EP0097301B1 - Verfahren zur abtragenden Modifizierung von elektrochemisch aufgerauhten Trägermaterialien aus Aluminium und deren Verwendung bei der Herstellung von Offsetdruckplatten - Google Patents
Verfahren zur abtragenden Modifizierung von elektrochemisch aufgerauhten Trägermaterialien aus Aluminium und deren Verwendung bei der Herstellung von Offsetdruckplatten Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0097301B1 EP0097301B1 EP83105774A EP83105774A EP0097301B1 EP 0097301 B1 EP0097301 B1 EP 0097301B1 EP 83105774 A EP83105774 A EP 83105774A EP 83105774 A EP83105774 A EP 83105774A EP 0097301 B1 EP0097301 B1 EP 0097301B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- aluminum
- printing plates
- aqueous electrolyte
- roughened
- support materials
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000007645 offset printing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 title claims description 23
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 title claims description 22
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 57
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 53
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 title description 25
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 title description 7
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- -1 alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004715 keto acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 30
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 description 20
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 9
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-METHOXYETHANOL Chemical compound COCCO XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012954 diazonium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- KETQAJRQOHHATG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-naphthoquinone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(=O)C=CC2=C1 KETQAJRQOHHATG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyl acetate Natural products CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052910 alkali metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007743 anodising Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011260 aqueous acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- NDKBVBUGCNGSJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 NDKBVBUGCNGSJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001989 diazonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003986 novolac Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000002926 oxygen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019795 sodium metasilicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- LXFQSRIDYRFTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(C)=C1 LXFQSRIDYRFTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LXFQSRIDYRFTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C(C)=C1 LXFQSRIDYRFTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RILZRCJGXSFXNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]ethanol Chemical class OCCC1=CC=C(OC(F)(F)F)C=C1 RILZRCJGXSFXNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXHLLJAMBQLULT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[6-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl]amino]-n-(2-methyl-6-sulfanylphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide;hydrate Chemical compound O.C=1C(N2CCN(CCO)CC2)=NC(C)=NC=1NC(S1)=NC=C1C(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1S WXHLLJAMBQLULT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ACNUVXZPCIABEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3',6'-diaminospiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene]-1-one Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(N)C=C1OC1=CC(N)=CC=C21 ACNUVXZPCIABEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZRYCRPNCXLQHPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-2-methylbenzaldehyde Chemical compound CC1=C(O)C=CC=C1C=O ZRYCRPNCXLQHPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001136792 Alle Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-phenyl aniline Natural products C=1C=CC=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007832 Na2SO4 Substances 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfobutanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005137 alkenylsulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002048 anodisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940005991 chloric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromate(2-) Chemical class [O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M crystal violet Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1[C+](C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C)C)C1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000005442 diisocyanate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006158 high molecular weight polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005397 methacrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000403 monosodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019799 monosodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QVEIBLDXZNGPHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,4-dione;diazide Chemical class [N-]=[N+]=[N-].[N-]=[N+]=[N-].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C=CC(=O)C2=C1 QVEIBLDXZNGPHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N phenyl(114C)methanol Chemical compound O[14CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)([O-])=O AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamic acid Chemical compound NS(O)(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019801 trisodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F3/00—Electrolytic etching or polishing
- C25F3/02—Etching
- C25F3/04—Etching of light metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41N—PRINTING PLATES OR FOILS; MATERIALS FOR SURFACES USED IN PRINTING MACHINES FOR PRINTING, INKING, DAMPING, OR THE LIKE; PREPARING SUCH SURFACES FOR USE AND CONSERVING THEM
- B41N3/00—Preparing for use and conserving printing surfaces
- B41N3/03—Chemical or electrical pretreatment
- B41N3/034—Chemical or electrical pretreatment characterised by the electrochemical treatment of the aluminum support, e.g. anodisation, electro-graining; Sealing of the anodised layer; Treatment of the anodic layer with inorganic compounds; Colouring of the anodic layer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S204/00—Chemistry: electrical and wave energy
- Y10S204/08—AC plus DC
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the electrochemical modification of printing plate support materials based on aluminum or its alloys, which have already been roughened electrochemically, and the use of the material thus modified in the production of offset printing plates.
- Carrier materials for offset printing plates are provided either by the consumer directly or by the manufacturer of precoated printing plates on one or both sides with a radiation (light) sensitive layer (copy or reproduction layer), with the help of which a printing image (printing form) is generated photomechanically.
- the substrate carries the printing image areas and at the same time forms the hydrophilic image background for the lithographic printing process in the non-image areas (non-image areas).
- the carrier exposed in the non-image areas must have a high affinity for water, i. H. be highly hydrophilic in order to absorb water quickly and permanently during the lithographic printing process and to be sufficiently repellent to the bold printing ink.
- the adhesion of the photosensitive layer before or the printing parts of the layer after exposure must be sufficient.
- the carrier material is said to have good mechanical resistance, e.g. B. against abrasion and good chemical resistance, especially to alkaline media.
- the water required for printing should be as low as possible, for example to prevent the paper from over-moistening, as otherwise there would be «registration difficulties with multicolor printing (i.e. the second or third color can no longer be printed congruently on the first color) or paper web breaks in web offset can.
- the carrier material is roughened mechanically before the electrochemical roughening and the surface roughened in this way is also removed with an aqueous acid or base.
- a printing plate made from this carrier material is said to have a long printing life, a high resistance to staining in the non-image areas and a uniform roughening structure.
- the support material is still cathodic between the stage of electrochemical roughening in aqueous hydrochloric acid and the stage of anodic oxidation in aqueous sulfuric acid modified (purified) in aqueous sulfuric acid.
- the process should primarily be suitable for continuous process control and lead to a very clean surface.
- the aluminum can be roughened in a cathodic circuit with direct current of 70 to 150 A / dm 2 for 30 to 60 seconds, a silvery matt surface being formed; in this variant, only alkali salts are used.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to propose a process for the production of printing plate carrier materials which leads to modified surfaces which are distinguished by improved "water flow” and less abrasion during printing, without the adhesion of the copying layer being adversely affected.
- the invention is based on the known method for the electrochemical modification of at least one surface of electrochemically roughened printing plate carrier materials based on aluminum or its alloys in an aqueous electrolyte with the roughened material switched as the cathode.
- the process according to the invention is then characterized in that, as an electrochemical modification, an area removal of 0.1 to 10 g / m 2 is carried out in an aqueous electrolyte with a pH of 3 to 9, which contains at least one water-soluble salt in a concentration of 5 g / l contains up to its saturation limit.
- the electrolyte has a pH of 5 to 9, an area removal of 0.5 to 5 g / m 2 is carried out, and the electrolyte contains at least one water-soluble salt in a concentration of 10 to 250 g / l.
- the process conditions are expediently chosen so that the electrochemical modification with direct current has a current density of 3 to 100 A / dm 2 , in particular 10 to 80 A / dm 2 , at a temperature of 15 to 90 ° C., in particular 20 to 40 ° C, and is carried out for 5 to 90 sec, in particular 10 to 60 sec; the corresponding voltage is 5 to 60 V, in particular 10 to 40 V.
- Removal values between 0.1 and 0.5 g / m 2 can already lead to certain surface improvements, but are generally still insufficiently effective. Removal values of more than 5 g / m 2 may already be too high under certain circumstances, this applies in particular if the previous roughening was carried out rather flat, ie with relatively low roughness depths.
- the process can be carried out batchwise, but it is preferably operated continuously in a modern belt system.
- aqueous solutions of the salts mentioned above are preferably used as the electrolyte without any addition of acids or bases. Care should be taken, however, that when using salts whose aqueous solutions differ greatly in pH from the neutral point, the pH, if possible, with an acid containing the corresponding anion or with a base containing the corresponding cation of the electrolyte is set to a value around the neutral point (see the pH value ranges given above).
- those salts are preferably used in the electrolyte which have good conductivity in low concentrations and whose aqueous solutions already have a pH value in the vicinity of the neutral point.
- the process according to the invention partially removes the pore walls of the pores (cells) formed by the previous electrochemical roughening and that micropores form at the bottom of the cells; This influence on the topography should result in a less jagged surface.
- the structure of the surface can be clearly distinguished from that which is produced by single-stage roughening in an aqueous electrolyte which has a pH value in the neutral range.
- the process of cathodic modification of already electrochemically roughened aluminum surfaces may be primarily determined by the electrical conditions (current density or voltage) in connection with the duration of the treatment (amount of charge flowed). All other adjustable process parameters such as temperature, type of salt or electrolyte concentration only have an indirect effect under this condition by influencing the electrical conductivity.
- the uniform roughening structure without larger depressions results in a more precise control of the exposure and an improved resolution of the radiation-sensitive layer on the printing plates.
- the electrolyte is as neutral as possible (based on its pH value)
- the uncontrollable, purely chemical attack on the aluminum is presumably negligible, so that the modifying removal in broad temperature ranges can essentially be controlled via the electrical parameters and the treatment time. This opens up the possibility of modifying carrier materials for different areas of application in a targeted manner and without great effort.
- the bath can be used for a very long time without any additions or cleaning operations, i. H. it has a long service life.
- the average roughness depth R z of the roughened surface is in the range from about 1 to 15 ⁇ m, in particular in the range from 3 to 8 ⁇ m.
- the roughness depth is determined in accordance with DIN 4768 in the version from October 1970, the roughness depth R z is then the arithmetic mean of the individual roughness depths of five adjacent individual measuring sections.
- the individual roughness depth is defined as the distance between two parallels to the middle line that touch the roughness profile at the highest or lowest point within the individual measurement sections.
- the individual measuring section is the fifth part of the length of the part of the roughness profile which is used directly for evaluation and is projected perpendicularly onto the middle line.
- the middle line is the line parallel to the general direction of the roughness profile of the shape of the geometrically ideal profile, which divides the roughness profile in such a way that the sum of the material-filled areas above it and the material-free areas below it are equal.
- the "hard anodising" is reacted with an aqueous H 2 S0 4 electrolyte containing a concentration of 166 g H 2 SO 4 / l (or 230 g of H 2 S0 4/1) at an operating temperature of 0 ° to 5 ° C, at a current density of 2 to 3 Aldm 2 , a rising voltage of about 25 to 30 V at the beginning and about 40 to 100 V towards the end of the treatment and for 30 to 200 min.
- Direct current is preferably used for the anodic oxidation, however alternating current or a combination of these types of current (eg direct current with superimposed alternating current) can also be used.
- the layer weights of aluminum oxide range from 1 to 10 g / m 2 , corresponding to a layer thickness of about 0.3 to 3.0 microns.
- the variant of the method according to the invention with the step of anodic oxidation of the printing plate support material made of aluminum can also be followed by one or more post-treatment steps.
- These post-treatment stages serve in particular to additionally increase the hydrophilicity of the aluminum oxide layer, which is already sufficient for many areas of application, the remaining known properties of this layer being at least retained.
- Negative-working condensation products from aromatic diazonium salts and compounds with active carbonyl groups preferably condensation products from diphenylamine diazonium salts and formaldehyde, which are described, for example, in DE-PS-596 731, 1 138 399, 1 138 400, 1 138 401, 1 142 871, 1 154 123 , U.S. Patents 2,679,498 and 3,050,502 and GB Patent 712,606.
- Negative-working mixed condensation products of aromatic diazonium compounds for example according to DE-OS-20 24 244.
- Positive-working layers according to DE-OS-26 10 842, DE-PS-27 18 254 or DE-OS-29 28 636, which is a compound which splits off when irradiated, a monomeric or polymeric compound which passes through at least one Has acid-releasable COC group (z. B. an orthocarboxylic acid ester group or a carboxylic acid amidacetal group) and optionally contain a binder.
- Negative-working layers made of photopolymerizable monomers, photoinitiators, binders and optionally other additives.
- the monomers used here are, for example, acrylic and methacrylic acid esters or reaction products of diisocyanates with partial esters of polyhydric alcohols, as described, for example, in US Pat. Nos. 2,760,863 and 3,060,023 and DE-OSen 20 64 079 and 23 61 041 .
- Negative-working layers according to DE-OS-30 36 077, which contain a diazonium salt polycondensation product or an organic azido compound as a photosensitive compound and a high molecular weight polymer with pendant alkenylsulfonyl or cycloalkenylsulfonylurethane groups as a binder.
- photoconductive layers such as z. B. in DE-PSen-11 17 391, 15 22 497, 1572312, 2322046 and 2322047 are described, applied to the carrier materials produced according to the invention, whereby highly light-sensitive, electrophotographic printing plates are formed.
- Percentages in the following examples are based on weight, parts by weight to parts by volume are in the same ratio as kg to I.
- the following standard methods are used to assess the carrier materials produced by the process according to the invention:
- the application quantity of the dampening water is determined by a display device in a dampening unit from Dahlgren. It is not an absolute measure of the fountain solution consumption, but the details of this device can be compared with one another in scale parts from different printing runs (relative measures).
- the printing forms produced from carrier materials modified cathodically by the process according to the invention are printed in a printing machine in addition to printing forms produced from appropriately roughened and anodized carrier materials without this modification stage. At certain intervals, the two plates are then compared with regard to the adhesion of the layer and shiny spots (signs of abrasion) in the non-image areas.
- the removal that occurs due to the cathodic modification on the aluminum support is determined gravimetrically. For this purpose, electrochemically roughened aluminum sheets in 100 x 100 mm format are weighed before the cathodic treatment. After the treatment according to the invention and rinsing and drying of the samples, the removal is determined by reweighing.
- a 0.3 mm thick bare aluminum foil is degreased with an aqueous solution containing NaOH and Al 3 + ions (used as sodium aluminate) at about 80 ° C. for 8 seconds and pre-pickled. After an acidic intermediate wash (pickling), the surface of the aluminum foil is dissolved in an aqueous solution containing Al (NO 3 ) 3 .9 H 2 O and HNO 3 at a temperature of 40 to 45 ° C under the influence of AC current at a current density of 45 A / dm 2 roughened with strong bath circulation to a roughness depth R z of about 7 ⁇ m.
- the aluminum foil After interposing a wash with water, the aluminum foil is switched as a cathode in an aqueous electrolyte with a content of 50 g / l of NaNO 3 and a pH of 6.8 for 30 seconds with direct current with a current density of 29 A / dm 2 and treated with a voltage of 25 V at a temperature of 30 ° C; this removes 2.28 g / m 2 from the surface.
- the aluminum foil After a further intermediate wash, the aluminum foil is in an aqueous anodizing bath containing H 2 SO 4 and Al 3+ ions [used as Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ] at 40 ° C. by direct current exposure to a current density of 14 A / dm 2 during Anodized for 25 seconds. The film is then washed with water and dried.
- the printing form produced in this way can produce more than 200,000 prints of good quality.
- the printing behavior is very good.
- the printing form consumes about 10 to 15% less fountain solution than a comparative printing form (V1), the carrier material of which is not treated cathodically abrasion between the roughening and the anodic oxidation, but is otherwise of equivalent construction.
- V1 comparative printing form
- the film of the comparative example shows glossy areas in the non-image areas after approximately 150,000 to 170,000 prints, which indicates mechanical abrasion.
- the plate produced according to the invention shows no signs of wear on the carrier material even after 200,000 prints.
- the printing form produced in this way supplies more than 150,000 prints of good quality in a sheetfed offset printing press.
- the printing plate produced according to this example consumes about 20% less fountain solution and shows no traces of mechanical damage to the carrier surface in the non-image areas even after 150,000 prints.
- a 0.3 mm thick rolled aluminum foil is degreased with an aqueous solution containing NaOH at a temperature of about 80 ° C. for 10 seconds and cleaned. After rinsing with water, the mixture is pickled acidically and, according to the instructions in Example 1, is roughened electrochemically to a roughness depth R z of approximately 3 ⁇ m. The surface is then cathodically treated in an aqueous electrolyte containing 50 g / l of NaC10 3 . At a DC voltage of 25 V and a current density of 15 Aldm 2 , about 0.9 g / m 2 of the aluminum surface are removed in 20 seconds. This creates a surface with a very uniform roughening structure.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)
- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT83105774T ATE18443T1 (de) | 1982-06-19 | 1983-06-13 | Verfahren zur abtragenden modifizierung von elektrochemisch aufgerauhten traegermaterialien aus aluminium und deren verwendung bei der herstellung von offsetdruckplatten. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3222967 | 1982-06-19 | ||
DE19823222967 DE3222967A1 (de) | 1982-06-19 | 1982-06-19 | Verfahren zur abtragenden modifizierung von elektrochemisch aufgerauhten traegermaterialien aus aluminium nd deren verwendung bei der herstellung von offsetdruckplatten |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0097301A1 EP0097301A1 (de) | 1984-01-04 |
EP0097301B1 true EP0097301B1 (de) | 1986-03-05 |
Family
ID=6166384
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP83105774A Expired EP0097301B1 (de) | 1982-06-19 | 1983-06-13 | Verfahren zur abtragenden Modifizierung von elektrochemisch aufgerauhten Trägermaterialien aus Aluminium und deren Verwendung bei der Herstellung von Offsetdruckplatten |
Country Status (9)
Families Citing this family (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4686017A (en) * | 1981-11-05 | 1987-08-11 | Union Oil Co. Of California | Electrolytic bath and methods of use |
JPH0695233B2 (ja) * | 1984-09-11 | 1994-11-24 | コニカ株式会社 | 印刷用原版 |
US4755265A (en) * | 1985-06-28 | 1988-07-05 | Union Oil Company Of California | Processes for the deposition or removal of metals |
US4801511A (en) * | 1985-06-28 | 1989-01-31 | Union Oil Company Of California | Battery cell electrolyte |
DE3635303A1 (de) * | 1986-10-17 | 1988-04-28 | Hoechst Ag | Verfahren zur abtragenden modifizierung von mehrstufig aufgerauhten traegermaterialien aus aluminium oder dessen legierungen und deren verwendung bei der herstellung von offsetdruckplatten |
GB8703376D0 (en) * | 1987-02-13 | 1987-03-18 | Vickers Plc | Printing plate precursors |
JP2520694B2 (ja) * | 1988-06-06 | 1996-07-31 | 富士写真フイルム株式会社 | 平版印刷版用支持体 |
US5152877A (en) * | 1989-10-13 | 1992-10-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Method for producing support for printing plate |
US5342784A (en) * | 1991-04-12 | 1994-08-30 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Limited | Electrophotographic lithographic printing plate |
EP1046514B1 (en) * | 1999-04-22 | 2005-07-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Method for producing aluminium support for lithographic printing plate |
US6716569B2 (en) * | 2000-07-07 | 2004-04-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Preparation method for lithographic printing plate |
US7299749B2 (en) * | 2003-02-10 | 2007-11-27 | Fujifilm Corporation | Lithographic printing plate support and production method thereof |
US20050247224A1 (en) * | 2004-05-10 | 2005-11-10 | Xante Corporation | Computer-to-conductive anodized and grained plate platesetting system and apparatus |
ES2430562T3 (es) | 2008-03-04 | 2013-11-21 | Agfa Graphics N.V. | Método para la fabricación de un soporte de una plancha de impresión litográfica |
CN104630872A (zh) * | 2015-02-27 | 2015-05-20 | 深圳市梦之坊通信产品有限公司 | 铝合金表面纳米孔处理方法、及与塑胶结合的方法 |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3160506A (en) * | 1962-10-19 | 1964-12-08 | Polychrome Corp | Planographic printing plate and method for preparing same |
DE2250275A1 (de) * | 1972-10-13 | 1974-04-25 | Oce Van Der Grinten Nv | Verfahren zur elektrochemischen behandlung von aluminium zur herstellung lithographischer druckplatten |
US3865700A (en) * | 1973-05-18 | 1975-02-11 | Fromson H A | Process and apparatus for continuously anodizing aluminum |
US3929591A (en) * | 1974-08-26 | 1975-12-30 | Polychrome Corp | Novel lithographic plate and method |
US3935080A (en) * | 1974-10-02 | 1976-01-27 | Polychrome Corporation | Method of producing an aluminum base sheet for a printing plate |
DE2537724C3 (de) * | 1975-08-25 | 1981-02-26 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verwendung eines Verfahrens zum elektrochemischen Aufrauhen von Aluminium bei der Herstellung von Flachdruckplattenträgern |
DE2537725C3 (de) * | 1975-08-25 | 1981-02-19 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verwendung eines Verfahrens zum elektrochemischen Aufrauhen von Aluminium bei der Herstellung von Flachdruckplattenträgern |
JPS5615396A (en) * | 1979-07-19 | 1981-02-14 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Manufacture of alminum support substance for lithographic plate |
US4242417A (en) * | 1979-08-24 | 1980-12-30 | Polychrome Corporation | Lithographic substrates |
US4324841A (en) * | 1979-08-24 | 1982-04-13 | Polychrome Corporation | Lithographic substrates |
JPS5647041A (en) * | 1979-09-27 | 1981-04-28 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Production of positive type photosensitive lithographic printing plate |
DE3009103A1 (de) * | 1980-03-10 | 1981-09-24 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur modifizierung der oberflaeche von druckplatten-traegermaterialien aus aluminium und verfahren zur herstellung von druckplatten aus diesen materialien |
JPS5724294A (en) * | 1980-07-18 | 1982-02-08 | Mitsubishi Chem Ind Ltd | Production of support for planographic printing plate |
US4437955A (en) * | 1983-07-05 | 1984-03-20 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Combined AC and DC etching of aluminum foil |
-
1982
- 1982-06-19 DE DE19823222967 patent/DE3222967A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1983
- 1983-06-02 ZA ZA833989A patent/ZA833989B/xx unknown
- 1983-06-03 CA CA000429650A patent/CA1199004A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-06-13 EP EP83105774A patent/EP0097301B1/de not_active Expired
- 1983-06-13 DE DE8383105774T patent/DE3362414D1/de not_active Expired
- 1983-06-13 AT AT83105774T patent/ATE18443T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-06-14 JP JP58105098A patent/JPS5911295A/ja active Granted
- 1983-06-16 US US06/504,874 patent/US4482444A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1983-06-17 AU AU15872/83A patent/AU554721B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1983-06-17 BR BR8303241A patent/BR8303241A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU1587283A (en) | 1983-12-22 |
US4482444A (en) | 1984-11-13 |
AU554721B2 (en) | 1986-08-28 |
CA1199004A (en) | 1986-01-07 |
DE3362414D1 (en) | 1986-04-10 |
JPH0249639B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1990-10-30 |
ATE18443T1 (de) | 1986-03-15 |
EP0097301A1 (de) | 1984-01-04 |
BR8303241A (pt) | 1984-01-31 |
ZA833989B (en) | 1984-02-29 |
JPS5911295A (ja) | 1984-01-20 |
DE3222967A1 (de) | 1983-12-22 |
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