CN1833052B - 带有黑膜的基质的生产方法和带有黑膜的基质 - Google Patents

带有黑膜的基质的生产方法和带有黑膜的基质 Download PDF

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CN1833052B
CN1833052B CN2004800227908A CN200480022790A CN1833052B CN 1833052 B CN1833052 B CN 1833052B CN 2004800227908 A CN2004800227908 A CN 2004800227908A CN 200480022790 A CN200480022790 A CN 200480022790A CN 1833052 B CN1833052 B CN 1833052B
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film
nickel
black
matrix
black film
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CN1833052A (zh
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小岛忠昭
田口裕康
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Resonac Holdings Corp
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Showa Denko KK
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Priority claimed from PCT/JP2004/011642 external-priority patent/WO2005014881A2/en
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24CABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C1/00Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
    • B24C1/06Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for producing matt surfaces, e.g. on plastic materials, on glass
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24CABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C1/00Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
    • B24C1/08Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for polishing surfaces, e.g. smoothing a surface by making use of liquid-borne abrasives
    • B24C1/086Descaling; Removing coating films
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Abstract

本文提供了一种生产带有黑膜的基质的方法,包括在基质表面上形成无光镀膜,在上述无光镀膜表面上形成含有硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,以及在上述化学镀膜表面上形成黑膜。该带有黑膜的基质用于由于滑动或摩擦产生热或由于化学反应而产生/积累热的设备,例如半导体设备、真空设备、旋转设备和热交换器,并且黑膜具有优异的散热性能,其发射率为0.8或更大。该带有黑膜的基质对于卤素类腐蚀性气体具有耐蚀性并表现出优于得气体释放性能和在真空设备中的耐蚀性。

Description

带有黑膜的基质的生产方法和带有黑膜的基质
相互参照相关的申请
本申请是根据35U.S.C.§111(a)提交的申请,根据35U.S.C§119(e),要求根据35U.S.C.§111(b)于2004年4月30日提交的临时专利申请第60/566604号的的申请日的权利权利。
技术领域
本发明涉及带有黑膜的基质的生产方法,所述基质在基质如金属、塑料或陶瓷的表面上带有具有优异散热性能的黑膜,同时也是涉及到带有黑膜的基质。
更特别地,本发明涉及在用于设备中的基质表面上构成发射率为0.8或更大的、具有优异散热性能的黑膜的方法,所述设备由于滑动或摩擦产生热或由于化学反应而产生/积累热,例如半导体设备、真空设备、旋转设备和热交换器,本发明也涉及到带有黑膜并表现出优异的散热性能的具有黑膜的基质。
背景技术
随着近来高性能电子设备如半导体设备和显示器或高性能家庭用个人计算机或家用电器的发展,IC或安装在这些设备上的半导体设备的发热量增加了,而如何处理热成为很重要的问题。特别是在精密元件的情形中,为此通常要采取措施,例如,使用风扇或在设备本身中提供空气流动通道以强制排出热以及通过所谓的热传导自然散发内部的热。
在这种方式中,期待通过增强精密设备的散热性能以降低设备的内部温度并保护易受到热的影响的元件或通过抑制发热单元本身如IC的温升来获得稳定的运行或延长元件寿命。
一般来说,热传递机理有三种途径,就是,“热传导”、“对流热传递”和“热辐射”。在“热传导”中,热从固体内的高温部分向低温部分传递。在“对流热传递”中,热在流动的流体与固体表面之间传递。在“热辐射”中,热利用电磁波从物质的表面辐射出来(这取决于其温度)。因此,考虑到散热性能,就必须研究这三种途径。
为了增强通过热传导的散热性能,一般需要缩短热传导路线,增大面积以及使用具有高热传导率的材料。高热传导特性是金属的特征,并且例如通过化学镀在树脂表面形成金属膜以提高热传导特性,由此元件的散热性能得以增强。JP-A-2003-46022描述了一种用具有高导热特性的金属铜在含有环氧树脂或聚酰亚胺材料的树酯材料基质上形成镀膜来提高散热性能的技术。
至于对流热传递,最有效是增加将要接触的空气的量,而这一般可通过增加开孔的面积或开孔的数量来获得。
至于热辐射,目前正采取几种尝试来赋予高发射率给元件并通过热辐射增加放热值。在一个具有黑表面的物质中,高发射率得到增强,而在实践中正被使用的是黑色树脂涂层和黑阳极电镀(阳极氧化物膜)。
然而,在黑色树脂涂层的情形中,与金属相比,作为涂层材料基底的树脂材料本身在热传导特性上非常差,而且在考虑到设备的散热性能效率时,黑色树脂涂层也不是优异的方法。
另一方面,黑阳极电镀的问题在于这是通过铝基质的黑阳极电镀来形成的,而基质材料被限于某些铝合金,或者涂层具有带有微孔的特殊形式,因此气体排放性能低下。
至于金属黑涂层,已经提出了几种技术,例如镀黑镍和镀黑铬。这些都是电解电镀处理,存在的问题是由于引起着色的步骤是电极反应,仅能在具有非常简单形状如板状材料的基质上形成均匀的金属黑涂层。
此外,据报道,当通过等离子涂层形成时,金属黑膜发射率为0.63,通过镀黑铬形成时,金属黑膜发射率为0.50,通过镀黑镍形成时,金属黑膜发射率为0.42。因此,与黑树脂涂层或黑阳极电镀相比,在发射率上,金属黑膜差得多。另外,这种膜在反射率(光泽)上存在很大的问题,因为膜是金属涂层,因此具有金属特有的金属光泽。
同时,由于它优异的红外线吸收能力,黑膜也被用来吸收能量。JP-A-10-319381公开了一种光阀,其中光作为热能被吸收到黑树脂体中,热被转移到散热板,随后被释放到空气中。类似地,JP-A-10-184541公开了利用这样的系统的排空设备,在该系统中,黑表面处理部件作为热吸收散热材料提供并将热转移,然后被释放到容器外面。
在真空设备中,构成部件是由金属如不锈钢、铝或钛所组成的,在最近几年里,为了减少气体的释放量和降低最终压力,甚至属于精密水平的表面粗糙度有时被降低以提供一种几乎是镜面的状态。如果情况是这样的话,反射率将变大而散热由于红外线在壁表面反复经过镜面反射而将很大一部分热负荷施加到其他部分。
散热性能很大程度上是受发射率所支配的,并且例如在箱体(cagebody)的情形中,当箱体温度和外部空间的温度没有变化时,由于箱体材料的发射率大,散热量也会相应的增加。因此,金属黑膜的发射率要求至少为0.6或更大。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种带有具有优异导热性能的黑膜并且表面发射率提高到0.8或更大的基质。本发明的另一个目的是提供使用这种带有黑膜的基质并且在散热性能得到提高的产品,如半导体设备、电子设备和真空设备。
本发明概述如下:
1、一种生产带有黑膜的基质的方法,包括在基质表面上形成无光镀膜,在无光镀膜表面上形成含有硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,以及在化学镀膜表面上形成黑膜。
2、项目1的生产方法,其中无光镀膜是无光镍镀膜或无光镍合金镀膜。
3、项目2的生产方法,其中无光镍镀膜或无光镍合金镀膜通过电解电镀或化学镀的方法形成。
4、项目2或3的生产方法,其中用于形成无光镍合金镀膜的镍合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
5、项目1的生产方法,其中化学镀膜是镍化学镀膜或镍合金化学镀膜。
6、项目5的生产方法,其中用于形成镍合金化学镀膜的镍合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
7、项目1的生产方法,其中黑膜是主要含有氧化镍的黑膜。
8、一种生产带有黑膜的基质的方法,包括在其至少一部分表面具有粗糙度的基质的表面上形成含有作为添加剂的硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,以及在化学镀膜的表面上形成黑膜。
9、项目8的生产方法,其中基质表面的粗糙度通过喷丸处理或蚀刻表面形成。
10、项目8的生产方法,其中化学镀膜是镍化学镀膜或镍合金化学镀膜。
11、项目10的生产方法,其中镍合金化学镀膜是至少一种选自镍-磷合金膜、镍-硼合金膜和镍-磷-硼合金膜的镀膜。
12、项目8的生产方法,其中黑膜是主要含有氧化镍的黑膜。
13、一种生产带有黑膜的基质的方法,包括在基质的表面上形成无光复合镀膜,在无光复合镀膜的表面上形成含有硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,以及在化学镀膜的表面上形成黑膜。
14、项目13的生产方法,其中无光复合镀膜是通过不导电颗粒的共沉积获得的无光镀膜。
15、项目14的生产方法,其中无光复合镀膜是无光复合镍镀膜或无光复合镍合金镀膜。
16、项目15的生产方法,其中无光复合镍镀膜或无光复合镍合金镀膜通过电解电镀或化学镀方法形成。
17、项目15或16的生产方法,其中用于形成无光复合镍合金镀膜的合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
18、一种带有黑膜的基质,包括在其表面上具有无光镀膜的基质,在光镀膜的表面上形成含有硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,以及在化学镀膜的表面上形成黑膜的基质。
19、项目18的带有黑膜的基质,其中无光镀膜是无光镍镀膜或无光镍合金镀膜。
20、项目18的带有黑膜的基质,其中无光镍镀膜或无光镍合金镀膜通过电解电镀或化学镀方法形成。
21、项目19或20的带有黑膜的基质,其中用于形成无光镍合金镀膜的镍合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
22、项目18的带有黑膜的基质,其中化学镀膜是镍化学镀膜或镍合金化学镀膜。
23、项目22的带有黑膜的基质,其中用于形成镍合金化学镀膜的镍合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
24、项目18的带有黑膜的基质,其中黑膜是主要含有氧化镍的黑膜。
25、带有黑膜的基质,包括在其至少一部分表面上形成粗糙度并且在其表面上具有含有硫或氮化合物作为添加剂的化学镀膜的基质,以及在化学镀膜的表面上形成的黑膜。
26、项目25的带有黑膜的基质,其中基质表面的粗糙度通过喷丸处理或蚀刻表面形成。
27、项目25的带有黑膜的基质,其中化学镀膜是镍化学镀膜或镍合金化学镀膜。
28、项目27的带有黑膜的基质,其中镍合金化学镀膜至少是至少一种选自镍-磷合金膜、镍-硼合金膜和镍-磷-硼合金膜的镀膜。
29、项目25的带有黑膜的基质,其中黑膜是主要含有氧化镍的黑膜。
30、带有黑膜的基质,包括在其表面上具有无光复合镀膜的基质,在无光复合镀膜表面上形成的含有硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,以及在化学镀膜表面上形成的黑膜。
31、项目30的带有黑膜的基质,其中无光复合镀膜是含有不导电颗粒的无光镀膜。
32、项目30的带有黑膜的基质,其中无光复合镀膜是无光复合镍镀膜或无光复合镍合金镀膜。
33、项目32的带有黑膜的基质,其中无光复合镍镀膜或无光复合镍合金镀膜通过电解电镀或化学镀方法形成。
34、项目32或33的带有黑膜的基质,其中用于形成无光复合镍合金镀膜的合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
35、项目18到34中任一项的带有黑膜的基质,其中在黑膜的表面上具有氟化钝化膜。
36、项目18到35中任一项的带有黑膜的基质,其中基质是铝、铝合金、铜、不锈钢、塑料或陶瓷。
37、一种热交换器元件,在其表面上具有项目18到36中任一项的带有黑膜的基质。
38、一种光学设备,在其表面上具有项目18到36中任一项的带有黑膜的基质。
39、一种转动设备或滑动部件,在其表面上具有权利要求18到36中任一项的带有黑膜的基质。
发明的效果
按照本发明,可获得一种带有具有优秀的散热性能并且发射率为0.8或更大的黑膜的用于半导体设备或真空设备的基质。使用这种带有黑膜的基质的设备具有高散热性能并且设备的寿命得到大大的延长。同样,热交换器的效能也得到了增强。
与常规的黑膜相比,带有黑膜的本发明基质具有优异的性能,例如高耐卤素类腐蚀性气体腐蚀性和更少的气体释放。
实施发明的最好方式
下面将详细阐述本发明。
对于用于本发明的带有具有优异散热性能的黑膜的基质中的基质,可用的有,例如金属、塑料或陶瓷。
在这些当中,金属的例子包括铝、铝合金、钛、钛合金、铁、不锈钢、铜、铜合金、镁、镁合金、镍和镍合金。
塑料的例子包括ABS、聚酰亚胺、聚丙烯酸酯、尼龙、聚乙烯和聚丙烯。
基质的表面优选经过清洁处理以便在其上形成金属镀膜。例如,可如所需使用已知的基质预处理办法,例如酸洗、喷丸处理、使用溶剂或碱液脱脂、氧化膜的去除、锌置换、镍触击电镀(strike)和氰化物触击电镀电,如果需要均可被应用到基质表面。
通过在基质表面实施喷丸处理或酸-碱蚀刻,就可以在基质表面上形成一定的粗糙度,这样表面的光泽度可被降低从而可形成具有低反射率的镀膜。
随后表面经过处理的基质表面经过电解或化学镀以形成无光镀膜。无光镀膜优选是例如铜、锡、镍、钴或其合金的镀膜。当镀膜的金属是镍时,优选镍-磷合金膜、镍-硼合金膜和镍-磷-硼合金膜。
在通过电解电镀形成镍膜的情形中,可以使用已知的技术如使用氨基磺酸镍作为镍盐的“氨基磺酸镍浴”或使用氯化镍和硫酸镍的“瓦茨浴”。特别地,当使用“瓦茨浴”时,通过添加的表面活性剂可以轻微改变镀膜的粗糙度并可得到有光泽的、半光泽的或无光镍膜。必须谨慎地控制表面的粗糙度因为这些将带来表面光泽度的变化,反射度的差异,并最终会极大地影响到散热特性。
同样,通过将不导电的微粒悬浮在镍电镀浴中并将其与镍共沉积就可获得缎纹状无光镍涂层。微粒的颗粒度适宜在0.02到10微米之间。颗粒越大,所获得的镍涂层越暗淡。特别地,为了获得暗淡的表面,优选颗粒度在0.5到3微米的稍大的颗粒。但是,如果颗粒大,颗粒的粘附和共沉积将不均匀(归咎于要被电镀的材料的形状)并可导致不均匀光泽的外观。通过选择适当的颗粒度和添加剂如分散剂和增亮剂,可在表面上得到最优的粗糙度。
对于不导电的微粒,可用的是例如氧化物如Al2O3、TiO2和ZrO2,碳化物如SiC、WC和TiC,或氮化物如BN、AlN和Si3N4。除了无机颗粒之外,也可以使用树脂颗粒如聚四氟乙烯。
在无光镀膜上形成化学镀膜。当这种化学镀膜的金属是镍时,除了使用镍盐之外还使用含有磷或硼化合物作为还原剂的镍化学镀浴来实施电镀。
镍盐的例子包括硫酸镍、氯化镍、醋酸镍和碳酸镍。磷化合物的例子包括次磷酸钠和次磷酸钾。硼化合物的例子包括包括二甲氨基硼、二乙氨基硼和氢化钠硼。
在电镀浴中镍盐对磷化合物的比例可以根据镍膜的组成作适当的调整。同样,每种成分的浓度要考虑到电镀浴的稳定性或沉积速度而定,但通常镍盐的浓度优选从5到50g/L,更优选约为20g/L。
在电镀浴中,通过考虑到稳定性和pH缓冲作用,可添加有机酸如醋酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸,以及络合剂如乙二胺四乙酸。
为了例如防止镍化合物在电镀浴中自分解和沉积,优选添加微量的硫或氮化合物。
具体的硫化合物例子包括金属硫代硫酸盐、硫化铅、硫酸铅、巯基乙酸、硫脲和2-巯基苯甲酰噻唑。具体的氮化合物例子包括金属硝酸盐如硝酸铅和硝酸铋、以甘氨酸为代表的氨基酸,以及胺类如吡啶、苯胺和二乙醇胺。在这些当中,优选金属盐类如硫化铅和硝酸铅。
优选添加硫或氮化合物的原因不仅在于被添加的化合物防止了镍化合物的自分解而且在于形成沉积的含有这样化合物的、作为耐氧化性稍差的膜的化学镀膜,这个特性可被有利地用在将镀膜形成黑膜的化学转化处理中。
从电镀浴的稳定性和沉积速率的角度出发,电镀浴的pH值经常需要被调整到从弱酸性到弱碱性的范围里,也就是,约从4到9。电镀浴的温度通过考虑到电镀浴的稳定性和沉积速度而定,但通常温度优选从50到90℃。化学镀膜的厚度可通过控制浸入电镀液的时间来做适当的调整。
化学镀膜的厚度从1到20微米,但为了保持基质的无光表面和防止金属光泽,厚度优选从1到10微米。
为了在这样所形成的化学镀膜的表面上形成黑膜,所沉积的化学镀膜可经化学转化以使镀膜表面黑化,或可通过化学镀在无光化学镀膜表面上形成黑镀膜如黑铬镀膜和黑镍镀膜。
至于所形成镀膜的表面的黑化方法,可以利用通过使用氧化剂(化学转化过程)的镀膜氧化方法。关于化学转化方法,JP-A-57-174442阐述了一种将镀膜浸入到高锰酸钾水溶液从而将镀膜氧化的方法。同样,JP-A-61-253383阐述了一种将硫化合物如糖精添加到镍电镀液中,以将一部分硫结合到NiP膜中从而加速氧化反应以形成黑膜。然而在这些方法中,不能产生均匀和完美的硫化镍而形成不均匀的黑电镀效果,而且镀膜的附着强度将降低。
另外,日本专利2023576阐述了一种将氮化合物添加到镍化学镀液中,形成镍化学镀膜,并通过使用氯化铁来氧化这个镍镀膜来获得相似的黑镍化学镀膜。在日本专利2023576中所形成的黑膜的发射率约为0.45,而且几乎不能避免具有特定金属膜的光泽。
在本发明中,可以利用上述方法作为黑化步骤,但是优选使用具有强氧化性的金属盐水溶液,如金属硝酸盐,对化学镀膜进行表面处理。特别是可以使用被溶解于稀硝酸中的硝酸镍水溶液。
在本发明中,将基质表面粗糙化,在其上形成无光镀膜,在无光镀膜上进一步形成化学镀膜并使所得到的化学镀膜经过化学转化以进行表面黑化,从而,与常规已知的黑膜相比,黑金属镍膜的反射率可被大大降低,甚至在复杂形状上也可形成稳定的、发射率为0.8或更大的金属膜。
通过这样的方法所获得的黑膜是在液相中形成的,并且在形成的膜中,水被吸附到黑膜最靠外的表面,而大量的水则被留在镀膜里。所含的这些水有时会影响到镀膜的耐候性、耐蚀性和反射性能从而使散热性能恶化。因此优选除去所含的水。
在这个意义上,黑膜优选经过气体处理以提高黑膜的性能。
黑膜的气体处理可以例如如下进行。将黑膜的表面脱脂并脱水,然后优选通过将其保持在真空中或在100到250℃,优选180到220℃的惰性气体氛围中预定的时间以清洁黑膜。当实施这样的气体处理时,黑膜将大大降低含水量和污染并显著改善耐候性、耐蚀性和发射特性。
为了更加提高主要含有镍的黑膜的耐候性和耐蚀性,除了用惰性气体进行热处理外,随后可用氟气体对黑膜做钝化处理,并且在清洁黑膜的同时形成氟化钝化膜,耐蚀性就得到提高。用氟气体钝化黑膜的处理可以通过一般的钝化方法来实施,但它优选通过在日本专利3094000中所描述的方法来实施。
在下面提到黑膜是黑镍膜的情形中时将阐明这个方法。
为了在黑镍膜上形成氟化的钝化膜,首先对黑镍膜施加强制氧化处理。通过将黑镍膜与氧化性气体如氧、一氧化二氮、过氧化氮或臭氧,在高温下在反应炉中接触来进行强制氧化处理。可以使用氧化性气体与中性气体或惰性气体混合的混合气。通常在250到500℃的温度下进行氧化反应的。反应时间是从6到48小时。经过按这种方式的黑镍层的强制氧化,黑镍膜的表面侧被氧化,形成含有氧化镍的黑镍层。这个时候,在膜表面上的碳、烃类等通过与氧燃烧而被除去,而与此同时,在膜中的大部分水从膜中被排出,结果得到不含这些的高等级状态。
然后将表面被氧化的黑镍膜氟化以形成一层氟化镍层。
更具体而言,例如通过镍化学镀在其上形成镍合金膜的基质被装在通过常压氧化性气体的反应炉中,将反应炉加热到预定的温度并维持这个状态一段预定的时间,供给预定温度下的氟化气体并进行反应预定的时间,从而氟化氧化镍膜。
使用100%气体如氟、三氟化氯和三氟化氮、通过用惰性气体如氮、氦和氩稀释上述提及的气体而得到的气体,或氟的等离子气体等进行氟化处理。氟化处理的温度通常是常压下的200到400℃。反应时间通常是从1到24小时。
经由这种氟化处理,在镍合金膜表面上所形成的氧化镍膜中的氧与氟反应并在一部分表面侧上形成一层氟化镍。这个氟化镍层通常是形成一NiF2层(在表面层侧中通过镍和氟之间的几乎合乎化学计量的反应形成)。氧化镍不需要完全被氟化,另外,镍可以以元素状态存在,但在除了与氧化镍层分界线区域的部分,氧优选被氟所取代并将变得低于检测水平。
在本发明中,如上所述,呈黑色的黑镍膜不是完全被氟化镍层所取代但允许通过例如适当调整氟化处理条件如反应时间和温度来保持黑镍膜而没有导致色调上的任何变化。
对于在这样所获得的基质-无光镀膜-化学镀膜-黑膜或基质-无光镀膜-化学镀膜-黑膜-氟化镍膜中每层膜的厚度,从涂层的耐久性、产生的应力等角度考虑,无光镀膜厚度优选从5到30微米,化学镀膜和黑膜的总厚度优选从2到10微米,而作为氟化钝化膜,从耐候性和耐蚀性的角度考虑,氟化镍膜的厚度优选从0.05到0.3微米。
实施例
下面通过提及的实施例对本发明进行阐述,但本发明不限于这些实施例。
[实施例1]
用酸洗对不锈钢基质(SUS316L)进行表面预处理,然后在阴极电流密度为4A/dm2下在无光电解电镀浴(组成:硫酸镍(30g/L),氯化镍(45g/L),硼酸(45g/L),稳定剂(最佳),乳化剂(最佳),pH:4.5,温度:55℃)中反应预定的时间,以便在不锈钢表面上形成厚度为10微米的无光镍膜。
将其上形成了无光镍膜的基质浸入到镍化学镀浴中(硫酸镍(25g/L),次磷酸(20g/L),络合剂(最佳),硫化铅(5mg/L),pH:4.5,温度:90℃)并反应预定的时间,以便形成厚度为10微米的镍化学镀膜。
通过将其浸入到化学转化溶液中并反应30秒,将在其上形成有镍化学镀膜的基质进行后处理,然后将基质彻底洗涤并干燥以形成黑镍膜。通过使用在日本专利2023576中所阐述的氯化铁水溶液进行化学转化处理。
按这种方式通过湿处理形成黑镍膜后,将在其上形成有黑镍合金膜的基质装入到常压气相流动控制系统的反应炉中,并在将其在减压和200℃的温度下预处理2小时后,将温度升高到250℃,同时通入氮气(99.999%)。在这个温度下,进行12小时的镍合金黑膜的稳定化。其后,引入20%F2气体(氮稀释)到反应炉中的氮气中,以便用F2气体完全置换反应炉的内部并保持这种状态12小时,镍合金黑膜的表面被氟化成氟化的钝化膜。经过一段预定的时间之后,用氮气置换氟气并保持这种状态1小时。然后,将温度降低。
[实施例2]
用碱蚀刻剂将铝基质(A5083材料)的表面粗糙化(NaOH:50g/L,50℃,3分钟),然后浸入到镍化学镀浴(组成:硫酸镍(25g/L),次磷酸(20g/L),络合剂(最佳),pH:4.5,温度:90℃)中并反应预定的时间,以便通过通用锌酸盐复盐法(general double zincate process)形成厚度为10微米的无光镍-磷合金膜。
将其上形成了无光镍-磷合金膜的基质浸入到镍化学镀浴中(硫酸镍(25g/L),次磷酸(20g/L),络合剂(最佳),稳定剂(最佳),硫化铅(5mg/L),pH:4.5,温度:90℃)并电镀预定的时间,以便形成厚度为10微米的镍化学镀膜。
然后,通过将其浸入到化学转化溶液中并反应30秒对该基质进行化学转化处理,然后将基质彻底洗涤并干燥以形成黑镍膜。化学转化处理是在40℃下通过使用60g/L的硝酸镍作为化学转化溶液来实现的。
按这种方式通过湿处理形成黑镍膜后,将在其上形成有黑镍合金膜的基质装入到常压气相流动控制系统的反应炉中,并在将其在减压和200℃的温度下预处理2小时后,将温度升高到250℃,同时通入氮气(99.999%)。在这个温度下,进行12小时的黑镍合金膜的稳定化。其后,通过引入20%F2气体(氮稀释)到反应炉中的氮气中将氮气置换掉,置换完成后,保持这种状态12小时,从而镍合金黑膜的表面被氟化成氟化的钝化膜。经过一段预定的时间之后,用氮气置换氟气并保持这种状态1小时。然后,将温度降低。
[实施例3]
用酸洗对不锈钢基质(SUS316L)进行表面预处理,然后在阴极电流密度为4A/dm2下在无光电解电镀浴(组成:硫酸镍(300g/L),氯化镍(45g/L),硼酸(45g/L),稳定剂(最佳),乳化剂(最佳),pH:4.5,温度:55℃)中反应预定的时间,以便在不锈钢表面上形成厚度为10微米的无光镍膜。
将在其上形成有无光镍膜的基质浸入到镍化学镀浴中(硫酸镍(25g/L),次磷酸(20g/L),络合剂(最佳),稳定剂(最佳),硫化铅(最佳),pH:4.5,温度:90℃)并电镀预定的时间,以便形成厚度为10微米的镍化学镀膜。
其后,通过将其浸入到化学转化溶液中并反应30秒对基质进行后处理,然后将基质彻底洗涤并干燥以形成黑镍膜。通过使用在日本专利2023576中所阐述的氯化铁水溶液进行化学转化处理。
按这种方式通过湿处理形成黑镍膜后,将在其上形成有黑镍合金膜的基质装入到常压气相流动控制系统的反应炉中,在200℃下在空气流中干燥2小时。
[实施例4]
用酸洗对不锈钢基质(SUS316L)进行表面预处理,然后浸入到复合化学镀浴(硫酸镍(25g/L),次磷酸(20g/L),络合剂(最佳),稳定剂(最佳),添加剂(最佳),3微米的SiC颗粒(10g/L),pH:4.5,温度:90℃)中并反应预定的时间,以便在不锈钢表面上形成厚度为10微米的无光复合镍-磷合金膜。
将其上形成了无光复合镍-磷合金膜的基质浸入到镍化学镀浴中(硫酸镍(25g/L),次磷酸(20g/L),络合剂(最佳),稳定剂(最佳),硫化铅(5mg/L),pH:4.5,温度:90℃)并反应预定的时间,以便形成厚度为10微米的镍化学镀涂层。其后,通过将其浸入到化学转化溶液中并反应30秒对基质进行后处理,然后将基质彻底洗涤并干燥以形成黑镍膜。在40℃下通过使用60g/L的硝酸镍来实现化学转化处理。
以这种方式通过湿处理形成黑镍膜后,将在其上形成有黑镍膜的基质装入到常压气相流动控制系统的反应炉中,并在200℃下在空气流中干燥2小时。
[对比实施例1]
用酸洗对不锈钢基质(SUS316L)进行表面预处理,然后浸入到镍化学镀浴中(组成:硫酸镍(25g/L),次磷酸(20g/L),络合剂(最佳),稳定剂(最佳),pH:4.5,温度:90℃)并反应预定的时间,以便在不锈钢表面上形成厚度为10微米的镍-磷合金膜。
为了黑化,将在其上形成有镍-磷合金膜的基质浸入到镍化学镀浴中(硫酸镍(25g/L),次磷酸(20g/L),络合剂(最佳),稳定剂(最佳),硫化铅(5mg/L),pH:4.5,温度:90℃)并反应预定的时间,以便形成厚度为10微米的镍化学镀涂层。其后,通过将其浸入到化学转化溶液中并反应30秒对基质进行后处理,然后将基质彻底洗涤并在200℃下在空气流中干燥2小时以形成黑镍膜。所形成的膜的总厚度为20微米。
[对比实施例2]
不锈钢基质(SUS316L)经过表面预处理如酸洗,然后在阴极电流密度为4A/dm2下在电镀浴(组成:硫酸镍(300g/L),氯化镍(45g/L),硼酸(45g/L),稳定剂(最佳),pH:4.5,温度:55℃)中反应预定的时间,以便在不锈钢表面上形成厚度为15微米的光亮镍膜。
将在其上形成有光亮镍膜的基质浸入到黑镍电解电镀浴(硫酸镍(70g/L),硫酸铵(40g/L),硫酸锌(30g/L),硫氰酸钠(20g/L),pH:5,温度:50℃)中,在阴极电流密度为1A/dm2下反应预定的时间,彻底洗涤并在200℃下在空气流中干燥2小时以形成5微米厚的黑镍涂层。所形成的膜的总厚度为20微米。
[对比实施例3]
不锈钢基质(SUS316L)经过表面预处理如酸洗,然后在阴极电流密度为4A/dm2下在电镀浴(组成:硫酸镍(300g/L),氯化镍(45g/L),硼酸(45g/L),稳定剂(最佳),pH:4.5,温度:55℃)中反应预定的时间,以便在不锈钢表面上形成厚度为15微米的无光镍膜。
将在其上形成有无光镍膜的基质浸入到黑铬电解电镀浴(三氧化铬(250g/L),氟化钡(4g/L),温度:30℃)中,在阴极电流密度为30A/dm2下反应预定的时间,彻底洗涤并在200℃下在空气流中干燥2小时以形成1到2微米厚的黑铬涂层。所形成的膜的总厚度为17微米。
发射率
通过傅立叶变换红外分光光度计(JIR-100,JEOL Ltd.制造)来测定在实施例1到4和对比实施例1到3中被生产出来的带有黑膜的基质的发射率。结果如表1所示。
所用的标准光源为80℃或160℃,测量2200到700cm-1的平均发射率。
表1
发射率
  平均发射率(%)
  实施例1   82.3
  实施例2   80.2
  实施例3   81.3
  实施例4   80.6
  对比实施例1   45.7
  对比实施例2   42.1
  对比实施例3   49.8
参比
  样品   平均发射率(%)
  铝A5083   0.03
  不锈钢SUS316L   0.10
显然,在本发明所有的实施例1到4中,发射率表现出80%或更大的高数值,与常规通过湿法所获得的黑镍镀膜或黑铬镀膜相比,性能得到很大的提高。
散热性能的评价试验
为了评估散热性能,通过使用如图1所示的评价测试仪器评价每个样品的散热性能。将带有黑膜的基质放在加热板上,使黑膜面朝上。用电加热将这个加热板的下部加热到100℃,通过红外辐射温度计测量黑膜的表面温度。分别测量实施例1到4和对比实施例1到3的基质的黑膜温度。结果如表2所示。
表2
散热性能
  红外辐射温度计示值  (黑膜的表面温度)(℃)
  实施例1   74
  实施例2   66
  实施例3   73
  实施例4   71
  对比实施例1   61
  对比实施例2   60
  对比实施例3   62
参比
  样品   红外辐射温度计示值(℃)
  铝A5083   53
  不锈钢SUS316L   58
在具有高发射率的实施例1到4中,所辐射的红外射线的量表现出大的数值,显示了优异的散热性能。
气体释放特性
测量每一个带有黑膜的基质的气体释放特性。结果如表3所示。在将带有黑膜的基质用于真空设备的情形中,要求带有黑膜的基质释放出的气体量越少越好。
在真空装置中将实施例1到3和对比实施例1到3的基质分别加热,此时,测量从基质上的涂层中所产生的气体并用质谱(四极质谱仪M-QA200TS,由Anelva Corp.制造)分析。加热温度从室温升高到400℃,分析在这个加热过程中释放出来的气体。
表3
气体释放特性
  成份   实施例1   实施例2   实施例3
  H<sub>2</sub>   0.56   0.76   0.54
  H<sub>2</sub>O   64.82   75.13   100.94
  HF   22.13   56.62   78.64
  CO<sub>2</sub>   24.50   55.22   177.85
  成份   实施例1   实施例2   实施例3
  PF<sub>2</sub>   3.31   10.21   8.97
  其它   147.52   92.84   111.01
  总和   262.84   290.78   477.95
  成份   对比实施例1   对比实施例2   对比实施例3
  H<sub>2</sub>   0.51   0.15   43.27
  H<sub>2</sub>O   227.77   212.16   206.69
  HF   0   0   12.06
  CO<sub>2</sub>   44.0   139.20   123.0
  PF<sub>2</sub>   8.47   0   1.47
  其它   269.94   164.96   178.25
  总和   550.69   534.81   565.74
(单位:质量ppm)
检测到的总量(质量ppm)在实施例1和2(在这两种情形中均进行了氟化钝化处理)中展示出了优异的值。特别是起源于碳的污染显著降低了,另外,水的含量同样也显示出小的数值。此外,在对比实施例3中,揭示出在内部存在大量的氢。
耐蚀性能
检验带有黑膜的基质的耐蚀性。结果如表4所示。黑膜被要求起到耐腐蚀涂层的作用而在它的使用过程中不发生变色。
在耐蚀性的评价试验中,在室温下(25℃),黑膜被暴露到一个封入35%氯化氢水溶液作为腐蚀性水溶液的容器中24小时,此时测量黑膜重量的减少并评估。同样,使用一种形成了20微米厚的镍化学镀层的市售样品作为对比材料并评估。
表4
耐蚀性
  重量减少的百分比(%)
  实施例1   0.68
  实施例2   0.69
  实施例3   1.43
  对比实施例1   1.45
  对比实施例2   23.1
  对比实施例3   12.8
参比
  样品   重量减少的百分比(%)
  镍-磷化学镀层,20微米   0.70
从表4中可明显看出,实施例1到3的黑膜是一种与对比实施例2和3的市售常规黑膜相比在耐蚀性上得到很大改进的涂层。此外,在实施例1和2中,实施了氟化处理,由于形成了氟化的钝化膜,重量的减少被减半了。这揭示了黑膜具有更佳的耐蚀性。
附图的简要说明
图1是一个用于测量带有黑膜的基质(样品)散热性能的设备。

Claims (44)

1.一种生产带有黑膜的基质的方法,包括在基质表面上形成无光镀膜,在上述无光镀膜表面上形成含有硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,在上述化学镀膜表面上形成黑膜以及将所述黑膜进行如下的气体处理:将黑膜的表面脱脂并脱水,然后通过将其保持在真空中或在100到250℃的惰性气体氛围中预定的时间以清洁黑膜。
2.权利要求1的生产方法,其进一步包括在气体处理之后用氟气体对所述黑膜做钝化处理。
3.权利要求1或2的生产方法,其中无光镀膜是无光镍镀膜或无光镍合金镀膜。
4.权利要求3的生产方法,其中无光镍镀膜或无光镍合金镀膜通过电解电镀或化学镀的方法形成。
5.权利要求3的生产方法,其中用于形成无光镍合金镀膜的镍合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
6.权利要求1或2的生产方法,其中化学镀膜是镍化学镀膜或镍合金化学镀膜。
7.权利要求6的生产方法,其中用于形成镍合金化学镀膜的镍合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
8.权利要求1或2的生产方法,其中黑膜是主要含有氧化镍的黑膜。
9.一种生产带有黑膜的基质的方法,包括在其至少一部分表面具有粗糙度的基质的表面上形成含有作为添加剂的硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,在上述化学镀膜的表面上形成黑膜以及将所述黑膜进行如下的气体处理:将黑膜的表面脱脂并脱水,然后通过将其保持在真空中或在100到250℃的惰性气体氛围中预定的时间以清洁黑膜。
10.权利要求9的生产方法,其进一步包括在气体处理之后用氟气体对所述黑膜做钝化处理。
11.权利要求9或10的生产方法,其中基质表面的粗糙度通过喷丸处理或蚀刻表面形成。
12.权利要求9或10的生产方法,其中化学镀膜是镍化学镀膜或镍合金化学镀膜。
13.权利要求12的生产方法,其中镍合金化学镀膜是至少一种选自镍-磷合金膜、镍-硼合金膜和镍-磷-硼合金膜的镀膜。
14.权利要求9或10的生产方法,其中黑膜是主要含有氧化镍的黑膜。
15.一种生产带有黑膜的基质的方法,包括在基质的表面上形成无光复合镀膜,在上述无光复合镀膜的表面上形成含有硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,在上述化学镀膜的表面上形成黑膜以及将所述黑膜进行如下的气体处理:将黑膜的表面脱脂并脱水,然后通过将其保持在真空中或在100到250℃的惰性气体氛围中预定的时间以清洁黑膜。
16.权利要求15的生产方法,其进一步包括在气体处理之后用氟气体对所述黑膜做钝化处理。
17.权利要求15或16的生产方法,其中无光复合镀膜是通过不导电颗粒的共沉积获得的无光镀膜。
18.权利要求17的生产方法,其中无光复合镀膜是无光复合镍镀膜或无光复合镍合金镀膜。
19.权利要求18的生产方法,其中无光复合镍镀膜或无光复合镍合金镀膜通过电解电镀或化学镀方法形成。
20.权利要求18的生产方法,其中用于形成无光复合镍合金镀膜的合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
21.一种带有黑膜的基质,包括在其表面上具有无光镀膜的基质,在上述无光镀膜的表面上形成含有硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,以及在上述化学镀膜的表面上形成黑膜的基质,其中将所述黑膜进行如下的气体处理:将黑膜的表面脱脂并脱水,然后通过将其保持在真空中或在100到250℃的惰性气体氛围中预定的时间以清洁黑膜。
22.权利要求21的带有黑膜的基质,其中在气体处理之后用氟气体对所述黑膜做钝化处理。
23.权利要求21或22的带有黑膜的基质,其中无光镀膜是无光镍镀膜或无光镍合金镀膜。
24.权利要求21或22的带有黑膜的基质,其中无光镍镀膜或无光镍合金镀膜通过电解电镀或化学镀方法形成。
25.权利要求23的带有黑膜的基质,其中用于形成无光镍合金镀膜的镍合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
26.权利要求21或22的带有黑膜的基质,其中化学镀膜是镍化学镀膜或镍合金化学镀膜。
27.权利要求26的带有黑膜的基质,其中用于形成镍合金化学镀膜的镍合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
28.权利要求21或22的带有黑膜的基质,其中黑膜是主要含有氧化镍的黑膜。
29.带有黑膜的基质,包括在其至少一部分表面上形成粗糙度并且在其表面上具有含有硫或氮化合物作为添加剂的化学镀膜的基质,以及在上述化学镀膜的表面上形成的黑膜,其中将所述黑膜进行如下的气体处理:将黑膜的表面脱脂并脱水,然后通过将其保持在真空中或在100到250℃的惰性气体氛围中预定的时间以清洁黑膜。
30.权利要求29的带有黑膜的基质,其中在气体处理之后用氟气体对所述黑膜做钝化处理。
31.权利要求29或30的带有黑膜的基质,其中基质表面的粗糙度通过喷丸处理或蚀刻表面形成。
32.权利要求29或30的带有黑膜的基质,其中化学镀膜是镍化学镀膜或镍合金化学镀膜。
33.权利要求32的带有黑膜的基质,其中镍合金化学镀膜至少是至少一种选自镍-磷合金膜、镍-硼合金膜和镍-磷-硼合金膜的镀膜。
34.权利要求29或30的带有黑膜的基质,其中黑膜是主要含有氧化镍的黑膜。
35.带有黑膜的基质,包括在其表面上具有无光复合镀膜的基质,在上述无光复合镀膜表面上形成的含有硫或氮化合物的化学镀膜,以及在上述化学镀膜表面上形成的黑膜,其中将所述黑膜进行如下的气体处理:将黑膜的表面脱脂并脱水,然后通过将其保持在真空中或在100到250℃的惰性气体氛围中预定的时间以清洁黑膜。
36.权利要求35的带有黑膜的基质,其中在气体处理之后用氟气体对所述黑膜做钝化处理。
37.权利要求35或36的带有黑膜的基质,其中无光复合镀膜是含有不导电颗粒的无光镀膜。
38.权利要求35或36的带有黑膜的基质,其中无光复合镀膜是无光复合镍镀膜或无光复合镍合金镀膜。
39.权利要求38的带有黑膜的基质,其中无光复合镍镀膜或无光复合镍合金镀膜通过电解电镀或化学镀方法形成。
40.权利要求38的带有黑膜的基质,其中用于形成无光复合镍合金镀膜的合金是镍-磷合金、镍-硼合金或镍-磷-硼合金。
41.权利要求21、22、29、30、35和36中任一项的带有黑膜的基质,其中基质是铝、铝合金、铜、不锈钢、塑料或陶瓷。
42.一种热交换器元件,在其表面上具有权利要求21到41中任一项的带有黑膜的基质。
43.一种光学设备,在其表面上具有权利要求21到41中任一项的带有黑膜的基质。
44.一种转动设备或滑动部件,在其表面上具有权利要求21到41中任一项的带有黑膜的基质。
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