour enlever les fibres excédentaires du système distributeur-courant d'air et pour empêcher une obstruction de l'évacuation d'air (50) dans le puits de réserve (46).
  6. Appareil pour la préparation de, et l'alimentation en, fibres textiles pour traitement dans une machine textile comportant un puits d'alimentation vertical (C) avec une zone active (54) pour former et faire sortir une nappe de fibres (12) comprimée ; un dispositif d'alimentation (16, 22, 24, 26, 58) pour l'amenée de fibres textiles mélangées ; un ventilateur de transport (42) pour le transport des fibres dans un courant d'air de transport (10), caractérisé par
    a) un dispositif de nettoyage de fibres (B) dépourvu de point de serrage relié à une installation de mélange (A) comportant une entrée (30), par laquelle le courant d'air de transport (10) parvient dans le dispositif de nettoyage (B) et une sortie (32) pour le courant d'air de transport (10) hors du dispositif de nettoyage (B) ;
    b) par un moyen de nettoyage de fibres dans le dispositif de nettoyage de fibres (B) ; et
    c) par un moyen de transport, qui transporte les fibres de l'entrée (30) à la sortie (32) à travers le dispositif de nettoyage (B), le moyen de transport étant constitué par le courant d'air de transport (10), qui transporte les fibres sans point de serrage à travers le dispositif de nettoyage (B) et sur le moyen de nettoyage de fibres.
  7. Appareil selon la revendication 6, caractérisé par le fait que le puits d'alimentation vertical (C) comporte une zone active (54), un puits de réserve (46), un rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52) disposé entre le puits de réserve (46) et la zone active (54) pour l'amenée des fibres du puits de réserve (46) à la zone active (54), le puits de réserve (46) comportant une évacuation d'air (50) qui s'étend essentiellement sur la largeur d'une section du puits de réserve (46) et à travers laquelle l'air s'échappe, après que les fibres entraînées dans le courant d'air de transport (10) ont été introduites dans le puits de réserve (46) disposé au-dessus du rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52).
  8. Appareil selon la revendication 6 ou 7, caractérisé par le fait qu'un dispositif de commande (60) assure la poursuite du fonctionnement du rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52), après arrêt de la sortie de la nappe de fibres et du fonctionnement du dispositif d'alimentation, afin d'enlever les fibres excédentaires entraînées dans le courant d'air de transport (10), pour réduire le risque d'obstruction de l'évacuation d'air (50) en raison des fibres excédentaires et pour empêcher que, lors de la remise en service du fonctionnement du puits d'alimentation (C), le rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52) se bloque par surcharge.
  9. Appareil selon l'une des revendications 6 ou 7, caractérisé par un dispositif de commande (60), qui commande la quantité de fibres amenée à partir de l'installation de mélange (A) en fonction de la quantité de fibres contenue dans le puits de réserve (46), le dispositif de commande (60) commandant le fonctionnement du rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52) en fonction du niveau de fibres dans la zone active (54) et le dispositif de commande (60) prolongeant le fonctionnement du rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52) pendant un temps prédéterminé après l'arrêt de la distribution de la nappe de fibres hors de la zone active (54), pour enlever les fibres excédentaires contenues dans le courant d'air de transport (10) et dans le dispositif de nettoyage (B) et pour éviter un surremplissage du puits de réserve (46) ainsi qu'une obstruction de l'évacuation d'air (50), de sorte que lors d'une reprise du fonctionnement du puits vertical (C) et de la distribution de la nappe de fibres un blocage du rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52) soit empêché.
  10. Appareil selon l'une des revendications 6 à 9, caractérisé par le fait que l'entrée (30) du dispositif de nettoyage de fibres (B) est reliée à l'installation de mélange (A) et que la sortie (32) est reliée au puits de réserve (46) du puits d'alimentation vertical (C).
  11. Appareil selon l'une des revendications 6 ou 7, caractérisé par
    - un système de conduit (58) qui relie l'installation de mélange (A) à l'entrée (30) et la sortie (32) du dispositif de nettoyage (B) au puits de réserve (46);
    - un dispositif de commande (60), qui commande une quantité de fibres amenée à partir de l'installation de mélange (A) en fonction de la quantité de fibres dans le puits de réserve (46), le dispositif de commande (60) commandant le fonctionnement du rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52) en fonction du niveau de fibres dans la zone active (54), et le dispositif de commande (60) prolongeant le fonctionnement du rouleau supérieur (52), après l'arrêt de la sortie d'une nappe de fibres, pour enlever les fibres excédentaires qui se sont déposées dans le système de conduit (58), lequel s'étend de l'installation de mélange (A) jusqu'au puits de réserve (46), et pour empêcher l'obstruction de l'évacuation d'air (50) du puits de réserve (46) afin que lors de la reprise de la formation de la nappe de fibres un blocage du rouleau d'alimentation supérieur (52) soit empêché.
  12. Appareil selon l'une des revendications 6 à 11, caractérisé par le fait que le dispositif de nettoyage de fibres (B) comporte deux rouleaux ouvreurs (34, 36) et que le courant d'air traversant est guidé axialement suivant la longueur des rouleaux ouvreurs (34, 36) tandis qu'il se déplace de l'entrée (30) à la sortie (32) du dispositif de nettoyage de fibres (B).
EP89117279A 1988-09-30 1989-09-19 Appareil et procédé pour préparer des fibres textiles nettoyées et en alimenter une machine textile Expired - Lifetime EP0361276B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/252,191 US4864693A (en) 1988-09-30 1988-09-30 Flow-through fiber preparation feed system and method
US252191 1988-09-30

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0361276A2 EP0361276A2 (fr) 1990-04-04
EP0361276A3 EP0361276A3 (en) 1991-07-03
EP0361276B1 true EP0361276B1 (fr) 1996-02-14

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EP89117279A Expired - Lifetime EP0361276B1 (fr) 1988-09-30 1989-09-19 Appareil et procédé pour préparer des fibres textiles nettoyées et en alimenter une machine textile

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4864693A (fr)
EP (1) EP0361276B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH02112420A (fr)
DE (1) DE58909605D1 (fr)

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US8360348B2 (en) 2010-08-12 2013-01-29 Frank Levy Method and apparatus for recycling carpet
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CN103643355B (zh) * 2013-11-29 2016-08-24 山东新力环保材料有限公司 新型梳理机
CN107488896B (zh) * 2017-08-17 2019-05-21 河北奥尼特纺织科技有限公司 一种多用途纤维开松混合仓系统
CN107829184A (zh) * 2017-11-10 2018-03-23 安徽翰联纺织有限公司 制备芳纶纤维混纺纱线的纺纱系统
CN107699996A (zh) * 2017-11-10 2018-02-16 安徽翰联纺织有限公司 功能性纤维纯纺或混纺成条机构
CN110172756A (zh) * 2019-05-20 2019-08-27 长兴煤山掌珠丝绸厂 一种棉纺布加工用梳棉装置
CN110438594B (zh) * 2019-08-05 2021-12-03 江西天达纺织有限公司 一种纺织用初步处理装置

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DE3228672A1 (de) * 1982-07-31 1984-02-02 Trützschler GmbH & Co KG, 4050 Mönchengladbach Verfahren und vorrichtung zur klimatisierung einer spinnereivorbereitungsanlage
US4682388A (en) * 1986-08-22 1987-07-28 John D. Hollingsworth On Wheels, Inc. Textile flock feed control system and method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH02112420A (ja) 1990-04-25
EP0361276A2 (fr) 1990-04-04
DE58909605D1 (de) 1996-03-28
US4864693A (en) 1989-09-12
EP0361276A3 (en) 1991-07-03

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