EP0065208B2 - Procédé et installation pour la fabrication de pièces coulées creuses à paroi épaisse - Google Patents
Procédé et installation pour la fabrication de pièces coulées creuses à paroi épaisse Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0065208B2 EP0065208B2 EP82103856A EP82103856A EP0065208B2 EP 0065208 B2 EP0065208 B2 EP 0065208B2 EP 82103856 A EP82103856 A EP 82103856A EP 82103856 A EP82103856 A EP 82103856A EP 0065208 B2 EP0065208 B2 EP 0065208B2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mould
- cooling
- casting
- castings
- core
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 208000015943 Coeliac disease Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012778 molding material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007528 sand casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009750 centrifugal casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009659 non-destructive testing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
- B22C9/24—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings for hollow articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
- B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the feedless manufacture of thick-walled castings from spheroidal graphite cast iron, in which the shape is built up relentlessly, the castings are cooled and the gates are dimensioned such that the cast iron is frozen in them before the eutectic solidification of the Casting uses.
- the mold is closed with the exception of the gates, and the cast iron does not flow again after the mold has been filled from funnel-shaped feeders which have been removed from different parts of the mold, but only through the gates for a short time.
- Thick-walled, container-like castings made of spheroidal graphite cast iron are e.g. required as a transport container for used fuel elements from nuclear power plants. This places particularly high demands on the quality of the casting. It must have a fine-grained and tough cast structure that is free from volume deficit errors, in particular free from micropores.
- Thick-walled sand castings have long solidification times, since the considerable amounts of heat released can only be dissipated via the insulating molding material. In the case of spheroidal graphite cast iron, this can result in a rough globulitic cast structure. In addition, under these conditions, flat temperature gradients occur between the residual melt and the solidifying edge shell, which favor the occurrence of volume deficit errors, in particular micropores. In the case of a coarse cellular cast structure, the volume expansion, which predominates locally in graphitic eutectic crystallization and exerts a pressure that saturates to supply, cannot completely feed the micropores. The harmful consequences are micro-voids, which lead to indications in non-destructive testing methods and which limit micro segregation or, in extreme cases, even carbide deposits on the eutectic grain (cell), which impair the toughness of the material.
- DE-A-28 27 091 it is known in conventional casting of steel into slabs or blocks to build a mold from individual walls from water-cooled cooling boxes.
- DE-C-665 119 relates to the production of hollow bodies, in particular cast steel hollow bodies in a centrifugal casting mold which rotates about a vertical axis, the lower part of the inner wall of the casting body being additionally cooled with a coolant to counteract the formation of voids.
- the object of the invention is seen in obtaining a fine-grained, low-segregation and non-porous casting structure in a thick-walled, container-like casting via a steeper temperature gradient which favors the shell-like solidification in conjunction with a shortened solidification time, as is otherwise only possible in thin-walled casting structures Castings can be reached.
- This object is achieved in a method of the type mentioned at the outset in that for the casting of container-like castings using a mold core and an external mold, the rigid structure affects both the mold core and the external mold and the castings both on their external and on their Be cooled on the inside, the cooling on the inside being metered and regulated by liquid nitrogen evaporating in the system.
- This effective type of cooling of the core from the inside and the stubborn structure of the core means that the cooling casting is shrunk onto the core, a gap bond is avoided and the good heat transfer is maintained. Due to the unyielding structure of the entire mold, the expansion of the metal during graphitic eutectic solidification has a full effect as an increase in pressure in the mold cavity. That has with the result that the formation of micropores is avoided in the solidifying casting.
- the invention can be advantageously configured as follows.
- the cooling of the castings on the outer surface also contributes to the effective pressure increase in the mold cavity during the eutectic solidification.
- the outer jacket surface must be provided with cooling fins for later practical use, sufficient cooling can be achieved on the outer surface by forming the casting on its outer surface with large cooling fins . Then the outer shape e.g. made of dimensionally stable, cold resin-bonded quartz sand.
- the cooling of the outer surface of the casting can e.g. with smaller cooling fins or a smooth outer surface, can be improved by a metallic outer shape.
- the metallic outer shape improves the dissipation of the heat to the outside due to its greater thermal conductivity compared to a ceramic shape and thus convection cooling by the ambient air due to the higher temperature. This can be improved by cooling fins on the outer shape.
- the metallic outer shape can be metered and controlled by coolants, primarily by liquid, non-flammable coolants that evaporate in the system.
- the measures to improve the external cooling of the castings promote a shell-like solidification and thereby increase the pressure increase in the residual melt which improves the tightness of the casting during the eutectic solidification.
- the outer contour of the mold core is formed by a preliminary mold made of sheet steel, on the inner surface of which cooling elements through which coolant is arranged and the space between the lost mold, the cooling elements and the free space inside the mold core is filled with moldable, fine-grained substances.
- Sheet steel with a thickness of 10 to 20 mm is suitable for the lost shape.
- the fine-grained substances serve to stabilize the core and promote heat transfer between the lost mold shape and the cooling elements, in which the cooling is effected by the coolant flowing through.
- the outer surface of the core is generally provided with a size customary in the foundry in order to avoid welding.
- the cooling elements can be designed as cooling boxes in which inflow and outflow pipes are arranged next to one another in order to enable uniform heat dissipation.
- the cooling boxes are advantageously held by metallic elements such as wedges and pressed against the lost shape.
- cooling coils can also be used.
- the fine-grained substances with which the gaps between the cooling elements, the preformed formwork and the free space are filled can be ceramic molding materials, as are common in foundries.
- fine-grained metallic materials preferably steel gravel, may also be used, or metallic materials may also be added to the molding material.
- the outer shape is advantageously made of sheet steel and is provided with cooling elements. These can either be cooling boxes or cooling coils. Additional cooling fins improve heat dissipation.
- the entire mold was made up of a mold core 6 and a metallic or non-metallic outer mold 3 and the cast piece 1 both on its outer and on its inner surface cooled, the cooling on the inner surface by cooling the mandrel 6 with liquid nitrogen.
- the gates 2 were dimensioned such that the cast iron solidified in them before the eutectic solidification of the casting 1 began.
- the outer shape 3 was made of dimensionally stable, cold resin-bonded quartz sand. To produce the outer mold 3, cores 4 were used for the cooling fins 5 to be produced on the outer surface of the casting 1.
- the lost mold core 6 consisted of an approximately 6 m long cylindrical iron sheet jacket 7 with 15 mm wall thickness with a 30 mm welded-on cover 8. Before the cover 8 was welded on, the cooling boxes 9, 10 were introduced in two levels and with steel wedges 11 pressed against the sheet metal jacket 7. A good cooling of the cooling boxes 9, 10 was achieved by a system of parallel, vertical cooling pipes, distributed over the entire circumference, a lower feed line and an upper discharge line laid alternately and each connected to a feed and discharge ring line. The lid 8 was also provided with a cooler 12. The core 6 was arranged upright. The casting was poured upwards. The casting temperature was 1320 ° C, the amount of magnesium-treated and inoculated iron was 115 t .
- the composition of the melt corresponded to GGG-40.3, DIN 1693.
- the approximate dimensions of the casting 1 were in relation to the Length 6 400 mm, the outer diameter with ribs 2 500 mm, the inner diameter 1 200 mm; the floor thickness was 400 mm.
- the core 6 was cooled with liquid nitrogen in such a way that evaporation occurred when it flowed into the cooling elements 9, 10, 12.
- Inlets 2 were designed to freeze when the melt in the mold had reached a temperature of 1160 to 1200 ° C. Cooling was maintained throughout the solidification time. The coolant supply was only switched off shortly above the y-a conversion in order not to disturb the ferrite formation. Overall, the setting time was shortened by 56% compared to pure sand casting.
- the casting was drawn and the fine-grained penetrations in the core were removed, the cooling elements arranged in several planes were removed and finally the formwork, that is, the sheet metal jacket 7 with the cover 8 was removed by cutting and pulling. The rest of the casting was cleaned in the usual way.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Casting Devices For Molds (AREA)
- Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
- Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
Claims (13)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT82103856T ATE15338T1 (de) | 1981-05-13 | 1982-05-05 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von dickwandigen, hohlen gussstuecken. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19813118928 DE3118928A1 (de) | 1981-05-13 | 1981-05-13 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von dickwandigen, hohlen gussstuecken |
DE3118928 | 1981-05-13 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0065208A1 EP0065208A1 (fr) | 1982-11-24 |
EP0065208B1 EP0065208B1 (fr) | 1985-09-04 |
EP0065208B2 true EP0065208B2 (fr) | 1990-12-27 |
Family
ID=6132150
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP82103856A Expired - Lifetime EP0065208B2 (fr) | 1981-05-13 | 1982-05-05 | Procédé et installation pour la fabrication de pièces coulées creuses à paroi épaisse |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5058655A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0065208B2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPS5825859A (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE15338T1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA1224325A (fr) |
DE (2) | DE3118928A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA822691B (fr) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102007017690A1 (de) | 2007-04-14 | 2008-10-16 | Siempelkamp Giesserei Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Gussteils |
CN103990762A (zh) * | 2014-05-23 | 2014-08-20 | 马鞍山市晨光高耐磨科技发展有限公司 | 一种专用于环形长铸造件浇注设备 |
DE102022125056A1 (de) | 2022-01-04 | 2023-07-06 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | System und verfahren zur erhöhung der abkühlgeschwindigkeit von sandgussstücken aus metall während der erstarrung |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3120221C2 (de) * | 1981-05-21 | 1989-08-10 | Siempelkamp Gießerei GmbH & Co, 4150 Krefeld | Herstellung von dickwandigen Abschirmtransport- und Lagerbehältern aus sphärolitischem Gußeisen |
DE3216327C1 (de) * | 1982-05-03 | 1983-05-19 | Siempelkamp Gießerei GmbH & Co, 4150 Krefeld | Herstellung von dickwandigen Abschirmtransport- und Lagerbehältern aus sphärolitischem Gußeisen |
JPS59105045U (ja) * | 1982-12-29 | 1984-07-14 | 日産ディーゼル工業株式会社 | シリンダライナ−の設置構造 |
DE3324929A1 (de) * | 1983-07-09 | 1985-01-17 | Buderus Ag, 6330 Wetzlar | Verfahren zum herstellen eines dickwandigen behaeltergrundkoerpers hoher kerbschlagzaehigkeit |
JPH0226745U (fr) * | 1988-08-08 | 1990-02-21 | ||
EP0890400B1 (fr) * | 1997-06-17 | 2002-07-31 | Wärtsilä Schweiz AG | Procédé de moulage pour la fabrication des objets moulés métalliques |
CA2282636A1 (fr) * | 1999-09-16 | 2001-03-16 | Philippe Viarouge | Transformateurs et inducteurs d'alimentation pour applications a basses frequences utilisant des materiaux magnetiques composites isotropes a rapport puissance-poids eleve |
DE102004027592A1 (de) * | 2004-06-05 | 2005-12-22 | Man Nutzfahrzeuge Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum speiserarmen oder speiserlosen Gießen untereutektischer Gusseisenlegierungen |
US7342989B2 (en) * | 2005-06-23 | 2008-03-11 | Nac International, Inc. | Apparatuses and methods for mechanical shielding and cooling |
DE102012103884A1 (de) | 2012-05-03 | 2013-11-07 | Fritz Winter Eisengiesserei Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum Gießen eines mit mindestens einer Durchgangsöffnung versehenen Gussteils |
CN104936721B (zh) * | 2013-01-18 | 2017-07-07 | 内马克韦尼格罗德有限公司 | 具有冒口的功能性连接的、用于制造铸件,特别是气缸体和气缸盖的方法和铸模 |
US10032533B2 (en) | 2013-10-02 | 2018-07-24 | Nac International Inc. | Systems and methods for transferring spent nuclear fuel from wet storage to dry storage |
US9793021B2 (en) | 2014-01-22 | 2017-10-17 | Nac International Inc. | Transfer cask system having passive cooling |
EP3088537A1 (fr) * | 2015-04-27 | 2016-11-02 | Georg Fischer GmbH | Procédé de production d'une fonte hpi |
CN104941548A (zh) * | 2015-05-27 | 2015-09-30 | 含山县宏记精工铸造厂 | 一种化学试剂的混合反应桶 |
GB201612294D0 (en) * | 2016-07-15 | 2016-08-31 | Rolls Royce Plc | Method and apparatus for particle injection moulding |
CN106862496A (zh) * | 2016-12-20 | 2017-06-20 | 广西玉柴机器配件制造有限公司 | 一种铁型覆砂铸造球墨铸铁卡车端盖的生产方法 |
CN106799467A (zh) * | 2016-12-20 | 2017-06-06 | 广西玉柴机器配件制造有限公司 | 一种铁型覆砂铸造球墨铸铁卡车钢板弹簧座的生产方法 |
CN106862497A (zh) * | 2016-12-20 | 2017-06-20 | 广西玉柴机器配件制造有限公司 | 一种铁型覆砂铸造卡车推杆支架的生产方法 |
CN107377890B (zh) * | 2017-07-11 | 2023-05-12 | 宜昌船舶柴油机有限公司 | 提高船用柴油机气缸套内孔耐磨性的方法及装置 |
CN114147182B (zh) * | 2021-12-07 | 2024-01-23 | 勤威(天津)工业有限公司 | 一种砂芯成型高品质高步留支架的铸造模型结构 |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE566085C (de) * | 1932-12-10 | Fritz Halbrock | Kokillenkern zum Giessen von Hohlbloecken | |
DE665119C (de) * | 1937-04-03 | 1938-09-17 | Dr Franz Bartscherer | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Hohlkoerpern |
DE961290C (de) * | 1951-01-18 | 1957-04-04 | Otto Junker G M B H | Verfahren zum Giessen von legierten Eisengussstuecken |
DE1952209A1 (de) * | 1968-11-11 | 1970-09-24 | I I Elektrosvarki Im E O Paton | Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen von Metallhohlbloecken |
AT295765B (de) * | 1969-10-13 | 1972-01-25 | Vnii Elektrotermicheskogo Obor | Kokille zum Herstellen von Hohlblöcken aus Metall oder Metallegierungen |
AU5265273A (en) * | 1972-04-08 | 1974-08-29 | Wako Kinzoku Kogyo Co. Ltd | a CASTING METHOD AND METAL MOLD ANDA COOLING MOLD USED IN SAW METHOD |
JPS5225358B2 (fr) * | 1973-07-17 | 1977-07-07 | ||
JPS545820A (en) * | 1977-06-17 | 1979-01-17 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | Casting method |
US4278124A (en) * | 1978-04-11 | 1981-07-14 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Method of producing hollow steel ingot and apparatus therefor |
DE2827091A1 (de) * | 1978-06-21 | 1980-01-10 | Seybold Rolf Prof Dr Ing | Standkokillen fuer brammen und bloecke |
DE2831842A1 (de) * | 1978-07-20 | 1980-02-07 | Leybold Heraeus Gmbh & Co Kg | Dorn fuer kokillen zum elektroumschmelzen von metallen zu hohlbloecken |
-
1981
- 1981-05-13 DE DE19813118928 patent/DE3118928A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1982
- 1982-04-20 ZA ZA822691A patent/ZA822691B/xx unknown
- 1982-05-05 AT AT82103856T patent/ATE15338T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-05-05 EP EP82103856A patent/EP0065208B2/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1982-05-05 DE DE8282103856T patent/DE3265991D1/de not_active Expired
- 1982-05-12 JP JP57078516A patent/JPS5825859A/ja active Granted
- 1982-05-13 CA CA000402873A patent/CA1224325A/fr not_active Expired
-
1986
- 1986-03-19 US US06/841,167 patent/US5058655A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102007017690A1 (de) | 2007-04-14 | 2008-10-16 | Siempelkamp Giesserei Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Gussteils |
CN103990762A (zh) * | 2014-05-23 | 2014-08-20 | 马鞍山市晨光高耐磨科技发展有限公司 | 一种专用于环形长铸造件浇注设备 |
DE102022125056A1 (de) | 2022-01-04 | 2023-07-06 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | System und verfahren zur erhöhung der abkühlgeschwindigkeit von sandgussstücken aus metall während der erstarrung |
US11766716B2 (en) | 2022-01-04 | 2023-09-26 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | System and method of increasing cooling rate of metal sand casting during solidification |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3265991D1 (en) | 1985-10-10 |
EP0065208B1 (fr) | 1985-09-04 |
CA1224325A (fr) | 1987-07-21 |
JPS5825859A (ja) | 1983-02-16 |
ATE15338T1 (de) | 1985-09-15 |
EP0065208A1 (fr) | 1982-11-24 |
US5058655A (en) | 1991-10-22 |
JPH0329500B2 (fr) | 1991-04-24 |
DE3118928A1 (de) | 1982-12-02 |
ZA822691B (en) | 1983-02-23 |
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