CN1849117A - Hiv病毒的侵入抑制剂 - Google Patents

Hiv病毒的侵入抑制剂 Download PDF

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CN1849117A
CN1849117A CNA2004800257513A CN200480025751A CN1849117A CN 1849117 A CN1849117 A CN 1849117A CN A2004800257513 A CNA2004800257513 A CN A2004800257513A CN 200480025751 A CN200480025751 A CN 200480025751A CN 1849117 A CN1849117 A CN 1849117A
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chemical compound
hiv
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CN1849117B (zh
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K·L·A·范阿克
P·T·B·P·维格林克
L·E·J·米希尔斯
A·塔里
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Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA
Janssen R&D Ireland ULC
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Abstract

本发明涉及用作HIV病毒侵入抑制剂的小分子,它们的制备方法和药用组合物,它们作为药物的用途和包含它们的诊断试剂盒。本发明也涉及本发明侵入抑制剂与其他抗逆转录病毒药物的联合。还涉及它们在试验中用作参考化合物或试剂的用途。本发明化合物用于预防或治疗HIV感染并用于治疗AIDS。式(I)化合物有以上结构(I)。

Description

HIV病毒的侵入抑制剂
本发明涉及HIV病毒的侵入抑制剂小分子、它们的制备方法以及药用组合物、它们作为药物的用途和包含它们的诊断试剂盒。本发明也涉及本发明侵入抑制剂与其它抗逆转录病毒药物的联合。还涉及它们在试验中作为参考化合物或作为试剂的用途。本发明化合物用于预防或治疗HIV感染及用于治疗AIDS。
2001年12月HIV/AIDS感染人数合计达约4,000万,其中超过3,700万为成年人,约270万为15岁以下的儿童。仅2001年新感染HIV的人数已上升至500万,而在2001年有300万AIDS患者死亡。当前用于治疗这些感染HIV/AIDS人群的化学疗法采用病毒融合抑制剂和逆转录酶(RT)与蛋白酶的抑制剂。由于目前RT类抑制剂和蛋白酶抑制剂的耐药性HIV株的出现,对开发有新作用机理的抗病毒新药物存在迫切的需求。
出现的抗逆转录病毒药物的新领域之一为小分子侵入抑制剂领域。这些药物设计成通过干扰HIV和细胞间附着和融合的不同阶段从而阻断HIV侵入人细胞。侵入过程可分成三个连续的不同步骤:(1)病毒的包膜蛋白gp120结合至宿主细胞的CD4受体上,(2)病毒的包膜蛋白gp120结合至宿主细胞的共同受体(CXCR4/CCR5)上,及(3)由病毒的包膜蛋白gp41介导病毒与宿主细胞膜融合。
几种(共同)受体抑制剂和两种融合抑制剂T20和T1249(Trimeris,Durham,NC,USA)为基于gp41元件的肽类,目前已上市或处于临床开发最后阶段。用T20进行的成功原理性研究使得HIV融合作为临床相关靶得到验证。
然而,当肽被开发成为药学上可接受药物时,肽的使用有许多缺点。因此,需要开发通过干扰HIV和细胞间附着和融合的各阶段从而可阻断HIV侵入人细胞的小分子。
具有式(I)的本发明化合物、其N-氧化物形式、立体化学异构体、外消旋混合物、盐、前药、酯和代谢物,
Figure A20048002575100051
其中
A表示喹啉基、异喹啉基、被R1取代的苯基或被-Y-X-R2取代的1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉基;
X表示直键、-(CH2)t-、-(CH2)t-NH-、-(CH2)t-NH-(CH2)p-、-(CH2)t-O-或-(CH2)t-O-(CH2)p-,和
如果X不为直键,则X通过CH2基团连接至Y;且
X定义中的各CH2基团可任选被-C(=O)-OH或-C(=O)-O-C1-4烷基取代,和
Y表示-S(=O)2-或-C(=O)-;
各t独立为选自1、2或3的整数;
各p独立为选自1、2或3的整数;
n独立为选自0、1或2的整数;
R1表示-NR3-Y-X-R2、-C1-4烷二基-NR3-Y-X-R2、-NR3-Y-X-C(=O)-C1-6烷基或-C1-4烷二基-NR3-Y-X-C(=O)-C1-6烷基;
R2表示C1-4烷基、任选被C1-4烷基取代的吡咯烷基、任选被C1-4烷基取代的呋喃基、任选被C1-4烷基取代的哌嗪基、任选被C1-4烷基取代的哌啶基、任选被C1-4烷基取代的噻吩基、苯并-1,3-二氧杂环戊烷基或任选被一个或多个选自以下的取代基取代的苯基:C1-6烷基、C1-6烷氧基、羟基、羧基、C1-6烷氧基羰基、氰基、硝基、卤素、三氟甲基、氨基、单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基、C1-6烷基羰基氨基、C1-6烷基羰基、单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基羰基和氨基羰基;
R3表示氢、C1-6烷基或C3-7环烷基;
这类化合物用于治疗感染HIV的个体以及用于预防这些个体。
一般而言,式(I)化合物可用于治疗感染病毒的温血动物,病毒的存在由HIV与人细胞的融合介导或取决于该融合。可用本发明化合物预防或治疗的与HIV相关的病症包括AIDS、与AIDS相关的综合征(ARC)、进行性泛化性淋巴结病(PGL)以及由逆转录病毒引起的慢性CNS病如HIV介导的痴呆和多发性硬化。
因此,本发明化合物或其任何子集可用作抗上述病症的药物。所述作为药物或治疗方法的用途包括全身给予感染HIV的患者有效量的药物,以抗与HIV尤其是与HIV-1相关的病症。因此,本发明化合物可用于制备用于治疗与HIV相关病症的药物。
在一个优选实施方案中,本发明涉及本发明化合物或其任何子集在制备药物中的用途,该药物用于治疗或抗哺乳动物的与HIV感染相关的感染或疾病。因此,本发明也涉及一种治疗HIV感染或与HIV感染相关疾病的方法,该方法包括给予有需要的哺乳动物有效量的式(I)化合物或其子集。
在另一个优选实施方案中,本发明涉及化合物或其任何子集在制备药物中的用途,该药物用于抑制HIV侵入被所述HIV尤其是HIV-1逆转录病毒感染的哺乳动物。
在另一个优选实施方案中,本发明涉及化合物或其任何子集在制备药物中的用途,该药物用于抑制HIV侵入,尤其是通过干扰HIV和细胞间附着和融合的各阶段从而阻断HIV侵入人细胞。
本发明也涉及式(I)化合物在制备药物中的用途,该药物用于预防HIV在人类中传播或感染,尤其是预防伴侣间的经性交或相对密切接触的传播。
因此,本发明涉及一种治疗有需要的患者尤其是人类患者的与HIV感染相关病症的方法,如AIDS、与AIDS相关的综合征、进行性泛化性淋巴结病(PGL)以及由HIV引起的慢性CNS病如HIV介导的痴呆和多发性硬化,该方法包括给予该患者有效量的式(I)化合物。
本发明也涉及一种在有需要的患者中通过干扰HIV和细胞间附着和融合的各阶段从而阻断HIV侵入哺乳动物细胞尤其是人类中人细胞中的方法,该方法包括给予该患者有效量的式(I)化合物。
本发明也涉及一种在有需要的患者尤其是人类患者中预防HIV传播或感染的方法,该方法包括给予该患者有效量的式(I)化合物。
式(I)化合物的几个子集认为是新化合物,因此本发明也涉及新化合物。例如在实验部分例举的化合物认为是新化合物。
本发明也涉及本发明化合物氮原子的季铵化。碱性氮可用本领域普通技术人员已知的任何试剂季铵化,这些试剂包括如低级烷基卤化物、硫酸二烷基酯、长链卤化物和芳基烷基卤化物。
本文作为基团或基团部分使用的术语“卤代”或“卤素”一般为氟、氯、溴或碘。
单独或组合使用的术语C1-4烷基指含1-4个碳原子的直链和支链饱和烃基。这些C1-4烷基的实例包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基等。
单独或组合使用的术语C1-6烷基指含1-6个碳原子的直链和支链饱和烃基。这些C1-6烷基的实例包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、2-甲基丁基、戊基、异戊基、己基、3-甲基戊基等。
单独或组合使用的术语C1-6烷二基定义为含1-6个碳原子的二价直链和支链饱和烃基,如亚甲基、乙-1,2-二基、丙-1,3-二基、丙-1,2-二基、丁-1,4-二基、戊-1,5-二基、己-1,6-二基、2-甲基丁-1,4-二基、3-甲基戊-1,5-二基等。
用作基团或基团部分的术语C3-7环烷基一般为环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基和环庚基。
本文使用的术语C(=O)是定义羰基部分,术语C(=S)是定义硫代羰基部分,术语S(=O)是定义次硫酰基(sulfoxyl)或亚磺酰基部分。术语S(=O)2是定义磺酰基部分,术语C(=NH)是定义亚氨基部分,术语C(=NCN)是定义氰基亚氨基部分。
本文使用的术语羟基指-OH,术语硝基指-NO2,术语氰基指-CN,术语硫基指-S,术语氧代基指=O。
在定义式(I)化合物时所用到的术语“一个或多个取代基”或“取代”,意思是指在用“一个或多个取代基”或“取代”表达中所指原子上的一个或多个氢被选自所指基团的基团替换,条件是不超过所指原子的正常化合价,且该取代形成化学上稳定的化合物,即化合物充分稳定,以致能从反应混合物中分离到有用纯度并配制成治疗药物。
本文中使用的术语“前药”指药学上可接受的衍生物如酯、酰胺和磷酸酯,这类衍生物在体内生物转化产物为本发明化合物中所定义的活性药物。Goodman和Gilman的参考文献(The PharmacologicalBasis of Therapeutics,第8版,McGraw-Hill,Int.Ed.1992,″Biotransformation of Drugs(药物的生物转化)″,p 13-15)一般性描述了前药,该文献通过引用结合到本文中。本发明化合物的前药通过这样的方式修饰化合物中的官能团而制备:修饰物经常规处理解离或在体内解离得到母体化合物。前药包括其中羟基或氨基连接至任何基团上的本发明化合物,当前药给予患者时,分别解离形成游离羟基或游离氨基。前药的特征为水溶性极好、生物利用度提高和在体内容易代谢成活性抑制剂。
对于治疗用途,本发明化合物的盐为其中反荷离子在药学上或生理学上可接受的那些盐。然而,具有药学上不可接受反荷离子的盐也可发现用途,如制备或纯化本发明药学上可接受的化合物。不管药学上可接受或不可接受,所有盐都包括在本发明范围内。
使用合适的酸可便利地制备形成本发明化合物的药学上可接受的或生理上可耐受的加成盐,例如使用无机酸,如氢卤酸如盐酸或氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸等;或有机酸,如乙酸、丙酸、羟基乙酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、草酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、富马酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、环己氨磺酸、水杨酸、对氨基水杨酸、扑酸等。
所述酸加成盐形式通过用合适的碱处理反过来可转化成游离碱形式。
含酸质子的本发明化合物也可通过用合适的有机碱和无机碱处理转化成其无毒的金属或胺加成盐形式。合适的碱盐形式包含如铵盐、季铵盐、碱金属盐和碱土金属盐如锂盐、钠盐、钾盐、镁盐、钙盐等,有机碱盐如苯乍生盐、N-甲基盐、-D-葡糖胺盐、哈胺青霉素G盐,氨基酸盐如精氨酸盐、赖氨酸盐等。
所述碱加成盐形式通过用合适的酸处理反过来可转化成游离酸形式。
术语“盐”也包含本发明化合物能形成的水化物和溶剂加合物形式。这些形式的实例为如水化物、醇化物等。
本发明化合物的N-氧化物形式是指包含其中一个或几个氮原子被氧化成所谓N-氧化物的化合物。
本发明化合物也可以它们的互变异构体形式存在。尽管在上式中没有明确指出,这些形式将包括在本发明范围内。
在上文中使用的术语本发明化合物的立体化学异构体形式,定义为由以相同连接顺序连接的相同原子构成的但具有不可互换的不同三维结构的所有可能化合物,本发明化合物可具有这些异构形式。除非另有说明或指出,化合物的化学命名包括所述化合物可能拥有的所有可能立体化学异构体形式的混合物。所述混合物可包含所述化合物基本分子结构的所有非对映异构体和/或对映体。纯形式或与其他异构体混合的本发明化合物的所有立体化学异构体形式将包含在本发明范围内。
本文提及的化合物和中间体的纯立体异构体定义为基本上没有所述化合物或中间体相同基本分子结构的其它对映体或非对映体的异构体。特别是,术语‘立体异构体纯’涉及具有立体异构体过量至少80%(即最少80%一种异构体和最多20%其他可能异构体)最高达立体异构体过量100%(即100%一种异构体而没有其他异构体)的化合物或中间体,更特别是具有立体异构体过量90%最高达100%的化合物或中间体,还更特别是具有立体异构体过量94%最高达100%,最特别是具有立体异构体过量97%最高达100%。术语‘对映体纯’和‘非对映体纯’应以相似方式理解,但所讨论混合物分别涉及对映体过量和非对映体过量。
本发明化合物和中间体的纯立体异构体形式可通过应用本领域熟知的方法获得。例如,通过旋光性酸形成非对映体盐的选择性结晶可将对映体彼此分离。或者,可通过层析技术使用手性固定相分离对映体。所述纯立体化学异构体形式也可源自于合适原料的相应纯立体化学异构体形式,条件是发生立体定向反应。如果需要具体的立体异构体,优选通过立体定向制备方法合成所述化合物。这些方法最好使用对映体纯的原料。
本发明化合物的非对映消旋体可通过常规方法分离得到。最好采用的合适物理分离方法例如为选择性结晶和层析法如柱层析。
该类化合物可包含一个或多个不对称中心,因此该类化合物可以不同立体异构体形式存在。化合物中可存在各不对称中心的绝对构型可用立体化学符号R和S表示,R和S符号符合Pure Appl.Chem.1976,45,11-30中所描述的规则。
本发明也将包括本发明化合物中存在原子的所有同位素。同位素包括有相同原子序数但不同质量数的那些原子。作为一般实例且不受限定,氢同位素包括氚和氘。碳同位素包括C-13和C-14。
本发明化合物关于它们阻断HIV和人细胞间融合过程的能力这一有利性质可用如下试验证明:(i)抗病毒复制试验,通过HIV-tat与偶联至GFP(MT4-LTR-EGFP细胞)的LTR序列的特定作用直接测定病毒在MT4细胞中正在进行的复制,或(ii)侵入报道基因试验(ERA),使用FACS读出器测定持续表达HIV的细胞系(效应器细胞系)和配有LTR-EGFP并表达CD4和CXCR4细胞系(靶细胞系)之间细胞-细胞融合的抑制。
毒性试验中GFP报道蛋白(Mt4-CMV-EGFP细胞)用作供试化合物细胞毒性的指标,并可以其表达减少测定本发明化合物的毒性。
可根据流程1制备由式(I-1)表示的所述式(I)化合物,其中A为苯环,R1通过氮原子连结至苯环上,所述R1由-NR3-R1a表示:
                       流程1
Figure A20048002575100111
在流程1的第一步中,在碱如碳酸钾的存在下,于反应惰性溶剂如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,氨基苯酚可与对氟硝基苯反应制备式(1-A)中间体。随后,在碱如碳酸钾的存在下,于溶剂如四氢呋喃和水中,中间体(1-A)可与式R1a-L(其中L为适当的离去基团如卤素)中间体反应形成式(1-B)中间体。在溶剂如甲醇中,使用本领域熟知的还原技术如任选用噻吩毒化的催化量的钯/碳可将所述中间体(1-B)的硝基还原成氨基,从而制备式(1-C)中间体。然后,在碱如碳酸钾的存在下,于溶剂如四氢呋喃和水中,式(1-C)中间体可进一步通过与式R2-X-Y-L(其中L为适当离去基团如卤素)中间体反应得到式(I-1)化合物。
应注意使用本领域熟知的转化技术可将其中R3为氢的式(I-1)化合物转化成其中R3不为氢的式(I-1)化合物。在中间体(1-B)的硝基还原步骤期间,R1定义的一些反应基团也可方便地用合适的保护基保护。
                      流程2
Figure A20048002575100121
流程2表示制备式(I)化合物的通用方法,其中A为喹啉基,所述式(I)化合物由式(I-2)表示。第一步类似于流程1的第一步,并涉及下列反应:在碱如碳酸钾的存在下,于反应惰性溶剂如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,反应制备式(2-A)中间体。硝基部分可使用本领域熟知的技术还原成氨基,形成中间体(2-B),与流程1类似,在碱如碳酸钾的存在下,于溶剂如四氢呋喃和水中,中间体(2-B)可进一步与式R2-X-Y-L中间体反应,其中L为适当的离去基团如卤素。
与流程2中式(I-2)化合物的制备类似,也可制备式(I)化合物,其中A为异喹啉基,所述化合物由式(I-3)表示。
根据流程4可制备式(I)化合物,其中A为由Y-X-R2取代的1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉基,所述化合物由式(I-4)表示。
                      流程4
Figure A20048002575100131
中间体(4-A)的制备类似于流程2中中间体(2-A)的制备。在溶剂如甲醇中,使用本领域熟知的技术如任选用噻吩毒化的催化量钯/碳,通过还原中间体(4-A)可制备中间体(4-B)。在碱如碳酸钾的存在下,于溶剂如四氢呋喃和水中,从中间体(4-B)开始,将其与式R2-X-Y-COCl或R2-X-Y-SO2-Cl试剂反应,可制备式(I-4)化合物,其中两个-Y-X-R2部分相同。
使用相同的基本方法可制备其中两个Y-X-R2基团不同的式(I-4)化合物,但形成式(4-B)中间体的还原步骤仅选择性还原一个硝基官能团或环氮。对于这个目的,可使用本领域熟知的技术如用噻吩毒化的催化剂(钯/碳)。一旦引入第一个Y-X-R2基团,第二官能氮可被还原并进一步与Y-X-R2反应。
根据流程5可制备式(I)化合物,其中A为苯环,R1通过碳原子连结至苯环上,所述R1由-C-R1b表示,所述式(I)化合物由式(I-5)表示。
                      流程5
式(5-A)中间体可按流程1中式(1-A)中间体的类似方法制备。如果需要式(I-5)化合物中NR3-Y-X-R2与苯环之间的连接基团大于1个碳原子,则可使用合适修饰的氰基苯酚作为原料,如羟基苯乙腈或羟基苯丙腈等。在溶剂如甲醇中使用本领域熟知的还原技术如钯/碳,可将中间体(5-A)还原成式(5-B)中间体。然后,在碱如碳酸钾的存在下,于溶剂如四氢呋喃和水中,所述式(5-B)中间体可进一步与式R2-X-Y-COCl或R2-X-Y-SO2-Cl试剂反应。
同流程4一样,使用相同的基本方法可制备其中两个Y-X-R2基团不同的式(I-5)化合物,但选择性还原氰基和硝基。
本领域技术人员应理解以上描述的方法中,中间体化合物的官能团可能需要用保护基团封闭。
需要保护的官能团包括羟基、氨基和羧酸。合适的羟基保护基包括三烷基甲硅烷基(如叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基、叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷基或三甲基甲硅烷基)、苄基和四氢吡喃基。合适的氨基保护基包括叔丁氧羰基或苄氧羰基。合适的羧酸保护基包括C1-6烷基或苄基酯。
在反应步骤之前或之后可进行官能团的保护和去保护。
在J W F McOmie编写的′Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry′,Plenum Press(1973)和′Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis′第二版,TW Greene & P G M Wutz,Wiley Interscience(1991)中充分描述了保护基的使用。
在上面介绍的制备方法中,反应产物可从反应介质中分离,如果必要,还可根据本领域熟知的常规方法纯化,如萃取、结晶、蒸馏、研磨和层析。
按上文描述的方法制备的式(I)化合物可合成为立体异构体混合物,尤其是对映体的外消旋混合物形式,可按照本领域熟知的拆分方法彼此分离。式(I)的外消旋化合物可通过与合适的手性酸反应转化成相应的非对映体盐。随后,所述非对映体盐形式通过如选择性或分级结晶分离,对映体通过碱从中释放。分离式(I)化合物对映体形式的备用方法包括使用手性固定相的液相色谱。所述纯立体化学异构体形式也可源自于合适原料的相应纯立体化学异构体形式,条件是发生立体定向反应。如果需要具体的立体异构体,优选通过立体定向制备方法合成所述化合物。这些方法最好采用对映体纯的原料。
因此,本发明化合物可在动物、优选在哺乳动物、特别是人类中本身作为药物、彼此间混合物作为药物或以药物制剂形式使用。
而且,本发明涉及药物制剂,该制剂除包含常用药学上无害的赋形剂和助剂外,还包含有效剂量的至少一种式(I)化合物作为活性成分。通常这类药物制剂包含化合物0.1-90%(重量)。药物制剂可以本领域技术人员本身已知的方法制备。对于该目的,将至少一种本发明化合物和一种或多种固体或液体药用赋形剂和/或助剂制成合适的给药形式或剂型,如果需要可与其他药用活性化合物联合,然后这些给药形式或剂型可在人用药或兽用药中用作药物。
含本发明化合物的药物可经口、肠胃外给药,如静脉内给药、直肠给药、吸入给药或局部给药,优选的给药方式取决于个体情况,如所治疗病症的具体病程。优选经口给药。
本领域技术人员根据其专业知识熟悉适用于所需药物制剂的助剂。除溶剂外,胶凝剂、栓剂基质、片剂助剂和其他活性化合物载体、抗氧化剂、分散剂、乳化剂、防沫剂、矫味剂、防腐剂、增溶剂、达到储存效果的试剂、缓冲物质或着色剂也有用。
发现本发明化合物也可用于抑制含HIV或预期暴露于HIV的离体样品。因此,本发明化合物可用于抑制体液样品中存在的HIV,该体液样品含有HIV或怀疑含有HIV,或该体液样品暴露于HIV。
抗逆转录病毒化合物和本发明化合物的联合也可用作药物。因此,本发明也涉及含(a)本发明化合物和(b)另一种抗逆转录病毒化合物的产品,该产品作为联合制剂同时、分别或序贯使用来治疗逆转录病毒感染。因此,为了抗或治疗HIV感染或感染和与HIV感染相关疾病如获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)或AIDS相关综合征(ARC),本发明化合物可与以下药物联合给药:例如结合抑制剂如葡聚糖硫酸酯、苏拉明、聚阴离子、可溶CD4;融合抑制剂如T20、T1249、SHC-C;共同受体结合抑制剂如AMD 3100(Bicyclams)、TAK 779;RT抑制剂如膦甲酸和前药;核苷RTI如AZT、3TC、DDC、DDI、D4T、阿巴卡韦、FTC、恩曲他滨(Emtricitabine)、DAPD、dOTC;核苷酸RTI如PMEA、PMPA、替诺福韦;NNRTI如奈韦拉平、地位韦啶、依法韦仑、8和9-C1 TIBO(替韦拉平)、洛韦胺、TMC-125、TMC-120、MKC-442、UC781、卡普韦林、DPC961、DPC963、DPC082、DPC083、红厚壳属植物提取物(calanolide A)、SJ-3366、TSAO、4″-脱氨基TSAO;核糖核酸酶H抑制剂如SP1093V、PD126338;TAT抑制剂如RO-5-3335、K12、K37;整合酶抑制剂如L 708906、L731988;蛋白酶抑制剂如氨普奈韦、利托那韦、奈非那韦、沙奎那韦、茚地那韦、洛匹那韦、拉西那韦、BMS 232632、BMS 186316、DPC 681、DPC 684、替拉那韦、AG1776、DMP 450、L 756425、PD178390、PNU 140135;糖基化抑制剂如粟精胺、脱氧吉瑞霉素。
联合药物可提供协同效应,从而可预防、充分减轻或完全消除病毒感染和其相关症状。
本发明化合物也可与免疫调节剂(如溴匹立明、抗人α干扰素抗体、IL-2、蛋氨酸脑啡肽、干扰素α和纳曲酮)或抗生素(如依西酸喷他脒(pentamidine isothiorate))联合给药来改善、抗或消除HIV感染和其症状。
对于经口给药的形式,本发明化合物与合适的添加剂如赋形剂、稳定剂或惰性稀释剂混合,并通过常规方法制成合适的给药形式如片剂、包衣片剂、硬胶囊剂,水性、醇或油性溶液剂。合适的惰性载体实例为阿拉伯胶、氧化镁、碳酸镁、磷酸钾、乳糖、葡萄糖或淀粉尤其是玉米淀粉。在该情况中,配制可采用干颗粒和湿颗粒进行。合适的油性赋形剂或溶剂为植物油或动物油,如向日葵油或鱼肝油。用于水性或醇溶液剂的合适溶剂为水、乙醇、糖溶液或它们的混合物。聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇也可用作其他给药形式的其他助剂。
对于皮下给药或静脉内给药,如果需要,活性化合物与常用物质如增溶剂、乳化剂或其他助剂一起制成溶液剂、混悬剂或乳剂。这类化合物也可冻干,所得冻干物用于如制备注射剂或输注制剂。合适的溶剂有如水、生理盐水溶液或醇如乙醇、丙醇、甘油,另外还有糖溶液如葡萄糖溶液或甘露醇溶液,或所提及各种溶剂的混合物。
以气雾剂或喷雾剂形式给药的合适药物制剂为如化合物或其生理上耐受的盐在药学上可接受溶剂中的溶液剂、混悬剂或乳剂,这些溶剂有如乙醇或水或这些溶剂的混合物。如果需要,制剂也可另外含其他药用助剂如表面活性剂、乳化剂、稳定剂和抛射剂。这类制剂通常含活性化合物的浓度为约0.1-50%(重量),特别是约0.3-3%(重量)。
为了提高化合物在药用组合物中的溶解性和/或稳定性,可最好采用α-、β-或γ-环糊精或它们的衍生物。助溶剂如醇也可提高化合物在药用组合物中的溶解性和/或稳定性。在水性组合物的制备中,由于提高了水溶解性,显然主体化合物的加成盐更合适。
合适的环糊精有α-、β-或γ-环糊精(CDs)或醚及其混合醚,其中环糊精葡糖酐单元的一个或多个羟基被下列基团取代:烷基尤其是甲基、乙基或异丙基,如随机甲基化的β-CD;羟烷基尤其是羟乙基、羟丙基或羟丁基;羧烷基尤其是羧甲基或羧乙基;烷基羰基尤其是乙酰基;烷氧基羰基烷基或羧基烷氧基烷基,尤其是羧基甲氧基丙基或羧基乙氧基丙基;烷基羰基氧基烷基,尤其是2-乙酰基氧基丙基。特别值得注意的是用作络合剂和/或增溶剂的有β-CD、随机甲基化的β-CD、2,6-二甲基-β-CD、2-羟乙基-β-CD、2-羟乙基-γ-CD、2-羟丙基-γ-CD和(2-羧基甲氧基)丙基-β-CD,尤其是2-羟丙基-β-CD(2-HP-β-CD)。
术语混合醚表示环糊精衍生物,其中至少两个环糊精羟基用不同基团如羟丙基和羟乙基醚化。
在EP-A-721,331中已描述了该发明化合物与组合应用的环糊精或其衍生物的配制方法。尽管其中描述的配制是与抗真菌活性成分一起配制,但对配制本发明化合物来讲同样有意义。其中描述的制剂特别适用于口服给药,且包含抗真菌活性成分、作为增溶剂的足量环糊精或其衍生物、作为增量液体载体的酸性含水介质和大大简化组合物制剂的醇性助溶剂。所述制剂也可通过加入药学上可接受的甜味剂和/或矫味剂使其变得更可口。
在WO-94/05263、PCT申请号PCT/EP98/01773、EP-A-499299和WO 97/44014中描述提高该发明化合物在药用组合物中溶解性的其他便利方法,所有这些专利通过引用结合到本文中。
更具体来讲,本发明化合物可制成药用组合物,该组合物包含治疗有效量的由固体分散体组成的颗粒,该固体分散体包含(a)本发明化合物和(b)一种或多种药学上可接受的水溶性聚合物。
术语“固体分散体”定义为处于固态(与液态或气态相反)包含至少两种组分的系统,其中一种组分或多或少均匀地分散在一种或多种其他组分中。当所述组分的分散体为这样的系统:系统在化学上和物理上均匀或均一,或者由热力学上定义的一相组成,则这样的固体分散体称为“固体溶液”。固体溶液为优选的物理系统,因为其中各组分通常容易被它们所给予的生物体生物利用。
术语“固体分散体”也包含比固体溶液较少均一的分散体。这类分散体在化学上和物理上不均匀或包含大于一相。
颗粒中的水溶性聚合物适宜为这样的聚合物:当溶入20℃的2%水溶液时,其表观粘度为1-100mPa.s。
优选的水溶性聚合物为羟丙基甲基纤维素或HPMC。HPMC中甲氧基的取代度为约0.8至约2.5、羟丙基的摩尔取代数为约0.05至约3.0时,通常是水溶性的。甲氧基的取代度指纤维素分子中每葡糖酐单元存在的平均甲基醚基团数目。羟丙基的摩尔取代数指与纤维素分子中各葡糖酐单元反应的环氧丙烷的平均摩尔数。
上文定义的颗粒可这样制备:首先制备各组分的固体分散体,然后任选研磨或碾磨该分散体。已有制备固体分散体的各种技术,包括熔融-挤出法、喷雾干燥法和溶液蒸发法。
还可方便地将本发明化合物配制成纳米颗粒形式,该形式颗粒表面上吸附有足量的表面改性剂,以便维持有效平均粒度小于1000nm。认为有用的表面改性剂包括物理吸附在抗逆转录病毒药物表面上、但没有化学键合至抗逆转录病毒药物上的那些表面改性剂。
合适的表面改性剂可优选选自已知的有机和无机药用赋形剂。这类赋形剂包括各种聚合物、低分子量低聚物、天然产物和表面活性剂。优选的表面改性剂包括非离子型表面活性剂和阴离子表面活性剂。
还有另一种配制本发明化合物的方法,该方法包括药用组合物,其中将本发明化合物加入亲水性聚合物中,并将该混合物作为包衣膜施用在许多小珠上,从而得到有良好生物利用度的组合物,该组合物可方便地制备且适用于制备口服给药的药物剂型。
所述珠包含(a)中心的圆形或球形芯,(b)亲水性聚合物和抗逆转录病毒药物的包衣膜,及(c)涂覆聚合物的密闭层。
适合用作珠芯的物质有多种,条件是所述物质在药学上可接受且具有合适尺寸和硬度。这些物质的实例有聚合物、无机物、有机物和糖类及其衍生物。
本发明另一方面涉及含有效量的本发明化合物的试剂盒或容器,在用于测定潜在药物抑制HIV侵入、HIV生长或两者能力的测试或试验中用作标准或试剂。本发明这一方面可在药物研究中发现其用途。
本发明化合物可用于显型抗性监控试验如已知的重组试验,也可用于抗发展中疾病如HIV的临床处理。特别有用的抗性监控系统为称为AntivirogramTM的重组试验。AntivirogramTM为高度自动化、高通过量的第二代重组试验,可测试对本发明化合物的敏感性,尤其是病毒对本发明化合物的敏感性(Hertogs K,de Bethune MP,MillerV等Antimicrob Agents Chemother,1998;42(2):269-276,该文献通过引用结合到本文中)。
给予本发明化合物或其生理上可耐受盐的剂量取决于个体情况,通常调整剂量使其适应个体病例的状况以达到最佳效果。因此,当然其也取决于给药频率和治疗或预防各病例采用的化合物的功效和作用持续时间,但也取决于感染和症状的性质和严重程度,取决于所治疗人或动物的性别、年龄、体重和个体反应,也取决于治疗是急性的还是预防性的。通常,在给予约75kg重量患者的情况中,本发明化合物的日剂量为1mg-1g,优选3mg-0.5g。该剂量可以单剂量形式给予,或分成几个如两个、三个或四个单剂量给予。
实验部分
根据流程A制备化合物1[乙酸{4-[4-(4-甲氧基-苯磺酰氨基)-苯氧基]-苯基氨基甲酰基}-甲酯]
                      流程A
Figure A20048002575100211
中间体(A)的制备
于室温下向20g氨基苯酚的400ml N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)混合物中加入碳酸钾30g(1.2当量)。搅拌混合物并加入对氟硝基苯25.8g。于室温下搅拌反应混合物12小时。当消耗完原料,然后将混合物倾入水(250ml)中。加入盐酸溶液酸化该溶液直至pH=7。蒸发DMF,产物用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机层分离,MgSO4干燥并蒸发,得到30g(71%)中间体A。
式B化合物的制备
于室温下向1g中间体A的25ml四氢呋喃(THF)混合物中加入水15ml和碳酸钾1.18g(2当量)。搅拌混合物并加入988mg对甲氧基磺酰氯(1.1当量)。于室温下搅拌反应混合物4小时。加入水(25ml)并将产物用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机层分离,MgSO4干燥并蒸发,得到1.44g(83%)中间体B。
中间体C的制备
将中间体B 1.24g的混合物溶入甲醇中,并加入催化量的钯/碳。于室温、氢气下搅拌混合物。4小时后过滤混合物并除去溶剂。分离得到中间体C 700mg(61%)。
化合物1的制备
于室温下向500mg中间体C的10ml THF混合物中加入水10ml和碳酸钾429mg。搅拌混合物并加入203mg乙酰氧基乙酰氯(1.1当量)。于室温下搅拌反应混合物4小时。加入水(50ml)并将产物用乙酸乙酯(3×20ml)萃取。将有机层分离,MgSO4干燥并蒸发,得到377mg(80%)化合物1。
根据流程B制备化合物23[N-{4-[1-(呋喃-2-羰基)-1,2,3,4-四氢-喹啉-8-基氢基]-苯基}-呋喃-2-甲酰胺]
                          流程B
中间体A的制备
于室温下向1g 8-羟基-喹啉的20ml DMF混合物中加入碳酸钾2.85g(1.1当量)。搅拌混合物并加入对氟硝基苯1g。于140℃搅拌反应混合物3小时。当原料被消耗完,然后将混合物倾入水(25ml)中。加入盐酸溶液酸化该溶液直至pH=7。除去DMF并将产物用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机层分离,MgSO4干燥并蒸发,得到1.5g(81%)中间体A。
化合物B的制备
将中间体A 1.5g的混合物溶入甲醇中,并加入催化量的钯/碳。于室温、氢气下搅拌混合物。4小时后过滤混合物并除去溶剂,分离得到中间体B 1.4g(86%)。
化合物23的制备
于室温下向200mg中间体B的10ml THF混合物中加入水10ml和碳酸钾260mg。搅拌混合物并加入2-呋喃甲酰氯(2.2当量)。于室温下搅拌反应混合物12小时。加入水(20ml)并将产物用乙酸乙酯(3×20ml)萃取。将有机层分离,MgSO4干燥并蒸发,得到化合物23。
根据流程C制备化合物9[N,N′-(氧基二-4,1-亚苯基)-二(2-呋喃甲酰胺)]
                     流程C
中间体A的制备
于室温下向1g 3-氰基苯酚的20ml DMF混合物中加入碳酸钾1.27g(1.1当量)。搅拌混合物并加入对氟硝基苯1g。于140℃搅拌反应混合物3小时。当原料消耗完,然后将混合物倾入水(25ml)中。加入盐酸溶液酸化该溶液直至pH=7。除去DMF并将产物用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机层分离,MgSO4干燥并蒸发,得到1.6g(80%)中间体A。
中间体B的制备
将中间体A 1.6g的混合物溶入甲醇中并加入催化量的钯/碳。于室温、氢气下搅拌混合物。4小时后过滤混合物并除去溶剂。分离,得到中间体B 1.2g(85%)。
化合物9的制备
于室温下向300mg中间体B的10ml THF混合物中加入水10ml和碳酸钾2.2当量。搅拌混合物并加入2-呋喃甲酰氯(2.2当量)。于室温下搅拌反应混合物12小时。加入水(20ml)并将产物用乙酸乙酯(3×20ml)萃取。将有机层分离,MgSO4干燥并蒸发,得到化合物9。
表1中所列化合物可按类似于任一所述反应流程的方法制备。
表1
Figure A20048002575100251
Figure A20048002575100261
Figure A20048002575100311
实施例:本发明化合物的病毒学性质
化合物通过使用MT4-LTR-EGFP细胞的抗病毒复制试验和ERA试验测试。用MT4-CMV-EGFP细胞测定毒性。
  化合物编号   抗病毒EC50μM   毒性CC50μM          ERA试验
  EC50μM   %抑制
  14567891011121620212324   1.695.343.2918.5757.67>1008.64>32>3241.3454.953.25>3411.1919.46   >27.7>100>100>100>100>100>32>32>3254.17>100>32>10034.16>100   92.00>200182.30>200>20079.00>10068.85>200>200>100>200123.0078.36   89305229385486417423999268
  化合物编号   抗病毒EC50μM   毒性CC50μM          ERA试验
  EC50μM   %抑制
  2930313233343536373940424344   1.180.370.434.175.011.243.281.053.921.560.153.7711.762.00   61.623.853.4119.8730.1683.1923.605.87>32>10022.3946.48>32>32   177.00>100>200196.00>200150>200>10040.93>20083.62>200   59132952415594579375422

Claims (6)

1.一种具有式(I)的化合物、其N-氧化物形式、立体化学异构体、外消旋混合物、盐、前药、酯或代谢物,
Figure A2004800257510002C1
其中
A表示喹啉基、异喹啉基、被R1取代的苯基或被-Y-X-R2取代的1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉基;
X表示直键、-(CH2)t-、-(CH2)t-NH-、-(CH2)t-NH-(CH2)p-、-(CH2)t-O-或-(CH2)t-O-(CH2)p-,和
如果X不为直键,则X通过CH2基团连接至Y;且
X定义中的各CH2基团可任选被-C(=O)-OH或-C(=O)-O-C1-4烷基取代,和
Y表示-S(=O)2-或-C(=O)-;
各t独立为选自1、2或3的整数;
各p独立为选自1、2或3的整数;
n独立为选自0、1或2的整数;
R1表示-NR3-Y-X-R2、-C1-4烷二基-NR3-Y-X-R2、-NR3-Y-X-C(=O)-C1-6烷基或-C1-4烷二基-NR3-Y-X-C(=O)-C1-6烷基;
R2表示C1-4烷基、任选被C1-4烷基取代的吡咯烷基、任选被C1-4烷基取代的呋喃基、任选被C1-4烷基取代的哌嗪基、任选被C1-4烷基取代的哌啶基、任选被C1-4烷基取代的噻吩基、苯并-1,3-二氧杂环戊烷基或任选被一个或多个选自以下的取代基取代的苯基:C1-6烷基、C1-6烷氧基、羟基、羧基、C1-6烷氧基羰基、氰基、硝基、卤素、三氟甲基、氨基、单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基、C1-6烷基羰基氨基、C1-6烷基羰基、单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基羰基和氨基羰基;
R3表示氢、C1-6烷基或C3-7环烷基;
所述化合物用作药物。
2.式(I)化合物在制备药物中的用途,该药物用于治疗感染HIV的温血动物并用于预防这些温血动物。
3.权利要求1或2的用途,其中所述温血动物患有AIDS、AIDS相关综合征(ARC)、进行性泛化性淋巴结病(PGL)、HIV介导的痴呆和HIV介导的多发性硬化。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项的用途,其中所述治疗涉及通过干扰HIV和哺乳动物细胞间附着和融合的各阶段从而阻断HIV侵入哺乳动物细胞。
5.一种表1所列的化合物。
6.一种药物制剂,所述制剂除含有药学上常用的无害赋形剂和助剂外,还含有有效剂量的至少一种式(I)化合物为活性成分。
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