EP0293834A2 - Verdichtungswerkzeug für Pulver, insbesondere feuerfesten Zement - Google Patents

Verdichtungswerkzeug für Pulver, insbesondere feuerfesten Zement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0293834A2
EP0293834A2 EP88108696A EP88108696A EP0293834A2 EP 0293834 A2 EP0293834 A2 EP 0293834A2 EP 88108696 A EP88108696 A EP 88108696A EP 88108696 A EP88108696 A EP 88108696A EP 0293834 A2 EP0293834 A2 EP 0293834A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
projections
powder
cap
tool
contactor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP88108696A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0293834A3 (de
Inventor
Robert A. Buzzell
Edmund A. Cortellini
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saint Gobain Abrasives Inc
Original Assignee
Norton Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Norton Co filed Critical Norton Co
Publication of EP0293834A2 publication Critical patent/EP0293834A2/de
Publication of EP0293834A3 publication Critical patent/EP0293834A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
    • F27D1/16—Making or repairing linings increasing the durability of linings or breaking away linings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
    • B28B1/08—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material by vibrating or jolting
    • B28B1/093—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material by vibrating or jolting by means directly acting on the material, e.g. by cores wholly or partly immersed in the material or elements acting on the upper surface of the material

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of tools and processes for compacting powders, particularly powdered refractory cements used for constructing heat resistant walls and other structures.
  • Refractory cements comprise powdered refractory materials such as mullite, kyanite, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon carbide, fumed silica, alumina, zirconia, magnesia, chromia, etc.
  • the refractory materials are capable of adequate self-bonding by sintering during the heating used to consolidate the cement.
  • special bonding materials such as boric acid, calcium carbonate, silicon powder, iron oxide, etc., may be used in addition to the more refractory components.
  • a tool to deair the loose cement and a vibrator to shake the cement particles into a tight packing.
  • the deairing tool commonly has tapered chisel points or forks about 3 cm wide and 13 cm long, extend­ing from a base about 11 cm long and 6.5 cm wide, with the projections on centers about 4 cm apart.
  • the size of the deairing tool varies somewhat with the size of the structure to be made.
  • the vibrator most commonly used has a solid flat square contactor plate about 15 cm on a side and 4 mm thick.
  • the plate is attached to drive means which cause it when actuated to vibrate with an amplitude of about 3 mm at a rate of about 60 vibra­tions per second .
  • a vibrator with a per­forated plate rather than a solid plate is used.
  • the most often used type of perforated plate has circular perforations about 6 mm in diameter on centers about 25 mm apart.
  • the same drive means are used to actuate a perforated plate into vibrations of the same amplitude and frequency as with a solid plate.
  • a vibrator with a perforated plate is relatively little used, because it normally generates so much dust in the air over the con­tainer in which it is used as to cause significant dis­comfort for the worker(s) using it.
  • a layer of cement usually 10-15 cm thick, is placed in a container in which a refractory structure is to be formed.
  • the layer of powder is then deaired by moving the forked deairing tool up and down through all parts of the bed for a total of about two minutes.
  • the area of a bed covered by one operator is about four to ten times the area of the base of the forking tool used, and the projecting chisel points or forks on the tool are deep enough to penetrate the entire depth of the first powder layer.
  • the con­tactor plate of a vibrator As already described is ap­plied to the a portion of the top of the deaired powder bed and set into vibratory motion.
  • An operator moves the actuated contactor plate around over the entire area of the powder layer until a sufficient and reasonably uniform degree of compaction has been achieved through­out the bed; this usually requires about one minute of total contact time, with a single operator again, as with the deairing tool, covering an area about four to ten times the area of the contactor plate of the vibra­tor.
  • the surface of the vibrated packed powder bed is then scored with a rake or similar tool to prevent the formation of lamina­tions. If this scoring operation is omitted, a weakness in the structure to be made will normally occur along the zone of the transition between successive layers. This undesirable effect, called “lamination” or some re­lated term in the art, is believed to occur because a thin layer of powder enriched in the coarser particles within the cement tends to accumulate at the top of each layer during the vibration step.
  • a thin highly porous layer is formed in the final structure.
  • Such a high porosity layer is more susceptible to mechanical damage or to penetration by any liquid, such as molten metal, which the eventual re­fractory structure is to be used to contain.
  • the powder is converted into the structure by heat­ing according to methods well known in the art. If the refractory structure is built up within removable metal mold walls, as it often is, a blowtorch may be applied around the area of the molds to consolidate the struc­ture; more often the heating equipment of the furnace itself is used for the heating, if the structure is a furnace liner.
  • the prior art compacting process can be greatly simplified and speeded by utilizing a vibratory tool having a contactor with solid projections from a solid cap, rather than a flat solid or perforated plate as in the prior art.
  • the cap of the contactor according to this invention will often be referred to hereinafter as a cap plate, because the cap is usually most convenient severelyly constructed in the form of a plate.
  • any shape which is solid enough to prevent the motion through it of most of the powder to be compacted, and which, in combination with the projections from it, de­fines a space in which particles of the powder to be compacted can be set into rapid motion without being able to escape through the top of the space could serve as an adequate cap.
  • a vibratory tool of this type allows elimination of separate deairing and scoring steps, permits contin­uous addition of powder to form beds of any thickness, eliminates the need for a separate deairing tool, and produces compacted beds substantially as dense as those obtained by the prior art in significantly less time.
  • the cap plate of the vibrator contactor should be thick enough to provide me­chanical ruggedness but not so thick as to require ex­cessive power to drive. Generally steel plates 2-10 mm thick are preferred.
  • the shape of the projections on the contactor does not appear to be particularly impor­tant, provided that (1) the projections produce a plu­rality of vibrating terminal solid surfaces that are small in comparison with the cap plate of the contactor, e.g., usually less than 6 square centimeters, and pref­erably are 6 to 77 mm distant from the cap plate; (2) the supporting part of the projection is sturdy enough to resist easy breakage when vibrated and to transmit the vibratory motion of the cap with little or no change to the terminal surfaces; and (3) the terminal surfaces on the projections are separated from each other, in a direction parallel to the cap plate, by an average dis­tance that is at least half as great as the average width of the widest part of the projections.
  • a vibrator contactor of this type is applied to the surface of a powder bed with sufficient pressure that both the cap plate and the projections from it are in intimate con­tact with part of the powder, with a small amplitude vi­bratory motion imparted to the contactor. After a few seconds of contact with one particular part of the area of the top of the powder layer, the contactor is moved to a different part of the area, until eventually all the area is covered.
  • Additional powder can be added to the part of the bed not covered by the contactor at any given time, in a continuous or interrupted stream, and by properly controlled powder additions and application of the contactor of the vibratory tool according to this invention, an adequately compacted deep bed of powder may be built up to any desired depth within any given area without any interruptions for separate deairing and scoring steps.
  • Figure 1 is a view of a preferred type of vibrato­ry tool according to this invention.
  • Figure 2 is a side view and Figure 3 is a bottom view of a contactor suit­able for use with this vibratory tool.
  • Figure 4 is a side view and Figure 5 a bottom view of another suitable type of vibratory tool.
  • the projections on the contactor of this invention are usually substantially uniform in size and substantially evenly spaced over the entire surface of the plate opposite the side of attachment to the vibratory drive means. While it is believed that projections of almost any reasonably elongated shape would be satisfactory, it usually most convenient to use projections with simple and easily obtained shapes such as cylinders, cones, pyramids, chisel points (usually flattened somewhat from the shape used in an actual chisel), etc. and to use projections that have their maximum width at the point of contact with the cap plate.
  • the shape of the contactor according to this in­vention, combining a cap plate with projections, could be obtained by any appropriate means such as casting, but it is generally less expensive and therefore preferivelyable to attach separate projections to a smooth surfaced cap by welding, threaded connectors, or any other suit­able method.
  • the area of the cap plate, the area of powder com­pacted with a contactor of a given cap plate area, and the amplitude and frequency of vibration of the entire contactor are preferably about the same as in the prior art, with the cap area corresponding to the area of the flat plate contactor used in the prior art. All the steps subsequent to contacting that are required to con­vert the compacted powder into a useful structure may be performed in the same manner as in the prior art, and the types of powders to which the invention may be ap­plied includes all the range of those used in the prior art.
  • the projections of the contactor according to this invention are preferably made of metal, with steel usu­ally preferred for economy.
  • the projections are similar in size and shape, and the tool is to be used with conventional refractory cements, the projections most preferably should be 5-7 mm in maximum width, on centers spaced 20-28 mm apart on a square lattice, and 12-24 mm in length.
  • a conventional refractory cement composition sold by Norton Company, Worcester, Massachusetts under the trade designation VA-150, was used for this example. This is a fused alumina based dry vibration cement rec­ommended for both acid and basic slag contact. It uti­lizes a chrome alumina solid solution bond mechanism.
  • a typical chemical analysis of VA-150 cement is 88.0% alu­mina, 8.0 % chromia, 2.0 % titania, 1.0 % silica, 0.6 % phosphorous pentoxide, and 0.4 % other constituents.
  • Typical physical properties of this cement include a grain size of 6F, a dry rammed density of 2.9 megagrams per cubic meter (Mg/m3), an initial bonding temperature of 870 C, a maturing temperature of 1370 C, and a maxi­mum use temperature of 1815 C.
  • VA-150 cement was used in this example to fill a square mold having walls about 20 cm high and a base about 30 cm on a side.
  • powder layers about 10 cm high were normally used, so that two such layers were required to fill the mold.
  • the vibrator used was obtained from Robert Bosch Corp., 50 Bayless Road, Mellville, NY 11746 and is des­ignated by them as Type #06188900008. It produces cir­cular vibrations caused by eccentric weights mounted on the shaft of a three phase squirrel cage motor rotor. The eccentricity was adjusted to give about 235 kilo­pascals of centrifugal force.
  • a flat square steel contactor plate about 15 cm on each side and about 3 mm thick was used, along with the forking tool, scoring rake, and technique already described above in the Tech­nical Background section. The density obtained for the packed bed was 2.9 Mg/m3.
  • a vibrating tool according to this invention is shown in Figure 1. It has a drive means 11 as described above, with a shaft 12 and end plate 14. Bolts 13 are used to attach a contactor means 20.
  • a magnified view of the contactor 20 is given in Figures 2 and 3.
  • the cap 21 which is a flat square steel contactor plate 15 cm on each side and about 3 mm thick, has bolt holes 24 for attachment to a vibratory drive.
  • the contactor has cylindrical projections 22, which terminate in flat ter­minal contact surfaces 23, welded to the cap.
  • FIG. 4 An alternative type of contactor, which gave equally good results, is depicted in Figures 4 and 5.
  • This has a cap 41 which is the same shape and material as cap 21, and it has chisel point projections 42 termi­nating in contactor terminal surfaces 43.
  • the bases of the projections are about 25 by 20 mm and the terminal surfaces 42 are about 2 mm wide and are about 40 mm dis­tant from the cap 41.
  • VA-157 is a fused alumina based type cement recommended for acid to neutral applica­ tions. It utilizes a mullite bond mechanism. A typical chemical analysis for this cement would be 93.5% alumi­na, 3.9 % silica, 1.9 % titania, 0.2 % ferric oxide, and 0.5 % other constituents.
  • Typical physical properties of the cements include a grain size of 6F, a dry rammed density of 3.0 Mg/m3, an initial bonding temperature of 1200 C, a maturing temperature of 1230 C, and a maximum use temperature of 1820 C.
  • VA-112 is a fused alumina cement especially de­signed for low temperature bonding.
  • a typical chemical analysis of this cement would be 91.5% alumina, 4.4 % silica, 1.8 % titania, 0.2 % ferric oxide, and 2.1 % other constituents.
  • Typical physical properties of this cement include a grain size of 6F, a dry rammed density of 2.9 Mg/m3, an initial bonding temperature of 550 C, a maturing temperature of 840 C, and a maximum use temper­ature of 1705 C.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
  • Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
EP88108696A 1987-06-05 1988-05-31 Verdichtungswerkzeug für Pulver, insbesondere feuerfesten Zement Withdrawn EP0293834A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US5831187A 1987-06-05 1987-06-05
US58311 1987-06-05

Publications (2)

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EP0293834A2 true EP0293834A2 (de) 1988-12-07
EP0293834A3 EP0293834A3 (de) 1990-07-18

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EP88108696A Withdrawn EP0293834A3 (de) 1987-06-05 1988-05-31 Verdichtungswerkzeug für Pulver, insbesondere feuerfesten Zement

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EP (1) EP0293834A3 (de)
JP (1) JPS63312803A (de)
KR (1) KR890000867A (de)
BR (1) BR8802718A (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112207947A (zh) * 2020-09-30 2021-01-12 诸暨市辉煌五金有限公司 高频气泡整理机

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR738298A (fr) * 1932-06-08 1932-12-23 Procedes Tech Const Appareil vibrant pour le serrage et le surfaçage du béton
FR41949E (fr) * 1932-05-03 1933-05-03 Procédé et appareil pour la construction des revêtements bétonnés
GB441228A (en) * 1933-10-09 1936-01-15 Kaspar Winkler Improvements in or relating to mechanical paviors
DE849372C (de) * 1943-07-22 1952-09-15 F J Van Der Zande S Bouw Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Betonkonstruktionen und Betongegenstaenden mittels Ruettelmaschine
GB913310A (en) * 1959-05-23 1962-12-19 Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag Method of and apparatus for shaping granular masses
GB1261478A (en) * 1970-08-28 1972-01-26 Vos Ni I Pi Ogneupornoi Promy Compaction device for loose materials or concrete
SU944926A1 (ru) * 1980-04-07 1982-07-23 Сибирский научно-исследовательский и проектный институт газонефтепромыслового строительства Способ поверхностного уплотнени бетонной смеси

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR41949E (fr) * 1932-05-03 1933-05-03 Procédé et appareil pour la construction des revêtements bétonnés
FR738298A (fr) * 1932-06-08 1932-12-23 Procedes Tech Const Appareil vibrant pour le serrage et le surfaçage du béton
GB441228A (en) * 1933-10-09 1936-01-15 Kaspar Winkler Improvements in or relating to mechanical paviors
DE849372C (de) * 1943-07-22 1952-09-15 F J Van Der Zande S Bouw Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Betonkonstruktionen und Betongegenstaenden mittels Ruettelmaschine
GB913310A (en) * 1959-05-23 1962-12-19 Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag Method of and apparatus for shaping granular masses
GB1261478A (en) * 1970-08-28 1972-01-26 Vos Ni I Pi Ogneupornoi Promy Compaction device for loose materials or concrete
SU944926A1 (ru) * 1980-04-07 1982-07-23 Сибирский научно-исследовательский и проектный институт газонефтепромыслового строительства Способ поверхностного уплотнени бетонной смеси

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
SOVIET INVENTIONS ILLUSTRATED, week K21, 6th July 1983, abstract no. H0840 K/21, Derwent Publications Ltd, London, GB; & SU-A-944 926 (SIBE GAS PETROL CON) 23-07-1982 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112207947A (zh) * 2020-09-30 2021-01-12 诸暨市辉煌五金有限公司 高频气泡整理机

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR890000867A (ko) 1989-03-17
EP0293834A3 (de) 1990-07-18
JPS63312803A (ja) 1988-12-21
BR8802718A (pt) 1988-12-27

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