EP0263769A1 - Tür- oder Fensterscharnier mit axialer Blockierung des Bolzens - Google Patents

Tür- oder Fensterscharnier mit axialer Blockierung des Bolzens Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0263769A1
EP0263769A1 EP87440057A EP87440057A EP0263769A1 EP 0263769 A1 EP0263769 A1 EP 0263769A1 EP 87440057 A EP87440057 A EP 87440057A EP 87440057 A EP87440057 A EP 87440057A EP 0263769 A1 EP0263769 A1 EP 0263769A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
spindle
door
blade
hinge
jaws
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP87440057A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0263769B1 (de
Inventor
Gérard Prévot
Daniel Vigreux
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ferco International Usine de Ferrures de Batiment
Original Assignee
Ferco International Usine de Ferrures de Batiment
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=9339511&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0263769(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Ferco International Usine de Ferrures de Batiment filed Critical Ferco International Usine de Ferrures de Batiment
Priority to AT87440057T priority Critical patent/ATE59083T1/de
Publication of EP0263769A1 publication Critical patent/EP0263769A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0263769B1 publication Critical patent/EP0263769B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D3/00—Hinges with pins
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D7/00—Hinges or pivots of special construction
    • E05D7/10—Hinges or pivots of special construction to allow easy separation or connection of the parts at the hinge axis
    • E05D7/1005—Hinges or pivots of special construction to allow easy separation or connection of the parts at the hinge axis by axially moving free pins, balls or sockets
    • E05D7/1022—Hinges or pivots of special construction to allow easy separation or connection of the parts at the hinge axis by axially moving free pins, balls or sockets with snap-fitted pins
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D5/00—Construction of single parts, e.g. the parts for attachment
    • E05D5/10—Pins, sockets or sleeves; Removable pins
    • E05D5/14—Construction of sockets or sleeves
    • E05D2005/145—Construction of sockets or sleeves with elastically deformable parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D5/00—Construction of single parts, e.g. the parts for attachment
    • E05D5/10—Pins, sockets or sleeves; Removable pins
    • E05D5/12—Securing pins in sockets, movably or not
    • E05D5/128—Securing pins in sockets, movably or not the pin having a recess or through-hole engaged by a securing member
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D5/00—Construction of single parts, e.g. the parts for attachment
    • E05D5/10—Pins, sockets or sleeves; Removable pins
    • E05D5/14—Construction of sockets or sleeves
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2201/00—Constructional elements; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/60—Suspension or transmission members; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/622—Suspension or transmission members elements
    • E05Y2201/628—Bearings
    • E05Y2201/632—Sleeves
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2600/00—Mounting or coupling arrangements for elements provided for in this subclass
    • E05Y2600/50—Mounting methods; Positioning
    • E05Y2600/52—Toolless
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2900/00—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
    • E05Y2900/10—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for buildings or parts thereof
    • E05Y2900/13—Type of wing
    • E05Y2900/132—Doors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2900/00—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
    • E05Y2900/10—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for buildings or parts thereof
    • E05Y2900/13—Type of wing
    • E05Y2900/148—Windows

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a hinge for a door or window comprising a blade fixed to the leaf, a second blade made integral with the frame of the door or window, one of these blades being provided with a central knuckle arranged in space. free between two end knuckles secured to the other blade, and a spindle engaged in these knuckles ensuring the free rotation of one blade relative to the other, said central knuckle being further provided with at least one plug to axially lock the spindle.
  • hinges it is known to use hinges to ensure the free rotation of the opening of a door or window relative to the frame, this rotation can be done around a vertical or horizontal axis. Very often, for reasons of space or ease of assembly, it is necessary to engage the spindle in the knuckles of the hinge blades, either from the top or from the bottom. However, by simple gravity, there is a risk that the spindle will slide downwards and disengage from the knuckles, which will cause the joint between the blade fixed to the opening and the blade fixed to the frame to dissolve.
  • hinges have circlips or staples making it possible to oppose the movement of the spindle in its axial direction, but such circlips or staples being very often of reduced size, increase the difficulties of assembly, require the use of tools and are unreliable.
  • Another solution for blocking the spindle in its axial direction consists in fixing the latter by means of a screw secured to a knuckle of one of the blades.
  • this screw blocks not only the spindle in the axial direction but also its free rotation around its axis.
  • the spindle always stressed in the same places will tend to wear out quickly, causing play in a direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the door which can affect good closing of the door or window.
  • This disadvantage also exists when, for avoid sliding down the spindle, a tight fit is provided between the spindle and the blade knuckles. This tight fit requires exerting some force on the spindle to secure engagement in the two hinge blades.
  • a hinge for door or window comprising a blade fixed on the leaf and a second blade made integral with the frame of the door or window, the one of these blades is provided with a central knuckle disposed in the free space between two end knuckles secured to the second blade, a spindle engaged in these knuckles ensures the free rotation of one blade relative to the other.
  • the central knuckle has a bore in which are engaged, on both sides, sleeves provided with support flanges abutting on the end faces of the knuckle. These sleeves come together in the central part of the bore and constitute a lining of the latter.
  • the spindle guide function is therefore provided by these sleeves.
  • An internal peripheral bulge located at the end of the sleeves engaged in the bore is placed in a peripheral groove of the spindle, making it possible to oppose the displacement of the latter in the direction of its axis.
  • a chamfer on the outer periphery at the level of the bulges allows the latter to separate when the spindle is inserted into the knuckles.
  • the hinge according to the previous document has a number of drawbacks. Since the guide of the spindle is ensured only by the plastic sleeves, there is a premature wear of the latter. In addition, during the introduction of the spindle, the internal bulges are highly stressed considerably reducing their blocking effect after several assemblies and disassembly of the hinge. Indeed, the erasure of the peripheral bulges in front of the passage of a pin of greater diameter is effected by elastic deformation of the plastic. This deformation takes place at the level of the bulge, the only possible place for obtaining an enlargement of the internal diameter thereof thanks to the peripheral peripheral chamfer at the muff.
  • the present invention aims to remedy all the aforementioned drawbacks and proposes a hinge for door or window having a high resistance to wear, in particular of the spindle and knuckles, but also means making it possible to block the spindle in its direction. axial, without the need to increase the dimensions of one or other of the elements constituting the hinge.
  • Another objective of the present invention is to facilitate assembly, which therefore no longer requires tools.
  • the invention solves the problem of creating a hinge for a door or window comprising a blade fixed on the leaf and a second blade made integral with the frame of the door or window, and connected to the first by a spindle, one of these blades being provided with a central knuckle disposed in the free space between two end knuckles of the other blade and having a bore opening in one or more housings in which one or more plugs are engaged provided with jaws provided with claws penetrating into peripheral grooves made in the spindle engaged in the different knuckles and ensuring the free rotation of one blade relative to the other.
  • the invention relates to a hinge 1 for door or window comprising two blades 2 and 3, one of which is fixed to the frame of the door or window, the other being made integral with the opening.
  • Figure 1 chosen for convenience, shows a hinge whose blades have a configuration specific to their use.
  • the blade 2 is provided with two end knuckles 4 and 5 arranged one above the other and has a bore, respectively 6 and 7.
  • the axis of the bore 6 of the knuckle 4 is located in the vertical extension of the axis of the bore 7 of the knuckle 5.
  • the set of external dimensions of the end knuckles 4 and 5 can be variable and depends on the stresses exerted on the hinge. These dimensions can easily be determined by a person skilled in the art.
  • This central knuckle 8 has a bore 9 opening into a housing 11 in which is placed a plug 12 .
  • the central knuckle 8 comprises two housings 11 located on either side of the bore 9.
  • the plug 12 is provided with a flange 13 abutting on the end face 14 of the central knuckle 8.
  • the distance 15 separating the two knuckles end 4 and 5 of the blade 2 corresponds to the sum of the length of the central knuckle 8 and either once or twice the thickness 16 of the flanges 13 so as to allow the engagement of the central knuckle 8 provided with his or her plugs 12 between the two end knuckles 4 and 5, the axis of the bore 9 then being situated in the same vertical extension as the axes of the bores 6 and 7.
  • the spindle 17 comprises two peripheral grooves 21.
  • the jaws 19 are elastic metal strips.
  • these jaws 19 are made of elastic plastic. If necessary, provision may be made for the entire plug 12 to be made of plastic.
  • the plug 12 can be provided with a variable number of vertical beads 24 situated on its external surface. These vertical beads 24, having the effect of producing a tightening between the housing 11 and the plug 12, avoid an unexpected displacement of the latter in an axial direction during assembly.
  • a chamfer 25 located at the end 18 of the plug 12 facilitates the engagement of the latter in its corresponding housing 11.
  • the jaws 19, integral with the end 18, substantially take the form of a cylinder in which vertical cuts were made 26. According to one embodiment of the present invention, these jaws 19 are four in number perfectly symmetrical with respect to the vertical axis 22 of the plug 12. It is quite obvious that by increasing the number of vertical cuts 26, it is possible to increase the number of jaws 19, but the latter will then be of lower strength.
  • a claw 20, located at the end of a jaw 19, consists of a bead taking the form of an arc of a circle and located at the free end of the jaw 19, this claw 20 being directed towards the inside of the plug 12.
  • the internal diameter 27 of the circle 28 formed by the set of claws 20 is less than the diameter of the pin 17.
  • the jaws 19 define an internal space of cylindrical shape with a diameter equal to the internal diameter 29 of the bore of the plug 12.
  • the external diameter of the jaws 19 is equal to the internal diameter of the bore 31 of the housing 11 reduced by at least twice the thickness 30 of the claws 20.
  • an empty space 10 is obtained between the bore 31 of the housing 11 and the outside diameter of the jaws 19. Therefore, it will be possible for the jaws 19, due to their elasticity, to deviate enough to cause the erasure of the claws 20 during the passage of the spindle 17.
  • Figure 4 shows the arrangement of the pin 17 and the plug 12 during assembly.
  • the pin 17 exerts by its diameter external pressure on the claws 20, this pressure having the effect of spreading the jaws 19 by elastic deformation of the material at their connection on the end 18 of the plug 12.
  • the force exerted on the claws 20 is considerably reduced. This results in better wear resistance.
  • the length of the jaws 19 can vary. However, the sum of their length 32 and the height 33 of the body 34 of the plug 12 must be equal to or less than the height 35 of the housing 11.
  • Figure 5 shows the elements of Figure 4, the pin 17 being in its position mounted in the hinge 1.
  • the claws 20 of the plug 12 are in their penetrating position in the peripheral groove 21 ensuring perfect retention of the pin 17 to any displacement of the latter in its axial direction, it being understood that if the central knuckle 8 has two plugs 12, the claws 20 of the latter engage in the respective peripheral grooves 21. It should be noted that the maintenance and guiding of this spindle 17 in directions perpendicular to its axis are provided by the bore 9 of the central knuckle 8 and the bores 6 and 7 of the end knuckles 4 and 5.
  • the lateral sides 36 and 37 are of frustoconical shape so as to facilitate the release of the spindle 17 from the claws 20 without deterioration of the latter or of the jaws 19.
  • the peripheral grooves 21 have a section of a semicircle.
  • the present invention also relates to the hinges comprising two blades, each of which is provided with only one knuckle.
  • one of the knuckles may comprise a single housing 11, and therefore, a single plug 12, disposed on the side of the junction of the two knuckles. It is also possible that the same knuckle has two housings 11 and two plugs 12, but in this case, it is preferable to engage the second plug 12 after the positioning of the pin 17.
  • the procedure is as follows: first of all, the plugs 12 are engaged in the housings 11 of the central knuckle 8 of the blade 3, the central knuckle 8, surmounted by the flanges 13 of the plugs 12, is disposed between the end knuckles 4 and 5 of the blade 2 so that the bores 6, 7 and 9 are located in the vertical extension of one another. Then, the spindle 17 is engaged by its end 38 in the end knuckle 5 and in the central knuckle 8 until it meets the claws 20 of the first plug 12. Pressure is exerted on the end 39 of the spindle 17 causing the jaws 19 to move apart and the claws 20 to be erased. This mounting will be facilitated by a chamfer 40 provided at the end 38 of the spindle 17.
  • peripheral grooves 21 To ensure the penetrating position of the claws 20 of the two plugs 12 in their respective peripheral grooves 21, provision is made for these peripheral grooves 21 to be located at locations such that the end 39 of the pin 17 is flush with the face lower 41 of the end knuckle 5.
  • the different elements of the hinge 1 are symmetrical with respect to a horizontal median plane 42.
  • the pin 17 can be engaged both from the bottom towards the top only from the top to the bottom.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Hinges (AREA)
  • Dry Shavers And Clippers (AREA)
  • Wing Frames And Configurations (AREA)
  • Securing Of Glass Panes Or The Like (AREA)
  • Specific Sealing Or Ventilating Devices For Doors And Windows (AREA)
  • Dowels (AREA)
EP87440057A 1986-09-30 1987-09-18 Tür- oder Fensterscharnier mit axialer Blockierung des Bolzens Expired - Lifetime EP0263769B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87440057T ATE59083T1 (de) 1986-09-30 1987-09-18 Tuer- oder fensterscharnier mit axialer blockierung des bolzens.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8613785 1986-09-30
FR8613785A FR2604475A1 (fr) 1986-09-30 1986-09-30 Paumelle a blocage axial de la broche pour porte ou fenetre

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0263769A1 true EP0263769A1 (de) 1988-04-13
EP0263769B1 EP0263769B1 (de) 1990-12-12

Family

ID=9339511

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87440057A Expired - Lifetime EP0263769B1 (de) 1986-09-30 1987-09-18 Tür- oder Fensterscharnier mit axialer Blockierung des Bolzens

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US4864692A (de)
EP (1) EP0263769B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS63156184A (de)
KR (1) KR910001456B1 (de)
CN (1) CN1008928B (de)
AT (1) ATE59083T1 (de)
DE (1) DE3766683D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2019967B3 (de)
FR (1) FR2604475A1 (de)
GR (1) GR3001591T3 (de)
HK (1) HK77791A (de)
SG (1) SG77091G (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT409782B (de) * 1998-09-03 2002-11-25 Roto Frank Eisenwaren Ladenbeschlag
GR20060100403A (el) * 2005-07-21 2007-02-15 Alutec S.R.L. Αρμος για κουφωματα
ES2323822A1 (es) * 2005-07-21 2009-07-24 Alutec S.R.L. Bisagra para cerrajeria.
EP2085549A1 (de) 2008-01-31 2009-08-05 SAVIO S.p.A. Ein Scharnier für Türen oder Fenster

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0667013B2 (ja) * 1988-03-16 1994-08-24 松下電器産業株式会社 遠隔制御装置
US5711053A (en) * 1996-03-26 1998-01-27 Hafner; Bernhard T. W. Un-lockable hinge pintle lock and method of use
DE19632027A1 (de) * 1996-08-08 1998-02-12 Scharwaechter Gmbh Co Kg Trennbares Kraftwagentürscharnier
CA2237976A1 (en) 1998-06-15 1999-12-15 Christian Guillemette Lockable hinge device
BE1014539A3 (nl) * 2001-12-13 2003-12-02 Parys Remi E Van Scharnier en scharnierdeel daarvoor.
US6741472B1 (en) * 2002-11-06 2004-05-25 Walkabout Computers, Inc. Secure hinge mechanism for portable computer
CN101169019B (zh) * 2007-11-27 2011-08-31 联程机械（宁波）有限公司 一种门窗铰链
DE202013002821U1 (de) * 2013-03-25 2014-06-27 Dieter Ramsauer Scharnier
EP3498956B1 (de) * 2017-12-15 2024-03-27 MAGNA STEYR Fahrzeugtechnik GmbH & Co KG Scharnier
DE102022121094A1 (de) * 2022-08-19 2024-02-22 HYMER GmbH & Co. KG Freizeitfahrzeug mit einer Nasszelle und einem Schwenkachsenlager

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3152356A (en) * 1961-08-31 1964-10-13 Stanley Works Hinge with non-rising pin
FR2456492A1 (fr) * 1979-05-17 1980-12-12 Hettich Paul & Co Armoire munie d'une porte de verre
EP0157344A2 (de) * 1984-04-02 1985-10-09 Rittal-Werk Rudolf Loh GmbH & Co. KG Schaltschrank mit am Schrankkorpus angelenkter Schranktür
FR2573468A1 (fr) * 1984-11-22 1986-05-23 Siegenia Frank Kg Charniere pour fenetres et pour portes comportant une broche bloquee par un dispositif d'arret elastique
EP0184697A1 (de) * 1984-11-29 1986-06-18 Montres Rado S.A. Scharnier, insbesondere für ein Armband

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2797433A (en) * 1953-09-17 1957-07-02 Hager & Sons Hinge Mfg Door hinges
US3135013A (en) * 1961-03-10 1964-06-02 Stanley Works Hinge with pin retaining means
DE2750310A1 (de) * 1977-11-10 1979-05-17 Dorma Baubeschlag Fuer tueren u.dgl. bestimmtes scharnierband
US4135273A (en) * 1978-01-23 1979-01-23 Holmes Stannard D Hinge with interfitting locking means
DE3401245A1 (de) * 1984-01-16 1985-07-18 Lunke & Sohn Gmbh, 5810 Witten Tuerscharnier fuer ein kraftfahrzeug

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3152356A (en) * 1961-08-31 1964-10-13 Stanley Works Hinge with non-rising pin
FR2456492A1 (fr) * 1979-05-17 1980-12-12 Hettich Paul & Co Armoire munie d'une porte de verre
EP0157344A2 (de) * 1984-04-02 1985-10-09 Rittal-Werk Rudolf Loh GmbH & Co. KG Schaltschrank mit am Schrankkorpus angelenkter Schranktür
FR2573468A1 (fr) * 1984-11-22 1986-05-23 Siegenia Frank Kg Charniere pour fenetres et pour portes comportant une broche bloquee par un dispositif d'arret elastique
EP0184697A1 (de) * 1984-11-29 1986-06-18 Montres Rado S.A. Scharnier, insbesondere für ein Armband

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT409782B (de) * 1998-09-03 2002-11-25 Roto Frank Eisenwaren Ladenbeschlag
GR20060100403A (el) * 2005-07-21 2007-02-15 Alutec S.R.L. Αρμος για κουφωματα
ES2323822A1 (es) * 2005-07-21 2009-07-24 Alutec S.R.L. Bisagra para cerrajeria.
EP2085549A1 (de) 2008-01-31 2009-08-05 SAVIO S.p.A. Ein Scharnier für Türen oder Fenster

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
HK77791A (en) 1991-10-11
DE3766683D1 (de) 1991-01-24
FR2604475A1 (fr) 1988-04-01
CN1008928B (zh) 1990-07-25
KR880004195A (ko) 1988-06-02
CN87106636A (zh) 1988-07-13
ES2019967B3 (es) 1991-07-16
EP0263769B1 (de) 1990-12-12
SG77091G (en) 1992-03-20
FR2604475B1 (de) 1994-07-13
ATE59083T1 (de) 1990-12-15
US4864692A (en) 1989-09-12
KR910001456B1 (ko) 1991-03-07
GR3001591T3 (en) 1992-11-23
JPS63156184A (ja) 1988-06-29

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