DK160741C - Kontrastmiddel til ultralyddiagnostik - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
- A61K49/22—Echographic preparations; Ultrasonic imaging preparations
- A61K49/222—Echographic preparations; Ultrasonic imaging preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, liposomes
- A61K49/223—Microbubbles, hollow microspheres, free gas bubbles, gas microspheres
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Description
DK 160741 C
Opfindelsen angår et kontrastmiddel til ultralydsdiagnostik bestående af en fysiologisk acceptabel gas samt en flydende sammensætning af en vandig eller med vand blandbar bærervæske til optagelse og stabilisering af gasbobler fyldt med denne gas.
Det er almindeligt kendt, at kontrasten ved ultralyddiagnostik forhøjes ved anvendelse af gasbobler i væsken (blod), som strømmer gennem undersøgelsesobjektet. Til dette formål kan man fremstille disse gasbobler uden for undersøgelsesobjektet og injicere dem i blodstrømmen. For eksempel er dette muligt ved at man heftigt omryster en flydende opløsning såsom en kogsaltopløsning, en farvestofopløsning eller forud udtaget blod for at frembringe boblerne og derefter injicerer og udfører ultralydundersøgelsen. Således beretter Feigenbaum m.fl. i artiklen "Identification of Ultrasound Echoes from the Left Ventricle of the Heart through the Use of Injections of Indocyanine Green" (Cirkulation, bind XLI, april 1970) om frembringelse af ekko ved hjælp af gasbobler i venstre ventrikel af hjertet på samme måde, som det også berettet af Gramiak m.fl. (Radiology 100, 415-418, 1971). En anden fremgangsmåde til frembringelse af mikrogasbobler med bestemt størrelse beskrives i beretningen "Non-Invasive Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension Using the Bubble Ultrasonic Resonance Pressure (BURP) Method" (Rapport nr. HR-62917-1A, april 1977, Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Biood Institute).
I USA-patent nr. 4.265.251 beskrives fremstilling af mikrogasbobler med en saccharidindhylning, som kan fremstilles ved anvendelse af et kostbart kompliceret apparatur med reproducerbar størrelsesfordeling. Ulempen ved denne fremgangsmåde ligger dels i, at mikroboblerne kort før anvendelsen gennemblandes åbent med bæreren, hvorved der ikke kan sikres sterilitet og pyrogenfrihed, og dels i, at fremstillingen forårsager høje omkostninger på grund af den komplice- 2
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rede teknik. I et andet USA-patent (nr. 4.276.885) beskrives f.eks. en fremgangsmåde til at fremstille mikrogasbobler med en gelatinemembran og som bærer for disse mikrobobler at anvende et gelerbart medium, således at gasboblerne ved afkøling kan indefryses og efter behov ved opvarmning igen sættes i frihed.
En ulempe ved denne metode er den omstændighed, at en således frembragt suspension ikke kan steriliseres, da mikroblærerne ved varmesterilisation ikke er holdbare og ved sterilfiltrering fraskilles eller ødelægges. Dertil kommer, at gelatinepræparater altid udgør en anafylakserisiko.
Ved tilvejebringelse af kontrastmidlet ifølge opfindelsen fjernes de beskrevne ulemper.
Kontrastmidlet ifølge opfindelsen er ejendommelig ved, at den flydende sammensætning består af en blanding af a) 0,01 til 10 vægt% af et eller flere ikke-ionogene tensider valgt blandt lecithiner, lecithinfraktioner og deres omdannelsesprodukter, polyoxyethylenfedtsyreestere, polyoxyethy-lenfedtalkoholethere, ethoxylerede ricinusolier og deres hy-drerede derivater, polyoxyethylenpolyoxypropylen-polymerer, med vand eller en fysiologisk acceptabel vandig opløsning, og en blanding af b) 0,5 til 50 vægt% af en eller flere viskositetsforøgende forbindelser valgt blandt lactose, saccharose, polysacchari-der, dextraner, cyklodextriner, hydroxyethylstivelse, plasmaproteiner, gelatine, oxypolygelatine og andre gelatinederivater og polyoxyethylenpolyoxypropylen-polymerer med en molekylvægt på 4750-16.270, i vand eller fysiologisk acceptabel vandig opløsning, idet den samlede opløsning indeholder mindst 0,01, fortrinsvis 0,5 til 5 vægt% tensid og mindst 0,5 vægt% viskositetsf orøgende forbindelse, samt med den yderligere betingelse, at dersom der anvendes 3
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polyoxyethylenpolyoxypropylen-polymer med molekylvægt fra 4750 til 16.250 som tensid, der samtidigt virker som viskosi tetsf orøgende forbindelse, er koncentrationen heraf i den samlede opløsning 1-20 vægt%, fortrinsvis 3-10 vægt%.
Fremstillingen af boblerne kort før anvendelsen kan ske på de mest forskellige måder: 1) Ved medoptrækning af luft eller fysiologisk tålelig gas ved optrækning af den flydende sammensætning og flere ganges gentagelse af optrækning og udsprøjtning (såkaldt pumpning) under sterile betingelser.
2) Ved først adskilt fremstilling og påfølgende varmesterili-sation af blandingen af tensid i bæreropløsning og blandingen af det viskositetsforhøjende stof i bæreropløsning, optrækning af den første blanding og påfølgende indsprøjtning af denne første blanding i den anden, der befinder sig i en steril beholder sammen med den fysiologisk tålelige gas.
3) Ved først adskilt fremstilling og påfølgende sterilisering af blandingen af tensid i bæreropløsning, som indeholder 0,05% - 5% af et fysiologisk tåleligt carbonsurt salt, og blandingen af viskositetsforhøjende stof i bæreropløsning, som indeholder en til det carbonsure salt ækvivalent mængde fysiologisk tålelig syre, som blandes kort før anvendelse under sterile betingelser.
Blandingen af de to flydende blandinger kan ske ved enhver metode, hvormed der opnås en kraftig hvirveldannelse, f.eks. ved mekanisk omrøring eller med ultralyd eller ved optrækning af den ene blanding i en injektionssprøjte og udtømning af denne sprøjte i den anden blanding under anvendelse af højst muligt tryk og høj udstrømningshastighed og påfølgende kraftig rystning, idet der til alle blandingsforanstaltninger må sikres sterile betingelser. For eksempel anvendes til blandingen en beholder, som muliggør sterile betingelser, og 4
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som er stor nok, og som efter optagelsen af den anden blanding stadig har et tilstrækkeligt stort gasrum til den påfølgende kraftige rystning. Fortrinsvis anvender man dertil tilstrækkeligt store multiflasker med et lukke, som kan gen-nemstikkes med en injektionsnål og derved tillade indsprøjtning af blandingen, den påfølgende gennemblånding og udtagelsen af den med blærer forsynede flydende blanding uden åbning .
Hvis det er nødvendigt, kan boblerne i stedet for med steril luft være fyldt med andre fysiologisk tålelige sterile gasarter som f.eks. carbondioxid, oxygen, nitrogen, ædelgasarter eller med blandinger deraf, idet steril luft, carbondioxid og/eller oxygen foretrækkes. Til dette formål bliver luften fortrængt af blandingen af tensidet eller tensidblandingen og/eller af blandingen af det viskositetsforhøjende stof ved behandling med den ønskede gas, og begge blandinger bliver på en af de før beskrevne måder blandet i en multiflaske, som er fyldt med den ønskede gas eller gasblanding.
Hvis carbondioxid er ønsket som gas, er der også den mulighed at frembringe gassen ved blandingen, idet man til enten tensidblandingen eller blandingen af det viskositetsforøgende stof sætter 1% - 3% af en fysiologisk anvendelig syre såsom saltsyre, vinsyre, citronsyre eller et surt salt af phosphor-syre i form af en fortyndet vandig opløsning og til den anden blanding sætter den ækvivalente mængde af et carbonsurt salt som f.eks. alkali- eller ammoniumbicarbonat eller natriumbi-carbonat som en fortyndet vandig opløsning.
Efter frembringelse af boblerne på en af de anførte eller ækvivalente måder er blandingerne parat til intravenøs indgift som kontrastmiddel til ultralyddiagnostik.
Der haves således et kontrastmiddel til ultralyddiagnostik, som er fri for faste partikler, og som er sterilt. Derudover bevirker den flydende sammensætning ved injektion af et ringe 5
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rumfang en fremragende forstærkelse af ultralydkontrasten.
For at opnå den ultralydkontrastforhøjelse, som fremkaldes med kun 0,1 ml af den flydende sammensætning, der f.eks. indeholder 1% polyoxyethylenpolyoxypropylen-polymer med molekylvægt 6800 - 8975 (PLURONIC® F68) og 4% glucose i vand efter intravenøs injektion, kræves der 3 ml af den i amerikansk patent nr. 4.276.885 beskrevne suspension.
Som tensider egner sig: Lecithiner, lecithinfraktioner og deres omdannelsesprodukter, polyoxyethylenfedtsyreestere og po-lyoxyethylenfedtalkoholethere, ethoxylerede ricinusolier og deres hydrerede derivater, polyoxyethylenpolyoxypropylen-po-lymerer, idet polyoxyethylenfedtsyrestearater og polyoxy-ethylenpolyoxypropylen-polymerer med molekylvægt 6800-8975, 13300 og 16250 foretrækkes. Samtlige procentangivelser er vægtprocenter.
Den flydende sammensætning indeholder mindst 0,01% af et tensid eller en blanding af flere tensider, idet det foretrukne indhold er 0,5 - 5% tensid eller tensidblanding.
Som viskositetsforøgende stoffer kan der være tale om poly-saccharider, lactose, saccharose, dextraner, cyklodextriner, hydroxyethylstivelse, plasmaproteiner, gelatine, oxypolyge-latine og gelatinederivater eller blandinger deraf.
Koncentrationen af disse stoffer i opløsningen er mindst 0,5%, idet den højeste koncentration afhænger af det opløste stof. Således kan f.eks. lactose anvendes i en koncentration på 0,5 - 50%, hvorimod gelatine har en foretrukken koncentration på 0,5 - 2%. Oxypolygelatine anvendes fortrinsvis i en koncentration på 0,5 - 10%.
Man kan også anvende tensider, der samtidig virker viskositetsf orøgende, som polyoxyethylenpolyoxypropylen-polymerer med en molekylvægt på 4750 - 16250.
6
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I dette tilfælde er koncentrationen af tensidet med viskositetsforøgende virkning 1% - 20%, fortrinsvis 3% - 10%. Tensidet eller tensidblandingen opløses fortrinsvis i en bærervæske i nærværelse af det viskositetsforhøj ende stof eller stofblanding. Som bærervæske kan anvendes vand eller vandige opløsninger, der kan tåles fysiologisk, som f.eks. fysiologiske elektrolytopløsninger såsom fysiologisk kogsaltopløsning, Ringers opløsning eller vandige opløsninger af natriumchlo-rid, calciumchlorid, natriumbicarbonat, natriumcitrat, natriumacetat eller natriumtartrat eller saltopløsninger, der sædvanligvis anvendes som infusionsopløsninger.
Således anvendes f.eks. til ultralydkontrastoptagelse af højre hjertekammer på hund (han-Beaglehunde med en legemsvægt på 17,2 kg, 2¾ år gamle, lukket thorax) 0,3 ml af en blæresuspension, som blev frembragt ved stærk hvirveldannelse af 2 ml 5%-ig vandig steriliseret PLURONIC® F68-opløsning og 8 ml vandig steriliseret opløsning af viskositetsforøgende forbindelse i en steril luftatmosfære. Med henblik på ophvirvlingen blev PLURONIC® F68-opløsningen optrukket med en injektionssprøjte, og denne opløsning blev sprøjtet i en multiflaske med med den anden opløsning med høj udstrømningshastighed og derefter rystet. Størrelsesfordelingen af gasboblerne blev bestemt 2 minutter efter fremstillingen med et Cilas-granu-lometer 715 og var for 50% af gasboblerne 35 μτη. Synliggøreisen og optegnelsen af ultralydekkoet samt den diagnostiske bedømmelse sker på i og for sig kendt måde og er f.eks. beskrevet i amerikansk patent nr. 4.276.885 samt af H.L. Wyatt m.fl. i Circulation 60, side 1104f (1979).
EKSEMPEL 1.
Af en 10%-ig vandig og steril PLURONIC® F127-opløsning udtages 2 ml med en injektionssprøjte og sprøjtes med størst mulig udstrømningshastighed i 8 ml af en steril fysiologisk kogsaltopløsning, der befinder sig i en steril 25 ml multi-flaske under en luftatmosfære. Derefter gennemrystes blandin- 7
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gen kraftigt. Den fremstillede gasboblesuspension indeholder 2% PLURONIC® F127 og 0,9% kogsalt.
Den med et modificeret Cilas-granulometer 2 minutter efter fremstillingen konstaterede gennemsnitlige boblestørrelse er 5 for 50%'s vedkommende mindre end 45 μτη.
EKSEMPEL 2.
Af en vandig og steril 5%-ig PLURONIC® F68-opløsning, hvorfra den opløste luft på forhånd er fortrængt med argon, udtages 2 ml med en injektionssprøjte og sprøjtes med størst mulig ud-10 strømningshastighed i 8 ml af en steril vandig 6%-ig dextran 40-opløsning, hvorfra den opløste luft ligeledes er blevet fortrængt med argon og som befinder sig i en steril 25 ml multiflaske under en argonatmosfære. Derefter rystes blandingen kraftigt. Den med Cilas-granulometer 715 2 minutter efter 15 fremstillingen konstaterede størrelsesfordeling af argongas-boblerne er for 50%'s vedkommende mindre end 55 μιη.
Den fremkomne gasboblesuspension indeholder 1% PLURONIC® F68 og 4,8% dextran 40.
EKSEMPEL 3.
20 Analogt med eksempel 2, men under anvendelse af helium i stedet for argon får man efter blandingen en heliumgasboblesus-pension, der indeholder 1% PLURONIC® F68 og 4,8% dextran 40.
Størrelsesfordelingen 2 minutter efter fremstillingen var for 50% af heliumgasboblerne mindre end 65 μπκ 25 EKSEMPEL 4.
Analogt med eksempel 2, men under anvendelse af oxygen i stedet for argon får man efter blandingen en suspension af oxygenbobler, der indeholder 1% PLURONIC® F68 og 4,8% dextran
Claims (5)
1. Kontrastmiddel til ultralydsdiagnostik bestående af en fysiologisk acceptabel gas samt en flydende sammensætning af en vandig eller med vand blandbar bærervæske til optagelse og stabilisering af gasbobler fyldt med denne gas, kende -tegnet ved, at den flydende sammensætning består af en blanding af a) 0,01 til 10 vægt% af et eller flere ikke-ionogene tensider valgt blandt lecithiner, lecithinfraktioner og deres omdannelsesprodukter, polyoxyethylenfedtsyreestere, polyoxyethy-lenfedtalkoholethere, ethoxylerede ricinusolier og deres hy-drerede derivater, polyoxyethylenpolyoxypropylen-polymerer, med vand eller en fysiologisk acceptabel vandig opløsning, og en blanding af b) 0,5 til 50 vægt% af en eller flere viskositetsforøgende forbindelser valgt blandt lactose, saccharose, polysacchari-der, dextraner, cyklodextriner, hydroxyethylstiveIse, plasmaproteiner, gelatine, oxypolygelatine og andre gelatinederivater og polyoxyethylenpolyoxypropylen-polymerer med en molekylvægt på 4750-16.270, i vand eller fysiologisk acceptabel vandig opløsning, idet den samlede opløsning indeholder mindst 0,01, fortrins- DK 160741 C vis 0,5 til 5 vægt% tensid og mindst 0,5 vægt% viskositetsforøgende forbindelse, samt med den yderligere betingelse, at dersom der anvendes polyoxyethylenpolyoxypropylen-polymer med molekylvægt fra 4750 til 16.250 som tensid, der samtidigt virker som viskositetsf orøgende forbindelse, er koncentrationen heraf i den samlede opløsning 1-20 vægt%, fortrinsvis 3-10 vægt%.
2. Kontrastmiddel ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at det som tensid indeholder en polyoxyethylenpolyoxypropy-len-polymer med en molekylvægt på 6800 - 8975 (PLURONIC® F68) , 16250 (PLURONIC® F108) eller 13300 (PLURONIC® F127) .
3. Kontrastmiddel ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at det som tensid indeholder polyoxyethylenfedtsyreesterstea-rat.
4. Kontrastmiddel ifølge et af kravene 1-3, kende -tegnet ved, at det som fysiologisk acceptabel vandig opløsning indeholder en vandig opløsning af en monovalent eller polyvalent alkohol, fysiologisk elektrolytopløsning eller en infusionsopløsning eller blandinger heraf.
5. Kontrastmiddel ifølge et af kravene 1-4, kendete g n e t ved, at de med fysiologisk acceptabel gas fyldte gasbobler er fyldt med steril luft, carbondioxid, oxygen, nitrogen, en ædelgasart eller blandinger heraf.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19813141641 DE3141641A1 (de) | 1981-10-16 | 1981-10-16 | Ultraschall-kontrastmittel und dessen herstellung |
| DE3141641 | 1981-10-16 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DK455782A DK455782A (da) | 1983-04-17 |
| DK160741B DK160741B (da) | 1991-04-15 |
| DK160741C true DK160741C (da) | 1996-11-04 |
Family
ID=6144496
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK455782A DK160741C (da) | 1981-10-16 | 1982-10-14 | Kontrastmiddel til ultralyddiagnostik |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4466442A (da) |
| EP (1) | EP0077752B2 (da) |
| JP (1) | JPS5879930A (da) |
| AT (1) | ATE18356T1 (da) |
| AU (1) | AU558152B2 (da) |
| CA (1) | CA1199577A (da) |
| DE (2) | DE3141641A1 (da) |
| DK (1) | DK160741C (da) |
| FI (1) | FI81008C (da) |
| IE (1) | IE55051B1 (da) |
| NO (1) | NO158328C (da) |
| NZ (1) | NZ202186A (da) |
| ZA (1) | ZA827577B (da) |
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| US4572203A (en) * | 1983-01-27 | 1986-02-25 | Feinstein Steven B | Contact agents for ultrasonic imaging |
| DE3313946A1 (de) * | 1983-04-15 | 1984-10-18 | Schering AG, 1000 Berlin und 4709 Bergkamen | Mikropartikel und gasblaeschen enthaltende ultraschall-kontrastmittel |
| US5141738A (en) * | 1983-04-15 | 1992-08-25 | Schering Aktiengesellschaft | Ultrasonic contrast medium comprising gas bubbles and solid lipophilic surfactant-containing microparticles and use thereof |
| DE3313947A1 (de) * | 1983-04-15 | 1984-10-18 | Schering AG, 1000 Berlin und 4709 Bergkamen | Mikropartikel und gasblaeschen enthaltende ultraschall-kontrastmittel |
| DE3834705A1 (de) | 1988-10-07 | 1990-04-12 | Schering Ag | Ultraschallkontrastmittel aus gasblaeschen und fettsaeure enthaltenden mikropartikeln |
| DE3324754A1 (de) * | 1983-07-06 | 1985-01-17 | Schering AG, 1000 Berlin und 4709 Bergkamen | Ultraschallkontrastmittel sowie dessen herstellung |
| US4728575A (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1988-03-01 | Vestar, Inc. | Contrast agents for NMR imaging |
| DE3442631A1 (de) * | 1984-11-22 | 1986-05-22 | Webasto-Werk W. Baier GmbH & Co, 8035 Gauting | Schiebehebedach |
| US4684479A (en) * | 1985-08-14 | 1987-08-04 | Arrigo Joseph S D | Surfactant mixtures, stable gas-in-liquid emulsions, and methods for the production of such emulsions from said mixtures |
| DE3637926C1 (de) * | 1986-11-05 | 1987-11-26 | Schering Ag | Ultraschall-Manometrieverfahren in einer Fluessigkeit mittels Mikroblaeschen |
| DE3709851A1 (de) * | 1987-03-24 | 1988-10-06 | Silica Gel Gmbh Adsorptions Te | Nmr-diagnostische fluessigkeitszusammensetzungen |
| DE3741199A1 (de) * | 1987-12-02 | 1989-08-17 | Schering Ag | Verwendung von ultraschallkontrastmitteln fuer die ultraschall-lithotripsie |
| DE3741201A1 (de) | 1987-12-02 | 1989-06-15 | Schering Ag | Ultraschallarbeitsverfahren und mittel zu dessen durchfuehrung |
| US4844882A (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1989-07-04 | Molecular Biosystems, Inc. | Concentrated stabilized microbubble-type ultrasonic imaging agent |
| EP0586875A1 (de) * | 1988-02-05 | 1994-03-16 | Schering Aktiengesellschaft | Ultraschallkontrastmittel, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und deren Verwendung als Diagnostika und Therapeutika |
| US5425366A (en) * | 1988-02-05 | 1995-06-20 | Schering Aktiengesellschaft | Ultrasonic contrast agents for color Doppler imaging |
| US4861756A (en) * | 1988-03-08 | 1989-08-29 | Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Synthetic pulmonary surfactant |
| US4957656A (en) * | 1988-09-14 | 1990-09-18 | Molecular Biosystems, Inc. | Continuous sonication method for preparing protein encapsulated microbubbles |
| US6551576B1 (en) | 1989-12-22 | 2003-04-22 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Medical Imaging, Inc. | Container with multi-phase composition for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications |
| US6146657A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 2000-11-14 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Gas-filled lipid spheres for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications |
| US6088613A (en) | 1989-12-22 | 2000-07-11 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Method of magnetic resonance focused surgical and therapeutic ultrasound |
| US5922304A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1999-07-13 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Gaseous precursor filled microspheres as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents |
| US5542935A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1996-08-06 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Therapeutic delivery systems related applications |
| US5585112A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1996-12-17 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Method of preparing gas and gaseous precursor-filled microspheres |
| US5773024A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1998-06-30 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Container with multi-phase composition for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications |
| US5352435A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1994-10-04 | Unger Evan C | Ionophore containing liposomes for ultrasound imaging |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4277367A (en) * | 1978-10-23 | 1981-07-07 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Phantom material and method |
| US4276885A (en) * | 1979-05-04 | 1981-07-07 | Rasor Associates, Inc | Ultrasonic image enhancement |
-
1981
- 1981-10-16 DE DE19813141641 patent/DE3141641A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1982
- 1982-10-06 CA CA000412931A patent/CA1199577A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-10-06 AU AU89163/82A patent/AU558152B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1982-10-12 FI FI823474A patent/FI81008C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-10-13 EP EP82730129A patent/EP0077752B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1982-10-13 US US06/434,034 patent/US4466442A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1982-10-13 DE DE8282730129T patent/DE3269667D1/de not_active Expired
- 1982-10-13 AT AT82730129T patent/ATE18356T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-10-14 DK DK455782A patent/DK160741C/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-10-15 NO NO823452A patent/NO158328C/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-10-15 JP JP57180094A patent/JPS5879930A/ja active Granted
- 1982-10-15 ZA ZA827577A patent/ZA827577B/xx unknown
- 1982-10-15 NZ NZ202186A patent/NZ202186A/en unknown
- 1982-10-15 IE IE2490/82A patent/IE55051B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NZ202186A (en) | 1986-07-11 |
| NO823452L (no) | 1983-04-18 |
| FI81008B (fi) | 1990-05-31 |
| NO158328B (no) | 1988-05-16 |
| EP0077752B1 (de) | 1986-03-05 |
| EP0077752B2 (de) | 1995-07-26 |
| NO158328C (no) | 1988-08-24 |
| FI823474A0 (fi) | 1982-10-12 |
| FI823474L (fi) | 1983-04-17 |
| US4466442A (en) | 1984-08-21 |
| EP0077752A2 (de) | 1983-04-27 |
| DE3141641A1 (de) | 1983-04-28 |
| CA1199577A (en) | 1986-01-21 |
| AU8916382A (en) | 1983-04-21 |
| IE55051B1 (en) | 1990-05-09 |
| DK455782A (da) | 1983-04-17 |
| AU558152B2 (en) | 1987-01-22 |
| DK160741B (da) | 1991-04-15 |
| JPH0443889B2 (da) | 1992-07-20 |
| DE3269667D1 (en) | 1986-04-10 |
| IE822490L (en) | 1983-04-16 |
| EP0077752A3 (en) | 1983-11-30 |
| JPS5879930A (ja) | 1983-05-13 |
| ATE18356T1 (de) | 1986-03-15 |
| ZA827577B (en) | 1983-08-31 |
| FI81008C (fi) | 1996-06-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PBP | Patent lapsed |