CN1660979A - 动力传递液 - Google Patents

动力传递液 Download PDF

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CN1660979A
CN1660979A CN2005100542434A CN200510054243A CN1660979A CN 1660979 A CN1660979 A CN 1660979A CN 2005100542434 A CN2005100542434 A CN 2005100542434A CN 200510054243 A CN200510054243 A CN 200510054243A CN 1660979 A CN1660979 A CN 1660979A
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transmission fluid
oil
acid
alkyl
tertiary amine
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L·D·萨托夫
K·亚特苏纳米
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Afton Chemical Corp
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Abstract

一种具有改善性能的动力传递液组合物。该传递液可以包括一种基础油和一种添加剂组合物，其中添加剂组合物包括一种无灰分散剂和一种油溶性脂族叔胺。最终的传递液可具有改善的耐用性能。

Description

动力传递液
技术领域
本发明涉及具有改善耐用性能的动力传递液。更具体的是，本发明描述了传递液添加剂，该添加剂用于改善作为时间的函数的传递液的抗磨性能。通常，传递液的其它成分的抗磨性能随时间而逐渐衰减，该添加剂对这种传递液抗磨性能的损失起到补偿作用。
背景技术
动力传递液里混入各种添加剂致力于改善和控制传递液的摩擦性能。人们已经注意到各种添加剂的摩擦性能都倾向于随时间而逐渐衰减。而这样会导致不希望的传动装置性能，比如滑动扭矩转换离合器的震动、自动传动装置中动摩擦的不稳定、和连续可变传动中传动带的囊音，因此，本领域需要一种添加剂，该添加剂可以稳定和改善传递液随时间的摩擦性能，以补偿传递液以别的方式随时间的摩擦性能的损失，从而延长传递液的使用寿命。
发明内容
根据本发明所配制的动力传递液可以改善其摩擦耐用性，从而延长传递液的使用寿命。
在一种实施方案中，提供了一种具有改善性能的动力传递液组合物。该传递液可以包括基础油、无灰分散剂和油溶性叔胺。
另外，还描述了制备此类传递液和向装置如车辆中加此类传递液的方法。
已发现，本发明所述的传递液比传统传递液的摩擦耐用性能更好；实践证明，上述优点可以通过传递液的静摩擦和动摩擦之比随时间延长传递液不断老化而显著降低来得以证实。
无论是前面的概述，还是接下来的详细描述都仅仅是示范和解释，目的都是进一步解释本发明的内容。
自动传递液中通常添加各种添加剂，包括无灰分散剂和摩擦改进剂。自动传递液中一个常见的问题是：添加剂改善摩擦的效果随老化而减弱。这会导致滑动扭矩转换离合器的震动、自动传动中动摩擦的不稳定、或连续可变传动中传动带的震音。
在本发明所公开的一些实施方案中，给出了一种添加剂组合物，其可以延长传递液的寿命，赋予传递液令人满意的摩擦性能。通过使用一种最初(在抗摩擦方面)相当惰性的化合物和一种无灰分散剂，可以持久改善滑动扭矩转换器的抗震动性能、自动传动中的动摩擦、和连续可变传动中的抗震音性能。在正常的工作条件下，当这种传递液处于氧化和热降解条件下时，传递液就会降解，并且会降低它的摩擦性能。
但是，经证明，按照本发明处理传递液可以有利地避免或者减少这种退化。这样，传递液里混入一种添加剂，该添加剂刚开始是相当(抗磨)惰性的，但它是在工作条件下转化为一种活性状态，从而在动力传动装置中产生适当的性能特征，比如滑动扭矩转换器的抗震动特性、自动传动中的动摩擦特性、和连续可变传动中的抗震音特性。这样，本发明所用的添加剂可以同步补偿配方中其它组分的降解。结果是，在动力传动装置中使用这种传递液能够长时间保持好的摩擦性能。
在一个实施方案中，本发明的动力传递液可包括基础油及包含无灰分散剂和油溶性脂族叔胺组分的添加剂组合物。此处所用的术语“油溶性”包括它的普通含义，其为本领域技术人员所熟知。比如，它指在约25℃时，在石蜡基矿物油中能够使溶解浓度至少为约0.1重量％，在约100℃下，该石蜡基矿物油的粘度为约4～约16厘沲。
油溶性脂族叔胺组分可以包括下式的油溶性脂族叔胺：
R1可以是含约1～约4个碳原子的烷基或烯基，R2和R3可以是分别含约8～约100个碳原子，优选约10～约50个碳原子，更优选约12～约30个碳原子的长链的基本线性的脂族基团。作为另外一个例子，R1可以是一种烷基，比如甲基。另外，R2和R3可以分别是烷基、烯基、或烷氧基烷基(尽管它们也可以是炔基、烷硫基烷基、卤代烷基、卤代烯基等脂族基团)，并且它们可以包含多达约30、约50、或者甚至约100个碳原子，也可以只包含约8、约10、或者约12个碳原子。形成的长链叔胺可以是油溶性的，即在约25℃时，在石蜡基矿物油中能够使溶解浓度至少为约0.1重量％，在约100℃下，该石蜡基矿物油的粘度为约4～约16厘沲，优选为约4-6厘沲。
R2和R3的实例包括不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸。合适的不饱和脂肪酸包括棕榈酸、油酸、蓖麻油酸、岩芹酸、11-十八碳烯酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、oseostearic、十八碳-9，11，13-三烯-4-酮酸、十八烷四烯酸、塔日酸、顺(式)9-二十碳烯酸、花生四烯酸、鲸蜡烯酸、等等，以及可从动物油和植物油获得的其它脂肪酸酯，比如妥尔油、亚麻子油、橄榄油、蓖麻油、花生油、菜子油、鱼油、鲸蜡油、椰子油、猪油、豆油及它们的混合物。合适的饱和脂肪酸包括二十四酸、二十三酸、二十二酸、二十一烷酸、花生酸、十九酸、硬脂酸、十七酸、棕榈酸、十五酸、十四酸、十二酸、十三酸、十一酸以及它们的混合物。
正如前面所提及的，上式的胺类组分在降低传递液摩擦性能方面最初是基本隋性的。在这方面，不受理论制约，认为添加剂从最初的对影响摩擦性能基本隋性的状态能转变为另一种可以改善摩擦性能的状态，比如在一种氧化机理作用下或在氧化应力和热应力作用下。
合适的脂族叔胺包括从AKzo Nobel购买的商标名称为ARMEEN的甲胺类产品，比如：二椰油酸甲胺，商标名称为ARMEEN M2C，这种物质含有至少约96％的叔胺，其粘度在60℃时为约7mPa.s；以及一种二(氢化动物脂)甲胺，商标名称为ARMEEN M2HT，这种物质含有至少约96％的叔胺，其粘度在60℃时为10mPa.s。
油溶性脂族叔胺在动力传递液中的量可以在约0.05wt％～约8wt％之间。在另一个实施例中，油溶性脂族叔胺在动力传递液中的量可以在约0.5wt％～约1.5wt％之间。
根据本发明所公开的内容，适用于配制传递液组合物的基础油可以选自任一种合成油或天然油或其混合物。天然油可包括动物油和植物油(如蓖麻油、猪油)，及矿物油，如液体石油和溶剂处理过的或者酸处理过的石蜡型、环烷型或石蜡-环烷混合型矿物油，以及矿物油和植物油的混合物。通常基础油的动力粘度在100℃下为例如约2～约15cSt，在另一实施例中，为约2～约10cSt。
合成油可以包括α-烯烃的低聚物、酯、经Fischer-Tropsch法衍生的油、气液原料及其混合物中的一种或多种。合成基础油可以包括羧酸与聚乙二醇和醇类的烷基酯，聚α-烯烃，包括聚丁烯，烷基苯，有机磷酸酯，聚硅油。合成油可以包括烃油，如聚合的和共聚的烯烃(如聚丁烯、聚丙烯、丙烯-异丁烯共聚物等等)；聚(1-己烯)、聚(1-辛烯)、聚(1-癸烯)等等，以及它们的混合物；烷基苯(比如十二烷基苯、十四烷基苯、二壬基苯、二(2-乙基己基)苯等等)；聚苯(比如联苯、三联苯、烷基化聚苯等等)；烷基化苯醚和烷基化苯硫醚，以及它们的衍生物、同类物和同系物等等。
因此可用于制备此处所述的传递液组合物的基础油可选自美国石油协会(API)基础油互换难则中的I-V类中的任一种基础油。基础油的分类如下所示：
基础油类别I 硫(wt％) 饱和物(wt％) 粘度指数
I类 ＞0.03 和/或 ＜90 80至120
II类 ≤0.03 和 ≥90 80至120
III类 ≤0.03 和 ≥90 ≥120
IV类 所有聚α-烯烃(PAOs)
V类 I-IV组未包括的所有其它基础油
II-III类基础油指矿物基础油
无灰分散剂
无灰分散剂可以从本领域技术人员熟知的无灰分散剂中任选一种。无灰分散剂可以包括烃基琥珀酰亚胺、烃基琥珀酰胺、多元醇酯、混合的烃基取代的琥珀酸酯/酰胺，及烃基取代酚、甲醛和多胺的曼尼期(Mannich)缩合产物中的一种或多种。合适的无灰分散剂可以包括这样的无灰分散剂，如琥珀酰亚胺分散剂、曼尼期碱分散剂和聚合多胺分散剂。
烃基取代的琥珀酰化剂用来制备烃基取代的琥珀酰亚胺。烃基取代的琥珀酰化剂包括，但不仅限于，烃基取代的琥珀酸、烃基取代的琥珀酸酐、烃基取代的琥珀酰卤化物(例如酰氟和酰氯)，和烃基取代的琥珀酸与低级醇(例如那些最多含约7个碳原子的醇)的酯，即烃基取代的化合物能够起羧基酰化剂的作用。
烃基取代的酰化剂可以通过具有适当分子量的聚烯烃或氯化聚烯烃与马来酸酐反应制备而得。相似的羧基反应物可用来制备酰化剂。这样的反应物可以包括，但不仅限于，马来酸、富马酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、衣康酸、衣康酸酐、柠康酸、柠康酸酐、甲基富马酸、乙基马来酸酐、二甲基马来酸酐、乙基马来酸、二甲基马来酸、己基马来酸等等，包括相应的酰卤化物和较低级的脂肪酸酯。
烯烃的分子量取决于取代的琥珀酸酐的预定用途。通常，取代的琥珀酸酐可以带有一个具有约8～约500个碳原子的烃基。但是，用来制备润滑油分散剂的取代的琥珀酸酐可以带有一个具有约40～约500个碳原子的烃基。
马来酸酐和烯烃的摩尔比的变化范围很大。例如，摩尔比可以为约5∶1到约1∶5，或者例如，摩尔比为约1∶1到为3∶1。诸如聚异丁烯这样的烯烃的数均分子量可以是约500～约7000，或者在另一个实施例中，是约800～约3000，或者更高。马来酸酐可以以超过化学计量的量使用，例如，每摩尔烯烃约1.1至约3摩尔马来酸酐。没有反应的马来酸酐能够从最终的反应混合物中蒸发出去。
多烯基琥珀酸酐可以在诸如催化加氢这样的传统还原条件下被转化为多烷基琥珀酸酐。对催化加氢而言，一种适宜的催化剂是例如负载在碳上的钯。同样，多烯基琥珀酰亚胺可以在相似的还原条件下被转化为多烷基琥珀酰亚胺。
在此使用的琥珀酸酐上的多烷基或多烯基取代基通常可以经由聚烯烃制得，聚烯烃可以是单烯烃，特别是1-单烯烃，如乙烯、丙烯和丁烯的聚合物或共聚物。使用的单烯烃可以有约2至约24个碳原子，或者在另一个实施例中约3～约12个碳原子。其它合适的单烯烃包括丙烯、丁烯、异丁烯、1-辛烯和1-癸烯。从这些单烯烃制备而得的聚烯烃包括聚丙烯、聚丁烯、聚异丁烯，和从1-辛烯及1-癸烯制得的聚α烯烃。
在一些实施方案中，无灰添加剂可以含有一种或者多种胺的烯基琥珀酰亚胺，胺中至少有一个能形成酰亚胺基的伯氨基。烯基琥珀酰亚胺可以经由诸如加热烯基琥珀酸酐、酸、酸-酯、酰卤化物，或者低级烷基酯和至少含一个伯氨基的胺的传统方法制得。将聚烯烃和马来酸酐的混合物加热至约180℃～约220℃可以很容易地制得烯基琥珀酸酐。聚烯烃可以是低级单烯烃如乙烯、丙烯、异丁烯等的聚合物或共聚物，通过凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测定聚烯烃的数均分子量为约300～约3000。
用于形成无灰分散剂的胺可包括任一种胺，该胺中至少有一个可以反应生成酰亚胺基的伯氨基和至少另一个伯氨基或仲氨基和/或至少一个羟基。一些代表性的例子是：N-甲基-丙二胺、N-十二烷基丙二胺、N-氨丙基哌嗪、乙醇胺、N-乙醇乙二胺等等。
合适的胺可以包括亚烷基多胺，诸如丙二胺、二亚丙基三胺、二-(1，2-亚丁基)三胺和四-(1，2-亚丙基)五胺。在另一实施例中包括亚乙基多胺，其可以用式H2N(CH2CH2NH)nH表示，其中n是指约1～约10的整数。它们包括：乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺(DETA)、三亚乙基四胺(TETA)、四亚乙基五胺(TEPA)、五亚乙基六胺(PEHA)等等，也包括上述物质的混合物，在这种情况下，n是指混合物的平均值。这样的亚乙基多胺在端部有一个伯氨基，因此它们可以形成单烯基琥珀酰亚胺和双烯基琥珀酰亚胺。从市场上可购得的亚乙基多胺混合物可含少量支链类物质和环状物质，如N-氨基乙基哌嗪、N，N′-双(氨基乙基)哌嗪、N，N′-双(哌嗪基)乙烷，和类似化合物。商品混合物可以含有从二亚乙基三胺到四亚乙基五胺之间的大约所有组合物。多烯基琥珀酸酐和多亚烷基多胺的摩尔比可为约1∶1到约3∶1。
在一些实施方案中，无灰分散剂可以包括多亚乙基多胺，如三亚乙基四胺或四亚乙基五胺与烃取代的羧酸或酸酐的反应产物，其中烃取代的羧酸或酸酐是由具有合适分子量的聚烯烃如聚异丁烯与不饱和聚羧酸或酸酐，如马来酸酐、马来酸、富马酸等反应而成，包括两种或两种以上这些物质的混合物。
也适用于制备此处所述的分散剂的多胺包括N-芳基苯二胺，例如N-苯基苯二胺，如N-苯基-1，4-苯二胺、N-苯基-1，3-苯二胺和N-苯基-1，2-苯二胺；氨基噻唑类物质，如氨基噻唑、氨基苯并噻唑、氨基苯并噻二唑和氨基烷基噻唑；氨基咔唑；氨基吲哚；氨基吡咯；氨基吲唑啉酮；氨基巯基三唑；氨基啶；氨基烷基咪唑，比如1-(2-氨基乙基)咪唑，1-(3-氨基丙基)咪唑；和氨基烷基吗啉，如4-(3-氨基丙基)吗啉。在美国专利4,863,623和5,075,383里更详细地描述了这些多胺。此类多胺能够为最终产品提供另外的益处，如抗磨损和抗氧化。
另外用来形成烃基取代的琥珀酰亚胺的多胺包括那些分子中至少有一个伯氨基或仲氨基和至少一个叔氨基的多胺，如美国专利5,634,951和5,725,612所教导地那样。合适的多胺的实例包括N，N，N″，N″-四烷基二亚烷基三胺(两个端叔氨基和一个中心仲氨基)、N，N，N′，N″-四烷基三亚烷基四胺(一个端叔氨基，两个中间叔氨基和一个端伯氨基)、N，N，N′，N″，N″-五烷基三亚烷基四胺(一个端叔氨基，两个中间叔氨基和一个端仲氨基)、三(二烷基氨基烷基)氨基烷基甲烷(三个端叔氨基和一个中间叔氨基)，以及类似的化合物，其中烷基是相同的或者不同的，通常每个烷基含不超过约12个碳原子，在另一个实施例中，每个烷基含有约1～约4个碳原子。在又一个实施例中，这些烷基可以是甲基和/或乙基。这种类型的多胺反应物可包括二甲氨基丙胺(DMAPA)和N-甲基哌嗪。
合适的羟基胺可以包括含至少一个能与烃基取代的琥珀酸或酸酐反应的伯胺或仲胺的化合物、低聚物或者聚合物。适用于此的羟基胺的实例包括氨基乙基乙醇胺(AEEA)、氨基丙基二乙醇胺(APDEA)、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺(DEA)、部分丙氧基化己二胺(例如HMDA-2PO或HMDA-3PO)、3-氨基-1，2-丙二醇、三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷和2-氨基-1，3-丙二醇。
胺与烃基取代的琥珀酸或琥珀酸酐的摩尔比可以在约1∶1到约3.0∶1之间。胺与烃基取代的琥珀酸或琥珀酸酐摩尔比的另一个实例可以在大约1.5∶1到约2.0∶1之间。
上述分散剂也可以经过后处理，例如用马来酸酐和硼酸对分散剂进行处理，如按Scattergood的美国专利5,789,353所描述的那样；或者用壬基酚、甲醛和/或乙醇酸对分散剂进行处理，如按DeGonia等的美国专利5,137,980所描述的那样。
曼尼期碱分散剂可以是烷基酚与一种或多种含约1～约7个碳原子的脂族醛(例如甲醛及其衍生物)和多胺(例如多亚烷基多胺)的反应产物，其中烷基酚的环上通常有一个长链烷基取代基。例如，曼尼期碱无灰分散剂可以由大约1摩尔比例的长链烃取代酚与约1～约2.5摩尔的甲醛和约0.5～约2摩尔的多亚烷基多胺缩合而成。
用来制备曼尼期多胺分散剂的烃源可以衍生自基本饱和的石油馏分和烯烃聚合物，例如具有约2～约6个碳原子的单烯烃的聚合物。烃源通常可以含例如至少约40个碳原子，在另一个实施例中，至少约50个碳原子，以便为分散剂提供足够的油溶性。合适的烃源可以包括异丁烯聚合物和异丁烯与一种萃余液I物流的混合物制得的聚合物。
合适的曼尼期碱分散剂可以是曼尼期碱无灰分散剂，其是由大约1摩尔比例的长链烃取代酚与约1～约2.5摩尔的甲醛和约0.5～约2摩尔的多亚烷基多胺缩合而成。
适合作为无灰分散剂的聚合多胺分散剂是含碱性氨基和油溶性基团(例如至少有约8个碳原子的侧基)的聚合物。这样的物质为例如由各种单体诸如甲基丙烯酸癸酯、乙烯基癸醚或者较高分子量的烯烃与丙烯酸氨基烷基酯以及氨基烷基丙烯酰胺形成的互聚物。在美国专利3,329,658；3,449,250；3,493,520；3,519,565；3,666,730；3,687,849；和3,702,300中描述了几例聚合多胺分散剂。聚合多胺可以包括烃基多胺，其中烃基由异丁烯和上述萃余液I物流的聚合产物组成。也可以使用聚异丁烯(“PIB”)胺和P-多胺。
制备上述无灰分散剂的方法是本领域技术人员所熟知的，在专利文献中也有报道。例如，合成前面所述的各类无灰分散剂的方法在下列美国专利中都有描述：2,459,112；2,962,442，2,984,550；3,036,003；3,163,603；3,166,516；3,172,892；3,184,474；3,202,678；3,215,707；3,216,936；3,219,666；3,236,770；3,254,025；3,271,310；3,272,746；3,275,554；3,281,357；3,306,908；3,311,558；3,316,177；3,331,776；3,340,281；3,341,542；3,346,493；3,351,552；3,355,270；3,368,972；3,381,022；3,399,141；3,413,347；3,415,750；3,433,744；3,438,757；3,442,808；3,444,170；3,448,047；3,448,048；3,448,049；3,451,933；3,454,497；3,454,555；3,454,607；3,459,661；3,461,172；3,467,668；3,493,520；3,501,405；3,522,179；3,539,633；3,541,012；3,542,680；3,543,678；3,558,743；3,565,804；3,567,637；3,574,101；3,576,743；3,586,629；3,591,598；3,600,372；3,630,904；3,632,510；3,632,511；3,634,515；3,649,229；3,697,428；3,697,574；3,703,536；3,704,308；3,725,277；3,725,441；3,725,480；3,726,882；3,736,357；3,751,365；3,756,953；3,793,202；3,798,165；3,798,247；3,803,039；3,804,763；3,836,471；3,862,981；3,872,019；3,904,595；3,936,480；3,948,800；3,950,341；3,957,746；3,957,854；3,957,855；3,980,569；3,985,802；3,991,098；4,006,089；4,011,380；4,025,451；4,058,468；4,071,548；4,083,699；4,090,854；4,173,540；4,234,435；4,354,950；4,485,023；5,137,980，和Re 26,433，在这引入这些专利作为参考。
另一种合适的无灰分散剂的例子是硼酸化的分散剂。硼酸化的分散剂可以通过将分子中含有碱性氮和/或至少一个羟基的无灰分散剂进行硼酸化而形成，例如琥珀酰亚胺无灰分散剂、琥珀酰胺分散剂、琥珀酸酯分散剂、琥珀酸酯-酰胺分散剂、曼尼期碱分散剂或者烃基胺或者多胺分散剂。
硼酸化的分散剂可以含有至少一个聚亚烷基部分。在另一个实施例中，硼酸化的分散剂可以包括至少两个聚亚烷基部分。聚亚烷基部分的重均分子量为约300～约3000。例如，聚亚烷基部分的重均分子量为约1300～约2100。在另一个实施例中，聚亚烷基部分的重均分子量可以是约2100。聚亚烷基部分可以包括一个聚丁烯基。以下美国专利描述了用于硼酸化上述各种无灰分散剂的方法：3,087,936；3,254,025；3,281,428；3,282,955；2,284,409；2,284,410；3,338,832；3,344,069；3,533,945；3,658,836；3,703,536；3,718,663；4,455,243；4,652,387；和4,857,214。
硼酸化的分散剂可以包括用硼处理的高分子量分散剂，以便硼酸化的分散剂包含最高达2wt％的硼。在另一个实施例中，硼酸化的分散剂可以含有约0.8wt％或更少量的硼。另一实施例中，硼酸化的分散剂可以含有约0.1～约0.7wt％的硼。在另一个实施例中，硼酸化的分散剂可以含有约0.25～约0.7wt％的硼。在另一个实施例中，硼酸化的分散剂可以含有约0.35～约0.7wt％的硼。为了便于处理，分散剂可以溶解在适宜粘度的油中。应该理解为此处给出的重量百分比是相对于纯的且没有任何稀释油加入的分散剂而言。
分散剂可以和有机酸、酸酐和/或醛/酚的混合物进行进一步反应。例如这样的处理可以增加分散剂与弹性体密封件的相容性。硼酸化的分散剂可进一步包括硼酸化的分散剂的混合物。在另一个实施例中，硼酸化的分散剂可以包括含氮分散剂和/或可不含磷。
合适的分散剂可以是磷酰化分散剂。例如，曼尼期或者琥珀酰亚胺分散剂可以和磷化合物，例如含磷酸反应。合适的含磷酸包括例如磷酸(H3PO3)、亚磷酸氢二丁酯(DBHP)、二烷基二硫代磷酸等等。另外，琥珀酰亚胺分散剂，如聚异丁烯琥珀酸酐，可以经过磷酸化和/或硼酸化以提供合适的分散剂。
动力传液递中分散剂的存在量可以是大约0.1wt％～约10wt％。另外，动力传递液可包含大约2wt％～约7wt％的分散剂。另外，在一些实施方案中，动力传递液可以包含大约3wt％～约5wt％的分散剂。另外，动力传递液中可以含有足够量的硼酸化的分散剂，以使最终传递液中的硼含量最高可以达到1900重量份/百万重量份(ppm)，以使例如最终传递液中的硼含量可以是大约50～约500ppm。
可供选择的组分
除了上述无灰分散剂和油溶性脂族叔胺外，动力传递液还可包括在自动传递液配方中使用的传统类型的添加剂。这些添加剂包括，但不限于，摩擦改性剂、抗氧剂、极压添加剂、防腐剂、抗磨剂、金属钝化剂、消泡剂、倾点下降剂、加气剂、金属清洁剂和/或密封膨胀剂。
用于配制在此讨论的组合物的添加剂可以单独混入到基础油中，或者以各种辅助组合物的方式混入其中。但是，优选采用一种添加剂浓缩物(即添加剂加稀释剂，如烃溶剂)同时混合所有组分。使用添加剂浓缩物会有利地利用使用添加剂浓缩物形式时组分组合所提供的相容性。同时使用浓缩物可以减少混合时间和降低发生调和误差的可能性。
本文公开的动力传递液可以包括适用于任何传动应用，比如一种分段自动传动或者手动传动装置的传递液。另外，本发明中的动力传递液适用于带有滑动变扭器、锁定变扭器、启动离合器和/或一个或者多个变速离合器的传动装置。这样的传动装置包括四-、五-、六-和七-速传动，及连续变速传动装置(链式、带式或者转盘式)。它们也可以被用在手动传动装置中，包括自动手动和双离合传动装置。
在这方面，在向动力传递液中添加脂族叔胺组分前，动力传递液可以含有下列组分：
    组分     Wt.％
    摩擦改性剂     0.01～0.5
    含硫剂     0.01～0.5
    抗氧剂     0.01～2.0
    防锈剂     0.01～0.3
    清洁剂     0.01～1.0
    无灰分散剂     0.5～10.0
    消泡剂     0.0001～0.5
    基础油     余量
本发明还涉及包含本发明动力传递液的传动装置以及包含发动机和该传动装置的车辆。
本发明还涉及改善动力传递液摩擦耐用性的方法，包括向基础油中添加包含无灰分散剂和本发明所述油溶性脂族叔胺组分的添加剂组合物。
附图简述
图1A为传递液测试装置结构示意图。
图1B是对图1A中传递液测试装置的速度分布的图解说明。
图2举例说明了对比传递液样品的摩擦分布。
图3举例说明了根据本发明的第一种传递液样品的摩擦分布。
图4举例说明了根据本发明的第二种传递液样品的摩擦分布。
图5举例说明了根据本发明的第三种传递液样品的摩擦分布。
图6举例说明了根据本发明的第四种传递液样品的摩擦分布。
                         具体实施方式
实施例
对按本发明实施方案制备的动力传递液样品就摩擦的改善效果进行测试和评价。传递液样品的摩擦特性用环状试验装置上的LFW-1滑块进行测试，其中，传递液样品装在图1A所示的LFW-1试验装置1上的环和滑块之间。
装置1上装备有滑块2、不锈钢环4和测力器5，滑块2上有由纸摩擦材料构成的接触表面3。在滑块2上施加负载6，由于环4的转动而引起的阻力通过测力器5来测试。环的较下部分浸在待测传递液样品7中。
施加在滑块上的负荷大约是27.2kg，在121℃下，环相对于滑块的旋转在约40s的加速循环中从大约0加速到大约0.5m/s，然后又从约0.5m/s减速到0。环旋转的速度曲线如图1B所示。
测试循环期间滑块和环之间的摩擦，对新传递液样品和老化的传递液样品进行多方面的测试，给出了与传递液样品摩擦耐用性相关的信息。在热降解温度下，把传递液样品放在一个氧化浴里一段时间，如在170℃下氧化100～200h，使传递液老化。然后比较最终的摩擦性能测试值，或者摩擦耐用性。在低速(接近0)下测试到的摩擦平均值为μ静态，而在中心位置(最大速度)测试到的为μ动态。
图2显示了油基传递液基准样品(表1中的样品#1)的摩擦特性测试曲线，该传递液含有无灰添加剂，但并未经过使其包括本发明中的油溶性脂族叔胺成分的处理。曲线A代表传递液老化前的摩擦特性，曲线B代表传递液经历了上述老化条件后的摩擦特性。
图2中显示的数据是通过使用环试验装置上的LFW-1滑块，并如上述老化传递液而得到的。
图3显示了油基传递液基准样品(表1中的样品#2)的摩擦特性测试曲线，该传递液含有无灰添加剂并经过处理包括油溶性脂族叔胺成分(0.5wt％)。曲线C代表传递液老化前的摩擦性能，曲线D代表如上所述老化后的摩擦性能。
图3中显示的数据是通过使用环试验装置上的LFW-1滑块，并如上述老化传递液而得到的。
图4显示了油基传递液基准样品(表1中的样品#3)的摩擦特性测试曲线，该传递液含有无灰添加剂并经过处理包括油溶性脂族叔胺成分(1.0wt％)。曲线E代表传递液老化前的摩擦性能，曲线F代表如上所述老化后的摩擦性能。
图4中显示的数据是通过使用环试验装置上的LFW-1滑块，并如上述老化传递液而得到的。
图5显示了油基传递液基准样品(表1中的样品#4)的摩擦特性测试曲线，该传递液含有无灰添加剂并经过处理包括油溶性脂族叔胺成分(4.0wt％)。曲线G代表传递液老化前的摩擦性能，曲线H代表如上所述老化后的摩擦性能。
图5中显示的数据是通过使用环试验装置上的LFW-1滑块，并如上述老化传递液而得到的。
图6显示了油基传递液基准样品(表1中的样品#5)的摩擦特性测试曲线，该传递液含有无灰添加剂，并且经过处理包括本发明中的油溶性脂族叔胺成分(4.0wt％)。曲线I代表传递液老化前的摩擦特性，曲线J代表如上所述老化后的摩擦特性。
图6中显示的数据是通过使用环试验装置上的LFW-1滑块，并如上述老化传递液而得到的。
表1：添加油溶性脂族叔胺对摩擦的改善效果
传递液样品    静态/动态开始     静态/动态老化(100小时，170℃)     静态/动态老化(200小时，170℃)
    1    1.129     1.113     -
    2    1.131     1.063     -
    3    1.146     0.997     -
    4    1.096     -     0.992
    5    1.103     -     0.939
从表1所示的数据可知，静态与动态摩擦系数的比值数值较低，说明传递液有较好的摩擦耐用性，上述比值优选小于约1，例如0.939。因此所有代表根据本发明处理的传递液的传递液样品在摩擦耐用性方面都优于对照样品。
在本说明书的许多地方，参考了大量的美国专利。所有这些引用的文献被全部清楚地引入到本申请中，如同在此全部列出一样。
考虑到在此公开的对发明的详细说明及实施例，本发明的其它实施方案对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。在通篇说明书及权利要求书中用到的“一种”可以指一种或一种以上。除非特别指明，所有表明组分数量，性能如分子量、百分比、比例、反应条件以及在说明书及权利要求书中所用到的数字均应该理解为在所有情况下都以“约”作为修饰。因此，除非另外指明，在说明书和权利要求书中所例的数字参数均是近似的，可以依据本发明所要求达到的预期性能而改变。至少，而且不想把本申请等同的技术方案限制到权利要求要求保护的范围，只要按照报道的有意义的数字的数目并且运用常规的舍入技巧，每个数字参数应该至少可以得到解释。虽然阐述本发明广阔范围的数值范围和参数是大概的，但本发明的特定实施例中所列的数值还是尽可能的精确。但是，任何数值，因它们各自试验检测的标准偏差，必然固有地含有某些误差。应该认为，说明书和实施例仅仅是想举例说明而已，下面的权利要求表明了本发明真正的保护范围和精神实质。

Claims (4)

1.一种动力传递液组合物，包括：
(a)一种基础油和
(b)一种添加剂组合物，包括：
一种无灰分散剂和
一种油溶性脂族叔胺组分，其中油溶性脂族叔胺组分包括下式的油溶性脂族叔胺：
Figure A2005100542430002C1
其中R1基团包括具有约1～约4个碳原子的烷基或烯基，R2和R3基团分别包括具有约8～约100个碳原子的烷基、烯基、烷氧基烷基、炔基、烷硫基烷基、卤代烷基和卤代烯基中的任一种。
2.一种含有权利要求1所述的传递液的传动装置。
3.含有发动机和传动装置的车辆，该传动装置包括权利要求1所述的传递液。
4.一种改善传递液摩擦耐用性的方法，包括：
通过向基础油中添加包含下列组分的添加剂组合物制备传递液：
一种无灰分散剂和
一种油溶性脂族叔胺组分，其中油溶性脂族叔胺组分包括下式的油溶性脂族叔胺：
其中R1基团包括具有约1～约4个碳原子的烷基或烯基，R2和R3基团分别包括具有约8～约100个碳原子的烷基、烯基、烷氧基烷基、炔基、烷硫基烷基、卤代烷基和卤代烯基中的任一种。
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