CN1871329B - 脂肪酸酯及其用途 - Google Patents
脂肪酸酯及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1871329B CN1871329B CN200480030891XA CN200480030891A CN1871329B CN 1871329 B CN1871329 B CN 1871329B CN 200480030891X A CN200480030891X A CN 200480030891XA CN 200480030891 A CN200480030891 A CN 200480030891A CN 1871329 B CN1871329 B CN 1871329B
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- ester
- polyvalent alcohol
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- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006053 organic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001558 organosilicon polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012488 sample solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005480 straight-chain fatty acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HVZJRWJGKQPSFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-Amyl methyl ether Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)OC HVZJRWJGKQPSFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(II) oxide Chemical compound [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004418 trolamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
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- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
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- C10M129/74—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
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- C10L1/1826—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms poly-hydroxy
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- C10M2203/1025—Aliphatic fractions used as base material
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- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
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- C10M2207/122—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of seven or less carbon atoms monocarboxylic
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Abstract
本发明公开从多元醇C12-C28支链脂肪酸和/或C12-C28环状脂肪酸形成的酯可以用作润滑剂的摩擦改性剂。单体是这些脂肪酸优选的来源。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及多元醇酯。本发明还涉及这些酯在燃料、油剂和发动机润滑剂包中以及在金属加工液中的使用,其中所述酯增强了组合物的性能。
背景技术
公知甘油单油酸酯(GMO)在发动机用的润滑剂组合物中起着摩擦改性剂的作用。例如参见示例性的美国专利第5,885,942、5,866,520、5,114,603、4,957,651和4,683,069号。实际上,GMO享有大量的商业成功实例,并且由许多公司销售,例如American IngredientsCompany,Patco Additives Division,Kansas City,Mi,USA;IvanhoeIndustries,Unichema(Netherlands)and Mundelein,IL,USA;StepanCompany,Northfield,IL,USA。
本领域需要性质优于GMO,并且性价比提高的摩擦改性剂。本发明满足了这种需求并且进一步提供了如本文所述的相关优点。
发明内容
在各个方面中,本发明提供了多元醇单体酯(polyol Monomerate)、多元醇单单体酯(polyol monoMonomerate),以及包含多元醇单单体酯和多元醇二单体酯(polyol diMonomerate)的组合物。在每个方面中,所述多元醇举例来说可以是甘油。
在另一个方面中,本发明提供了包含选自由多元醇和单体的单酯、多元醇和单体的二酯以及多元醇和单体的三酯组成组中的第一种组分、以及选自由多元醇和单体的单酯、多元醇和单体的二酯以及多元醇和单体的三酯、多元醇及单体组成组中的第二种组分的组合物,其中所述第一种和第二种组分是不相同的。在一个实施方案中,在该组合物中所述多元醇是甘油。
本发明还提供了包含a)单体或其反应性等价物和b)多元醇或其反应性等价物的酯化产物的组合物。举例来说,所述多元醇是甘油。
在另一个方面中,本发明提供了包含a)C12-C28环状脂肪酸或其反应性等价物;b)C12-C28支链脂肪酸或其反应性等价物;和c)一种或多种多元醇或其反应性等价物的酯化产物的组合物。举例来说,该多元醇可以是甘油和/或季戊四醇。任选地,在单体中存在C12-C28环状脂肪酸和C12-C28支链脂肪酸中每一种。
在另一个方面中,本发明提供了包含选自
的第一种酯和选自
的第二种酯的组合物,其中R2a是支链C12-C28烃,并且R2b是环状C12-C28烃。在优选的实施方案中,单体中存在R1-COOH和R2-COOH。
在另外的方面中,本发明提供了包含馏出燃料和本文所述酯或组合物(或两者)的的燃料组合物,所述馏出燃料的含硫量低于0.05重量%。
类似地,本发明提供了改进含硫量低于0.05重量%的馏出燃料润滑性能的方法,包括向其中添加了本文所述酯或酯组合物。燃料组合物中存在对于增强燃料润滑性能有效量的酯或组合物,即基础燃料和本发明酯的组合物表现出优于不存在本发明酯时的基础燃料的润滑性能。所述有效量典型地为酯的1至10,000ppm。在本发明一个方面中,燃料可以是柴油机燃料。其它适当的燃料包括喷气燃料和汽油。在一个方面中,酯是多元醇单体酯。在其它的方面中,本发明提供了包含American Petroleum Institute(API)在组I至V中分类并且被润滑剂工业采用的润滑基液和本发明的酯或者包含酯的组合物的润滑剂组合物。
类似地,本发明还提供了改进润滑基液摩擦性质的方法,包括向润滑基液中添加本发明的酯或者包含酯的组合物。在本发明优选的实施方案中,润滑液体是润滑油、工业油,例如液压传动液或者液压流体或者用于金属加工液的润滑液,所述金属加工液例如为用来切割、研磨和捣碎金属的流体。下面将更详细地说明本发明的这些和相关方面。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及多元醇酯,特别是多元醇酯掺合物,其中掺合物中一种组分由支链脂肪酸形成并且第二种组分由环状脂肪酸形成。使用单体作为脂肪酸源容易制备这些掺合物。在进一步讨论本发明这个和其它方面前,将简要讨论单体及其来源。
亦称为硫酸盐制浆工艺的牛皮纸木浆工艺产生妥尔油作为造纸工艺的副产物。根据该工艺,用碱和硫化物蒸煮松木,作为副产物产生妥尔油皂和粗硫酸盐松节油。酸化该妥尔油皂,接着分馏粗妥尔油产生松香和脂肪酸两种组分。通过该工艺获得的松香称作妥尔油松香(TOR),并且通过该工艺获得的脂肪酸称作妥尔油脂肪酸(TOFA)。TOFA馏分主要由其链结构中大量不饱和的C16-28羧酸组成。示例性的妥尔油脂肪酸包括不饱和酸,例如油酸、油酸异构体、亚油酸和亚油酸异构体、以及少量的饱和脂肪酸,例如硬脂酸。
由于不饱和脂肪酸高的含量,TOFA可能并且通常遭受酸性粘土催化的聚合。在典型地在高温下进行的该聚合过程中,烯属脂肪酸例如通过烯的反应而经历分子间加成反应,从而形成聚合的脂肪酸。该反应的机理是非常复杂的并且现在还没有完全理解。但是,对于本发明,将充分注意到该聚合过程的产物包含大部分二聚脂肪酸和少量的单体脂肪酸的单一混合物。为了提供高度富含二聚脂肪酸(本领域中通常称作“二聚酸”或“二聚脂肪酸”)的馏分,商业上蒸馏该聚合产物。该蒸馏过程还提供了高度富含单体脂肪酸的馏分,其中该馏分在本领域中通常被称作“单体”或“单体酸”或“单体脂肪酸”,并且在本文中被称作单体。
单体是唯一的组分。源于天然源的TOFA主要由线性C18不饱和羧酸(主要是油酸和亚油酸)组成,而单体包含相对少量的油酸和亚油酸,并且相反包含显著量饱和的和不饱和的支链和环状C18酸、以及反油酸。更多不同且显著支链化的单体组合物从通过刚才说明的聚合过程对TOFA实施的催化处理中产生。本领域认为单体与其它化学物质的反应产生在化学上与相应的TOFA衍生物不同的独特的、可识别的衍生化物质。单体已经分配了CAS登记号68955-98-6。对于本发明实践适当的单体是可以从Arizona Chemical Company,Jacksonville,Florida获得的CenturyMO5脂肪酸。
一方面,本发明旨向于多元醇单体酯。术语多元醇单体酯此处用来指酯的掺合物,其中通常认为酯包括化学式R1-O-C=O-R2,并且使用该术语,R1-O指酯中的醇部分,而-C=O-R2指酯中的酸部分。在本发明的多元醇单体酯中,R1是醇部分,而R2是单体部分。换句话说,R1具有多元醇结构,而R2具有单体结构。
醇是具有至少一个羟基(-OH)的有机化合物。多元醇是具有两个或以上,即多个羟基的醇,因此可以表示为R1-(OH)n,其中n表示多元醇中存在的羟基数量。在各种文献中,多元醇有时被称作多羟基化合物。根据本发明,多元醇单体酯具有R1基团以及至少一个酯基,其中每个酯基除了与R1基团连接外,还与R2基团连接。
多元醇单体酯的R2基团必须源于单体。也就是说,R2基团具有单体羧酸组分的结构。此处使用的粗体的词语“单体(Monomer)”表示本领域称作“单体”的材料而不是可以表示为小写字母“monomer”的任何反应性分子。
如上所述,多元醇单体酯包含R1、至少一个酯基和至少一个来自单体的R2基团。在本发明的各个方面中,R1基团具有2-12个碳、或者2-6个碳、或者2个碳、或者3个碳、或者4个碳、或者5个碳、或者6个碳。在优选的方面中,R1基团只包含碳和任选的氢,即R1基团是烃基。适当的R1基团在表A中所示。
表A
示例性R1基团
在表A中,“C-”表示碳与羟基(-OH)或酯基(-O-C=O)基团间的键。当多元醇单体酯具有一个酯基时,该化合物在本文中称作多元醇单单体酯。同样,当多元醇单体酯具有二个酯基时,该化合物在本文中称作多元醇二单体酯。
当多元醇单体酯至少具有一个酯基时,它可以具有0、1、或者1个以上的羟基。举例来说,当R1基团具有如下结构时:
术语多元醇单体酯包括下面两种结构任何一种的多元醇单单体酯:
和
以及下面两种结构任何一种的多元醇二单体酯:
和下面结构的多元醇三单体酯:
为了方便,R1基团在本文中可以通过命名逻辑上来源的多元醇来识别。也就是说,R1基团可以并且经常通过在R1基团每个开放位置处具有羟基的相应多元醇的名称来识别。这种命名方法在表B中显示,除了添加了每个R1基团相应的名称外,该表基本上重复了表A。
表B
示例性R1基团的名称
如上所述,多元醇单体酯中的R2基团源于单体。单体是商购的产品,包括各种有机羧酸。单体典型地是饱和或不饱和的支链、芳香、环状和直链脂肪酸。单体主要的酸是“异油酸”,其中异油酸是线性、支链和环状C18单不饱和脂肪酸的混合物。可以通过低温溶剂分离从单体中提纯出异油酸,从而制备出经纯化的异油酸。一方面,从异油酸或包括异油酸的掺合物制备多元醇单体酯,因此可以称为多元醇异油酸酯。
因此,术语多元醇单体酯指从单体或者单体的副产物(例如蒸馏提纯的单体,或者单体的酯化产物)中制备的酯的混合物。在一个方面中,多元醇单体酯的R2基团至少包括脂环族C17烃基和支链C17烃基。在另一个方面中,多元醇单体酯的R2基团至少包括脂环族C17烃基、支链脂肪族C17烃基和直链脂肪族C17烃基。在另一个方面中,多元醇单体酯的R2基团至少包括脂环族C17烃基、支链脂肪族C17烃基,包括芳香环的C17烃基和直链脂肪族C17烃基。此处或说明书中别处使用的术语“一种”指“一个以上”。
反油酸是单体中通常存在的脂肪酸。因此,在一个方面中,多元醇单体酯包括反油酸的多元醇酯。在各个其它方面中,本发明提供了甘油单反油酸酯、甘油二反油酸酯和甘油三反油酸酯。反油酸典型地不是纯的,而是存在于包含其它多元醇酯的组合物中,其中该组合物典型地源于单体中。
典型地商购单体是环状和支链的C18脂肪酸。通常在单体中发现的典型的支链C18脂肪酸具有下面的结构:
有时在单体中发现的示例性的环状C18脂肪酸具有下面的结构:
因此,多元醇单体酯表示酯的混合物,其中通过具有源于单体的酸部分来定义该混合物。换句话说,多元醇单体酯中的R2基团实际上代表许多烃基,包括支链和环状C17烃基。在本发明的一个方面中,环状C17烃基是不饱和的。在本发明的另一个方面中,环状C17烃基是饱和与不饱和的C17烃基的混合物。
本发明的多元醇单体酯的制备可以通过许多方式来实现。直接的合成方法是单体与具有所需R1结构的多元醇结合,然后加热这两个反应物至形成多元醇单体酯。为了以经济省时的方式进行,这种酯化反应典型地需要在150-250℃范围内的高温。酯化反应的进展可以容易地通过取出样品并且使该样品接受酸值分析来监控。因为酸值是反应混合物中存在的未反应的单体量的有效测量,所以较低的酸值表示相对进一步的酯化程度。
通过将已知重量的样品溶解入有机溶剂(典型的溶剂是甲苯),然后将测量量的甲醇氢氧化钾(KOH)溶液滴定入样品溶液中来测量酸值。当获得约7的pH时,完成滴定。样品的酸值等于滴定中使用的KOH的量(单位为毫克)除以被滴定的样品的重量(单位为克)。换句话说,酸值等于中和1克样品所需的KOH的毫克数。
典型的情况为不是所有的单体都容易被转化成酯化形式。因此,产物多元醇单体酯典型地具有大于0的酸值。但是,对于作为润滑助剂的性能,产物混合物的酸值较低,典型地低于10,更典型地低于5是优选的。
还有典型的情况为不是所有的多元醇都容易被转化成酯化形式。可以通过蒸馏从产物混合物中除去残留的多元醇,其中蒸馏条件取决于多元醇的特性。具有更高沸点的多元醇将需要更苛刻的蒸馏条件,即更高的温度和/或更大的真空。还可以通过水蒸气蒸馏来除去残留的多元醇。在本发明的一个方面中,包括多元醇单体酯的组合物中的多元醇含量低于组合物的10重量%,而在其它方面中,多元醇含量低于8重量%、低于6重量%、低于4重量%、低于2重量%、或者低于1重量%。同样,在本发明的一个方面中,包括多元醇单体酯的组合物中的单体含量低于组合物的10重量%,而在其它方面中,单体含量低于8重量%、低于6重量%、低于4重量%、低于2重量%、或者低于1重量%。本发明的其它方面提供了包括多元醇单体酯的组合物,其中该组合物中的多元醇和单体每种的含量独立地选自低于组合物的10重量%、低于8重量%、低于6重量%、低于4重量%、低于2重量%和低于1重量%。与本发明这些方面中的每个相关,本发明提供了附加的方面,其中组合物中的多元醇和/或单体的含量至少为组合物的0.1、或者0.5、或者1.0重量%。
为了增加酯化反应的速率,在反应物混合物中可以包括酯化反应的催化剂。酯化催化剂在本领域中是公知的并且包括硫酸、磷酸和其它无机酸,诸如氧化锡和异丙氧钛的金属氢氧化物和烷氧基化合物、以及例如锡或锌盐的二价金属盐。优选的催化剂是锡催化剂,例如FASCAT2001锡催化剂(Atochem,Philadelphia,PA,USA)。当存在催化剂时,应该以少量使用,例如低于反应混合物总重量的约5重量%,优选低于反应混合物总重量的约2%并且更优选低于约1%。过量的催化剂会增加多元醇单体酯的制备成本,并且通常会剩下对存在酯的环境(例如发动机)有害的残余。
当多元醇和单体一起反应,形成多元醇单体酯时,该反应的副产物是水。为了驱使反应完成,应该从反应或者产物混合物中除去所述水。在不形成真空或共沸混合物的情况下,为了从反应组分中蒸馏掉水,反应温度至少为100℃。因此,至少在酯形成的初始阶段,反应温度优选设置为约100-125℃。当使用更高的初始反应温度时,结果可能是产生水的速率高于常规实现的除水速率。
为了驱使反应完成,通过添加与水能形成低共沸混合物的有机溶剂,和/或在反应容器上添加轻微真空来增强水的去除。为了提供低沸点共沸混合物,可以向反应容器中添加与水能形成共沸混合物的有机溶剂,例如甲苯或二甲苯,然后在常压下通过蒸馏除去。
当多元醇和单体的反应是制备多元醇单体酯的常规途径时,还可以使用这种途径的变体。举例来说,可以使用酯交换反应,其中单体的酯,例如甲基酯与多元醇反应。该途径将生产出多元醇单体酯,甲醇是副产物。因此,在多元醇单体酯的制备中,单体的甲基酯是单体的反应性等价物。单体的酰基氯形式是可以用来制备多元醇单体酯的另一个反应性等价物,但是这典型地会增加制备多元醇单体酯的成本,并且还将引起不可取的副产物(氯化氢)。同样,可以使用多元醇酯代替多元醇,其中乙酸酯是适当的酯,并且这种酯是多元醇的反应性等价物。
因此,在一个方面中,本发明提供了包含(a)单体或其反应性等价物;和b)多元醇或其反应性等价物的酯化产物的组合物。在相关的方面中,本发明提供了包含(a)多元醇单体酯;和b)多元醇或其反应性等价物的酯交换产物的组合物。在优选的实施方案中,这些组合物中的多元醇是甘油。
在附加方面中,本发明提供了多元醇单体酯,根据多元醇组分的官能度,其包括多元醇单单体酯、多元醇二单体酯、多元醇三单体酯等的一种或多种。在本发明该方面内的各种实施方案中,多元醇可以是二醇,例如乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,2-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、新戊二醇和1,4-环己烷二甲醇;或者三醇,例如甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、或者三(羟甲基)甲醇;或者四醇,例如季戊四醇、或者其低聚体,例如二季戊四醇和三季戊四醇。这些多元醇中每种都可以用来制备本发明多元醇酯。
举例来说,在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了多元醇单单体酯,例如甘油单单体酯。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了多元醇二单体酯,例如甘油二单体酯。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了是或者包含多元醇单单体酯和多元醇二单体酯的掺合物,其中多元醇和单体酯组分在单体酯和二单体酯中相同。举例来说,本发明提供了是或者包含甘油单单体酯和甘油二单体酯的混合物。
为了在发动机油中用作摩擦改性剂,优选使用多元醇单体酯,包括多元醇单单体酯和多元醇二单体酯的掺合物。这种掺合物是当单体与等摩尔量的多元醇反应时天然产生的。如果需要增加掺合物中多元醇二单体酯的含量,可以通过增加反应混合物中单体:多元醇的摩尔比来实现这一点。按照相似的方式,通过降低反应混合物中单体:多元醇的摩尔比可以实现掺合物中多元醇单单体酯含量的增加。这种混合物还可以通过完全酯化的多元醇单体酯,例如甘油三单体酯与多元醇,例如甘油反应来生产。这种酯交换反应还有效地生产出包括多元醇单单体酯和多元醇二单体酯的掺合物。生产脂肪酸多元醇酯的其它方法在美国专利第3,595,888和2,875,221号中公开。
如上面详述,本发明提供了具有酯基的化合物(即“酯”),其中酯基的酸部分源于单体并因此包括支链C17烃基和环状C17烃基。典型地还存在直链C17烃基。当在本发明的一个方面中,支链和环状烃基源于单体时,本发明的另一个方面提供了多元醇酯的掺合物,其中至少一个多元醇酯在酯的酸部分具有支链C12-28烃基,并且至少一个多元醇酯在酯的酸部分具有环状C12-28烃基,并且该酸部分不一定源于单体。但是,多元醇部分与前面关于多元醇单体酯的说明的相同。
当单体是用于制备本发明酯的支链和环状脂肪酸方便来源时,还可以使用Kao Corporation(Tokyo,Japan)开发的脂肪酸异构化沸石催化工艺来制造适当的脂肪酸。该工艺的说明可以在例如JP 6-128193(Production of Branched Fatty Acids)和JP 5-25108(Branched FattyAcids and Production Thereof)中发现。
因此,在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了第一种和第二种多元醇酯的混合物,其中第一种酯的酸部分为C12-C28环状烃基,并且第二种酯的酸部分为C12-C28支链烃基。在一个实施方案中,第一种和第二种酯的醇部分是相同的,而在另一个实施方案中第一种和第二种酯的醇部分是不同的。当第一种和第二种酯的醇部分是不同的,每种醇部分都可以例如选自二醇,例如乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,2-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、新戊二醇和1,4-环己烷二甲醇;或者三醇,例如甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、或者三(羟甲基)甲醇;或者四醇,例如季戊四醇、或者其低聚体,例如二季戊四醇和三季戊四醇。第一种和第二种酯可以是单酯、二酯、三酯等。举
例来说,在R1至少形式上源于甘油的情况中,本发明提供了包含选自
的第一种酯和选自
和
的第二种酯的组合物,其中R2a是支链C12-C28烃,并且R2b是环状C12-C28烃。但是,在另一个方面中,第一种酯可以至少形式上源于甘油,而第二种酯至少形式上源于季戊四醇。
在相关的方面中,本发明提供了如下组合物,其包含选自由甘油和支链C12-C28脂肪酸的单酯、甘油和支链C12-C28脂肪酸的二酯、以及甘油和支链C12-C28脂肪酸的三酯组成组中的第一种组分、以及选自由甘油和环状C12-C28脂肪酸的单酯、甘油和环状C12-C28脂肪酸的二酯、以及甘油和环状C12-C28脂肪酸的三酯、以及甘油组成组中的第二种组分。
支链和环状C12-C28脂肪酸可以从许多来源中获得。举例来说,精细和散装化学品的供应商们可销售支链和环状C12-C28脂肪酸。仅例如参见:Acros Organics(Pittsburgh PA)、Aldrich Chemical(MilwaukeeWl,包括Sigma Chemical和Fluka)、Apin Chemicals Ltd.(Milton Park UK)、Avocado Research(Lancashire U.K.)、BDH Inc.(Toronto,Canada)、Bionet(Cornwall,U.K.)、Chemservice Inc.(WestChester PA)、Crescent Chemical Co.(Hauppauge NY)、Eastman OrganicChemicals,Eastman Kodak Company(Rochester NY)、Fisher ScientificCo.(Pittsburgh PA)、Fisons Chemicals(Leicestershire UK)、FrontierScientific(Logan UT)、ICN Biomedicals,Inc.(Costa Mesa CA)、KeyOrganic(Comwall U.K.)、Lancaster Synthesis(Windham NH)、Maybridge Chemical Co.Ltd.(Cornwall U.K.)、Parish Chemical Co.(Orem UT)、Pfaltz & Bauer,Inc.(Waterbury CN)、Polyorganix(HoustonTX)、Pierce Chemical Co.(Rockford IL)、Riedel de Haen AG(Hannover,Germany)、Spectrum Quality Product,Inc.(New Brunswick,NJ)、TCIAmerica(Portland OR)、Trans World Chemicals,Inc.(Rockville MD)和Wako Chemicals USA,Inc.(Richmond VA)。
上面列出的化学供应商们还可销售相应的醇,即化学式R2-CH2-OH的化合物,通过本领域公知的技术这些醇可以被氧化成所需的支链或环状脂肪酸(例如参见Fuhrhop,J.和Penzlin G.“OrganicSynthesis:Concepts,Methods,Starting Materials”,第二版,修改和增编版(1994)John Wiley & Sons ISBN:3-527-29074-5;Hoffman,R.V.“Organic Chemistry,An Intermediate Text”(1996)Oxford UniversityPress,ISBN 0-19-509618-5;Larock,R.C.“Comprehensive OrganicTransformations:A Guide to Functional Group Preparations”,第二版(1999)Wiley-VCH,ISBN:0-471-19031-4;March,J.“Advanced OrganicChemistry:Reactions,Mechanisms,andStructure”,第四版(1992)JohnWiley & Sons,ISBN:0-471-60180-2;Patai,S.“Patai′s 1992Guide to theChemistry of Functional Groups”(1992)Interscience ISBN:0-471-93022-9;Solomon,T.W.G.“Organic Chemistry”,第七版(2000)John Wiley & Sons,ISBN:0-471-19095-0;Stowell,J.C.“IntermediateOrganic Chemistry”,第二版(1993)Wiley-lnterscience,ISBN:0-471-57456-2;“Industrial Organic Chemicals:Starting Materials andIntermediates:An Ullmann′s Encyclopedia”(1999)JohnWiley & Sons,ISBN:3-527-29645-X,第8卷;“Organic Reactions”(1942-2000)JohnWiley & Sons,第55卷;和“Chemistry of Functional Groups”John Wiley& Sons,第73卷)。
本发明的酯和酯掺合物用于与润滑流体混合以改善这些流体的摩擦特性。有用的润滑流体可以广泛地变化并且本发明中可以使用任何这种流体。有用的润滑基液的说明根据American Petroleum Institute(API)在组I至V中分类并且被润滑工业中采用。它们是由溶剂提取的矿物油组成的组I(硫≥0.03%、饱和物≤90%、粘度指数≥80并且≤120)、由溶剂提取并且加氢精制的矿物油组成的组II(硫≤0.03%、饱和脂肪酸≥90%、粘度指数≥80并且≤120)、由加氢裂解的矿物油组成的组III(硫≤0.03%、饱和物≥90%、粘度指数≥120)、组IV(聚α烯烃,PAO)和组V(未包括在组I-V中的任何物质):这些物质包括酯、烷基化的芳香族化合物和有机硅。
本发明的酯和酯掺合物优选用于改善发动机油的摩擦特性。当发动机油的主要功能是在发动机部件间提供润滑性时,其中在发动机操作期间至少一个发动机部件运动,发动机油应该是润滑粘性的油。该发动机油可以是或者包括天然或合成油类及其混合物。天然油包括动物油、植物油、矿物润滑油、溶剂或酸处理的矿物油、以及源于煤和页岩的油。合成油包括烷基化的芳香族化合物、烃油、卤代的烃油、环氧烷聚合物、二羧酸和多元醇的酯、含磷酸的酯、聚异丁烯、聚合的四氢呋喃和硅基油。典型的汽车发动机油包括:
基础油(74%)
磷基抗磨剂(1%)
二烷基二硫代磷酸锌极端压力试剂(1.3%)
芳基胺和酚类抗氧化剂(1.5%)
聚异丁烯琥珀酰亚胺分散剂(18%)
磺酸盐去污剂(5.5%)
磷酸盐胺防锈剂(0.5%)
聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯粘度指数改进剂(1.15%)
有机硅消泡剂(0.05%)
GMM 1%
本发明的酯和酯混合物还优选用于改善在金属加工液中使用的润滑液的摩擦特性,其中金属加工液的主要功能是在被加工的金属和机械工具间提供润滑性。用作金属加工液的润滑基液包括但不局限于矿物油、酯和聚亚烷基二醇。使用GMM的典型金属加工液配方包括:
矿物油 68%
磺酸盐 7%
蒸馏的妥尔油 10%
三乙醇胺 2.5%
乙氧基化蓖麻油6.5%
乳化剂 2.5%
GMM 3%
除了本发明的酯或酯掺合物外,润滑液可以包含一种或多种的添加剂。添加剂通常包括在润滑液中,因此本领域普通技术人员清楚地知道这种添加剂包括但不局限于抗磨剂、极端压力试剂、抗氧化剂、分散剂、去污剂、防锈剂、粘度指数改进剂和消泡剂。这些添加剂可以按照其常用的量包括在本发明的润滑液配方中,即在不包括本发明多元醇酯的组合物中使用的量,其中这些添加剂提供了其通常的性质。
示例性的添加剂包括:
咪唑啉(例如2-甲基咪唑啉)以及聚烷基胺(例如在美国专利第4,713,188号中公开的胺);
数均分子量从400至2500,优选约950的聚异丁烯。聚异丁烯用来改善润滑剂的润滑性和抗磨损活性;
数均分子量从400至2500,优选约1300的官能化聚异丁烯。该烯烃的官能团典型地是基于胺的。这种官能团化的聚异丁烯用量达到15重量%,优选达到10重量%,更优选约5重量%。因此,官能化的聚异丁烯是烯烃和烯烃聚合物与胺(单或多胺)的反应产物。官能化的聚异丁烯提供了优越的去垢性能,特别是在二冲程发动机中;辅助的极端压力试剂和腐蚀及氧化抑制剂,例如氯化的脂肪烃,例如氯化的蜡和氯化的芳香化合物;有机硫化物和多硫化物;硫化的烷基酚;磷硫化的烃;含磷的酯;主要包括二烃和三烃的亚磷酸盐、以及金属硫代氨基甲酸盐。这些辅助的极端压力试剂和腐蚀及氧化抑制剂中许多种还用作抗磨剂。二烷基二硫代磷酸锌是公知的例子;
流点抑制剂,用来改善润滑液基组合物的低温性质。有用的流点抑制剂的实例是聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺、卤代石蜡和芳香化合物的缩合产物、乙烯羧酸酯聚合物以及二烷基延富马酸酯、脂肪酸乙烯酯和烷基乙烯基醚的三元共聚物。美国专利第2,387,501、2,015,748、2,655,479、1,815,022、2,191,498、2,666,746、2,721,877、2,721,878和3,250,715号中公开了用于本发明该目的的流点抑制剂、其制备技术及其使用;以及
消泡剂,其功能是降低或防止形成稳定的泡沫。典型的消泡剂包括有机硅或有机聚合物。
在发动机油组合物中可以包括浓度约为组合物重量0.1%至10%的包括本发明多元醇单体酯的多元醇酯,其中约0.5%至2重量%的浓度典型地是最优的。这种油被配制用于2圈发动机或4圈发动机。仅举几个例子而言,这种油被配制用于汽油动力发动机、喷气燃料动力发动机,或者柴油燃料动力发动机。
当油优选是润滑油时,在希望改善油的摩擦特性的情况中,本发明的酯还可以与任何其它油组合使用。这种油包括,但不局限于自动传动液(ATF)、汽缸润滑剂、曲轴箱润滑油、功能液体,例如液压传动液,其中示例性的液压传动液是液压流体和液压油、拖拉机油、齿轮油以及金属加工用油。在这些油中,本发明组合物的酯可以在组合物中以有效改善组合物摩擦特性(例如组合物摩擦系数)的量存在。
在一个方面中,本发明的酯和酯掺合物可以在燃料中用作润滑性添加剂。燃料优选具有低的含硫量。燃烧含硫燃料产生副产物二氧化硫,其中最近已经对二氧化硫引起环境损害进行了深入的研究。特别是柴油燃料具有较高的含硫量。过去典型的柴油燃料包含1重量%以上的硫(以元素硫表示)。现今,认为降低含硫量至0.2重量%,优选至0.05重量%是可取的,并且有利地降低至低于0.01重量%,特别是低于0.001重量%。这些低硫含量燃料的生产作为不可取的结果实现了给燃料提供润滑性的燃料天然组分的降低。取决于燃料油天然润滑性的润滑作用,不良的润滑性导致机械装置的磨损问题。因此,本领域需要润滑添加剂,即增加添加了添加剂的燃料润滑性的材料。本发明以本文所述的酯和酯的混合物提供了这种润滑性增强剂。
当燃料优选是柴油燃料时,为了降低污染物,汽油燃料确实也正受到组成约束,包括对含硫量的限制。主要的关心是硫对废气催化剂寿命和性能的影响。因为大多数汽油燃料注入系统在入口阀上游注入燃料,因此在远低于柴油泵的压力下操作,所以汽油的润滑性需求有时低于柴油。但是,当汽车生产商需要在燃料罐内具有电动力燃料泵时,泵失效的修理是昂贵的。这些问题同样随着注入系统变得更加复杂并且汽车燃料变得更加精细而增加。
因此,本发明提供了具有改进润滑性的燃料组合物,其中燃料组合物是包含汽油和本文所述的酯和酯混合物的组分的组合。在一个方面中,本发明提供了主要包含燃料的燃料组合物,其中燃料的含硫量低于0.2重量%,优选低于0.05重量%,更优选低于0.01重量%,特别是低于0.001重量%,并且包含少量本文所述的酯和酯的混合物,所述酯或酯的混合物能有效地降低使用该燃料组合物工作的发动机,特别是柴油发动机注入系统的磨损速率。在相关的方面中,本发明提供了包含馏出燃料和1至10,000ppm本发明酯或酯掺合物的燃料组合物,所述馏出燃料的含硫量低于的0.05重量%。类似地,本发明提供了降低燃料磨损性质的方法,其中该方法包括将燃料与本发明的酯或酯的掺合物结合,其相对用量使组合具有优于不使用酯或酯混合物的燃料的磨损性质。因此,本发明提供了改进含硫量低于0.05重量%的馏出燃料润滑性的方法,包括向其中添加本发明的酯或酯的掺合物。
除了本文所述的酯和酯的掺合物外,本发明的燃料组合物还可以包含补充的添加剂。这些补充的添加剂包括但不局限于补充的分散剂/去污剂、十六烷增进剂、辛烷改进剂、抗氧化剂、载液流体、金属钝化剂、染料、标记物、防腐剂、抗微生物剂、抗静电剂、降阻剂、破乳剂、去浊剂(dehazers)、防冰添加剂、抗爆震添加剂、抗阀位凹陷添加剂、其它润滑添加剂和燃料改进剂。
在本发明燃料组合物配方中使用的基础燃料包括任何适于在火花-点火或者压缩-点火内燃机中使用的基础燃料,例如柴油燃料、喷气燃料、煤油、有铅或无铅的马达和航空汽油,以及典型地包含汽油沸点范围的烃和燃料可溶解的氧化掺合剂(例如醇、酯和其它适当的含氧有机化合物)的所谓新配方汽油。适于在本发明中使用的氧化剂包括甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、叔丁醇、混合的C1至C5醇、甲基叔丁基醚、叔戊基甲醚、乙基叔丁基醚和混合醚。使用时,基础燃料中存在的氧化剂用量通常低于约25体积%,并且优选是能够使整个燃料中的含氢量在约0.5至约5体积%范围内的用量。
现在将通过下面的实施例阐述本发明,该实施例是本发明的示例性实施例而不应理解为对本发明的限制。该实施例阐述了本发明多元醇酯的合成和性能性质,并且附加比较了这些性能性质与发动机油中使用的商业上成功的多元醇酯、即甘油单油酸酯(GMM)的性能性质。
实施例I
在氮气气氛下,将单体(购自Arizona Chemical,Jacksonville,FL,USA的CENTURYMO5脂肪酸;1,390克,77.2重量%)和甘油(410克,22.8重量%)加入四颈圆底烧瓶中,该烧瓶配备有机械搅拌器、温度探针和Dean Stark汽水分离器。搅拌瓶内物质并且加热至200℃7.5小时,除去共存的水,此时反应混合物的酸值低于6.5。对反应混合物施加真空(5mm Hg),除去挥发性物质,包括水和过量的甘油,留下称作GMM的产物,其基于GMM重量,甘油含量低于1重量%。GMM的酸值为2.2、加纳尔颜色为5+、40℃下的粘度为163.6cSt、100℃下的粘度为138cSt,并且包含大约1∶1重量比的甘油单单体酯和甘油二单体酯。
实施例II
制备具有0.5重量%和1.0重量%GMM的GMM和自动传动燃料(ATF,在本实施例末提出的组合物)的掺合物。为了比较,也向ATF中添加0.5重量%和1.0重量%水平的甘油单油酸酯(GMO)。GMO是大量工业使用的摩擦改性剂,并且用来比较GMM的性能。如下评价这些掺合物:
使用环在盘上(ring-on-disk)的程序,比较洁净的ATF来确定每种混合物的摩擦系数。结果在表1中给出,从表中可以看出添加0.5重量%的GMO使摩擦系数增加21%(相对仅有ATF的情况)。通常,较低的摩擦系数是优选的。相比而言,GMM实际上降低了摩擦系数,并且降低了26%的很大量。
表1
摩擦系数测量
仅ATF | ATF+0.5%GMM | ATF+0.5%GMO | |
摩擦系数 | 0.019 | 0.014 | 0.023 |
%差值 | N/A | -26% | +2l% |
根据ASTM D2670获得关于基油润滑性改进的其它比较性能数据,结果在表2中显示。在ASTM D2670条件下,向ATF中添加0.5重量%GMO不会改变ATF的摩擦性能。但是,当向ATF中添加0.5重量%GMM时,掺合物给出了非常希望的磨损伤痕,比只有ATF或者具有0.5重量%GMO的ATF情况小60%。
表2
根据ASTM D2670测量的磨损伤痕
磨损伤痕(微米) | %变化 | |
ATF(纯) | 0.0005 | N/A |
ATF+0.5重量%GMO | 0.0005 | 0 |
ATF+0.5重量%GMM | 0.0002 | 60 |
通过进行高频往复设备(HFRR)试验获得关于本发明的酯改进润滑剂摩擦性质的进一步性能数据。测试在洁净基油(NBO)中具有1重量%GMM或GMO的掺合物并且与洁净基油比较。该NBO是称作CIT85油(CITGO,Tulsa,OK,USA;citgo.com)的氢处理的高粘度石油源的油。结果在表3中显示,从表3中可见添加1重量%GMM降低了摩擦系数(相对于基油本身,即洁净基油)从0.171至0.097,而相同重量的GMO只能够轻微降低洁净基油的摩擦系数至0.099。
表3
通过HFRR测量摩擦系数
磨损伤痕(微米) | 摩擦系数 | |
NBO(纯) | 354.3 | 0.171 |
NBO+0.5重量%GMO | 157.6 | 0.099 |
NBO+0.5重量%GMM | 107.4 | 0.097 |
在表2和3表征的组合物中使用的自动传动液(ATF)包含(重量百分数):91.8%基油、0.5%酚类抗氧化剂、0.5%芳胺抗氧化剂、2.0重量%分散剂、0.1重量%金属失活剂、2.5%齿轮油包、0.1%防锈剂、2.0%粘度指数改进剂,以及剩下0.5%或1%的摩擦改性剂。
实施例III
在100℃下,使用实施例II的程序,使用Ring On Disk试验对汽车发动机油评价添加0.1重量%GMM和GMO作为摩擦改性剂的影响。在本实施例中称作发动机油B的发动机油具有下面的组成:
发动机油B的的组成
石蜡基矿物油(72重量%)
磷基抗磨剂(1重量%)
二烷基二磷酸锌极端压力剂(1.3重量%)
芳胺和酚类抗氧化剂(1.5重量%)
聚异丁烯琥珀酰亚胺分散剂(18重量%)
磺酸盐去污剂(5.5重量%)
磷酸盐胺防锈剂(0.5重量%)
聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯粘度指数改进剂(1.15重量%)
有机硅消泡剂(0.05重量%)
结果在下面的表4中给出。
表4
摩擦系数的测量
值 | 仅发动机油B | 发动机油B+0.1%GMM | 发动机油B+0.1%GMO |
摩擦系数 | 0.107 | 0.106 | 0.116 |
%差值 | N/A | -.9% | +8.4% |
表4中给出的结果表明添加0.1重量%GMO使摩擦系数增加(相对于只有发动机油B)8.4%。通常,较低的摩擦系数是优选的。相比而言,GMM实际上使摩擦系数降低了0.9%。
实施例IV
使用实施例II的程序,使用Ring on Disk试验和高频往复设备(HFRR)试验,在100℃和环境温度下对工业齿轮油配方评价添加0.1重量%GMM和GMO作为摩擦改性剂的影响。称作齿轮油C的工业齿轮油配方具有下面的组成:
齿轮油C的组成
PAO40/酯基流体(96重量%)
芳胺和酚类抗氧化剂(1.5重量%)
Mobilad G305齿轮油添加剂包(2.3重量%)
有机硅消泡剂(0.05重量%)
聚异丁烯粘度指数改进剂(0.15重量%)
环境温度下的Ring-on-Disk试验结果在下面的表5中给出。
表5
摩擦系数的测量环境温度
值 | 仅齿轮油C | 齿轮油C+0.1%GMM | 齿轮油C+0.1%GMO |
摩擦系数 | 0.051 | 0.035 | 0.038 |
%差值 | N/A | -31.37% | -25.49% |
表5中给出的结果表明添加0.1重量%GMO在环境温度下使摩擦系数降低了(相对于只有齿轮C)25.49%,而添加0.1重量%GMO在环境温度下使摩擦系数降低了31.37%。
100℃下的Ring-on-Disk试验结果在下面的表5中给出。
表6
摩擦系数的测量100℃下
值 | 仅齿轮油C | 齿轮油C+0.1%GMM | 齿轮油C+0.1%GMO |
摩擦系数 | 0.076 | 0.021 | 0.044 |
%差值 | N/A | -72.37% | -42.10% |
表6中给出的结果表明添加0.1重量%GMO在环境温度下使摩擦系数降低了(相对于只有齿轮C)42.10%,而添加0.1重量%GMO在环境温度下使摩擦系数降低了72.37%。
高频往复设备(HFRR)试验的结果在下面的表7中给出。
表7
通过HFRR测量摩擦系数
磨损伤痕(微米) | 摩擦系数 | 薄膜,% | |
齿轮油C | 183 | 0.076 | 98 |
齿轮油C+0.5%GMO | 166 | 0.076 | 96 |
齿轮油C+0.5%GMM | 161 | 0.075 | 98 |
表7中给出的结果表明添加0.1重量%GMM比添加0.1重量%GMO更大程度地降低了摩擦系数和磨损伤痕(相对于仅齿轮C)。所有上面的本说明书引用的和/或在申请表单中列出的美国专利、美国专利申请公开、美国专利申请、外国专利、外国专利申请和非专利文献的全部内容都并入本文作参考。
从上文中应当理解尽管为了阐述已经在本文中说明了本发明的具体实施方案,但是可以做出许多修改而不会背离本发明的精神和范围。
Claims (18)
1.多元醇单体酯。
2.权利要求1的多元醇单体酯,其中所述多元醇是甘油。
3.权利要求1多元醇单体酯,其是多元醇单单体酯。
4.权利要求3的多元醇单单体酯,其中所述多元醇是甘油。
5.包含多元醇单单体酯和多元醇二单体酯的组合物。
6.权利要求5的组合物,其中所述多元醇是甘油。
7.一种组合物,其包含选自由多元醇和单体的单酯、多元醇和单体的二酯以及多元醇和单体的三酯组成组中的第一种组分,以及选自由多元醇和单体的单酯、多元醇和单体的二酯以及多元醇和单体的三酯、多元醇及单体组成组中的第二种组分;
其中所述第一种和第二种组分是不同的。
8.权利要求7的组合物,其中所述多元醇是甘油。
9.权利要求7的组合物,其中所述多元醇和所述单体各自在组合物中的浓度都低于10重量%。
10.一种组合物,其包含以下组分的酯化产物:
a)单体或其反应性等价物;和
b)多元醇或其反应性等价物。
11.权利要求10的组合物,其中所述多元醇是甘油。
12.一种包含润滑液和权利要求1的酯的润滑组合物。
13.权利要求12的润滑组合物,其是润滑油。
14.权利要求12的润滑组合物,其是金属加工液组合物。
15.一种改善润滑液摩擦性质的方法,其包括向润滑液中添加权利要求1的酯。
16.一种燃料组合物,其包含含硫量低于0.05重量%的馏出燃料和1至10,000ppm的权利要求1的酯。
17.权利要求16的燃料组合物,其中所述燃料组合物是柴油机燃料组合物。
18.一种改进含硫量低于0.05重量%的馏出燃料润滑性的方法,其包括向其中添加权利要求1的酯。
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- 2004-09-24 CA CA2540435A patent/CA2540435C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-09-24 EP EP04785055A patent/EP1685218A4/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-09-24 CN CN200480030891XA patent/CN1871329B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-09-24 WO PCT/US2004/031525 patent/WO2005030912A2/en active Application Filing
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2006
- 2006-04-25 KR KR1020067007972A patent/KR101215112B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2540435C (en) | 2012-11-13 |
EP1685218A4 (en) | 2010-12-15 |
JP4895813B2 (ja) | 2012-03-14 |
EP1685218A2 (en) | 2006-08-02 |
JP2007506778A (ja) | 2007-03-22 |
CA2540435A1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
KR20060108622A (ko) | 2006-10-18 |
CN1871329A (zh) | 2006-11-29 |
WO2005030912A3 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
US20050075254A1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
JP2012012401A (ja) | 2012-01-19 |
US7256162B2 (en) | 2007-08-14 |
WO2005030912A2 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
KR101215112B1 (ko) | 2012-12-24 |
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