EP0131339B1 - Elément multiplicateur d'électrons, dispositif multiplicateur d'électrons comportant cet élément multiplicateur et application à un tube photomultiplicateur - Google Patents

Elément multiplicateur d'électrons, dispositif multiplicateur d'électrons comportant cet élément multiplicateur et application à un tube photomultiplicateur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0131339B1
EP0131339B1 EP84200994A EP84200994A EP0131339B1 EP 0131339 B1 EP0131339 B1 EP 0131339B1 EP 84200994 A EP84200994 A EP 84200994A EP 84200994 A EP84200994 A EP 84200994A EP 0131339 B1 EP0131339 B1 EP 0131339B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
multiplier
holes
plate
electron
auxiliary
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP84200994A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0131339A1 (fr
Inventor
Gilbert Eschard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
HYPERELEC
Koninklijke Philips NV
Original Assignee
HYPERELEC
Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV
Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
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Publication date
Application filed by HYPERELEC, Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV, Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV filed Critical HYPERELEC
Publication of EP0131339A1 publication Critical patent/EP0131339A1/fr
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Publication of EP0131339B1 publication Critical patent/EP0131339B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
    • H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
    • H01J43/22—Dynodes consisting of electron-permeable material, e.g. foil, grid, tube, venetian blind

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electron multiplier device comprising a parallel stack of N secondary emission multiplier elements of the “hole plate” type, each of which comprises a plate pierced with multiplier holes arranged in a regular plane network, each multiplier hole defining, on a first face of said plate, an inlet opening and, on the second face of the plate, an outlet opening smaller than the inlet opening. It also relates to a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode, at least one anode and an electron multiplier device according to the invention.
  • An electron multiplier device is known, for example, from French patent n ° 2 299 722.
  • This patent describes an electron multiplier device constituted by a stack of electron multiplier elements with secondary emission composed of two half-plates drilled with holes with concave walls so that, the half-plates being assembled, the corresponding holes of each half-plate form a single barrel-shaped hole.
  • the walls of these holes carry a layer of secondary emission material, the useful part of each single hole being constituted by the lower half-hole.
  • this type of known electron multiplier device has a drawback which resides in the fact that a certain number of incident electrons do not give rise to secondary emission because they pass directly through the multiplier holes without undergoing multiplication and that others reach the multiplier element in places from which the secondary electrons cannot be extracted, for example between two holes or outside the useful part of the holes.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy this drawback by seeking to increase the collection efficiency of the multiplier elements.
  • the first plate offers the incident electrons a much larger useful multiplication surface than in the plates with known holes.
  • the second plate the holes of which, called auxiliary, substantially reproduce the shape of the outlet opening of the multiplier holes, serves as an accelerating electrode.
  • this configuration in which the multiplier elements are relatively far apart, has the advantage of a better collection of electrons between one multiplier element and the next.
  • a particular embodiment of the multiplier device according to the invention consists in that the multiplier and auxiliary holes of the (i + 1) th multiplier element are located opposite the multiplier and auxiliary holes of the i th multiplier element, so that the multiplier holes and auxiliary counterparts of the N multiplying elements constitute rectilinear channels whose direction is perpendicular to the faces of the N multiplying elements.
  • This embodiment has the advantage of allowing the formation of intensified images, when it is used in a tube of the image intensifier type, since the secondary electrons leaving a channel of the device come in principle only from the multiplication of incident electrons entering the same channel.
  • the multipliers and auxiliaries of (i + 1) th multiplier element are offset from the multiplier and auxiliary holes of the th multiplier element so that the homologous multiplier and auxiliary holes of the N multiplier elements constitute rectilinear channels whose direction makes an acute angle with the normal to the faces of the N multiplier elements.
  • a staggered structure of the multiplier holes ensures very good efficiency of the whole of the multiplier device according to the invention.
  • the outlet openings of the multiplier holes of the first plate are offset with respect to their inlet openings so that said multiplier holes are asymmetrical.
  • a device of multiplier elements with asymmetrical holes allows both good electronic performance and the possibility of image formation.
  • the advantage of having asymmetrical multiplier holes is also to spatially define the position of the useful multiplication part with respect to the exit opening of the multiplier holes and therefore to preferentially orient the trajectories of the secondary electrons.
  • the multiplier and auxiliary holes of the (i + 1 ) th multiplier element are offset from the multiplier and auxiliary holes of the th multiplier element so that the homologous multiplier and auxiliary holes of the N multiplier elements constitute channels describing a helix.
  • the electron multiplier device according to the invention can be used in a particularly advantageous manner in a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode and at least one anode.
  • said multiplier device is placed between the photocathode and the anode, and at least partially replaces the conventional dynodes.
  • This type of photomultiplier tube has many advantages: large collection surface, good linearity, speed and small footprint.
  • a particular photomultiplier tube comprising a plurality of adjacent coplanar anodes is remarkable in that said multiplier device is divided into a plurality of secondary multiplier devices separated by electron-tight partitions and perpendicular to the planes of the multiplier device, the multiplier device being placed, on the one hand, close to the photocathode so that the photoelectrons emitted by the photocathode portion located opposite the jth secondary multiplier device do not reach the (j + 1 ) th secondary device, and, on the other hand, in parallel at the anodes and in such a way that the watertight partitions are located opposite the separation zones of two consecutive anodes, so as to produce n secondary photomultiplier tubes in the same photomultiplier tube.
  • each secondary photomultiplier supplies an electrical signal proportional to the light information received by the corresponding photocathode element.
  • This kind of tube is well suited for the localization of nuclear particles, for example.
  • FIG. 1 shows, in section, an electron multiplier element 11 with secondary emission of the “hole plate” type.
  • this multiplier element is composed, on the one hand, of a first plate 12 pierced with holes 13, called multiplier holes, arranged in a regular plane network.
  • Each multiplier hole 13 defines, on a first face 14 of said first plate, an opening 15, called the inlet opening, larger than the opening 16, called the outlet opening, defined on the second face 17 of the first plate 12 , the inlet opening of each multiplier hole being substantially tangent to the inlet openings of the nearest neighbors of said multiplier hole.
  • the multiplier element 11 comprises a second plate 22 parallel to the first plate 12, also pierced with holes 23, called auxiliary holes, the opening 25 of which on a first face 24 of the second plate 22, located in look of the second face 17 of the first plate 12, is substantially equal to the opening 16 of the outlet of the multiplier holes 13 and smaller than the opening 26 of said auxiliary holes 23 defined on the second face 27 of the second plate 22.
  • said first 12 and second 22 plates are electrically isolated from each other, the second plate 22 being brought to a potential V1 greater than the potential VO of the first plate 12.
  • At least the first plate 12 is made of a material which can give rise to secondary emission such as a copper-beryllium alloy having undergone the conventional treatment: heating-migration of beryllium and oxidation. It can also be produced in an inexpensive material, such as mild steel, covered with secondary emission material: layer of oxidized copper-beryllium alloy or layer of manganese oxide.
  • the multiplier element 11 according to the invention offers incident electrons 60 on the side of the first face 14 of the first plate 12 a collection and multiplication surface. significantly larger.
  • the electrical insulation of the two plates 12 and 22 can be done, for example, using small glass balls 70, 100 to 200 ⁇ m in diameter sealed at the periphery of said plates.
  • FIG. 2 shows a top view of the first plate 12 of the multiplier element 11 in FIG. 1.
  • the inlet 15 and outlet 16 openings of the multiplier holes 13 are circular and said regular flat network is square .
  • FIG. 3 gives a first variant of the plate shown in FIG. 2 which makes it possible to increase the useful multiplication surface of the first plate.
  • the inlet 15 and outlet 16 openings of the multiplier holes 13 of the first plate 12 are circular and said regular plane network is hexagonal.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 If one wishes to further increase the collection and multiplication efficiency of the first plate, one can refer to FIGS. 4 and 5 in which the inlet opening 15 of the multiplier holes 13 of the first plate 12 is substantially square , respectively hexagonal, and said regular plane network is square, respectively hexagonal.
  • Figs. 5 and 6 show a third variant of a multiplier element according to the invention in which the outlet openings 16 of the multiplier holes 13 of the first plate 12 are offset with respect to their inlet openings 15 so that said multiplier holes 13 are asymmetrical.
  • the realization of such multiplier elements is done by chemical attack on both sides of a metal plate through masks offset appropriately.
  • N 3 multiplier elements
  • the distance D between the second side 27 of the second plate 22 of the ith multiplier element and the first face 14 of the first plate 12 of the (i + 1) th multiplier element is greater than the distance d separating the first 12 and second 22 plates of the same multiplier element .
  • the second plate 22 of the ith multiplier element is at an electric potential V1 i identical to the electric potential VO (i + 1) of the first plate 12 of the (i + 1) th multiplier element.
  • the multiplier device according to the invention has better collection efficiency than in the known devices, due to the good collection efficiency of each multiplier element and also the effect of distance between two consecutive multiplier elements.
  • the multiplier elements are kept at distance D from each other by spacers 29 arranged at the periphery of the plates.
  • the multiplier 13 and auxiliary holes 23 of the (i + 1) th multiplier element are located opposite the multiplier and auxiliary holes of the i th multiplier element, so that the homologous multiplier and auxiliary holes N multiplying elements constitute rectilinear channels whose direction 30 is perpendicular to the faces of the N multiplying elements.
  • This embodiment of the multiplier device according to the invention offers the advantage of being able to be used in a tube of the image intensifier type since the secondary electrons leaving a channel of the device result from the multiplication of incident electrons 60 entering the same channel.
  • Fig. 8 shows in section an alternative embodiment of the multiplier device of FIG. 7, variant in which the multiplier 13 and auxiliary holes 23 of the (i + 1) th multiplier element are offset with respect to the multiplier and auxiliary holes of the ith multiplier element so that the homologous multiplier and auxiliary holes of the N multiplier elements constitute rectilinear channels whose direction 31 makes an acute angle with the normal 30 to the faces of the N multiplier elements.
  • This variant of execution makes it possible to increase the gain of the multiplier device according to the invention since incident electrons which would pass through a multiplier element at the center of a multiplier hole, therefore without multiplication, are then multiplied by the following multiplier element whereas 'they would not be in the embodiment of Figure 7.
  • the device shown can not be used for image formation because there is no one-to-one correspondence between a given multiplier hole of the 1st multiplier element and a multiplier hole of Nth and last multiplier element.
  • the multiplier 13 and auxiliary holes 23 of the (i + 1) th multiplier element are offset with respect to the multiplier and auxiliary holes of the ith multiplier element so that the homologous multiplier and auxiliary holes of the N multiplier elements constitute channels describing a helix.
  • FIG. 11 b shows a top view of a plate of a triangle-shaped multiplier element, the useful part of which is represented by the circle 80.
  • This plate has a tab 81 for electrical connection and is pierced with three holes 82 which allow assembling the plates of the multiplying elements using posts passing through the holes 82.
  • the helical offset is obtained by shifting the position of the three holes 82 in opposite directions after having determined the origins of the axes (x, y) by fixing pins which penetrate into multiplier or auxiliary holes in the central area 80.
  • the electron multiplier device according to the invention finds a particularly advantageous application to photomultiplier tubes.
  • the photomultiplier tube comprises a photocathode 41 and an anode 42; the multiplier device 40 according to the invention is placed between the photocathode 41 and the anode 42, the inlet opening 15 of the multiplier holes being oriented towards the photocathode 41.
  • the tube has a first dynode 43 which can be of large size, hence greater collection efficiency as well as better linearity, better speed and less bulk.
  • FIG. 13 shows, in section, another application of the invention to a photomultiplier tube comprising n adjacent anodes 42.
  • said multiplier device is divided into a plurality n of secondary multiplier devices separated by partitions 50 that are electron-tight and perpendicular to the planes of the multiplier device, the multiplier device being placed, on the one hand, near the photocathode of in such a way that the photoelectrons emitted by the photocathode position situated opposite the jth secondary multiplier device do not reach the (j:!: 1) th secondary device, and, on the other hand, parallel to the anodes 42 and in such a way that the watertight partitions 50 are located opposite the zones 51 of separation of two consecutive anodes 42, so as to produce n secondary photomultiplier tubes in the same photomultiplier tube.
  • Tubes of the type shown in FIG. 13 find advantageous use in nuclear physics because they allow precise localization of the particles detected.
  • the watertight partitions 50 can be produced in a

Landscapes

  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
EP84200994A 1983-07-11 1984-07-10 Elément multiplicateur d'électrons, dispositif multiplicateur d'électrons comportant cet élément multiplicateur et application à un tube photomultiplicateur Expired EP0131339B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8311514 1983-07-11
FR8311514A FR2549288B1 (fr) 1983-07-11 1983-07-11 Element multiplicateur d'electrons, dispositif multiplicateur d'electrons comportant cet element multiplicateur et application a un tube photomultiplicateur

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0131339A1 EP0131339A1 (fr) 1985-01-16
EP0131339B1 true EP0131339B1 (fr) 1988-06-01

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EP84200994A Expired EP0131339B1 (fr) 1983-07-11 1984-07-10 Elément multiplicateur d'électrons, dispositif multiplicateur d'électrons comportant cet élément multiplicateur et application à un tube photomultiplicateur

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4649314A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP0131339B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS6039752A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1223029A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE3471820D1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2549288B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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FR2592523A1 (fr) * 1985-12-31 1987-07-03 Hyperelec Sa Element multiplicateur a haute efficacite de collection dispositif multiplicateur comportant cet element multiplicateur, application a un tube photomultiplicateur et procede de realisation
DE3609967A1 (de) * 1986-03-25 1987-10-01 Standard Elektrik Lorenz Ag Steuerscheibe fuer bildwiedergabevorrichtungen
FR2599557A1 (fr) * 1986-06-03 1987-12-04 Radiotechnique Compelec Plaque multiplicatrice d'electrons a multiplication dirigee, element multiplicateur comprenant ladite plaque, dispositif multiplicateur comportant ledit element et application dudit dispositif a un tube photomultiplicateur
FR2604824A1 (fr) * 1986-10-03 1988-04-08 Radiotechnique Compelec Tube photomultiplicateur segmente
US4967115A (en) * 1986-11-19 1990-10-30 Kand M Electronics Channel electron multiplier phototube
FR2608316B1 (fr) * 1986-12-12 1995-07-28 Radiotechnique Compelec Multiplicateur d'electrons du type a feuilles, a pont diviseur integre
DE3709298A1 (de) * 1987-03-20 1988-09-29 Kernforschungsz Karlsruhe Micro-sekundaerelektronenvervielfacher und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
JPH0795437B2 (ja) * 1987-04-18 1995-10-11 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 光電子増倍管
FR2632773B1 (fr) * 1988-06-10 1990-10-05 Radiotechnique Compelec Dispositif de couplage d'une premiere dynode d'un photomultiplicateur a un multiplicateur a feuilles
FR2634062A1 (fr) * 1988-07-05 1990-01-12 Radiotechnique Compelec Dynode du type " a feuilles ", multiplicateur d'electrons et tube photomultiplicateur comportant de telles dynodes
FR2641900B1 (fr) * 1989-01-17 1991-03-15 Radiotechnique Compelec Tube photomultiplicateur comportant une grande premiere dynode et un multiplicateur a dynodes empilables
FR2644932B1 (fr) * 1989-03-24 1991-07-26 Radiotechnique Compelec Tube photomultiplicateur rapide a grande homogeneite de collection
FR2654552A1 (fr) * 1989-11-14 1991-05-17 Radiotechnique Compelec Tube photomultiplicateur segmente a haute efficacite de collection et a diaphotie limitee.
JP3056771B2 (ja) * 1990-08-15 2000-06-26 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 電子増倍管
JP3078905B2 (ja) * 1991-12-26 2000-08-21 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 電子増倍器を備えた電子管
US5336967A (en) * 1992-06-22 1994-08-09 Burle Technologies, Inc. Structure for a multiple section photomultiplier tube
JPH06150876A (ja) * 1992-11-09 1994-05-31 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk 光電子増倍管及び電子増倍管
JP3260901B2 (ja) * 1993-04-28 2002-02-25 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 電子増倍管
DE69404538T2 (de) * 1993-04-28 1997-12-11 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk Photovervielfacher
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JP3466712B2 (ja) * 1994-06-28 2003-11-17 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 電子管
JP3445663B2 (ja) 1994-08-24 2003-09-08 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 光電子増倍管
FR2733629B1 (fr) * 1995-04-26 1997-07-18 Philips Photonique Multiplicateur d'electrons pour tube photomultiplicateur a plusieurs voies
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3471820D1 (en) 1988-07-07
EP0131339A1 (fr) 1985-01-16
US4649314A (en) 1987-03-10
FR2549288B1 (fr) 1985-10-25
JPS6039752A (ja) 1985-03-01
JPH056301B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1993-01-26
CA1223029A (en) 1987-06-16
FR2549288A1 (fr) 1985-01-18

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