DE69917990D1 - Vorrichtung zur Abgasreinigung für eine Brennkraftmaschine - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zur Abgasreinigung für eine Brennkraftmaschine

Info

Publication number
DE69917990D1
DE69917990D1 DE69917990T DE69917990T DE69917990D1 DE 69917990 D1 DE69917990 D1 DE 69917990D1 DE 69917990 T DE69917990 T DE 69917990T DE 69917990 T DE69917990 T DE 69917990T DE 69917990 D1 DE69917990 D1 DE 69917990D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
exhaust gas
combustion engine
internal combustion
gas purification
purification device
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
DE69917990T
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
DE69917990T2 (de
Inventor
Shinya Hirota
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Toyota Motor Corp
Original Assignee
Toyota Motor Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Toyota Motor Corp filed Critical Toyota Motor Corp
Publication of DE69917990D1 publication Critical patent/DE69917990D1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE69917990T2 publication Critical patent/DE69917990T2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9481—Catalyst preceded by an adsorption device without catalytic function for temporary storage of contaminants, e.g. during cold start
    • B01D53/9486—Catalyst preceded by an adsorption device without catalytic function for temporary storage of contaminants, e.g. during cold start for storing hydrocarbons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9495—Controlling the catalytic process
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
    • F01N3/0835—Hydrocarbons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2053—By-passing catalytic reactors, e.g. to prevent overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D21/00—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas
    • F02D21/06—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas peculiar to engines having other non-fuel gas added to combustion air
    • F02D21/08—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas peculiar to engines having other non-fuel gas added to combustion air the other gas being the exhaust gas of engine
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/20—Reductants
    • B01D2251/208—Hydrocarbons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/03—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being hydrocarbons, e.g. engine fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/14—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system
    • F02M26/15—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system in relation to engine exhaust purifying apparatus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
DE69917990T 1998-05-15 1999-04-26 Vorrichtung zur Abgasreinigung für eine Brennkraftmaschine Expired - Lifetime DE69917990T2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP13408898A JP3252793B2 (ja) 1998-05-15 1998-05-15 内燃機関の排気浄化装置
JP13408898 1998-05-15

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE69917990D1 true DE69917990D1 (de) 2004-07-22
DE69917990T2 DE69917990T2 (de) 2005-06-09

Family

ID=15120148

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE69917990T Expired - Lifetime DE69917990T2 (de) 1998-05-15 1999-04-26 Vorrichtung zur Abgasreinigung für eine Brennkraftmaschine

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US6209317B1 (de)
EP (1) EP0957254B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3252793B2 (de)
DE (1) DE69917990T2 (de)

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JP2001303934A (ja) 1998-06-23 2001-10-31 Toyota Motor Corp 内燃機関の排気浄化装置
US6311484B1 (en) * 2000-02-22 2001-11-06 Engelhard Corporation System for reducing NOx transient emission
US6427439B1 (en) * 2000-07-13 2002-08-06 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Method and system for NOx reduction
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US6871490B2 (en) * 2002-12-19 2005-03-29 Caterpillar Inc Emissions control system for increasing selective catalytic reduction efficiency
JP4363099B2 (ja) * 2003-07-16 2009-11-11 トヨタ自動車株式会社 内燃機関の排気処理装置
DE102004036762A1 (de) * 2004-07-29 2006-03-23 Daimlerchrysler Ag Abgasrückführungsvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine
JP2006274909A (ja) * 2005-03-29 2006-10-12 Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp 内燃機関の排気浄化装置
JP5491028B2 (ja) * 2005-09-15 2014-05-14 ボルボ ラストバグナー アーベー 排気再循環を行う内燃エンジンのための方法
US7278410B2 (en) * 2005-11-17 2007-10-09 Engelhard Corporation Hydrocarbon adsorption trap for controlling evaporative emissions from EGR valves
JP4225322B2 (ja) 2006-01-27 2009-02-18 トヨタ自動車株式会社 内燃機関の排気還流装置
US20070178025A1 (en) * 2006-01-31 2007-08-02 Opris Cornelius N Exhaust treatment system
JP5410960B2 (ja) * 2006-04-13 2014-02-05 マック トラックス インコーポレイテッド 排出ガス処理装置を有するエンジンとエンジン排出ガスを処理する方法
FR2902140B1 (fr) * 2006-06-07 2008-09-12 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Procede de gestion du fonctionnement d'un moteur a combustion interne et de sa ligne d'echappement
JP4349423B2 (ja) 2007-03-01 2009-10-21 トヨタ自動車株式会社 内燃機関の排気浄化システム
JP4656071B2 (ja) * 2007-03-01 2011-03-23 トヨタ自動車株式会社 内燃機関の排気浄化装置
US8171724B2 (en) 2007-05-02 2012-05-08 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehicle-based strategy for removing urea deposits from an SCR catalyst
US7967720B2 (en) * 2007-06-13 2011-06-28 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Dynamic allocation of drive torque
JP2009002248A (ja) * 2007-06-21 2009-01-08 Hino Motors Ltd 排気処理装置を備えた内燃機関の制御装置
US7966812B2 (en) * 2007-08-29 2011-06-28 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Multi-stage regeneration of particulate filter
JP2009150279A (ja) * 2007-12-19 2009-07-09 Hino Motors Ltd 排気処理装置
CN101680331B (zh) 2008-03-04 2012-06-27 丰田自动车株式会社 内燃机的排气净化装置
US8418439B2 (en) * 2009-02-18 2013-04-16 Ford Global Technologies, Llc NOx sensor ambient temperature compensation
JP2012519794A (ja) * 2009-03-05 2012-08-30 マック トラックス インコーポレイテッド ディーゼル・エンジンの排気を取扱うためのディーゼル・エンジン・システムおよび方法
WO2011030433A1 (ja) * 2009-09-10 2011-03-17 トヨタ自動車株式会社 内燃機関の制御システム
SE534482C2 (sv) * 2010-01-18 2011-09-06 Scania Cv Ab Förfarande och anordning för att förhindra ureabeläggning i ett avgassystem hos ett motorfordon
US20120204539A1 (en) * 2011-02-10 2012-08-16 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Hybrid vehicle thermal management using a bypass path in a catalytic converter unit
WO2012150879A1 (en) * 2011-05-02 2012-11-08 Volvo Technology Corporation Method and internal combustion engine system for keeping an exhaust gas aftertreatment system within its working temperature range
US9120057B2 (en) * 2011-12-01 2015-09-01 Umicore Ag & Co. Kg Method for operating exhaust gas purification systems
JP2012137096A (ja) * 2012-04-04 2012-07-19 Hino Motors Ltd 排気処理装置を備えた内燃機関の制御装置
JP6252375B2 (ja) * 2014-06-23 2017-12-27 いすゞ自動車株式会社 内燃機関の排気ガス浄化システム及び内燃機関の排気ガス浄化方法
JP6350397B2 (ja) * 2015-06-09 2018-07-04 トヨタ自動車株式会社 内燃機関の制御装置
GB2579032A (en) * 2018-11-15 2020-06-10 Nissan Motor Mfg Uk Ltd Internal combustion engine system

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JP3201237B2 (ja) * 1995-11-15 2001-08-20 トヨタ自動車株式会社 内燃機関の排気浄化装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH11324661A (ja) 1999-11-26
EP0957254A2 (de) 1999-11-17
EP0957254B1 (de) 2004-06-16
EP0957254A3 (de) 2003-02-12
DE69917990T2 (de) 2005-06-09
JP3252793B2 (ja) 2002-02-04
US6209317B1 (en) 2001-04-03

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