CN1777476A - 处理沸石的方法 - Google Patents

处理沸石的方法 Download PDF

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CN1777476A
CN1777476A CNA2004800109225A CN200480010922A CN1777476A CN 1777476 A CN1777476 A CN 1777476A CN A2004800109225 A CNA2004800109225 A CN A2004800109225A CN 200480010922 A CN200480010922 A CN 200480010922A CN 1777476 A CN1777476 A CN 1777476A
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zeolite
catalyst
zsm
under
mcm
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CN100413585C (zh
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叶春渊
高兴涛
威廉·E·科米尔
加里·M·帕斯奎尔
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CB&I Technology Inc
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Abstract

本发明提供了处理沸石粒子以从其中除去有机模板剂的方法,该方法包括在流化床中在至多约600℃温度对沸石粒子锻烧足够除去至少约50%有机模板剂的时间。

Description

处理沸石的方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请是2001年10月17日提交的美国申请号09/981,926的部分继续申请,该美国申请要求2000年10月20日提交的临时申请60/242,110的优先权,此处要求其其优先权。
背景
1.技术领域
本公开涉及处理沸石的方法,特别是锻烧沸石以从其中除去有机模板剂。
2.背景背景
沸石和分子筛通常用于多种催化方法。通常,可以用包括从以下的反应混合物形成结构的方法来制备沸石和分子筛,所述反应混合物包括二氧化硅和氧化铝,并经常和有机结构导向剂(directing agent)(经常称为″模板″或″模板剂″)例如,但不限于线性胺、线性二胺和季铵盐在一起。至于实例,该季铵盐可以是氢氧化四乙基铵。可以通过高温热处理过程,通常称为″锻烧″,从得到的沸石中除去有机结构导向剂。然后通过离子交换,例如,但不限于铵交换,随后通过进一步锻烧产生酸式沸石结构或分子筛。一些方法中,铵交换步骤在锻烧之前进行,从而使步骤顺序简化。在很多情况下,在形成步骤之后进行(附加的)热处理,也称为锻烧。该形成或成型步骤中,使沸石或分子成型以用于例如固定床催化操作。
在先的锻烧方法中,在塔板式煅烧炉或回转式煅烧炉中加热沸石以除去模板剂。然而,已知的方法具有缺点。特别地,它可能形成温度不均匀的热点。这些热点导致有机分解不均匀和低活性产物。此外,有机模板的分解或燃烧可产生水蒸气,其在某些区域中蒸发。蒸发可能导致催化剂局部脱铝,酸性部位和催化剂活性改变。该不均匀性可能不利地在某些转化过程中影响催化剂性能。
在当前技术中,已经认识到通过最终的热处理步骤可以影响沸石或分子筛的状态或特性。然而,没有认识到,在除去有机结构导向剂的热处理中,改变沸石或分子筛材料的状态或特性显著影响沸石或分子筛的性能。
美国专利No.5,258,570教导为了减少所谓的″强″酸性部位可以通过在约600℃至675℃的高温下加热而活化形成的沸石,以改善β沸石的催化活性。根据美国专利No 5,258,570,特别地处理用常规方法生产的β沸石,以减少酸性部位,从而增加催化剂活性。
与美国专利No 5,258,570中的教导相反,令人惊讶地发现,为除去有机结构导向剂而进行受控热处理或煅烧以及在该处理过程中使沸石或分子筛暴露在优选低于600℃的平均温度下以产生特定属性和强度的酸性部位是理想的。令人惊讶地发现产生的这些酸性部位(可以通过温控式氨解吸附测量)在反应中显著增强催化性能,所述反应例如但不限于烃转化技术和环境治理技术。
需要制备催化剂的方法,其避免先前锻烧方法的缺点,以获得更好的催化剂性能。
发明内容
此处提供了处理沸石粒子以从其中除去有机模板剂的方法。该方法包括在流化床中在至多约600℃温度对沸石粒子锻烧足够除去至少约50%有机模板剂的时间。该方法提供了具有优异活性的催化剂。
附图说明
在这里参考附图描述多种实施方案,其中:
图1是根据本发明锻烧催化剂所用流化床反应器的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明采用流化床反应器锻烧沸石催化剂以除去有机模板剂,或″结构导向剂″。在这里使用的术语″沸石″包括分子筛。
2001年10月17日提交的美国专利申请号09/981,926(此处引入作为参考)教导沸石的性能显著受沸石状态或特性改变的影响。受控热处理或锻烧以除去沸石中的有机模板剂,产生特定属性和强度的酸性部位,和具有特定体积和尺寸的平均孔隙结构。
当前的工作模式是主要减少″强酸性部位″,结果损失特定类型的四面体铝。结果,根据本发明的一个方面,生产沸石或分子筛中,应该使减少特定类型四面体铝的量并从而减少强酸性部位数量的处理条件最小化或避免该处理条件,以提供改善的催化剂活性。如上所述,为了使特定四面体铝的损失最小化并从而保持某一最低量的强酸性部位,应该控制除去模板剂的条件,以减少和/或消除暴露在高于约600℃温度下的延长时间段。此外,优选实施方案中,应该避免汽蒸,例如(但不限于),通过缓慢加热至最终的煅烧温度。
此外,除去模板剂后,应该还控制沸石或分子筛的处理,以减少和/或消除暴露在高于约600℃温度下。例如,应该在适度温度下进行交换步骤和最终的离子交换沸石或分子筛的锻烧。离子交换包括,但是不局限于,用NH4NO3交换Na以生产NH4形沸石或分子筛。此外,在用于挤出沸石或分子筛成为所需形状或形式的方法中,还应该使有机试剂的使用(例如,以增加物理强度,促进可挤出性,等)最小化或避免有机溶剂的使用。
现有技术没有认识到沸石和分子筛中强酸性部位增加催化活性,而且应该控制生产沸石和分子筛的处理条件以防止强酸性部位的损失。现有技术中,形成沸石或分子筛后的处理步骤减少强酸性部位的数量至低于本发明的值,这种减少导致催化活性降低。
更特别地,优选实施方案中,沸石或分子筛是包含二氧化硅和氧化铝且二氧化硅与氧化铝的摩尔比为至少6∶1,或至少30∶1,其制备使用包括有机氮化合物的模板剂或有机结构导向剂。至于沸石的代表性而非限定性的实例,可以是:β沸石、沸石L、TEA-丝光沸石、MCM-22,MCM-36,MCM-39,MCM-41,MCM-48,PSH-3,ZSM-5,Breck-6(也称为EMT),ZSM-11,ZSM-12,ZSM-22,ZSM-23,ZSM-35,ZSM-48,SSZ-32,TUD-1,等。优选沸石是β沸石,尽管本发明不局限于该优选沸石。β沸石是可商购的,制备或改性β沸石的方法是公开的,例如,在美国专利号3,308,069、5,116,794、5,139,759、5,164,169、5,164,170、5,256,392、5,258,570、5,427,765、5,457,078、5,980,859和6,004,527中。
本发明的沸石和分子筛可以与本领域已知的其它材料结合。例如,在产生氢的阳离子交换后,沸石和分子筛可以任选进行金属阳离子交换。如果产生氢的阳离子交换后进行沸石和分子筛的金属阳离子交换,沸石或分子筛组分优选包括很多如上所述的酸性部位。至于代表性的金属阳离子,可以是IIA族、IIIA族、IIIB至VIIB族阳离子。该金属阳离子的使用是本领域已知的,并且该附加金属阳离子的引入、其量被认为是根据此处教导本领域技术人员掌握范围内的。类似地,沸石或分子筛可以与一种或多种无机氧化物基质组分使用,如果使用所述无机氧化物基质组分,则其通常在金属阳离子交换期间与沸石和分子筛结合。该基质组分是通常的无机氧化物例如二氧化硅-氧化铝、粘土、氧化铝、二氧化硅等。基质可以是溶胶、水凝胶或凝胶形式,并且通常是氧化铝、二氧化硅或二氧化硅-氧化铝组分,例如常规的二氧化硅-氧化铝催化剂。基质可具有催化活性或是惰性的。优选实施方案中,当与基质结合时,沸石组分具有很多本文所述的强酸性部位。
根据本发明的另一方面,通过增加沸石的酸性部位,可以生产具有改善的催化活性的沸石。在这方面,在生产沸石期间,特别是在除去有机氮模板剂期间,应该控制其中使用的条件,以保存强酸性部位。在这方面,通过采用防止这些部位损失的操作条件保持强酸性部位,该操作条件被证明在催化转化应用中是有益的。虽然不希望受任何特定理论的限制,据信这些部位可以归于沸石结构中特定种类的四面体铝部位。
在这方面,在除去有机氮模板剂(通常,其至少50%被除去,并且在优选实施方案中基本上全部被除去)中,锻烧期间控制加热,以防止暴露在高于600℃的平均温度。煅烧温度优选为至多约575℃,更优选至多约550℃,最优选至多约500℃。此外,在优选实施方案中,小心地控制加热以避免温度高于约575℃的局部过热。
在本发明优选实施方案中,锻烧期间温度逐渐地例如以至多约10℃/分钟的速度,更优选至多约5℃/分钟升高至适度温度(例如,约120℃),在该温度保持一段时间,然后再次逐渐地升高至煅烧温度。
根据本发明,通过在流化床反应器中加热至受控温度来锻烧包含有机模板的沸石。
现在参考图1,适用于本发明的流化床反应器100包括通常为管状的容器101,该管状容器具有上部出口102和底部进口103。在优选实施方案中,可以从石英或其它耐高温材料(例如金属或陶瓷)制造所述管状容器。多孔烧结圆盘104布置为横跨容器101的内径,在底部进口103附近,用于支撑催化剂粒子床10。可以从石英、陶瓷、金属或其它合适的材料制造多孔圆盘。容器101可以由三脚架105或任何其它合适的方式支撑。导管106具有导管进口107并延伸至容器101的底部进口103。导管106传递具有受控温度的气体至容器101内部。热气以使催化剂粒子流化的速度穿过多孔圆盘进入催化剂粒子床。通常,气体速度可以为约50毫升/分钟至约2,000毫升/分钟,取决于,例如,流化粒子的尺寸和密度。
用于使催化剂床流化的气体通常包含至少一些氧气,并可以为例如空气或惰性气体(例如氮气、氦气、氩气等)与氧气的混合物,其中混合物的氧浓度为高达约28%(体积)。
如上所述,为了保持强酸性部位,应该控制处理条件,以避免将沸石或分子筛暴露在高温下延长的时间段。
本发明沸石和分子筛可以用于催化转化原料,其中沸石或分子筛在反应区中形成全部或部分催化剂。将原料引入反应区,在使原料有效转化成为所需产物的条件下接触催化剂。
反应区中沸石或分子筛催化剂的量可以在宽范围内变化,取决于例如涉及的特定加工应用。特别合适的加工应用是芳族烷基化,例如苯的乙烯烷基化以生产乙基苯,或苯的丙烯烷基化以生产异丙基苯。
芳族烷基化过程可以分批、半连续或连续方式进行。该过程可以在单一的反应区或许多串联或并联布置的反应区中进行,或可以在细长的管状区或许多该区中间歇或连续地进行。当采用多个反应区时,优选依次采用一种或多种该沸石催化剂组合物,以提供所需的产物混合物。由于烃类转化过程的性质,希望通过使用动态(例如流化或移动)床系统或任何多种不是固定床的传递床系统,使用沸石催化剂组合物进行某些加工。在给定时间后,该系统将容易地提供任何再生(如果需要)的β沸石催化剂组合物。如果需要再生,可以连续地将β沸石催化剂组合物作为移动床引入到它们可以再生的再生区域,例如通过在含氧气氛中氧化除去含碳材料进行再生。某些烃类转化方法的优选实践中,将通过烧尽反应期间积累的碳质沉积,对β沸石催化剂组合物进行再生步骤。
将根据下列实施例进一步描述本发明。然而,本发明范围不限于此。除非另外说明,全部份数和百分比按重量计算。
为了在下列实施例中说明本发明,采用如图1所示的实验室规模流化床设备100处理催化剂以除去有机模板。容器101从石英桶制造,具有25.4mm的外径和18.0mm的内径。从容器101顶部开始,在出口102至多孔圆盘104位置的纵向尺寸H-1是175mm。从多孔圆盘104到底部入口103的长度H-2是40mm。三脚架支撑105的腿具有47mm的长度H-3。导管106从6mm外径的石英管制造。导管106的长度H-4是500mm。导管106由一端固定至容器101的石英棒108支撑。
将流化床反应器100放置在加热炉中,加热至实施例中指明的温度。
导管106的顶部开口107从加热炉顶部中的小开口伸出,并连接到阀门、流量计和/或流量控制器和用于气体流动穿过催化剂流化床的空气或氧气/氮气混合物来源。
程序控温式氨解吸附″氨TPD″用于测量催化剂中的强酸性部位并在微型反应器/质谱仪单元(结合石英微型反应器和四极质谱仪(Hiden:Analytieal HPR 20)的联机分析系统)中进行。
使用约40mg粉末样品,考虑水分后,校正最终结果至干基重。首先在400℃空气中以50毫升/分钟的流速锻烧样品30分钟,然后在50毫升/分钟流动的He中冷却到125℃,并保持10分钟。在125℃、在流速为50毫升/分钟的1.0%的NH3在He中的气体混合物中进行氨吸附30-35分钟,然后,用50毫升/分钟的He在125℃吹洗样品4小时。几乎完全除去弱吸附的氨,其是吸附温度、时间和氨浓度的函数。从125至700℃开始氨TPD,加热速率为10℃/分钟,He流速为50毫升/分钟。质量数16用于定量分析,以消除来自水信号的任何干扰。每个TPD运转后即时基于使用1.0%NH3校准的质谱仪,定量分析氨解吸附。至于氨TPD的测量结果,根据本发明处理的沸石的强酸性为至少约0.55NH3毫摩尔/克;更优选至少约0.60NH3毫摩尔/克,且最优选至少约0.65NH3毫摩尔/克。
用标准测量技术测量催化剂样品的表面积、孔隙体积和孔径。
β沸石样品是从Valley Forge,PA.的Zeolyst International Co.商购的。
实际上任何能用沸石或分子筛催化剂组合物催化的烃转化方法可以得益于本发明。本发明的说明性例证可以用于芳族烷基化。两种工业上重要的芳族烷基化方法是生产乙基苯和生产异丙基苯。在一个或两个下列反应中测试催化剂的烷基化活性。
I.用乙烯对苯进行烷基化形成乙基苯。
在用乙烯对苯进行烷基化以形成乙基苯的模型反应中评估沸石催化剂的催化活性。测试用反应器是循环式差式固定床反应器。试验条件是压力为350磅/平方英寸,温度为190℃。循环速率为200克/分钟。测试原料包含溶解在苯中的0.35重量%的乙烯,进料速度为6.0克/分钟。
催化剂装料为1.0克,得自包含80重量%沸石的1.6mm挤出物,粒径为-12至+12目。测试进行7至8小时,每30分钟用气相色谱法(″GC″)分析样品。计算190℃下的一级反应速率常数kEB,表示用乙烯对苯进行烷基化以生产乙基苯的催化剂活性。根据本发明方法处理的沸石的kEB(在190℃)通常为至少约0.75,优选至少约1.0,更优选至少约1.6。
II.用丙烯对苯进行烷基化以形成异丙基苯。
以类似于用乙烯对苯进行烷基化的方式和相同的测试设备进行反应,除了原料包含溶解在苯中的0.35重量%的丙烯,反应温度为170℃。计算170℃下的一级反应速率常数kCU,表示用丙烯对苯进行烷基化以生产异丙基苯的催化剂活性。根据本发明方法处理的沸石的kCU(在170℃)通常为至少约5.0,优选至少约6.0,更优选至少约7.0。
实施例1
将仍然包含某些有机模板剂的β沸石晶体装入如上所述的流化床反应器。将反应器置于Fisher Precision加热炉内,并使包含5%氧气和95%氮气的气体混合物以480毫升/分钟的速率流过沸石床,其足够使床流化。为了锻烧沸石,以1℃/分钟使流化床的温度升温至120℃,保持1小时,然后以1℃/分钟再次升温至550℃,保持10小时,并以5℃/分钟的速率冷却至室温。然后在室温下的0.1摩尔硝酸铵水溶液中对得到的锻烧沸石进行离子交换。过滤并洗涤经过离子交换的样品后,在120℃干燥。
然后混合经干燥的离子交换过的沸石粉末和适当量的Nyacol氧化铝溶胶,使得最终煅烧的产物包含约80重量%的沸石浓度。在90℃干燥该糊剂1小时,然后用下列程序锻烧:5℃/分钟至120℃,保持1小时,5℃/分钟至500℃,保持5小时,5℃/分钟至室温。粉碎锻烧的糊剂并筛分至+20/-12粒度(mesh size),其中0.76克用作样品1,装入烷基化反应器用于性能评估。
样品1的测试结果如下所述:
样品1
催化剂活性,kEB @190℃(cm3/g.s)       1.94
实施例2
将仍然包含某些有机模板剂的β沸石晶体装入流化床反应器,并以和实施例1相同的方法锻烧,除了空气用作流化气体,并且温度以5℃/分钟的速率倾斜升温至120℃,保持1小时,然后以5℃/分钟的速率再次加热至550℃,保持3小时,然后以5℃/分钟冷却至室温。
以和实施例1所述相同的方法对锻烧后的沸石进行离子交换,并且以和实施例1所述相同的方法与Nyacol氧化铝形成为挤出物。通过氨TPD(如上所述)测试得到的催化剂(指定为样品2)的酸性部位、表面积和孔隙体积以及乙基苯烷基化活性(kEB)和异丙基苯烷基化活性(kCU),并具有下列特性:
样品2
强酸性(NH3毫摩尔/克)                 0.61
SBET(m2/g)                          499
孔隙体积(cc/g)                        0.724
平均孔径()                          107
催化剂活性kEB@190℃(cm3/g.s)        2.16
催化剂活性kCU@170℃(cm3/g.s)        8.06
实施例3
以和实施例2所述相同的方法锻烧仍然包含某些有机模板剂的β沸石晶体。以和实施例2所述相同的方法使锻烧后的沸石形成为催化剂挤出物,并指定为样品3,然后以和实施例2所述相同的方法测试酸性部位、表面积、孔隙体积、孔径和乙基苯烷基化活性。样品3具有下列特性:
样品3
强酸性(NH3毫摩尔/克)                   0.67
SBET(m2/g)                            538
孔隙体积(cc/g)                          0.828
平均孔径()                            113
催化剂活性kEB@190℃(cm3/g.s)          1.61
下列的各比较例没有根据本发明。
比较例A
在塔板式煅烧炉中锻烧仍然包含有机模板的β沸石晶体。塔板式煅烧炉得自Leipzig Germany的Padelt-Therm GmbH,型号为REU240-750。在煅烧炉的陶瓷塔板上放置约1/8英寸厚的β沸石层。从室温以5℃/分钟的速率加热β沸石至120℃,保持1小时,然后以5℃/分钟加热至550℃,在该温度保持10小时,然后以5℃/分钟的速率冷却至室温。
以和上述实施例所述相同的方法使锻烧后的沸石形形成为催化剂挤出物。然后以和上述实施例所述相同的方法测试该锻烧后的沸石(指定为样品4)的酸性部位、表面积、孔隙体积、孔径和乙基苯烷基化活性。样品4具有下列特性:
样品4
强酸性(NH3毫摩尔/克)                     0.58
SBET(m2/g)                              524
孔隙体积(cc/g)                            0.758
平均孔径()                              107
催化剂活性kEB@190℃(cm3/g.s)            0.75
比较例B
以和比较例A所述相同的方法锻烧仍然包含有机模板的β沸石晶体。以和上述实施例所述相同的方法使锻烧后的沸石形成为催化剂挤出物(指定为样品5的),然后测试乙基苯烷基化活性和异丙基苯烷基化活性。样品5具有下列特性:
样品5
催化剂活性kEB@190℃(cm3/g.s)            0.80
催化剂活性kCU@170℃(cm3/g.s)            2.48
比较例C
在Thermocraft 6”电动回转式煅烧炉(型号2825-108-47h)中,以3RPM的转速、25g/分钟的进料速率和1050°F(566℃)的温度,锻烧仍然包含有机模板的β沸石晶体。
以和上述实施例所述相同的方法使锻烧后的沸石形成为催化剂挤出物(指定为样品6),并测试乙基苯烷基化活性。样品6具有下列特性:
样品6
催化剂活性,kEB@190℃(cm3/g.s)        0.81
比较例D
以和上述实施例所述相同的方法,测试商购得到的已经锻烧过的β沸石样品的酸性部位、表面积、孔隙体积和孔径。以和上述实施例所述相同的方法使所述沸石形成为催化剂挤出物(指定为样品7),并测试乙基苯烷基化活性。样品7具有下列特性:
样品7
强酸性(NH3毫摩尔/克)                   0.36
SBET(m2/g)                            466
孔隙体积(cc/g)                          0.491
平均孔径()                            75
催化剂活性kEB@190℃(cm3/g.s)          0.34
比较例E
将与比较例D相同的商用β沸石形成为催化剂挤出物(指定为样品8),并测试异丙基苯烷基化活性。样品8具有下列特性:
样品8
催化剂活性,kCU@170℃(cm3/g.s)            1.43
这些结果说明本发明使用流化床煅烧催化剂的方法提供了非常优异的催化剂,与采用塔板式煅烧炉或回转式煅烧炉的锻烧方法相比,本发明的催化剂具有至少两倍的乙基苯烷基化催化活性。例如,实施例1、2和3的kEB值(在190℃)分别为1.94、2.16和1.61,而比较例A、B和C的kEB值(在190℃)分别为0.75、0.80和0.81。比较例D的商用β沸石的kEB值仅为0.34(在190℃)。类似地,与比较例B的2.48和比较例E的1.43相比,实施例2的样品2的kCU(在170℃)为8.06。
另外,本发明的样品2和3通过氨TPD测量的酸性比商用的β沸石的酸性强。
虽然上述说明包含许多特定内容,这些特定内容不应理解为对本发明范围的限定,而仅仅是其优选实施方案的例证。本领域熟练技术人员可以预见在权利要求定义的本发明范围和精神内的许多其它可能的改变。

Claims (14)

1.处理沸石粒子以从其中除去有机模板剂的方法,包括:
在流化床中在至多约600℃煅烧温度对沸石粒子煅烧足够除去至少约50%有机模板剂的时间。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中沸石粒子在足够除去基本上所有有机模板剂的煅烧温度和时间段条件下进行锻烧。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中煅烧温度为至多约550℃。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中煅烧温度为至多约500℃。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中锻烧步骤包括以至多约10℃/分钟的速率升高流化床的温度。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中沸石粒子用含氧气体进行流化。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中含氧气体为空气,或为惰性气体与氧气的混合物,所述混合物中氧气的浓度为至多约28体积%。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中沸石选自β沸石、沸石L、TEA-丝光沸石、MCM-22,MCM-36,MCM-39,MCM-41,MCM-48,PSH-3,ZSM-5,Breck-6,ZSM-11,ZSM-12,ZSM-22,ZSM-23,ZSM-35,ZSM-48,SSZ-32和TUD-1。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中沸石是β沸石。
10.按照权利要求1的方法处理的沸石催化剂。
11.权利要求10的沸石催化剂,其中处理的沸石通过程序控温式氨解吸附测量的强酸性为至少约0.55NH3毫摩尔/克。
12.权利要求10的沸石催化剂,其中处理的沸石具有用于苯与乙烯的烷基化以产生乙基苯的190℃下的活性kEB,其中190℃下的kEB为至少约0.75。
13.权利要求12的沸石催化剂,其中所述190℃下的活性kEB为至少约1.0。
14.权利要求10的沸石催化剂,其中处理的沸石具有用于苯与丙烯的烷基化以产生异丙基苯的170℃下的活性kCU,其中170℃下的kCU为至少约5.0。
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