EP0194507B1 - Elément chauffant pour chauffer des milieux d'écoulement, en particulier sous forme gazeuse - Google Patents

Elément chauffant pour chauffer des milieux d'écoulement, en particulier sous forme gazeuse Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0194507B1
EP0194507B1 EP86102472A EP86102472A EP0194507B1 EP 0194507 B1 EP0194507 B1 EP 0194507B1 EP 86102472 A EP86102472 A EP 86102472A EP 86102472 A EP86102472 A EP 86102472A EP 0194507 B1 EP0194507 B1 EP 0194507B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
metal body
heating element
passage openings
element according
metal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP86102472A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0194507A1 (fr
Inventor
Helmut Schwarzl
Jörg Dipl.-Ing. Dötterl
Josef Dipl.-Ing. Unterlass (Fh)
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens Bauelemente OHG
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens Bauelemente OHG
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens Bauelemente OHG, Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens Bauelemente OHG
Priority to AT86102472T priority Critical patent/ATE40502T1/de
Publication of EP0194507A1 publication Critical patent/EP0194507A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0194507B1 publication Critical patent/EP0194507B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/141—Conductive ceramics, e.g. metal oxides, metal carbides, barium titanate, ferrites, zirconia, vitrous compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heating element for heating flowing, in particular gaseous media, in which a metal body is used as the heat exchanger, which is heated with disk-shaped ceramic PTC resistors (PTC resistors), which on a part of the surface of the metal body with thermally conductive and electrically insulating plastic adhesive or are attached with thermally and electrically conductive plastic adhesive.
  • PTC resistors disk-shaped ceramic PTC resistors
  • the heating element of the invention is used with particular preference in motor vehicles for heating the intake air or the air-fuel mixture and for heating the air for heating the passenger compartment at operating voltages up to 60 V, preferably 12 or 24 V, but also at operating voltages up to 220 V, e.g. in household appliances.
  • PTC resistor namely a ceramic material based on doped barium titanate, which in the form of relatively thin but large-area disks after a ceramic firing process and application of metallic coatings Electrodes when a voltage is applied has a positive temperature coefficient of the resistance value, the resistance value suddenly increasing in a small temperature range by more than two powers of ten.
  • the disk-shaped PTC thermistors in the device described in the patent mentioned are attached either by means of thermally conductive but electrically insulating plastic adhesive, for example based on polyester with polyacrylic or polyester with silicone resin.
  • thermally conductive but electrically insulating plastic adhesive for example based on polyester with polyacrylic or polyester with silicone resin.
  • the current of the occupation of the PTC thermistor disc facing the metal body is fed through a special feed line.
  • the plastic adhesive can be both thermally and electrically conductive, for example an adhesive based on epoxy resin, which is filled with 60-70 weight percent silver.
  • a heating element which also has the features specified at the outset, but in which the ceramic disk is fastened with both thermally and electrically conductive adhesive, is described in DE-AS 2,459,664 (corresponding to US Pat. No. 3,898,422) Adhesives are specified that are effective even at high temperatures in the order of magnitude of at least 150 ° C. and higher.
  • EP-A 20 055 350 describes a hot glue gun in which an aluminum body has a continuous bore and a bore which is closed on one side.
  • a PTC thermistor is housed as a heating element, which heats the entire aluminum body, so that cartridge-shaped plastic made of thermoplastic material can be pushed through the through hole and softened there until it is almost liquid.
  • a solid medium is thus converted into an almost liquid state, with the pushing-through speed being relatively slow. This principle cannot be applied to the heating of flowing, in particular gaseous, media.
  • DE-OS 3 016 725 (corresponding to US Pat. No. 4,264,888) and also DE-AS 2 410 999 (corresponding to US Pat. No. 3,927,300) describe heating devices for heating, in particular, gaseous media, in which the heat exchange body consists of a ceramic body made of PTC material with a honeycomb structure, the current either flowing through the thin walls between the channels of the honeycomb through the arrangement of the coverings, or running from face to face of the honeycomb-shaped body.
  • honeycomb-shaped bodies made of ceramic material can only be produced with considerable effort and also do not result in the heat capacity required for sufficient heating of the medium flowing through.
  • the channels of the honeycomb-shaped body must have a constant clear width throughout due to the manufacturing process, so that turbulence occurs which causes a congestion of the flowing medium.
  • production is only possible with undesirably large electrical tolerances, e.g. with fluctuations in the resistance value between 1.5-4 ohms. This creates problems when defining the power requirement.
  • the maximum possible power conversion is very limited for design reasons (minimum required wall thickness) and technological reasons (minimum achievable specific resistance of the ceramic), so that effective heating according to the flow is no longer possible.
  • the heat exchanger consists of an aluminum body with a square and over its length consist of constant cross-section through openings. This aluminum body is heated with PTC resistors (PTC resistors), which - as can be seen from samples on the market - are inserted in a plastic frame in two parallel channels and are pressed against the surface by means of a clamp contact.
  • PTC resistors PTC resistors
  • This heating element can also be used in air conditioning systems in railroad trains and motor vehicles, among other applications, but the heat yield is low because the cross sections of the through openings are square and constant over their length and because of the very thin walls between the through openings there is only little heat capacity available stands. Thereby comes as more essential
  • GB-PS 1 081 422 describes a heating fan in which rods adapted to the flow or a honeycomb are inserted into the flowing air, which is composed of a large number of individually produced, in particular hexagonal, tubes.
  • the material of the rods or tubes is made of normal ceramic.
  • the surface of the parts used in the air flow is covered with resistance material that heats up when the current passes, so that the body and thus the air flowing past are heated.
  • the production of such ceramic parts is complex, and a sufficiently high heating with good heat yield is not achieved.
  • the present invention has for its object to further develop and improve a heating element of the type specified in such a way that a good heat transfer from the PTC thermistor disks to the metal body is ensured for the application for heating flowing, in particular gaseous media, that for the heating of the flowing medium Metal body has a sufficiently large heat capacity that the formation of the passage openings ensures a turbulence-free and undamaged flow and that the possible power conversion to increase the degree of heating is increased.
  • the metal bodies serving as heat exchangers can be easily, e.g. in metal injection molding technology, can be produced in large numbers, and the manufacture of the disk-shaped PTC thermistor is particularly simple and known per se.
  • the power consumption in operation at air temperature of 20 ° C is approx. 300-350 W.
  • the resistance at room temperature is 0.55 ohms.
  • the typical surface temperature in the middle of the metal body is 200 ° C with still air and an ambient temperature of 25 ° C and is 90 ° C in the middle of the metal body with air flow of 40 kg / h and an ambient temperature of -20 ° C.
  • the maximum Current consumption is around 30 A when a voltage of 12.8 V is applied.
  • the values for the heating elements described above as known are 130 ° C with still air and 75 ° C with a corresponding air throughput of air of -20 ° C, with a power consumption of only 130 W and a maximum current consumption of 13 A.
  • the invention enables a compact construction of the heating element, by the all-round contacting of the metal body, an exact fit in the installed state and the protection of the PTC thermistor from direct contact with the medium, if necessary, and avoids material splintering in the area of the passage openings.
  • the invention enables, if necessary, any increase in the thickness of the element, which can be adapted to the respective flow channel.
  • the degree of warming can be increased accordingly.
  • the cross section of the heating element can also be easily adapted to the requirements according to the flow channel.
  • temperatures of the heating element up to 300 ° C can be achieved.
  • the low electrical resistance tolerance with which heating elements can be produced on this basis is advantageous.
  • PTC thermistor disks can advantageously be glued into openings arranged in the center of the metal body. These openings can have a square, in particular square or a triangular cross section.
  • the power supply to the outer, facing away from the metal body of the PTC thermistor is preferably via contacts designed as metal springs, as described for example in the above-mentioned DE-AS 2 459 664.
  • the passage openings of the metal body can have a circular or square cross-section and are preferably arranged so closely next to one another in parallel rows that a sufficient volume of metal is achieved for the purpose of heat capacity by the design of the clear width.
  • the passage openings can also be designed as slots with a straight or elliptical cross section.
  • the clear width of the passage openings can preferably decrease from the inlet side to the outlet side, so that passage openings tapering to a certain extent are present in the direction of flow.
  • the metal body 1 serving as a heat exchanger contains passage openings 2 arranged in parallel rows and offset from row to row with a circular cross section.
  • the clear widths of the passage openings 2 initially decrease from the inlet side 3 approximately to the middle of the metal body 1, then gradually increase again and reach the clear width of the inlet side again at the outlet side 4.
  • the metal ashes 5 serve on the one hand, just like the metal ashes 6, for mechanically fastening the heating element within the line system through which the medium to be heated is passed. In motor vehicles, this can be the air intake pipe or the manifold for the air / fuel mixture or the pipe system for heating the passenger compartment.
  • the metal tabs 5 are used for supplying current to the metal body 1, because in a motor vehicle they are attached to metal parts which are at a common potential (ground) and are connected to a pole of the voltage source.
  • the metallic coatings on the surface of the PTC thermistor 7 facing away from the metal body 1 are connected to contacts designed as metal springs 9.
  • the metal springs 9 are part of a spring element 10, which is compared to the rest of the metal parts is insulated on a housing made of insulating material by means of screws or rivets 11 is attached.
  • the spring element 10 is also connected to the metal ash 6, which is electrically conductively contacted with the other pole of the voltage source of the motor vehicle.
  • PTC thermistors 7 are fastened to four outer surface parts which lie opposite one another, so that the metal body 1 is heated from four sides.
  • FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 show another embodiment of the metal body 1.
  • the PTC thermistors 7 can be fastened to the metal body 1 either directly with conductive adhesive, or indirectly by means of a thermally conductive but insulating adhesive .
  • the metal body is also designated 1 in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6.
  • Figure 5 shows a section along the line V-V in Figure 4, while Figure 6 shows a side view corresponding to arrow B in Figure 4.
  • the passage openings 12 in the metal body 1 are designed as elongated slots with an elliptical cross section and are arranged to a certain extent diagonally in the metal body 1.
  • the clear width of the through openings 12 decreases practically continuously from the inlet side 3 to the outlet side 4, so that the medium which flows in the direction of the arrows C is brought well into contact with the inner surface of the metal body 1 and the through openings 12, on the other hand, turbulence can be avoided, which results in favorable flow conditions.
  • the PTC thermistors used for heating are omitted in FIG. 5.
  • FIGS. 4 and 6 show that the PTC thermistors 7 fastened to the left and right of the metal body 1, in contrast to the PTC thermistors 7 fastened at the top and bottom, which are fastened to the metal body 1 using a thermally and electrically conductive plastic adhesive 13 known per se, as mentioned above are attached with a likewise known, only thermally conductive, but electrically insulating plastic adhesive 14.
  • This plastic adhesive 14 is first glued to a thin metal plate 15 which is almost the same size as the PTC thermistor 7 and which serves instead of the metal body 1 as a current supply element for the occupation 16 of the PTC thermistor 7 facing the metal body 1.
  • the PTC thermistor 7 is fastened to the metal plate 15 by means of a thermally and electrically conductive plastic adhesive 13.
  • the current supply to the PTC thermistors 7 thus takes place either for the PTC thermistors 7 shown above and below in FIG. 4 via the feed line 17 to the metal body 1 and via this via the thermally and electrically conductive plastic adhesive layer 13 to the coatings 16 of the PTC thermistor 7 facing the metal body 1 or via the supply line 18, the metal sheet 15 and the layer of thermally and electrically conductive plastic adhesive 13 to the occupancies 16 of the PTC thermistor 7 facing the metal body 1.
  • This last-mentioned power supply is advantageous if current should not flow through the metal body 1 .
  • the supply of the current to the coatings 19 facing away from the metal body 7 on the PTC thermistors 7 takes place via the leads 20, which are preferably designed as a resilient element which is pressed onto the coatings 19.
  • FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 show another embodiment of the metal body, FIG. 8 showing a section along the line VIII-VIII and FIG. 9 showing a section along the angled line IX-IX in FIG. 7.
  • the metal body 1 contains ribs 21 which are arranged in a star shape and, as it were, configured as pockets and which open towards the outlet side 4 and which in the present case taper towards the side closed on the inlet side 3.
  • ribs 21 which are arranged in a star shape and, as it were, configured as pockets and which open towards the outlet side 4 and which in the present case taper towards the side closed on the inlet side 3.
  • Three different types of flow openings are shown in the three resulting fields, but it should be noted that in practice only one type of flow openings should be selected for each embodiment.
  • In the left field there are passage openings 2 with a circular cross section, as explained in connection with FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the course of the clear width can correspond to that in FIG. 2, but it can also be adapted to the course shown in FIG. 5.
  • the passage openings 21 are designed as slots with a straight course, the course of the clear widths being able to correspond to those which are explained in connection with FIGS. 2 and 5.
  • the passage openings 23 in the lower field are designed as slots arranged concentrically to the center.
  • the course of the clear width through the body can correspond to that already described above.
  • FIG. 8 shows that the course corresponds to that which was explained in connection with FIG. 5.
  • housed PTC thermistor disks 24 which are provided on both sides with metal coatings not shown in FIG. 7 and fastened to the inner surface of the ribs 21 by means of plastic adhesive, as described above are.
  • the contact spring 25 provides the current supply to the coatings on the ceramic disks 24 facing away from the metal body. The current is supplied to the contact spring via the lead 26.
  • FIGS. 4, to 13 schematically show further embodiments of the heating element of the invention, parts which may have been omitted for reasons of clarity. It should be pointed out, however, that the heating element, as in all the embodiments in FIGS. 4 to 13, is provided with external fittings, as shown in FIG. 1 and explained in this context.
  • an almost square opening 27 is shown in the center of the metal body 1, in which further PTC thermistor disks 24 are fastened on two side surfaces, with the spring 25 on the side facing away from the metal body 1 are contacted, which is connected to the power supply line 26.
  • the PTC thermistors attached to the periphery of the metal body 1 are not shown here.
  • the passage openings 2 have a circular cross section in this embodiment.
  • FIG. 11 shows that the PTC thermistor 7 and possibly also the PTC thermistor disks 24 are accommodated in depressions 28 and can be fastened there by means of plastic adhesive.
  • plastic adhesive In this case, the use of a thermally and electrically conductive plastic adhesive is recommended.
  • the inner opening 27 in the metal body 1 can also have a triangular cross section and PTC thermistor disks 24 can be attached to the inner surfaces of this triangular cavity.
  • the openings 27 arranged in the middle of the metal body 1 can be open on both sides, but it is also possible to make the part of the openings 27 facing the inlet side closed.
  • FIG. 13 reveals that the ribs 21 can also be arranged in a cross shape with the appropriate design for FIGS. 7, 8 and 9.
  • passage openings 2 with a circular cross section passage openings 23 with a concentric arrangement and passage openings 22 with a straight cross section, passage openings 29 with a square cross section are also shown, and this embodiment also applies to the fact that in each specific case only one type of passage opening is usually present.
  • the course of the clear width of the passage openings 29 with a square cross section corresponds to the course explained in FIGS. 2 and 5.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Direct Air Heating By Heater Or Combustion Gas (AREA)
  • Instantaneous Water Boilers, Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses, And Control Of Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses (AREA)

Claims (14)

1. Elément chauffant destiné à chauffer des milieux en écoulement, notamment gazeux, dans lequel on se sert, comme échangeur de chaleur, d'un corps métallique (1) qui est chauffé par des thermistances céramiques à coefficient positif de température en forme de disques, dénommées thermistances CTP (7, 24) qui sont fixées à une partie de la surface du corps métallique par de la colle synthétique (14) conductrice de la chaleur et électriquement isolante, ou par de la colle synthétique (13) conductrice de la chaleur et de l'électricité, caractérisé en ce que:
a) la corps métallique (1) est en un métal bon conducteur de la chaleur, notamment en aluminium ou en cuivre, et est muni d'orifices de passage (2, 12, 22, 23, 29) disposés régulièrement, dont les dimensions intérieures diminuent en partant du côté de l'entrée (3), pour ménager des conditions d'écoulement favorables et pour empêcher toute turbulence et correspondent, du côté de la sortie (4), au plus aux dimensions intérieures du côté de l'entrée (3),
b) le volume de toutes les parties du corps métallique (1) qui se trouvent entre les orifices de passage (2, 12, 22, 23, 29) est égal ou supérieur au volume,
c) les thermistances à coefficient positif de température en céramique (7) sont collées sur des parties opposées de la surface extérieure du corps métallique (1).
2. Elément chauffant destiné à chauffer des milieux en écoulement, notamment gazeux, dans lequel on se sert, comme échangeur de chaleur, d'un corps métallique (1) qui est chauffé par des thermistances céramiques à coefficient positif de température en forme de disques, dénommées thermistances CTP (7, 24) qui sont fixées à une partie de la surface du corps métallique par de la colle synthétique (14) conductrice de la chaleur et électriquement isolante ou par de la colle synthétique (13) conductrice de la chaleur et de l'électricité, caractérisé en ce que:
a) le corps métallique (1) est en un métal bon conducteur de la chaleur, notamment en aluminium ou en cuivre, et est muni d'orifices de passage (2, 12, 22, 23, 29) disposés régulièrement, dont les dimensions intérieures diminuent en partant du côté de l'entrée (3), pour ménager des conditions d'écoulement favorables et pour empêcher toute turbulence et correspondent, du côté de la sortie (4), au plus aux dimensions intérieures du côté de l'entrée (3),
b) le volume de toutes les parties du corps métallique (1) qui se trouvent entre les orifices de passage (2, 12, 22, 23, 29) est égal ou supérieur au volume de tous les orifices de passage (2, 12, 22, 23, 29)
c) les thermistaces à coefficient positif de température en céramique (24) en forme de disques sont collées sur des parties de la surface du corps métallique (1) qui se trouvent dans des nervures (21) constituées sous forme de poches, débouchant unilatéralement vers le côté de la sortie (4) et ménagées dans le corps métallique (1).
3. Elément chauffant suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'en plus des thermistances à coefficient positif de température en céramique (7) qui sont collées à la surface extérieure, des thermistances à coefficient positif de température en céramique (24) supplémentaires, en forme de disques, sont collées aussi aux parties de la. surface du corps métallique (1) qui se trouvent dans des nervures (21) constituées sous forme des poches, débouchant unilatéralement vers le côté de la sortie (4) et ménagées dans le corps métallique (1).
4. Elément chauffant suivant la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que les nervures (21), constituées sous forme de poches et débouchant unilatéralement, sont disposées en étoile ou en croix dans le corps métallique (1).
5. Elément chauffant suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'en plus des thermistances à coefficient positif de température (7), collées à la surface extérieure, d'autres thermistances à coefficient positif de température en céramique (24) en forme de disque, sont collées dans des ouvertures (27) ménagées au centre du corps métallique (1).
6. Elément chauffant suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que, dans le cas de l'utilisation d'une colle synthétique (13) conductrice de la chaleur et de l'électricité, pour fixer les thermistances à coefficient positif de température (7, 24) au corps métallique (1), le passage du courant électrique aux revêtements (16) associés au corps métallique (1) s'effectue à travers le corps métallique (1).
7. Elément chauffant suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'amenée du courant électrique aux revêtements (19) extérieurs des thermistances à coefficient positif de température (7, 24), qui sont éloignés du corps métallique (1), s'effectue par des contacts en forme de ressorts métalliques (9, 25).
8. Elément chauffant suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les orifices de passage (2) ont des sections transversales circulaires.
9. Elément chauffant suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que les orifices de passage (12, 22) sont constitués sous la forme de fentes de section transversale rectangulaire ou elliptique.
10. Elément chauffant suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que les orifices de passage (29) ont une section transversale rectangulaire, notamment carrée.
11. Elément chauffant suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les orifices de passage (2, 29) sont disposés en rangées parallèles.
12. Elément chauffant suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les orifices de passage (2, 23, 29) sont disposés concentriquement à l'axe médian du corps métallique (1).
13. Elément chauffant suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la dimension intérieure des orifices de passage (12, 23) diminue du côté de l'entrée (3) au côté de la sortie (4).
14. Elément chauffant suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les thermistances à coefficient positif de température en céramique (7, 24) sont collées dans des cavités (8, 28) qui se trouvent dans les parties de la surface du corps métallique (1).
EP86102472A 1985-03-14 1986-02-26 Elément chauffant pour chauffer des milieux d'écoulement, en particulier sous forme gazeuse Expired EP0194507B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT86102472T ATE40502T1 (de) 1985-03-14 1986-02-26 Heizelement zum erwaermen von stroemenden, insbesondere gasfoermigen medien.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3509204 1985-03-14
DE3509204 1985-03-14

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0194507A1 EP0194507A1 (fr) 1986-09-17
EP0194507B1 true EP0194507B1 (fr) 1989-01-25

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Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0194507B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH0613937B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR940007205B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE40502T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU5468086A (fr)
BR (1) BR8601072A (fr)
DE (1) DE3661978D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES8703010A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA861867B (fr)

Families Citing this family (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4899032A (en) * 1987-03-12 1990-02-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electric heating element utilizing ceramic PTC resistors for heating flooring media
DE3816819A1 (de) * 1988-05-18 1989-11-30 Stettner & Co Heizvorrichtung mit ptc-elementen
DE4013212A1 (de) * 1989-05-30 1990-12-06 Siemens Ag Heizelement zum erwaermen stroemender medien
US5028763A (en) * 1989-07-11 1991-07-02 Chung Tai Chang High heat dissipation PTC heater structure
US4998008A (en) * 1989-10-31 1991-03-05 Walther Menhardt Heating element
DE3936933A1 (de) * 1989-11-06 1991-05-08 Mueller Hermann Frank Vorrichtung zum erwaermen von stroemenden fluessigen oder gasfoermigen medien
CA2040289C (fr) * 1990-04-12 1998-09-29 Hiroshige Mizuno Appareil de chauffage a resistance reglable et convertisseur catalytique
US5229080A (en) * 1990-06-29 1993-07-20 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Resistance adjusting type heater and catalytic converter
US5229079A (en) * 1990-06-29 1993-07-20 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Catalytic converter for use in automotive exhaust emission control
JP2843426B2 (ja) * 1990-07-04 1999-01-06 日本碍子株式会社 触媒コンバーターの操作方法
CA2045812C (fr) * 1990-07-04 1994-11-01 Fumio Abe Element chauffant a resistance reglable, convertisseur catalytique et methode d'exploitation
JP2898364B2 (ja) * 1990-07-06 1999-05-31 日本碍子株式会社 電極一体型ハニカムヒーター及びその製造方法
US5234668A (en) * 1990-07-25 1993-08-10 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Catalytic converter for use in automotive exhaust emissions control
JP2848970B2 (ja) * 1990-12-21 1999-01-20 日本碍子株式会社 ハニカムヒーター及び触媒コンバーター
US5288975A (en) * 1991-01-30 1994-02-22 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Resistance adjusting type heater
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR8601072A (pt) 1986-11-25
DE3661978D1 (en) 1989-03-02
KR860007529A (ko) 1986-10-13
ES553052A0 (es) 1987-01-16
ATE40502T1 (de) 1989-02-15
KR940007205B1 (ko) 1994-08-08
ES8703010A1 (es) 1987-01-16
JPS61213440A (ja) 1986-09-22
AU5468086A (en) 1986-09-18
ZA861867B (en) 1986-10-29
EP0194507A1 (fr) 1986-09-17
JPH0613937B2 (ja) 1994-02-23

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