CN1984905B - 作为凝血酶受体拮抗剂的约束喜巴辛类似物 - Google Patents
作为凝血酶受体拮抗剂的约束喜巴辛类似物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1984905B CN1984905B CN2005800232506A CN200580023250A CN1984905B CN 1984905 B CN1984905 B CN 1984905B CN 2005800232506 A CN2005800232506 A CN 2005800232506A CN 200580023250 A CN200580023250 A CN 200580023250A CN 1984905 B CN1984905 B CN 1984905B
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Abstract
本发明公开了以下结构式所表示的化合物和其药学上可接受的盐和溶剂化物,其中:R10和R34连接的环碳原子之间的单虚线或者表示单键或者表示双键;X和Y连接的碳原子之间的双虚线或者表示单键或者表示不存在键;当双虚线表示单键时,X为-O-或者-NR6-;当双虚线表示不存在键时,X为H、-OH或者-NHR20;和其它参数如本文中所定义。本发明还公开了含有所述化合物的药物组合物和药物联用以及它们用作凝血酶受体拮抗剂和类大麻醇受体结合剂的用途。
Description
背景技术
在美国专利Nos.6,063,847、6,645,987和6,326,380以及美国申请Nos.10/271,715、10/671,216和10/412,982已经公开了多种喜巴辛(himbacine)衍生物以及含有这些化合物的药物组合物。
在与血栓形成、动脉硬化症、再狭窄、高血压、心绞痛、心律失常、心力衰竭、脑缺血、中风、神经变性疾病和癌症相关的疾病的治疗中,这些喜巴辛衍生物可以用作凝血酶受体拮抗剂。凝血酶受体拮抗剂也称为蛋白酶活化受体-1(PAR-1)拮抗剂。许多喜巴辛衍生物还可以与类大麻醇受体结合,可以用于治疗风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、多发性脑硬化、糖尿病、骨质疏松症、肾缺血、脑中风、脑缺血、肾炎、肺和胃肠道炎性病症以及呼吸道疾病(比如可逆气道阻塞、慢性哮喘和支气管炎)。
已知凝血酶在不同细胞类型中具有多种活性,并且已知凝血酶受体存在于比如人类血小板、血管平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞的细胞类型中。因此,预期凝血酶受体拮抗剂将可用于治疗血栓形成疾病、炎性疾病、动脉粥样硬化疾病和纤维增生疾病以及凝血酶及其受体在其中起着病理学作用的其它疾病。
基于涉及氨基酸在凝血酶受体上的取代的结构-活性研究,凝血酶受体拮抗剂肽已经得到了鉴定。在Bernatowicz等人,J.Med. Chem.,39(1996),p.4879-4887中,公开了四肽和五肽是有效的凝血酶受体拮抗剂,例如N-反-肉桂酰-p-氟Phe-p-胍基Phe-Leu-Arg-NH2和N-反-肉桂酰-p-氟Phe-p-胍基Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-NH2。在1994年2月17日公开的WO 94/03479中同样公开了肽凝血酶受体拮抗剂。
类大麻醇受体属于G-蛋白偶联受体超家族。它们可以分类为主导神经元CB1受体和主导末梢CB2受体。这些受体通过调节腺苷酸环化酶和Ca+2以及K+流量而发挥其生物学作用。虽然CB1受体的作用主要与中枢神经系统相关,但是认为CB2受体具有与支气管收缩、免疫调节和炎症相关的末梢作用。由此,预期选择性CB2受体结合剂在与风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、多发性脑硬化、糖尿病、骨质疏松症、肾缺血、脑中风、脑缺血、肾炎、肺和胃肠道炎性疾病以及呼吸道疾病(比如可逆气道阻塞、慢性哮喘和支气管炎)相关的疾病的控制中具有治疗学作用(R.G.Pertwee,Curr.Med.Chem.6(8),(1999),635)。
喜巴辛,即下式的哌啶生物碱
已经被确认为一种毒碱受体拮抗剂。Chackalamannil等人,J. Am.Chem Soc.,118(1996),p.9812-9813已经公开了(+)-喜巴辛的总合成。
发明概述
在某些方面,本发明涉及下式I所表示的凝血酶受体拮抗剂
式I
或者其药学上可接受的盐或溶剂化物,其中:
X与Y连接的环碳原子之间的双虚线或者表示单键或者表示不存在键;
当双虚线表示单键时,X为-O或者-NR6-;当双虚线表示不存在键时,X为H、-OH或者-NHR20;
当双虚线表示单键时,Y为(O)、(S)、(H,H)、(H,OH)或者(H,C1-C6烷氧基);当双虚线表示不存在键时,Y为(O)、(NOR17)、(H,H)、(H,OH)、(H,SH)、(H,C1-C6烷氧基)或者(H,-NHR45);
Z选自-CH2-,-O-,-S(O)n4-,-NR30-,-NC(O)R30,NCO2R30,-NC(O)NR30R31-,-NSO2R30,-NSO2NHR30,-C(O)-,-C(=NOR30)-,和-CR30R31-;
n1、n2、n3和n4独立地为0~2;
R为1~3个独立地选自以下的取代基:H、C1-C6烷基、卤素、羟基、氨基、(C1-C6)烷基-氨基、(C1-C6)二烷基氨基、(C1-C6)烷氧基、-COR16、-COOR17、-SOR16、-SO2R16、-NR16COR16a、-NR16COOR16a、-NR16CONR4R5、氟代-(C1-C6)烷基、二氟(C1-C6)烷基、三氟(C1-C6)烷基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C6烯基、芳基(C1-C6)烷基、芳基(C2-C6)烯基、杂芳基(C1-C6)-烷基、杂芳基(C2-C6)烯基、羟基(C1-C6)烷基、氨基(C1-C6)-烷基、芳基和硫基(C1-C6)烷基;
R1和R2独立地选自H、C1-C6烷基、氟代(C1-C6)烷基、二氟(C1-C6)烷基、三氟-(C1-C6)烷基、C3-C7环烷基、C2-C6烯基、芳基(C1-C6)烷基、芳基(C2-C6)烯基、杂芳基(C1-C6)烷基、杂芳基(C2-C6)烯基、羟基-(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基(C1-C6)烷基、氨基-(C1-C6)烷基、芳基和硫基(C1-C6)烷基;或者R1和R2合起来形成=O基团;
R3为H、羟基、C1-C6烷氧基、-NR18R19、-SOR16、-SO2R17、-C(O)OR17、-C(O)NR18R19、C1-C6烷基、卤素、氟代(C1-C6)烷基、二氟(C1-C6)烷基、三氟(C1-C6)烷基、C3-C7环烷基、C2-C6烯基、芳基(C1-C6)烷基、芳基(C2-C6)烯基、杂芳基(C1-C6)-烷基、杂芳基(C2-C6)烯基、羟基(C1-C6)烷基、氨基(C1-C6)-烷基、芳基、硫基(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基(C1-C6)烷基或者(C1-C6)烷基氨基(C1-C6)烷基、-O-芳基、N3、NO2、C(=NR1)NR1R2、N=C(R1)NR1R2、NR18COR19、NR18CONR18R19、NR18C(O)OR19、NR18S(O)2R19、NR18S(O)2NR18R19、NHNR18R19、NR18NR18R19或者NR18R19;
Het为含有1~13个碳原子和1~4个独立地选自N、O和S原子的杂原子的5-14个原子的单环、二环或者三环杂芳基,其中环氮原子可以形成N-氧化物或者与C1-C4烷基形成四价基团,
其中所述Het基团任选被1~4个独立地选自以下的部分W取代:
H;C1-C6烷基;氟(C1-C6)烷基;二氟(C1-C6)烷基;三氟-(C1-C6)烷基;C3-C7环烷基;杂环烷基;被C1-C6烷基、C2-C6烯基、OH-(C1-C6)烷基或者=O取代的杂环烷基;
C2-C6烯基;R21-芳基(C1-C6)烷基;R21-芳基-(C2-C6)-烯基;R21-芳氧基;R21-芳基-NH-;杂芳基(C1-C6)烷基;杂芳基(C2-C6)-烯基;杂芳氧基;杂芳基-NH-;
羟基(C1-C6)烷基;二羟基(C1-C6)烷基;氨基(C1-C6)烷基;
(C1-C6)烷基氨基-(C1-C6)烷基;二-((C1-C6)烷基)-氨基(C1-C6)烷基;硫基(C1-C6)烷基;C1-C6烷氧基;C2-C6链烯氧基;卤素;-NR4R5;-CN;-OH;-COOR17;-COR16;-OSO2CF3;-CH2OCH2CF3;(C1-C6)烷基硫基;
-C(O)NR4R5;-OCHR6-苯基;苯氧基-(C1-C6)烷基;-NHCOR16;-NHSO2R16;联苯基;-OC(R6)2COOR7;-OC(R6)2C(O)NR4R5;(C1-C6)烷氧基;-C(=NOR17)R18;被以下基团取代的C1-C6烷氧基:(C1-C6)烷基、氨基、-OH、COOR17、-NHCOOR17、-CONR4R5、芳基、被1~3个独立地选自卤素、-CF3、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6烷氧基和-COOR17的取代基取代的芳基、其中两个相邻碳原子与亚甲基二氧基形成环的芳基、-C(O)NR4R5或者杂芳基;R21-芳基;
其中相邻碳原子与亚甲基二氧基形成环的芳基;R41-杂芳基;和其中相邻碳原子与C3-C5亚烷基或者亚甲基二氧基形成环的杂芳基;
R4和R5独立地选自H、C1-C6烷基、苯基、苄基和C3-C7环烷基,或者
R4与R5合起来为-(CH2)4-、-(CH2)5-或者-(CH2)2NR7-(CH2)2-,以及与连接它们的氮原子合起来形成杂环基环;
R6独立地选自H、C1-C6烷基、苯基、C3-C7环烷基、(C3-C7)环烷基(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基(C1-C6)烷基、羟基(C1-C6)烷基和氨基(C1-C6)烷基;
R7为H或者(C1-C6)烷基;
R8、R10和R11独立地选自R1和-OR1,条件是当单虚线为双键时,R10不存在;
R9为H、OH、C1-C6烷氧基、卤素或者卤素(C1-C6)烷基;
R16和R16a独立地选自C1-C6低级烷基、苯基或者苄基;
R17、R18和R19独立地选自H、C1-C6烷基、苯基、苄基;
R20为H、C1-C6烷基、苯基、苄基、-C(O)R6或者-SO2R6;
R21为1~3个独立地选自以下的部分:H、-CN、-CF3、-OCF3、卤素、-NO2、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、(C1-C6)烷基氨基、二-((C1-C6)烷基)氨基、氨基(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)-烷基氨基(C1-C6)烷基、二-((C1-C6)烷基)-氨基(C1-C6)烷基、羟基-(C1-C6)烷基、-COOR17、-COR17、-NHCOR16、-NHSO2R16、-NHSO2CH2CF3、杂芳基、-C(=NOR17)R18、NR25R26烷基-、羟基-烷基-、-C(O)OR17、-COR7、-NHCOR16、-NHS(O)2R16、-NHS(O)2CH2CF3、-C(O)NR25R26、-NR25-C(O)-NR25R26、-S(O)R13、-S(O)2R13和-SR13;
R22选自H、R24-(C1-C10)烷基、R24-(C2-C10)烯基、R24-(C2-C10)炔基、R27-杂环烷基、R25-芳基、R25-芳基(C1-C6)烷基、R29-(C3-C7)环烷基、R29-(C3-C7)环烯基、-OH、-OC(O)R30、-C(O)OR30、-C(O)R30、-C(O)NR30R31、-NR30R31、
-NR30C(O)R31、NR30C(O)NR31R32、-NHSO2R30、-OC(O)NR30R31、R24-(C1-C10)烷氧基、R24-(C2-C10)-烯氧基、R24-(C2-C10)炔氧基、R27-杂环烷氧基、R29-(C3-C7)环烷氧基、R29-(C3-C7)环-烯氧基、R29-(C3-C7)环烷基-NH-、-NHSO2NHR16和-CH(=NOR17);
或者R22和R10与连接它们的碳原子合起来独立地形成3~10个原子的R42-取代的碳环或者其中1~3个环原子独立地选自-O-、-NH-和-SOn2-的4~10个原子的R42-取代杂环,
条件是当R22和R10形成环时,单虚线表示不存在键;
R24为1、2或者3个独立地选自以下的部分:H、卤素、-OH、(C1-C6)烷氧基、R35-芳基、(C1-C10)-烷基-C(O)-、(C2-C10)-烯基-C(O)-、(C2-C10)炔基-C(O)、杂环烷基、R26-(C3-C7)环烷基、R26-(C3-C7)环烯基、-OC(O)R30、-C(O)OR30、-C(O)R30、-C(O)NR30R31、-NR30R31、-NR30C(O)R31、-NR30C(O)NR31R32、-NHSO2R30、-OC(O)NR30R31、R24-(C2-C10)-烯氧基、R24-(C2-C10)炔氧基、R27-杂环烷氧基、R29-(C3-C7)-环烷氧基、R29-(C3-C7)环烯氧基、R29-(C3-C7)环烷基-NH-、-NHSO2NHR16和-CH(=NOR17);
R25为1、2或者3个独立地选自以下的部分:H、杂环烷基、卤素、-COOR36、-CN、-C(O)NR37R38、-NR39C(O)R40、-OR36、(C3-C7)环烷基、(C3-C7)环烷基-(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷基(C3-C7)环烷基-(C1-C6)烷基、卤素(C1-C6)烷基(C3-C7)环烷基(C1-C6)烷基、羟基(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基(C1-C6)烷基和R41-杂芳基;或者相邻环碳原子上的两个R25基团形成稠合亚甲基二氧基;
R26为1、2或者3个独立地选自H、卤素和(C1-C6)烷氧基的部分;
R27为1、2或者3个独立地选自H、R28-(C1-C10)烷基、R28-(C2-C10)烯基和R28-(C2-C10)炔基的部分;
R28为H、-OH或者(C1-C6)烷氧基;
R29为1、2或者3个独立地选自H、(C1-C6)烷基、-OH、(C1-C6)烷氧基和卤素的部分;
R30、R31和R32独立地选自H、(C1-C10)-烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基(C1-C10)-烷基、R25-芳基(C1-C6)-烷基、R33-(C3-C7)环烷基、R34-(C3-C7)环烷基(C1-C6)烷基、R25-芳基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、杂环烷基(C1-C6)烷基和杂芳基(C1-C6)烷基;
R33为H、(C1-C6)烷基、OH-(C1-C6)烷基或者(C1-C6)烷氧基;
单虚线为单键时,R34为(H,R3)、(H,R43)、(O)或者(NOR17);
当单虚线为双键时,R34为R44;
R35为1~4个独立地选自以下的部分:H、(C1-C6)烷基、-OH、卤素、-CN、(C1-C6)烷氧基、三卤代(C1-C6)烷氧基、(C1-C6)烷基氨基、二((C1-C6)烷基)氨基、-OCF3、OH-(C1-C6)烷基、-CHO、-C(O)(C1-C6)-烷基氨基、-C(O)二((C1-C6)烷基)氨基、-NH2、-NHC(O)(C1-C6)烷基和-N((C1-C6)烷基)C(O)(C1-C6)烷基;
R36为H、(C1-C6)烷基、卤素(C1-C6)烷基、二卤代(C1-C6)烷基或者三氟(C1-C6)烷基;
R37和R38独立地选自H、(C1-C6)烷基、芳基(C1-C6)烷基、苯基和(C3-C15)环烷基;
或者R37与R38合起来为-(CH2)4-、-(CH2)5-或者-(CH2)2-NR39-(CH2)2-,和与连接它们的氮原子形成环;
R39和R40独立地选自H、(C1-C6)烷基、芳基(C1-C6)烷基、苯基和(C3-C15)环烷基;
或者基团-NR39C(O)R40中的R39和R40与连接它们的碳原子和氮原子合起来形成5~8元环状内酰胺;
R41为1~4个独立地选自以下的部分:H、(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基、(C1-C6)烷基氨基、二((C1-C6)烷基)氨基、-OCF3、OH-(C1-C6)烷基、-CHO和苯基;
R42为1~3个独立地选自氢、-OH、(C1-C6)烷基和(C1-C6)烷氧基的部分;
R43为-NR30R31、-NR30C(O)R31、-NR30C(O)NR31R32、-NHSO2R30或者-NHCOOR17;
R44为H、C1-C6烷氧基、-SOR16、-SO2R17、-C(O)OR17、-C(O)NR18R19、C1-C6烷基、卤素、氟代(C1-C6)烷基、二氟(C1-C6)烷基、三氟(C1-C6)烷基、C3-C7环烷基、C2-C6烯基、芳基(C1-C6)烷基、芳基(C2-C6)烯基、杂芳基(C1-C6)烷基、杂芳基(C2-C6)烯基、羟基-(C1-C6)烷基、氨基-(C1-C6)烷基、芳基、硫基(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基(C1-C6)烷基或者(C1-C6)烷基氨基(C1-C6)烷基;和R45为H、C1-C6烷基、-COOR16或者-SO2。
在某些实施方案中,Het为吡啶基并且W为苯基。
在其它实施方案中,W被氟或者-CN取代。
在另外的其它实施方案中,Z为-CH2-,n1为1,n2为0,和n3为1。
在另外的其它实施方案中,Z为-O-,n1为1,n2为0,和n3为1。
在另外的其它实施方案中,Z为-O-,n1为2,n2为0,和n3为1。
在另外的其它实施方案中,R1为甲基,和R2、R8、R9、R10、R11都为H。
在另外的其它实施方案中,R3为H。
在另外的其它实施方案中,R3为-OH。
在另外的其它实施方案中,R22为甲基。
在另外的其它实施方案中,X和Y都为O。
在另外的其它实施方案中,单虚线和双虚线都为单键。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及包含至少一种治疗有效量的式I化合物和药学上可接受的载体的药物组合物。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及抑制凝血酶受体的方法,包括给药需要所述治疗的哺乳动物治疗有效量的至少一种式I化合物。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及抑制类大麻醇受体的方法,包括给药需要所述治疗的哺乳动物治疗有效量的至少一种式I化合物。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及治疗以下治疗学症状的方法,包括给药需要所述治疗的哺乳动物治疗有效量的至少一种式I化合物,其中所述治疗学症状为心血管或者循环系统疾病或者症状、炎性疾病或者症状、呼吸道疾病或者症状、癌症、急性肾衰竭、肾小球性肾炎、胶质细胞增生(astrogliosis)、肝部纤维化疾病、肾部纤维化疾病、肺部纤维化疾病、肠道纤维化疾病、阿尔茨海默氏病、糖尿病、糖尿病性神经病变、风湿性关节炎、神经变性疾病、神经毒性疾病、系统性红斑狼疮、多发性脑硬化、骨质疏松症、青光眼、黄斑变性、牛皮癣、放射后肺纤维化、内皮功能障碍、伤口或脊髓伤损、或者其症状或结果。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及治疗治疗学症状的方法,其中心血管或者循环系统疾病或者症状为动脉粥样硬化症、再狭窄、高血压、急性冠状动脉综合症、心绞痛、心律失常、心脏病、心力衰竭、心肌梗塞、血栓形成或者血栓栓塞性中风、末梢血管病、深静脉血栓形成、静脉血栓栓塞、与激素代替治疗相关的心血管疾病、弥漫性血管内凝血综合征、肾缺血、脑中风、脑缺血、脑梗死、偏头痛、肾血管体内平衡(renal vascular homeostasis)或者勃起功能障碍。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及治疗以下治疗学症状的方法,其中炎性疾病或者症状为过敏性肠综合征、克罗恩氏病、肾炎或者辐射-或者化学治疗-诱发的胃肠道、肺、膀胱、胃肠道或者其它器官增殖或者炎性疾病。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及治疗治疗学症状的方法,其中所述呼吸道疾病或者症状为可逆气道阻塞、哮喘、慢性哮喘、支气管炎或者慢性气道疾病。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及治疗治疗学症状的方法,其中所述癌症为肾细胞癌或者血管形成相关的病症。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及治疗治疗学症状的方法,其中所述神经变性疾病为帕金森氏症、肌萎缩性侧索硬化(amyotropiclateral sclerosis)、阿尔茨海默氏病、亨廷顿氏病或者威尔逊氏病。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及治疗治疗学症状的方法,其中进一步包括给药至少一种用于治疗以下疾病的治疗有效试剂:炎症、风湿病、哮喘、肾小球性肾炎、骨质疏松症、神经病和/或恶性肿瘤、血管形成相关疾病、癌症、肝病、肾病、肺病、黑素瘤、肾细胞癌、肾病、急性肾衰竭、慢性肾衰竭、肾血管体内平衡、肾小球性肾炎、慢性气道疾病、膀胱炎、神经变性和/或神经毒性疾病、症状或者损伤、放射后肺纤维化、内皮功能障碍、牙周疾病或者伤口。
在另外的其它实施方案中,本发明涉及治疗治疗学症状的方法,进一步包括给药至少两种治疗有效试剂。
发明详述
本发明涉及发现作为凝血酶受体拮抗剂的式I所示化合物。这些化合物和含有它们的任何制剂可以用于治疗多种疾病和症状,包括但不限于,血栓形成、动脉粥样硬化症、心律失常、心力衰竭、再狭窄、心绞痛、高血压、脑缺血、癌症、脑中风、多发性脑硬化、糖尿病、骨质疏松症、风湿性关节炎、系统红斑狼疮、肾缺血肾炎、肺部炎性疾病、胃肠道炎性疾病和呼吸道疾病(比如可逆气道阻塞、慢性哮喘和支气管炎)。
在式I中,当R4和R5与连接它们的氮原子连接形成环时,形成的环为1-吡咯烷基、1-哌啶基和1-哌嗪基,其中所述哌嗪基环在4-位氮上还可以任选被基团R7取代。
当以下部分
中的单虚线环键表示单键时,R34为(O)或者(N)(O)(R17),或者(H)(R3)或者(H)(R43)。类似地,当以下部分:
中的单虚线环键表示双键时,R34为R44。
在上文以及整个说明书中所应用的以下术语,除非另有说明,应当理解为具有以下含义:
“患者”包括人类和动物。
“哺乳动物”是指人类以及其它哺乳动物。
“烷基”是指可以为直链或者支链并且在链上含有约1~约20个碳原子的脂族烃基。优选烷基在链上含有约1~约12个碳原子。更优选烷基在链上含有约1~约6个碳原子。支链是指一个或者多个低级烷基(比如甲基、乙基或者丙基)连接在直链烷基链上。“低级烷基”是指可以为直链或者支链的在链上具有约1~约6个碳原子的基团。术语“取代烷基”是指可以被一个或者多个可以相同或者不同的取代基取代的烷基,所述取代基各自独立地选自卤素、烷基、芳基、环烷基、氰基、羟基、烷氧基、烷基硫基、氨基、-NH(烷基)、-NH(环烷基)、-N(烷基)2、羧基和-C(O)O-烷基。适宜的烷基的非限制性实例包括甲基、乙基、正丙基异丙基和叔丁基。
“芳烷基氧基”是指芳烷基-O-基团,其中所述芳烷基如先前所述。适宜芳烷基氧基的非限制性实例包括苄氧基和1-或者2-萘甲氧基。键接至母体部分的键连接醚氧。
氟代烷基、二氟烷基和三氟烷基是指其中末端碳原子被1、2或者3个氟原子取代的烷基链,例如,-CF3、-CH2CF3、-CH2CHF2或者-CH2CH2F。卤代烷基是指被1~3个卤素原子取代的烷基链。
“烯基”是指在链中碳原子上具有一个或者多个共轭或者非共轭双键的直链或者支链碳链。“炔基”是指含有至少一个碳-碳三键、可以为直链或者支链并且在链上含有约2~约15个碳原子的脂族烃基。优选炔基在链上具有约2~约12个碳原子;并且更优选在链上具有约2~约4个碳原子。支链是指一个或者多个低级烷基(比如甲基、乙基或者丙基)连接在直链炔基链上。“低级炔基”是指在链上具有约2~约6个碳原子的炔基,其可以为直链或者支链。适宜的炔基的非限制性实例包括乙炔基、丙炔基、2-丁炔基和3-甲基丁炔基。术语“取代炔基”是指所述炔基可以被一个或者多个可以相同或者不同的取代基取代,所述取代基各自独立地选自烷基、芳基和环烷基。
烷基、烯基和炔基链上的取代取决于取代基链长、取代基大小以及取代基的性质。本领域熟练的技术人员应当理解,较长的链可以容纳多个取代基,较短的烷基链(例如,甲基或者乙基)可以被卤素进行多重取代,但是也可能仅仅具有1个或者两个不是H的取代基。取决于可利用的碳键,较短的不饱和链(例如,乙烯基或者乙炔基)通常未被取代或者其取代限于一个或者两个基团。
“环烷基”是指含有约3~约10个碳原子的非芳香单环或者多环系统,优选含有约5~约10个碳原子。优选环烷基环含有约5~约7个环原子。所述环烷基可以任选被一个或者多个可以相同或者不同并且如上所定义的“环状系统取代基”所取代。适宜的单环环烷基的非限制性实例包括环丙基、环戊基、环己基和环庚基等等。适宜的多环环烷基的非限制性实例包括1-十氢化萘基、降莰烷基和金刚烷基等等以及部分饱和的物质(比如,例如为2,3-二氢化茚基和四氢萘基等等)。
“环亚烷基”是指相应的二价环,其中连接其它基团的连接点包括所有的位置和立体异构体。“环烯基”是指具有3~7个碳原子并且具有-个或者多个不饱和键的碳环,但其不具有芳香性。
“环状系统取代基”是指连接在芳环或者非芳环系统上的取代基,例如,替换环系统上的可利用H。所述环状系统取代基可以相同或者不同,各自独立地选自烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基、烷基芳基、杂芳烷基、杂芳基烯基、杂芳基炔基、烷基杂芳基、羟基、羟烷基、烷氧基、芳氧基、芳基烷氧基、酰基、芳酰基、卤代、硝基、氰基、羧基、烷氧基羰基、芳氧基羰基、芳基烷氧基羰基、烷基磺酰基、芳基磺酰基、杂芳基磺酰基、烷基硫代、芳基硫代、杂芳基硫代、芳烷基硫代、杂芳烷基硫代、环烷基、杂环烷基、-C(=N-CN)-NH2、-C(=NH)-NH2、-C(=NH)-NH(烷基)、Y1Y2N-、Y1Y2N-烷基-、Y1Y2NC(O)-、Y1Y2NSO2-和-SO2NY1Y2,其中Y1和Y2可以相同或者不同并且独立地选自H、烷基、芳基、环烷基和芳烷基。“环状系统取代基”还可以指同时替换环状系统上两个相邻碳原子上的两个可利用氢原子(在每个碳上具有一个H)的单个部分。所述部分的实例为亚甲二氧基、亚乙二氧基和-C(CH3)2-等等,它们形成比如以下部分,例如为:
“杂环烷基”是指经碳原子连接至分子剩余部分上的含有4~5个碳原子和1或者2个选自-O-、-S-和-NR7-的杂原子的5个或者6个原子的饱和环。杂环烷基的实例为2-吡咯烷基、四氢噻吩-2-基、四氢-2-呋喃基、4-哌啶基、2-哌嗪基、四氢-4-吡喃基、2-吗啉基和2-硫代吗啉基。
“卤素”是指氟、氯、溴或者碘基团。
“二羟基(C1-C6)烷基”是指在两个不同碳原子上被两个羟基取代的烷基链。
“芳基”是指含有约6~约14个碳原子的芳香单环或者多环系统,优选含有约6~约10个碳原子。所述芳基可以任选被一个或者多个可以相同或者不同的如本文所定义的“环状系统取代基”所取代。适宜的芳基的非限制性实例包括苯基、萘基、茚基、四氢萘基或者2,3-二氢化茚基。
“杂芳基”是指含有2~9个碳原子和1~4个独立地选自N、O或者S原子的杂原子的5~10个原子的单环杂芳香基团或者苯并稠合杂芳香基团,条件是所述环不包括相邻的氧和/或硫原子。还包括上述环氮原子的N-氧化物,以及其中环氮原子被C1-C4烷基取代从而形成季铵的化合物。单环杂芳基的实例为吡啶基、噁唑基、异噁唑基、噁二唑基、呋喃基、吡咯基、噻吩基、咪唑基、吡唑基、四唑基、噻唑基、异噻唑基、噻二唑基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基和三唑基。苯并稠合杂芳基的实例为吲哚基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、2,3-二氮杂萘基、苯并噻吩基(即,硫代萘次甲基)、苯并咪唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并噁唑基和苯并呋咱基。所有的位置异构体都在预期范围之内,例如,2-吡啶基、3-吡啶基和4-吡啶基。W-取代杂芳基是指其中可取代环碳原子具有如上所定义的取代基、或者其中相邻碳原子与亚烷基或者亚甲基二氧基形成环、或者其中Het环中的氮原子可以用如W中所定义的R21-芳基或者任选取代的烷基取代基所取代的杂芳基基团。
术语“Het”的例证为如上刚刚定义的单环杂芳基或者苯并稠合杂芳基,以及三环基团(比如,苯并喹啉基(例如,1,4或者7,8)和phenanthrolinyl(例如,1,7;1,10;或者4,7)。
其中相邻碳原子与亚烷基形成环的杂芳基的实例为2,3-环戊烯并吡啶、2,3-环己烯并吡啶和2,3-环庚烯并吡啶。
以上所述,例如其中说明R4和R5独立地选自一组取代基,是指R4和R5独立地进行选择,并且指R4或者R5变量在分子中存在不止一次,这些具体值独立地进行选择。本领域熟练技术人员应当认可,取代基的大小和性质将影响可以存在的取代基的数目。
术语“取代”是指指定原子上的一个或者多个H被替换为选定的指定基团,条件是在当前条件下没有超出指定原子的正常价,并且所述取代可以形成稳定的化合物。只有当所述结合能够产生稳定的化合物时,取代基和/或变量的结合才是允许的。术语“稳定化合物”或者“稳定结构”是指具有足以从反应混合物中分离至有效纯度和配制成有效治疗剂的稳定性的化合物。
术语“任选取代”是指任选被特定基团、自由基或者部分取代。所述任选取代的原子可以或者未被取代,或者如其中所述被取代。
本发明化合物具有至少一个不对称碳原子,由此预期所有的异构体(包括非对映异构体和旋转异构体)都属于本发明。本发明包括纯形式和混合物形式的(+)-和(-)-异构体,包括其外消旋混合物。所述异构体可以通过应用常规方法进行制备,或者通过使光学纯或者光学富集原料反应进行制备,或者通过分离式I化合物的异构体进行制备。
还应当指出,在此认为正文、方案和实施例中出现的具有不饱和化合价的任何碳原子以及杂原子具有饱和其化合价的充分数量H原子。
当化合物中的官能团被称为“受保护”官能团时,这是指该基团处于修饰形式,从而当所述化合物进行反应时排除受保护位置的不期望副反应。适宜的保护基团可以由本领域熟练技术人员确认并且可以参考标准教科书,比如,例如T.W.Greene等人的Protective Groups inorganic Synthesis(1991),Wiley,New York。
在本文中使用的术语“组合物”意图包括含有指定量的指定成分的产品,以及任何由指定量的指定成分组合直接或者间接得到的产品。
在此还预期本发明化合物的溶剂化物。“溶剂化物”是指本发明化合物与一个或多个溶剂分子的物理结合。这种物理结合涉及不同程度的离子键和共价健,包括氢键连接。在某些情形中所述溶剂化物能够进行分离,例如,当一个或者多个溶剂分子结合入结晶固体的晶格中时。“溶剂化物”包括溶液相和可分离的溶剂化物。适宜的溶剂化物的非限制性实例包括乙醇化物和甲醇化物等等。“水合物”为其中溶剂分子为H2O的溶剂化物。
“有效量”或者“治疗有效量”意图是描述本发明化合物或者组合物有效抑制凝血酶受体并且由此产生期望治疗学、改善、抑制或者预防作用的量。
本领域的熟练技术人员应当理解,对于一些式I化合物,一种异构体会比其它异构体显示更强的药理学活性。
式I化合物可以形成盐,这些盐也包括在本发明范围内。除非另有说明,在此涉及的式I化合物应当理解为包括其盐。在此使用的术语“盐”表示与无机和/或有机酸形成的酸式盐以及与无机和/或有机碱形成的碱式盐。此外,当式I化合物兼具碱性部分(比如但不限于,吡啶或者咪唑)和酸性部分(比如但不限于,羧酸)时,可以形成两性离子(“内盐”),其包括在在此使用的术语“盐”中。优选药学上可接受的(即,无毒、生理学可接受的)盐,不过其它盐也是有效的。式I化合物的盐可以通过以下方式形成,例如,通过使式I化合物与一定量(比如等当量)的酸或者碱在比如一种使盐发生沉淀的介质或者水介质中反应,随后将其冻干。
例证性的酸加成盐包括乙酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、硫酸氢盐、硼酸盐、丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、富马酸盐、盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、氢碘酸盐、乳酸盐、马来酸盐、甲磺酸盐、萘磺酸盐、硝酸盐、乙二酸盐、磷酸盐、丙酸盐、水杨酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐和甲苯磺酸盐(亦称甲苯磺酸盐)等等。此外,通常认为适用于由碱性药物化合物形成药学上有效的盐的酸在以下文献中得到了论述,例如,P.Stahl等人,CamilleG.(eds.)Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts.Properties,Selection andUse.(2002)Zurich:Wiley-VCH;S.Berge等人,Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences(1977)66(1)1-19;P.Gould,International J.ofPharmaceutics(1986)33201-217;Anderson等人,The Practice ofMedicinal Chemistry(1996),Academic Press,New York;和in TheOrange Book(Food & Drug Administration,Washington,D.C.on theirwebsite)。这些公开文献都在此引入作为参考。
例证性的碱式盐包括铵盐、碱金属盐(比如,钠、锂和钾盐)、碱土金属盐(比如,钙和镁盐)、与有机碱(例如,有机胺,比如,二环己基胺、叔丁胺)形成的盐和与氨基酸(比如,精氨酸和赖氨酸等等)形成的盐。碱性含氮基团可以与以下试剂进行季铵化,所述试剂比如低级卤代烷基(例如,甲基、乙基和丁基氯化物、溴化物和碘化物)、二烷基硫酸酯(例如,二甲基、二乙基和二丁基硫酸酯)、长链卤化物(例如,癸基、月桂基和硬脂氯化物、溴化物和碘化物)、芳烷基卤化物(例如,苄基和苯乙基溴化物)以及其它试剂。
认为所有上述酸式盐和碱式盐都是本发明范围内的药学上可接受的盐,并且基于本发明的目的,认为所有的酸式盐和碱式盐都等同于相应化合物的游离形式。
式I化合物、其盐、溶剂化物和前药可以以它们的互变异构形式(例如,作为酰胺或者亚氨醚)存在。在此预期所有上述互变异构形式都包括在本发明范围内。
如同位置异构体(比如,例如为4-吡啶基和3-吡啶基)一样,预期本发明化合物(包括这些化合物的盐、溶剂化物和前药以及前药的盐和溶剂化物)的所有立体异构体(例如,几何异构体和光学异构体等等)都包括在本发明范围内,所述化合物比如由于多种取代基上的不对称碳原子而可以存在立体异构体的化合物,所述立体异构体包括光学异构体形式(即使在不存在不对称碳原子时都可以存在)、旋光异构体、阻转异构体和非对映异构体形式。本发明化合物的单个立体异构体,例如,可以基本上不含其它异构体,或者可以例如,作为外消旋物存在或者与其它所有或其它选定的立体异构体混合存在。本发明手性中心可以具有如IUPAC 1974 Recommendations所定义的S或者R构型。术语“盐”、“溶剂化物”和“前药”等等的应用意图同样适用于本发明化合物对映异构体、立体异构体、旋转异构体、互变异构体、位置异构体、外消旋物或者前药的盐、溶剂化物和前药。
应当理解,本发明包括含有式I化合物的实施方案,以及至少一种式I化合物与至少一种式I化合物的盐或者溶剂化物的组合。
还应当理解,除非另有说明,所有的定量测量(例如,时间、温度、质量和体积的测量)都包括合理范围内的变体,不应当将其限定为它们的指定值。
式I的代表性化合物的合成示于以下。
在方案1中,用BBr3将杂喜巴辛类似物1断裂,随后对所得的醇进行保护,从而形成乙酸酯2。此类似物进行分子内自由基环化反应,产生化合物3,用甲醇化K2CO3对化合物3进行处理,从而得到醇4。对此醇进行脱氧和将7a-羟基引入其中,从而得到化合物5。醇4也可以转化为肟醚6。
方案1
杂原子取代类似物的合成显示在方案2~4中。在方案2中,将手性炔丙醇7转化为叔丁酯8。烯醛(Enal)11可以轻易得到制备,并且可以通过标准Horner-Wardsworth-Emmons反应随后进行皂化反应转化为二烯酸12。该酸可以与醇8偶联,从而形成酯13。对酯13进行选择性炔还原,随后使其受热环化,从而得到中间体15,该中间体15可以转化为乙酸酯16。使叔丁基断裂和将所得酸转化为其酰氯,并且用Bu3SnH和钯催化剂对其进行还原,从而得到醛17a和17b。
方案2
在方案3中,使醛17a与膦酸酯18偶联,从而得到中间体19。当此化合物与甲醇化K2CO3一起进行回流时,形成了环醚20,该环醚20可以在7a位进行羟基化,从而得到中间体21。使该中间体与硼酸偶联,从而得到类似物22a~d。
方案3
在方案4中,类似地使醛17b与膦酸酯23偶联,从而得到乙酸酯24和醇25的混合物。当用四溴化碳和三苯膦对醇25进行处理时,得到了溴化物26和环醚27的混合物。可以使该溴化物26经受自由基条件,从而得到化合物28。
方案4
以上所示的示意路径在以下步骤中将得到更为详细地描述。
步骤1:
向化合物2(110mg,0.207mmol)(对于2的制备,参见美国专利No.6,645,987)的6ml甲苯溶液中加入偶氮异丁腈(AIBN)(7mg,0.04mmol,0.2当量),随后向其中加入Bu3SnH(170μl,0.631mmol,3当量),并且在回流下将上述混合物加热3小时。将上述溶液冷却、浓缩并且用制备TLC对其进行纯化,从而得到69mg化合物3。
向化合物3(50mg,0.111mmol)的2ml甲醇-H2O混合物(8:2v/v)溶液中加入K2CO3(77mg,0.557mmol,5当量),并且在室温下将其搅拌1小时。用NH4Cl水溶液对上述混合物进行稀释并且用CH2Cl2将其提取3次。合并的有机层用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤、浓缩并且用制备TLC进行纯化,从而得到28mg化合物4。HRMS:410.2134(MH+)。
步骤2:
将0℃下的化合物4(130mg,0.32mmol)的4ml吡啶溶液与5当量的室温TsCl一起搅拌,直至TLC表明反应已经完成为止。对吡啶进行浓缩并且向所得残余物中加入NaHCO3水溶液。用EtOAc对上述混合物进行提取并且通过色谱法对所得粗产品进行纯化,从而得到135mg甲苯磺酸酯。
使所得甲苯磺酸酯(135mg,0.24mmol)的4ml CH3CN溶液与NaI(360mg,2.4mmol,10当量)一起回流过夜。所得混合物用30mlEtOAc进行稀释并且用H2O和盐水进行洗涤。用MgSO4对其进行干燥、过滤并且浓缩,从而得到120mg碘化物。
将此碘化物(120mg,0.23mmol)的5ml苯溶液与6当量Bu3SnH和0.4当量AIBN一起回流3小时。将其冷却、浓缩并且用色谱法对其进行纯化,从而得到80mg去碘化(deiodinated)产品。
向0℃的此化合物(80mg,0.203mmol)的3ml THF溶液中加入在THF中为1 M的LHMDS溶液(305μl,0.305mmol,1.5当量)。搅拌20分钟之后,将烧瓶排空并且使其充满氧气,将其搅拌1.5小时,然后将NaHSO3水溶液加入其中。对THF进行浓缩,并且用EtOAc对所得水相进行提取。所得提取物用MgSO4干燥、过滤、浓缩并且用制备TLC进行纯化,从而得到60mg化合物5。MS:410.1(MH+)。
步骤3:
向化合物4(32mg,0.073mmol)的2ml CH2Cl2溶液中加入NaHCO3(13mg,0.155mmol,2当量)和Dess-Martin过碘烷(38mg,0.09mmol,1.2当量)。在室温下将上述混合物搅拌1.5小时、用Et2O对其进行稀释并且将其与Na2S2O3水溶液一起搅拌,直至得到澄清的两层为止。将有机层分离并且用Et2O将所得水层提取两次。合并的有机层用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤并且进行浓缩,从而得到30mg醛。
将该醛(30mg,0.074mmol)的0.75ml吡啶溶液加入到盐酸羟胺(20mg,0.240mmol)中,并且在室温下将其搅拌过夜。将上述反应混合物倾倒入NH4Cl水溶液中并且用EtOAc对其进行提取。所得提取物用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥并且通过色谱法进行纯化,从而得到26mg化合物6。HRMS:437.2259(MH+)。
步骤4:
将0℃下的化合物7(10ml,127.5mmol)的纯DHP(12.8ml,140.3mmol,1.1当量)溶液加入到对甲苯磺酸一水合物(243mg,1.28mmol,1mol%)中,并且将冰浴除去。在室温下将上述混合物搅拌2小时,用冷却至-78℃的THF(200ml)对其进行稀释并且将2.5M的BuLi己烷溶液(56.1ml,140.3mmol,1.1当量)加入其中。将其搅拌1小时,并且将(Boc)2O(34.4g,1.2当量)的30ml THF溶液加入其中。在-78℃下将上述混合物搅拌1小时、在0℃下搅拌30分钟,然后通过加入400ml NH4Cl水溶液将反应猝灭。对THF进行浓缩并且用Et2O(3×150ml)对所得含水浆液进行提取,合并的有机层用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤并且进行浓缩,从而得到38g油。
将上述所得粗产品溶于500ml EtOH中,将3.2g PPTS加入其中,并且在55℃下将上述所得溶液加热2小时。用400ml NaHCO3水溶液对上述反应混合物进行稀释,将EtOH蒸发并且用4×100ml Et2O对所得含水浆液进行提取。合并的有机层用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤、浓缩并且通过色谱法进行纯化,从而得到20g油状化合物8。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)4.61(q,J=6.8Hz,1H),1.50(d,J=6.8Hz,3H),1.50(s,9H)。
步骤5:
在密封管(浴温:~85℃)中,将已知醛10(21g,128mmol)(对于醛的制备,参见Barnett等人,Tetrahedron Lett.,2001,57(6),9741-9746)和市售化合物9(41g,129mmol,1当量)的400ml苯混合物加热约14小时。将所得溶液浓缩并且通过色谱法对其进行纯化,从而得到16.4g油状化合物11。
1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)9.42(s,1H),7.38-7.30(m,5H),6.56(tq,J=7.0,1.4,1H),4.54(s,2H),3.63(t,J=6.4,3H),2.66(qd,J=6.6,0.8,2H),1.77-1.76(m,3H).
步骤6:
向室温下的60%NaH(4.7g,118mmol)的300ml THF悬浮液中加入三乙基膦酰基乙酸酯(24ml,121mmol),并且在室温下将上述混合物搅拌20分钟。向此混合物中加入纯化合物11(16g,78mmol)并且在室温下将所得混合物搅拌30分钟,然后通过加入400ml H2O将反应猝灭。将THF蒸发并且用3×150ml Et2O对所得含水浆液进行提取。合并的有机层用H2O洗涤两次和用盐水洗涤一次、用MgSO4干燥、过滤并且进行浓缩,从而得到约24g粗产品。
将此产品溶于THF和MeOH(各100ml)中并且向其中加入KOH(13.2g,235mmol,3当量)的100ml H2O溶液,在室温下将所得混合物搅拌3小时。所得溶液用500ml H2O进行稀释并且用200ml己烷进行洗涤,在此之后,用1N HCl将其酸化至~pH2,然后用3×150mlEtOAc对其进行提取。合并的有机层用H2O并且随后用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤并且进行浓缩,从而得到18.6g油状化合物12。
1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)7.39-7.23(m,6H),5.95(t,J=7.2,1H),5.77(d,J=15.6,1H),4.48(s,2H),3.51(t,J=6.8,2H),2.50(q,J=6.8,2H),1.76(d,J=1.2,3H).
步骤7:
向0℃的化合物8(11.7g,69mmol)和12(18.6g,76mmol,1.1当量)的300ml CH2Cl2溶液中加入DCC(15.6g,76mmol,1.1当量),搅拌10分钟之后,将DMAP(0.84g,6.9mmol,0.1当量)加入其中并且在另外继续搅拌1.5小时。用500ml Et2O对所得反应混合物进行稀释并且将其滤过硅藻土垫片,从而除去沉淀。所得滤液用2×300ml 1NHCl、300ml NaHCO3水溶液和300ml盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥、过滤、浓缩并且用10%EtOAc-己烷对其进行色谱分离,从而得到22g油状化合物13。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)7.34-7.23(m,6H),5.93(t,J=7.0,1H),5.76(d,J=15.6,1H),5.58(q,J=6.8,1H),4.47(s,2H),3.50(t,J=6.6,2H),2.49(q,J=6.8,2H),1.74(d,J=1.2,3H),1.52(d,J=6.8,3H),1.45(s,9H).
步骤8:
向化合物13(22g,55.2mmol)和喹啉(1.5g,11.6mmol,0.2当量)的250ml EtOAc溶液中加入Lindlar催化剂(2.2g,10wt%),并且在H2气囊下对上述悬浮液进行搅拌,通过1H NMR对反应进行监控。搅拌约3.5小时之后,通过滤过硅藻土垫片将催化剂除去。所得有机相用1N HCl洗涤3次以及随后用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤并且进行浓缩,从而得到~25g化合物14。
将此产品溶于约400ml甲苯中并且在密封管中(浴温~185℃)将其加热6小时,然后将其冷却至室温、浓缩和用15%EtOAc-己烷对其进行色谱分离,从而得到7.2g外型(exo)加合物。将所得外型产品溶于100ml CH2Cl2中并且将其与DBU(540μl,3.91mmol,0.2当量)一起搅拌45分钟,然后用100ml Et2O对其进行稀释和用3×50ml1N HCl以及随后用盐水对其进行洗涤。用MgSO4对其进行干燥、过滤并且浓缩,从而得到7.0g化合物15。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)7.31-7.21(m,5H),5.45-5.43(m,1H),4.53-4.47(m,1H),4.43(dd,J=12.0,14.8,2H),3.41(td,J=6.4,1.2,2H),3.16-3.12(m,1H),2.78(dd,J=7.6,4.8,1H),2.56-2.51(m,1H),2.46-2.45(m,1H),1.86-1.70(m,2H),1.70(s,3H),1.37(s,9H),1.29(d,J=6.4,3H).
步骤9:
在parr管中,向化合物15(7g)的50ml甲醇溶液中加入10%Pd-C(700mg),并且在50psi H2下将此悬浮液振荡过夜。将催化剂滤出,并且通过色谱分离随后从TBME-己烷中进行重结晶对所得产品进行纯化,从而得到醇,合并产量为3.26g。
向0℃的上述所得醇(1.1g,3.52mmol)和DMAP(43mg,0.35mmol,0.1当量)的20ml CH2Cl2溶液中加入Ac2O(500μl,5.29mmol,1.5当量),随后向其中加入Et3N(980μl,7.03mmol,2当量)。将上述溶液搅拌2小时,用100ml Et2O对其进行稀释和用NaHCO3将其洗涤两次以及用盐水洗涤一次、用MgSO4干燥、过滤、浓缩和用20%EtOAc-己烷对其进行色谱分离,从而得到1.16g化合物16。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)4.69(dq,J=9.8,5.8,1H),4.11-4.00(m,2H),2.60-2.52(m,2H),2.45-2.39(m,1H),2.00(s,3H),1.91(ddd,J=13.4,6.0,2.6,1H),1.72-1.67(m,2H),1.54-1.38(m,2H),1.43(s,9H),1.31(d,J=6.0,3H),1.24-1.18(m,1H),0.99(d,J=6.4,3H).
步骤10:
向化合物16(1.15g,3.25mmol)的10ml CH2Cl2溶液中加入10mlTFA。在室温下将上述混合物搅拌1小时、将其浓缩和与甲苯一起进行蒸发,从而得到酸。
将该酸溶于20ml CH2Cl2中并且将其与草酰氯(570μl,6.53mmol,2当量)和2滴DMF一起进行搅拌。搅拌1小时之后,将该溶液进行浓缩和与甲苯一起蒸发,从而得到酰基氯。
向该酰基氯的20ml甲苯室温溶液中加入Pd(PPh3)4,随后向其中加入Bu3SnH(1.8ml,6.69mmol,2当量)。将此混合物搅拌30分钟,然后对其进行浓缩和用40%EtOAc-己烷对其进行色谱分离,从而得到760mg化合物17b。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)9.73(d,J=2.4,1H),4.62(dq,J=9.6,6.0,1H),4.10-4.00(m,2H),2.73(ddd,J=10.8,5.6,2.4,1H),2.70-2.63(m,1H),2.59-2.53(m,1H),1.99(s,3H),1.96(ddd,J=13.8,6.4,3.0,1H),1.77-1.60(m,3H),1.38-1.32(m,1H),1.30(d,J=6.4,3H),1.24-1.14(m,1H),1.02(d,J=6.4,3H).
步骤11:
使用与醛17b的制备相似的方法,对醛17a进行制备。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)9.76(d,J=2.4,1H),4.61(dq,J=9.6,6.0,1H),4.25(dd,J=11.6,2.8,1H),4.14(dd,J=12.0,4.8,1H),2.84(ddd,J=10.8,5.6,2.4,1H),2.75-2.68(m,1H),2.66-2.61(m,1H),2.04(s,3H),2.04-1.98(m,1H),1.93-1.85(m,1H),1.52-1.42(m,1H),1.35(d,J=6.0,3H),1.40-1.26(m,1H),1.07(d,J=6.4,3H).
步骤12:
向0℃的膦酸酯18(720mg,2.34mmol,2当量)的5ml THF溶液中加入1MLHMDS的THF溶液(2.3ml,2.3mmol,2当量),并且将所得混合物搅拌20分钟。(对于化合物18的制备,参见美国专利No.6,645,987)。向上述溶液中加入Ti(OiPr)4,随后加入化合物17a(330mg,1.16mmol)的3ml THF溶液。将冰浴除去并且在室温下将所得溶液搅拌45分钟,然后通过加入~70ml Na-K-酒石酸盐水溶液将反应猝灭。将THF蒸发并且用3×30ml EtOAc对所得水相进行提取,合并的有机层用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤、浓缩并且用30%EtOAc-己烷对其进行色谱分离,从而得到460mg化合物19。
1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)8.58(d,J=2.4,1H),7.75(dd,J=8.0,2.4,1H),7.07(d,J=8.4,1H),6.59(dd,J=15.6,10.2,1H),6.43(d,J=15.6,1H),4.74-4.67(m,1H),4.29(dd,J=11.6,3.2,1H),4.01(dd,J=11.6,2.4,1H),2.78-2.67(m,2H),2.38(dt,J=10.0,6.5,1H),2.05-2.00(m,1H),2.02(s,3H),1.61-1.55(m,1H),1.47-1.38(m,1H),1.40(d,J=6.0,3H),1.38-1.25(m,1H),1.04(d,J=6.4,3H).
步骤13:
将化合物19(570mg,1.35mmol)和K2CO3(750mg,5.43mmol,4当量)的10ml甲醇混合物回流加热5小时。对甲醇进行浓缩,所得混合物与NH4Cl水溶液一起搅拌并且用4×30ml EtOAc对其进行提取。合并的有机层用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤、浓缩并且用35%EtOAc-己烷对其进行色谱分离,从而得到440mg化合物20。
1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)8.59(d,J=2.4,1H),7.73(dd,J=8.4,2.6,1H),7,17(d,J=8.4,1H),4.60-4.52(m,1H),4.07-4.02(m,2H),3.39(dd,J=10.2,8.2,1H).3.12(dd,J=14.0,3.2,1H),2.85(dd,J=14.0,7.6,1H),2.70(dt,J=12.8,6.8,1H),2.52-2.46(m,1H),2.07(ddd,J=14.0,6.8,3.2,1H),1.71-1.67(m,2H),1.44(dd,J=6.0,3H),1.41-1.25(m,1H),1.19-1.09(m,1H),0.94(d,J=6.4,3H).
步骤14:
向-78℃下的化合物20(310mg,0.815mmol)的5ml THF溶液中加入1M LHMDS的THF溶液(0.98ml,0.98mmol,1.2当量),并且在-78℃下将其搅拌15分钟、在0℃下搅拌15分钟以及随后将其冷却回-78℃。向上述溶液中加入(1S)-(+)-(10-樟脑磺酰基)氧杂氮丙啶(280mg,1.22mmol,1.5当量)的2.5ml THF溶液并且将所得混合物搅拌30分钟,然后使其缓缓升温至室温。通过加入100mlNH4Cl水溶液将反应猝灭,和对THF进行蒸发。所得水相用3×25mlEtOAc进行提取,和合并的有机层用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤、浓缩以及进行色谱分离,从而得到150mg化合物21。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)8.59(d,J=2.4,1H),7.73(dd,J=8.4,2.4,1H),7.17(d.J=8.4,1H),4.49-4.42(m,1H),4.12-4.02(m,2H),3.45(dd,J=9.6,8.0,1H),3.17(br s,1H),.3.10(dd,J=14.0,3.2,1H),2.88(dd,J=14.0,7.8,1H),2.42(dd,J=9.6,5.2,1H),1.93(td,J=1 1.6,5.2,1H),1.85(d,J=7.0,1H),1.74-1.69(m,2H),1.45(d,J=6.0,3H),1.32(dd,J=14.2,11.4,1H),0.93(d,J=6.0,3H).
步骤15:
将化合物21、Pd(PPh3)4(5mol%)、K2CO3(4当量)和适当硼酸(1.5当量)的PhMe-EtOH-H2O(4∶2∶1 v/v/v)混合物在100℃下加热5小时、用H2O对其进行稀释和用EtOAc对其进行提取。所得有机层用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤、蒸发和通过制备TLC进行纯化,从而得到类似物22a~d(如以上方案3所示)。22a的MS:m/e 412.1(MH+)。22b的MS:m/e 419.1(MH+)。22c的MS:m/e412.1(MH+)。22d的MS:m/e 408.1(MH+)。
步骤16:
在密封管中,在100℃下,将化合物18(2.12g,6.88mmol)、Pd(PPh3)4(400mg,0.346mmol,5mol%)、(2-氰基苯基)硼酸2,2-二甲基丙二醇-1,3-环酯(1.8g,8.37mmol,1.2当量)和K2CO3(3.0g,27.49mmol,4当量)的甲苯(20ml)-EtOH(10ml)-H2O(5ml)混合物溶液加热4小时。所得混合物用150mlH2O稀释并用3×50ml EtOAc进行提取。合并的有机层用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤、浓缩并且通过色谱法进行纯化,从而得到固体化合物23(1.82g)。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)8.66(d,J=2.0,1H),7.86(dd,J=8.0,2.0,1H),7.78-7.75(m,1H),7.68-7.64(m,1H),7.50-7.45(m,3H),4.08(dq,J=8.0,7.2,4H),3.46(d,J=22,2H),1.26(t,6H).
步骤17:
向0℃下的膦酸酯23(1.33g,4.03mmol)的15ml THF溶液中加入1M LHMDS的THF溶液,并且将所得混合物搅拌15分钟。向上述溶液中加入Ti(OiPr)4,随后向其中加入化合物17b的5ml THF溶液并且将所得混合物搅拌过夜(0℃至室温)。用100ml Na-K酒石酸盐水溶液对上述反应混合物进行稀释并且对THF进行蒸发。所得浆液用3×30ml EtOAc进行提取,合并的有机层用盐水洗涤、用MgSO4干燥、过滤、蒸发和用50%EtOAc-己烷~100%EtOAc对其进行色谱分离,从而得到420mg化合物24和510mg化合物25。24的MS:m/e459.1(MH+)。25的MS:m/e 417.1(MH+)。
步骤18:
向0℃的化合物25(105mg,0.230mmol)和CBr4(155mg,0.467mmol,2当量)的2.5ml THF溶液中加入PPh3并且将冰浴除去。将其搅拌过夜之后,对所得混合物进行浓缩并且通过凝胶色谱法对其进行纯化,从而得到化合物26(52mg)和27(19mg)。26的MS:m/e481.3(MH+)。27的MS:m/e 417.2(MH+)。
步骤19:
将化合物26(51mg,0.106mmol)、Bu3SnH(58μl,0.215mmol,2当量)和AIBN(1.8mg,0.011mmol,0.1当量)的2ml苯溶液加热回流2小时、冷却至室温、浓缩和用50%EtOAc-己烷进行色谱分离,从而得到35mg化合物28。MS:m/e 401.2(MH+).
上述方法中的原料或者可以市场购买到、在本领域中已知或者可以通过本领域熟知的方法进行制备。
在上述方法中未涉及的活性基团可以在反应期间用常规保护基进行保护,这些保护基可以在反应之后通过标准方法进行消除。以下表A显示了一些一般的保护基:
表A
本发明还涉及含有至少一种本发明式I化合物和药学上可接受的载体的药物。式I化合物可以以任何常规的口服剂量形式给药,比如胶囊、片剂、粉剂、扁囊剂、混悬剂或者液剂。所述制剂和药物组合物可以使用常规的药学上可接受的赋形剂和添加剂以及常规方法进行制备。上述药学上可接受的赋形剂和添加剂包括无毒的相容填料、结合剂、崩解剂、缓冲剂、防腐剂、抗氧化剂、润滑剂、调味剂、增稠剂、着色剂和乳化剂等等。
用于治疗上述疾病或者症状的式I化合物的日剂量为每天约0.001~约100mg/kg体重,优选约0.001~约10mg/kg。由此,对于70kg的平均体重,剂量水平为每天大约0.1~约700mg药物,所述剂量可以单次剂量或者分为2~4次分开剂量给药。然而,准确剂量由护理的临床医生决定并且取决于给药化合物的效力、患者的年龄、体重、状况和响应。
以下制剂例证说明了本发明的一些剂型。在各种剂型中,术语“活性化合物”是指式I化合物。
实施例A-片剂
编号 成分 mg/片 mg/片
1 活性化合物 100 500
2 乳糖USP 122 113
3 玉米淀粉,食品级, 30 40
在纯净水中为10%糊剂
4 玉米淀粉,食品级 45 40
5 硬脂酸镁 3 7
总计 300 700
制造方法
在适宜的混合器中将第1项和第2项混合10~15分钟。用第3项对上述混合物进行粒化。如果需要,将上述潮湿颗粒研磨通过粗筛(例如,1/4″,0.63cm)。对潮湿颗粒进行干燥。如果需要,将上述干燥的颗粒进行过筛,并且使其与第4项混合10~15分钟。将第5项加入其中并且将其混合1~3分钟。在适宜的压片机上将上述混合物压缩至适当的尺寸和重量。
实施例B-胶囊
编号 成分 mg/片 mg/片
1 活性化合物 100 500
2 乳糖USP 106 123
3 玉米淀粉,食品级 40 70
4 硬脂酸镁NF 4 7
总计 250 700
制造方法
在适宜的混合器中将第1、2和3项混合10~15分钟。将第4项加入其中并且将其混合1~3分钟。在适宜的封装胶囊设备上将上述混合物装填入适宜的两段硬明胶胶囊中。
治疗和共同配制方法
美国申请No.10/705,282公开了多种关于其它凝血酶受体拮抗剂家族的治疗和共同配制方法。类似地,根据本发明,其它实施方案包括给药至少一种式I化合物以及至少一种其它治疗活性试剂。预想的其它治疗活性试剂为或者在原子组成或者在构造上与式I化合物不同的活性试剂。可以与本发明新颖化合物组合使用的治疗有效试剂包括已知并且用于治疗以下疾病的药物:炎症、风湿病、哮喘、肾小球性肾炎、骨质疏松症、神经病和/或恶性肿瘤、血管形成相关疾病、癌症、肝病、肾病、肺病、黑素瘤、肾细胞癌、肾病、急性肾衰竭、慢性肾衰竭、肾血管体内平衡、肾小球性肾炎、慢性气道疾病、膀胱炎、神经变性和/或神经毒性疾病、症状或者损伤、放射后肺纤维化、内皮功能障碍、牙周疾病或者伤口。其它可以与式I化合物联合给药的治疗有效试剂的实例包括对平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞、成纤维细胞、肾细胞、骨肉瘤细胞、肌细胞、癌细胞和/或胶质细胞进行化学治疗和增殖抑制的肿瘤细胞抵抗因子。所述治疗有效试剂可以为心血管试剂。
可以与本发明新颖化合物联合应用的心血管试剂包括具有抗血栓形成、抗血小板凝聚、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗术后再狭窄病变和/或抗凝血剂活性的药物。上述药物可以用于治疗血栓形成-相关的疾病,包括血栓形成、动脉粥样硬化症、再狭窄、高血压、心绞痛、心律失常、心力衰竭、心肌梗塞、肾小球性肾炎、血栓性中风和血栓栓塞性中风、末梢血管疾病、其它心血管疾病、脑缺血、炎性疾病和癌症,以及其它凝血酶及其受体起病理学作用的病症。适宜的心血管试剂选自凝血噁烷(thromboxane)A2生物合成抑制剂,比如阿斯匹林;凝血噁烷拮抗剂,比如塞曲司特、吡考他胺和雷马曲班;腺苷二磷酸(ADP)抑制剂,比如氯吡格雷;环加氧酶抑制剂,比如阿斯匹林、美洛昔康、罗非考昔和西利考昔;血管紧张素拮抗剂,比如缬沙坦、替米沙坦、candesartran、irbesartran、洛沙坦和伊普罗沙坦;内皮素拮抗剂,比如替唑生坦;磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,比如milrinoone和依诺昔酮;血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制剂,比如卡托普利、依那普利、enaliprilat、螺拉普利、喹那普利、培哚普利、雷米普利、福辛普利、群多普利、赖诺普利、莫昔普利和贝那普利;中性内肽酶抑制剂,比如坎沙曲和依卡曲尔;抗凝血剂,比如希美加曲、fondaparin和依诺肝素;利尿剂,比如氯噻嗪、双氢氯噻嗪、利尿酸、利尿磺胺和氨氯吡脒;血小板聚集抑制物,比如阿昔单抗和依非巴特;和GP IIb/IIIa拮抗剂。
优选用于与本发明新颖化合物组合使用的药物类型为凝血噁烷A2生物合成抑制剂、环加氧酶抑制剂和ADP拮抗剂。特别优选用于组合使用的药物为阿斯匹林和氯吡格雷硫酸氢盐。
本发明其它实施方案包括给药至少一种式I化合物以及多于一种其它治疗有效试剂。在这些实施方案中,所述其它治疗有效试剂可以是或者不是通常用于治疗相同的症状。例如,式I化合物可以与两种心血管试剂一起给药。另外,式I化合物可以与心血管试剂以及用于治疗炎症的治疗有效试剂一起给药。
当本发明包括至少一种式I化合物和一种或者多种其它治疗有效试剂的组合时,所述两种或者更多种活性成分可以同时或者顺序共同给药,或者可以给药将至少一种式I化合物和其它治疗有效试剂包含在药学上可接受的载体中的单个药物组合物。所述组合组分可以逐个给药或者在任何常规的剂型中一起给药,所述剂型比如胶囊、片剂、粉剂、扁囊剂、混悬剂、液剂、栓剂、鼻喷入剂等等。其它活性剂的剂量根据公开资料进行确定,并且可以为每剂量1~1000mg。
在此说明书中,术语“至少一种式I化合物”是指可以将1~3种不同的式I化合物用于药物组合物或者治疗方法中。优选使用一种式I化合物。
类似地,术语“一种或者多种其它心血管剂”是指可以将1~3种其它药物与式I化合物联合给药;优选,将一种其它化合物与式I化合物联合给药。所述其它心血管剂可以相对于式I化合物顺序或者同时给药。
凝血酶受体拮抗剂的体外试验方法:
式I化合物的活性可以通过以下方法进行确定。
[3H]haTRAP的制备
将A(pF-F)R(ChA)(hR)(I2-Y)-NH2(1.03mg)和10%Pd/C(5.07mg)悬浮于DMF(250μl)和二异丙基乙胺(10μl)中。使容器与氚线连接,在液氮中对其进行冷冻并且将其排空。然后,将氚气(342mCi)加入到烧瓶中,在室温下将其搅拌2小时。反应完成后,将多余的氚除去,用DMF(0.5ml)对反应的肽溶液进行稀释并且将其过滤以除去催化剂。用水稀释收集的粗肽DMF溶液并且对其进行冷冻干燥,从而除去不稳定的氚。将固体肽再次溶于水中并且对其重复冷冻干燥工艺。将含氚化肽([3H]haTRAP)溶于0.5ml的0.1%含水TFA并且使用下列条件,通过HPLC对其进行纯化:柱,Vydac C18,25cm×9.4mm I.D.;流动相,(A)含0.1%TFA的水溶液,(B)含0.1%TFA的CH3CN溶液;梯度,(A/B)从100/0~40/60进行30分钟;流速,5ml/分;检测,215nm下进行UV检测。[3H]haTRAP的放射化学纯度是99%,通过HPLC进行分析。得到一批14.9mCi产品,特异活性是18.4Ci/mmol。
血小板膜的制备
使用Natarajan等人(Natarajan等,Int.J.Peptide Protein Res.45:145-151(1995))方法的改进方法,由从the North Jersey BloodCenter(East Orange,NJ)48小时收集中的得到的20单位血小板浓缩物制备血小板膜。所有步骤都在4℃,保证生物冒险安全的条件下进行。在4℃下,以100xg将血小板离心20分钟,从而除去红血球。将上清液倒出并且以3000xg将其离心15分钟,从而使血小板成为颗粒。将血小板再悬浮于10mM Tris-HCl,pH 7.5,150mM NaCl,5mMEDTA中,至终体积大约为200ml,并且在4400xg下将其离心10分钟。再将该步骤重复两次。将血小板再悬浮于5mM Tris-HCl,pH 7.5,5mMEDTA中,至终体积大约为30ml,在Dounce匀浆器中将其撞击20次,进行匀浆化。在41,000xg下对膜进行沉淀,将其再悬浮于40~50ml 20mM Tris-HCl、pH 7.5、1mM EDTA、0.1mM二硫苏糖醇中,并且将10ml的等分冷冻于液氮中并且在-80℃对其进行贮存。为了完成膜的制备,融化该等分、合并并且用Dounce匀浆器将其撞击5次进行匀浆化。将膜进行沉淀并且在10mM三乙醇胺-HCl,pH 7.4,5mMEDTA中将其洗涤3次,并将其再悬浮于20~25ml 50mM Tris-HCl,pH 7.5,10mM MgCl2,1mM EGTA和1%DMSO中。在液N2中对膜的等分进行冷冻并且将其贮存在-80℃下。所述膜可以稳定至少3个月。20单位血小板浓缩物一般产生250mg膜蛋白。蛋白质浓度通过Lowry测定法(Lowry等人,J.Biol.Chem.,193:265-275(1951))进行确定。
高流通量凝血酶受体放射配体结合试验
使用Ahn等人(Ahn等,Mol.Pharmacol.,51:350-356(1997))的凝血酶受体放射配体结合试验的改进方法对凝血酶受体拮抗剂进行筛选。该试验在96孔Nunc板(Cat.No.269620)上进行,最终测定体积200μl.在结合缓冲液(5mM Tris-HCl,pH 7.5,10mM MgCl2,1mMEGTA,0.1%BSA)中,分别将血小板膜和[3H]haTRAP稀释至0.4mg/ml和22.2nM。在100%DMSO中,对测试化合物母液(在100%DMSO为10mM)进行进一步稀释。除非另有陈述,每孔中添加10μl稀释化合物溶液和90μl放射配体(在5%DMSO中终浓度是10nM),通过加入100μl膜启动反应(40μg蛋白质/孔)。5%DMSO不明显抑制结合。在三种浓度(0.1、1和10μM)下对化合物进行试验。将上述板覆盖并且在Lab-Line Titer Plate Shaker中,在室温下将其轻柔涡旋混合1小时。在0.1%聚乙烯亚胺中,将Packard UniFilter GF/C过滤板浸泡至少1小时。使用Packard FilterMate Universal Harvester对培养膜进行采集,并且用300μl冰冷的50mM Tris-HCl,pH 7.5,10mMMgCl2,1mM EGTA将其快速洗涤四次。向每孔中加入MicroScint 20闪烁混合物(25μl),在Packard TopCount Microplate ScintillationCounter上对板进行计数。将特异性结合定义为总结合量减去过量(50μM)未标记haTRAP存在下观察的非特异性结合的量。根据以下关系计算与凝血酶受体结合的[3H]haTRAP化合物的抑制百分比。
材料
A(pF-F)R(ChA)(hR)Y-NH2和A(pF-F)R(ChA)(hR)(12-y)-NH2由AnaSpec Inc.(San Jose,CA)通过常规合成得到。这些肽的纯度>95%。氚气体(97%)购自于EG & G Mound,Miamisburg Ohio。随后将该气体负载和贮存在IN/US Systems Inc.Trisorber中。MicroScint 20闪烁混合物得自于Packard Instrument Co.。
利用如上所述的试验方法,发现代表性的式I化合物的凝血酶受体IC50值(即,观察到50%凝血酶受体抑制作用的浓度)为1~1000nM,优选为1~100nM,更优选为1~20nM。
Claims (4)
2.一种药物组合物,其中包含治疗有效量的至少一种权利要求1化合物和药学上可接受的载体。
3.权利要求1的化合物在制备抑制凝血酶受体的药物中的用途。
4.一种权利要求1的化合物在制备治疗治疗学病症的药物中的用途,其中所述治疗学病症为选自下列的心血管或者循环系统疾病或者病症:动脉粥样硬化症、再狭窄、高血压、急性冠状动脉综合症、心绞痛、心律失常、心脏病、心力衰竭、心肌梗塞、血栓形成或者血栓栓塞性中风、末梢血管病、深静脉血栓形成、静脉血栓栓塞、与激素代替治疗相关的心血管疾病、弥漫性血管内凝血综合征、肾缺血、脑中风、脑缺血、脑梗死、偏头痛、肾血管体内平衡或者勃起功能障碍。
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- 2005-05-25 DE DE602005009355T patent/DE602005009355D1/de active Active
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Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20020026050A1 (en) * | 2000-06-15 | 2002-02-28 | Samuel Chackalamannil | Thrombin receptor antagonists |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE602005009355D1 (de) | 2008-10-09 |
CA2567981A1 (en) | 2005-12-15 |
WO2005118576A1 (en) | 2005-12-15 |
MXPA06013903A (es) | 2007-01-26 |
JP2008500360A (ja) | 2008-01-10 |
CA2567981C (en) | 2010-08-31 |
CN1984905A (zh) | 2007-06-20 |
TW200602024A (en) | 2006-01-16 |
EP1751144B1 (en) | 2008-08-27 |
ATE406366T1 (de) | 2008-09-15 |
EP1751144A1 (en) | 2007-02-14 |
TWI357326B (en) | 2012-02-01 |
US20050267155A1 (en) | 2005-12-01 |
JP4558788B2 (ja) | 2010-10-06 |
AR049429A1 (es) | 2006-08-02 |
US7442712B2 (en) | 2008-10-28 |
MY143987A (en) | 2011-07-29 |
HK1100667A1 (en) | 2007-09-28 |
ES2311996T3 (es) | 2009-02-16 |
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