CN1604790A - 通过施用组织因子途径抑制剂(tfpi)治疗严重性肺炎 - Google Patents
通过施用组织因子途径抑制剂(tfpi)治疗严重性肺炎 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1604790A CN1604790A CNA028249003A CN02824900A CN1604790A CN 1604790 A CN1604790 A CN 1604790A CN A028249003 A CNA028249003 A CN A028249003A CN 02824900 A CN02824900 A CN 02824900A CN 1604790 A CN1604790 A CN 1604790A
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Abstract
预防或治疗严重性肺炎的方法,包括施用组织因子途径抑制剂(TFPI)或TFPI类似物给患此病或有可能患病的患者。所说方法包括使用连续静脉内输注低剂量TFPI或TFPI类似物以避免不利的副作用。
Description
相关专利申请的参照
本专利申请要求提交于2001年10月15日的临时专利申请序列号60/328,806的优先权,本文全部纳入供参考。
发明的领域
本发明涉及治疗性处理严重性肺炎的方法。更具体地,它涉及施用组织因子途径抑制剂蛋白质以减弱与严重性肺炎相关的高度增生或扩增生理途径。
发明的背景
肺炎是由于一种或多种肺功能元件的急性感染引起的,这些元件包括肺泡腔和间质组织。在美国,每年约有200万人患上肺炎,其中有40,000-70,000人死亡。肺炎是第六大致死疾病,且是最常见的致命的医院源性(医院获得的)感染。在美国,社会获得性肺炎(CAP)对卫生保健耗费有显著影响,估计每年的直接花费为140亿美元,损失高达90亿美元。(Lynch JP,Martinez FJ.Community-acquiredpneumonia.Curr Opin Pulm Med.1998;4:162-172)。在发展中国家,下呼吸道感染通常是造成死亡的主要原因,或仅次于感染性腹泻。(The Merck Manual,第6部分,Ch.73,Pneumonia,2000)。
根据不同组织,包括美国胸协(American Thoracic Society)(ATS),制订的方针确定了“严重性肺炎”症状的特征。(Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1730-1754)。例如,在诊断严重性肺炎时,除其它标准外,ATS要求至少一个主要标准,如机械换气或脓毒病性休克。通常,严重性肺炎可能是由于急性肺病、肺部炎性疾病、或因炎症或血液凝固等因素引起的肺功能的任何紊乱造成的。严重性CAP的诊断基于肺炎ICU的住院患者。流行病学上,这类患者群体约占所有ICU入院患者的10%。肺炎ICU中的患者在所有CAP患者中死亡率最高(30%-40%),而一般的CAP住院患者仅为15%。
在美国,每年约有400万成人被诊断患社会获得性肺炎(CAP),其中有600,000需要住院治疗。Fine等,N.Engl.J.Med.336,243-50,1997。总体来说,CAP的发病率随年龄增加,在65岁及以上人群在最流行。Marston等,Arch InternMed.1997:1709-1718。这一发病率在患有慢性阻塞性肺炎、气喘、糖尿病、酒精中毒、免疫抑制、肾机能不全、慢性肝病和心脏病等并发症(comorbidities)的患者中更高。Marrie,Curr Opin Pulm Med.1996;2:192-197;Niedermann et AL.,Am Rev RESPIRDIS 1993;148:1418-1426。
在美国,肺炎是感染致死的首要原因,总体而言是第六大致死因素。与肺炎有关的死亡率从1979年到1992年增加了22%,在1992年,89%的年龄较大的患者(65岁及以上)的死亡与肺炎有关。参见“美国肺炎和流感死亡率,1979-1994[在MMWR.上刊有更正,1995;44:782]。MMWR.1995;44:535-537。Fine和他的同事(1997)报道说,一些共存的疾病(肿瘤性疾病、充血性心力衰竭(CHF)、脑血管病、肾病和肝病)和一些身体检查结果(精神状态改变、心律增加、呼吸率增加、收缩压降低和体温异常降低或升高)都与升高的与CAP有关的发病率有关。此外,在美国,CAP对保健花费有重大影响,估计每年的直接花费为140亿,而损失高达90亿。Lynch和Martinez,Curr Opin Pulm Med.1998;4:162-172。
组织因子途径抑制剂(TFPI)是哺乳动物血浆中存在的蛋白质和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂。Thomas,Bull.Johns Hopkins Hosp.81,26(1947);Schncider,Am.J.Physiol.149,123(1947);Broze&Miletich,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA84,1886(1987)。TFPI也称为组织因子抑制剂、组织促凝血酶原激酶抑制剂、因子III抑制剂、外源性途径抑制剂(EPI)、脂蛋白相关凝血抑制剂(LACI)。名称“组织因子途径抑制剂(TFPI)”在1991年6月30日被血栓症和止血国际学会接受。
血凝活化是血流转变成固体凝胶或凝块。此外,凝血蛋白酶的消耗导致过度出血。主要事件是可溶性纤维蛋白原转变成不溶性纤维蛋白链,尽管纤维蛋白本身仅形成0.15%的总血凝块。此转变是复杂酶级联的最后一步。组分(因子)作为酶原存在,酶原是蛋白水解酶的失活前体,通过在特异性位点蛋白酶裂解而转变成活性酶。少量的一种因子的活化催化较大量的下一因子的形成并以此类推,产生的拉增使纤维蛋白非常迅速地形成。
认为凝血通过管损伤起始,管损伤使因子VIIa接触内皮下面细胞上表达的组织因子(TF)。因子VIIa-TF复合体分解因子X到因子Xa,且分解因子IX到因子IXa。TFPI结合因子VIIa和因子Xa。TFPI、因子VIIa(结合TF)和用于Xa间形成的复合体进一步抑制维持止血所需的因子Xa和Ixa的形成。Broze,Jr.,Ann.Rev.Med.46:103(1995)。
通过直接导入血流的细菌内毒素活化凝血级联可在动脉表面上产生广泛纤维蛋白沉积,以及耗尽纤维蛋白原、前凝血素、因子V和VIII和血小板。此外,刺激纤维蛋白溶解系统进一步导致纤维蛋白降解产物的形成。
在凝血活化明显由细菌产物(如内毒素)起始同时,违反机制也似乎被凝血活化,即活化纤维蛋白溶解系统。活化的因子XIII将纤溶酶原前激活剂转变成纤溶酶原激活剂,纤溶酶原激活剂随后将纤溶酶原转变成纤溶酶,从而介导血块裂解。因此活化血浆纤维蛋白溶解系统也提供出血倾向。
内毒素血症与组织纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂(PAI)的循环水平增加相关。此抑制剂迅速使组织纤溶酶原激活剂(TPA)失活,从而阻碍它通过将纤溶酶原活化成纤溶酶促进纤维蛋白溶解的能力。纤维蛋白溶解受损可引起纤维蛋白沉积在血管中,因而产生脓毒性休克相关的DIC。
正在努力鉴定令人满意的介入,以防止或治疗严重性肺炎和相关凝血病。阻止凝血途径的试剂不一定有效治疗或预防治疗严重性肺炎。例如,肝素是普遍使用的抗凝血剂。然而,控制肝素的使用较困难,因为肝素可诱导过度出血或减少凝血,而没有存活没有任何益处。参见Aoki等,《在治疗弥散性血管内凝血中活化蛋白质C和未分级肝素的双盲随机试验比较》(A Comparative Double-BLINDrandomized Trial of Activated Protein C and Unfractionated Heparin in theTreatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)Int.J.Hematol.75,540-47(2002)。一些临床试验不能证明肝素治疗降低脓毒病死亡率,这主要在以暴发性DIC为显著特征的脑膜炎球菌内毒素血症中。参见例如Corrigan等,《肝素治疗具弥散性血管内凝血的脓毒病,对死亡率和纠正止血缺陷的效果》(HeparinTherapy in Septacemia with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.Effecton Mortality and on Correction of Hemostatic Defects),N.Engl.J.Med.,283:778-782(1970);Lasch等,《肝素治疗弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)》(HeparinTherapy of Diffuse Intravascular Coagulation)Thrombos.Diathes.Haemorrh.,33:105(1974);Straub,《抗肝素治疗血管内凝血的病例》(A Case Against HeparinTherapy of Intravascular Coagulation),Thrombos.Diathes.Haemorrh.,33:107(1974)。
已经显示施用重组人ala-TFPI(一种TFPI类似物)可以提高脓毒病动物模型的存活率。参见例如美国专利号6,063,764。作为内源性蛋白质,TFPI有很好的耐受性。已经通过静脉内输注或皮下注射施用TFPI可以降低凝血能力,这如前凝血素时间(PT)增加所证明。在动物和人的研究中,PT延长与血浆TFPI的增加呈线性相关。A.A.Creasey,脓毒病3:173(1999)。
本领域仍需要治疗方法能抑制严重性肺炎的致死效果,且同时将潜在的严重副作用减少到最低程度。
发明概述
本发明的一个实施方案是预防或治疗严重性肺炎的方法,包括通过连续静脉内输注将TFPI或TFPI类似物施用给严重性肺炎患者或有患病风险的人。一些实施方案中,患者患有可证实的感染。
本发明的另一个实施方案是治疗严重性肺炎的方法,包括通过连续静脉内输注将TFPI或TFPI类似物施用给患者。一些实施方案中,患者患有可证实的感染。
其它实施方案包括任一上述实施方案,其中所述TFPI或TFPI类似物是以一定的剂量率通过连续静脉内输注给予的,所述剂量率相当于以小于约0.66mg/kg/hr的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI。在优选的实施方案中,所述剂量率相当于以约0.00025到约0.050mg/kg/小时的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI。在再优选的实施方案中,所述剂量率相当于以约0.010到约0.045mg/kg/小时的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI。在更优选的实施方案中,所述TFPI或所述TFPI类似物是以一定的剂量率给予的,该剂量率相当于以约0.025mg/kg/hr的剂量率施用参ala-TFPI。在其它优选的实施方案中,所述剂量率可使总剂量相当于以约0.024到约4.8mg/kg的总剂量施用参考ala-TFPI。在另一个更优选的实施方案中,所述剂量率可使日剂量相当于以至少约0.006mg/kg且小于约1.2mg/kg的日剂量施用参考ala-TFPI。
其它实施方案包括任何上述实施方案,其中所述TFPI或TFPI类似物施用至少72小时。在优选的实施方案中,所述TFPI或TFPI类似物施用至少96小时。
其它实施方案包括任何上面的实施方案,其中所述TFPI类似物是未糖基化的ala-TFPI。
其它实施方案包括任何上面的实施方案,其中所述TFPI类似物包括由SEQ IDNO:1的氨基酸19-89组成的第一个Kunitz结构域。在一个较佳实施方案中,所述TFPI类似物还包括由SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸90-160组成的第二个Kunitz结构域。
其它实施方案包括任何上面的实施方案,其中所述TFPI类似物包括SEQ IDNO:1的氨基酸1-160,或其中所述TFPI类似物包括由SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸90-160组成的第二个Kunitz结构域。
其它实施方案包括任何上面的实施方案,其中所述TFPI或TFPI类似物制备自包含TFPI或TFPI类似物的冻干组合物。
其它实施方案包括任何上面的实施方案,其中所述TFPI或TFPI类似物作为含精氨酸的制剂施用。
其它实施方案包括任何上面的实施方案,其中所述TFPI或TFPI类似物作为含柠檬酸的制剂施用。
其它实施方案包括任何上面的实施方案,其中所述TFPI或TFPI类似物在制剂中的浓度约为0.15mg/ml,包含约300mM盐酸精氨酸和约20mM柠檬酸钠,且pH约5.5。
其它实施方案包括任何上面的实施方案,还包括在所述施用期或24小时内施用另外的试剂,试剂选自抗生素、抗体、内毒素拮抗剂、具抗凝血活性的组织因子类似物、免疫刺激剂、细胞粘附阻断剂、肝素、BPI蛋白、IL-1拮抗物、pafase(PAF酶抑制剂)、TNF抑制剂、IL-6抑制剂和补体抑制剂。在一个较佳实施方案中,所述另外试剂是抗体,其中,所述与抗原特异结合的抗体选自TNF、IL-6和M-CSF。
根据下列参考附图结合详细描述,本发明的更多实施方案是显然的。
发明详述
施用TFPI或TFPI类似物可有效防治严重性肺炎。连续低剂量施用TFPI或TFPI类似物(以后称为“低剂量TFPI施用”)也可有效防治严重性肺炎。施用TFPI或TFPI类似物,尤其是低剂量施用,可抑制或减轻急性或慢性炎症,尤其是严重性肺炎。当低剂量TFPI施用持续至少3天时,严重性肺炎的死亡率降低,同时因不良副作用产生并发症(尤其是出血性疾病)的速度也被降低。低剂量TFPI施用的再一个好处是可避免耐受效应,这样,在足够高的剂量下,可降低TFPI的血浆浓度。在血浆TFPI浓度约为850ng/ml时耐受效应最大,而低剂量TFPI施用的血浆水平通常保持在低于500ng/ml。低剂量TFPI施用通常通过连续静脉内输注TFPI或TFPI类似物进行。
TFPI和TFPI类似物
“TFPI”在这里是指如SEQ ID NO:1所示含有276个氨基酸残基的成熟血清糖蛋白,其分子量约为38,000道尔顿。它是组织因子活性的天然抑制剂并因此活化凝血。美国专利号5,110,730描述了组织因子(TF),美国专利号5,106,833描述了TFPI。TFPI cDNA的克隆描述于Wun等,美国专利号4,966,852。TFPI是一种蛋白酶抑制剂,有3个Kunitz结构域,已知其中两个可分别与因子VII和Xa反应。第三个结构域的功能还未知。据信TFPI通过形成一种惰性的Xa:TFPI:因子VIIa:组织因子的四因子复合物在体内发挥作用,从而限制凝血过程的开始。参见Rapaport,Blood 73:359-365(1989)和Broze等,Biochemistry 29:7539-7546(1990)的综述。TFPI的许多结构特征可从它与其它充分研究的蛋白酶抑制剂的同源性来推断。TFPI不是一个酶,因此它可能以化学计量方式抑制其蛋白酶靶,即一个TFPI的Kunitz结构域抑制一个蛋白酶分子。优选地,Kunitz结构域1和/或2存在于本发明的TFPI分子中。Kunitz结构域3的功能未知。
“TFPI类似物”是一种TFPI的衍生物,它通过一个或多个氨基酸添加或取代(通常保存其性质)、一个或多个氨基酸缺失(如TFPI片段)或在一个或多个氨基酸中加入一个或多个化学部分来修饰,只要修饰未破坏TFPI的生物学活性。产生多肽类似物的方法在本领域已知且进一步描述于下面。一个优选TFPI类似物是N-L-丙氨酰-TFPI(ala-TFPI),其氨基酸序列示于SEQ ID NO:2。TFPI类似物具有一些TFPI活性测度,如下述生物活性测定所确定。一种TFPI和类似物的优选生物活性测定是前凝血素时间(PT)测定(如下)。
TFPI和TFPI片段可被糖基化或不被糖基化。TFPI类似物描述于美国专利号5,106,833。Ala-TFPI是TFPI类似物,也已知为国际药物名“替法可近”(tifacogin)。Ala-TFPI包括成熟、全长人TFPI的完整氨基基酸序列加上氨基酸未端上的附加丙氨酸残酸。Ala-TFPI的氨基末端丙氨酸残基被改造成TFPI序列,以促进大肠杆菌表达,并有效裂解另外会成为氨基末端甲硫氨酸残基的部分。参见美国专利号5,212,091。
尤其优选的TFPI类似物包括保守性质的取代,即取代发生在侧链相关的氨基酸类内。具体的是,氨基酸一般分成四类:(1)酸性-天冬氨酸和谷氨酸;(2)碱性-赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸;(3)非极性-丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、色氨酸;(4)不带电荷的极性-甘氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、半胱氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸。苯丙氨酸、色氨酸和酪氨酸有时被分类为芳族氨基酸。例如,有理由预测用异亮氨酸或缬氨酸单独取代亮氨酸、谷氨酸取代天冬氨酸、丝氨酸取代苏氨酸或类似的用结构相关氨基酸保守取代氨基酸对于生物活性没有大的效果。例如,感兴趣的多肽可包括至约1-70个保守或非保守氨基酸取代,如1、2、3、4、5、6-50、15-25、5-10或任何1-70的整数,只要所需分子功能保持完整。本领域技术人员可容易的确定感兴趣的分子区域,可用具有如本文所述保持生物活性的合理可能性来修饰此区域。
“同源性”指两种多肽或两种多肽部分间的百分比相似性。当序列表现出至少约50%,优选至少约75%,更优选至少约80%-85%,优选至少约90%,最优选至少约95%-98%的序列同源性,或具体范围间任何百分比同源性超过定义的分子长度时,两种多肽序列彼此“充分同源”。如本文所用,“充分同源”也指表现出与具体多肽序列完全同一性的序列。
通常,“同一性”指分别对应两种多肽序列的精确氨基酸-氨基酸。直接比较两种分子间的序列信息可确定百分比同一性:通过排列序列、计算两种排列序列间配对的确切数目、除以较短序列的长度并将结果乘以100。
优选的是,天然或非天然产生的TFPI类似物具有的氨基酸序列与获得自SEQ IDNO:1的TFPI至少70%、80%、85%、90%或95%或更高同源。更优选的是,分子是98%或99%同源。百分比同源性用Smith-Waterman同源性搜索算法确定,使用仿射间隔搜索的具有间隔开放罚分(gap open penalty)为12,间隔延伸罚分(gapextension penalty)为2,BLOSUM矩阵为62。Smith-Waterman同源性搜索算法教授于Smith和Waterman,Adv.Appl.Math.2:482-489(1981)。
TFPI和TFPI类似物的生物活性可通过前凝血素测定来确定。合适的前凝血素测定描述于美国专利5,888,968和WO 96/40784。简言之,前凝血素时间可用血凝度计确定(如来自Organon Teknika的Coag-A-Mate MTX II)。合适的测定缓冲液是100mM NaCl、调至pH7.5的50mM Tris,含1mg/ml牛血清白蛋白。所需的另外试剂是正常人血浆(如Organon Teknika的“Verify 1”)、促凝血酶原激酶试剂(如Organon Teknika的“Simplastin Excel”)和TFPI标准溶液(如20μg的100%纯ala-TFPI(或其等效物)每ml测定缓冲液)。通过分析一系列TFPI标准溶液稀释的凝固时间来获得标准曲线,如范围从1到5μg/ml的终浓度。为确定凝固时间,样品或TFPI标准首先稀释到测定缓冲液中。然后加入正常人血浆。加入促凝血酶原激酶试剂起始凝固反应。然后仪器记录凝固时间。线性TFPI标准曲线从log凝固时间相对logTFPI浓度的图获得。在TFPI标准纯度对应100%纯标准的等效TFPI浓度基础上调节标准曲线。例如,如果标准是97%生化纯度的ala-TFPI制剂(即它含3%重量的无TFPI生物活性的分子种类),各标准稀释的浓度乘以0.97得到实际TFPI浓度。因此,TFPI标准在实际每ml 97%纯制剂的重量基础上是1.0μg/ml,它相当于且处理为1.0×0.97浓度或0.97μg/ml。
获得TFPI和TFPI类似物
用于本发明方法的TFPI和TFPI类似物可从细胞或组织中分离并纯化、化学合成或在原核或真核细胞中通过重组方法制造。
TFPI可用一些方法分离。例如,分泌TFPI的细胞包括老化内皮细胞或TNF处理约3到4天的年轻内皮细胞以及肝细胞或肝脏肿瘤细胞。TFPI可通过常规方法从此细胞培养物中纯化。例如,这些方法包括层析方法,描述于Pedersen等,1990,J.of Biological Chemistry,265:16786-16793,Novotny等,1989,J.ofBiological Chemistry,264:18832-18837,Novotny等,1991,Blood,78:394-400,Wun等,1990,J.of Biological Chemistry,265:16096-16101;Broze等,1987,PNAS(USA),84:1886-1890。此外,TFPI出现在血流中且可从血液中纯化,参见Pedersen等,同上。然而,需要大量血以获得足够量的TFPI。
TFPI或TFPI变体可用化学方法合成其氨基酸序列来产生,如用固相技术的直接肽合成法(Merrifield,J.Am.Chem.Soc.85,2149-2154,1963;Roberge等,Science 269,202-204,1995)。蛋白质合成可用手工技术或自动化进行。例如,用应用生物系统431A肽合成仪(Perkin Elmer)可完成自动化合成。任选的是,TFPI片段或TFPI变体可分别合成并用化学方法组合以产生全长分子。
TFPI和TFPI类似物可如美国专利号4,966,852所示重组产生。例如,所需蛋白质的cDNA可掺入在原核或真核中表达的质粒。美国专利号4,847,201提供用具体DNA序列转化微生物和表达它们的细节。本领域普通技术人员已知许多其它参考文献,它们提供用微生物表达蛋白质的细节。许多文献被引用于美国专利号4,847,201,如Maniatas,T.等,1982《分子克隆》(Molecular Cloning),Cold SpringHarbor Press。
多种技术可用于转化微生物并使用它们表达TFPI和TFPI类似物。下列仅是可能方法的例子。必须分离TFPI DNA序列并与适当对照序列相连。TFPI DNA序列示于美国专利号4,966,852且可掺入质粒如pUC13或pBR3822,它们可从公司商业购买如Boehringer-Mannheim。一旦TFPI DNA插入载体,它可克隆到合适宿主中。可扩增DNA的技术例如示于Mullis的美国专利号4,683,202和Mullis等的美国专利号4,683,195。可通过诱导细胞如肝脏肿瘤细胞(例如HepG2和SKHep)产生TFPI mRNA,,然后鉴定和分离mRNA并将它逆转录以获得TFPI的cDNA,由此获得TFPI cDNA。表达载体转化到宿主如大肠杆菌后,可发酵细菌并表达蛋白质。细菌优选是原核微生物且尤其优选大肠杆菌。用于本发明的优选微生物是大肠杆菌K-12、菌株MM294,由ATCC在布达佩斯条约规定下于1984年2月14日保存。它的登录号是39607。
当然,也可能在真核宿主细胞培养物中表达编码多肽的基因,细胞培养物获得自多细胞生物体。参见例如《组织培养》(Tissue Culture),1973,Cruz和Patterson编,Academic Press。有用的哺乳动物细胞系包括鼠骨髓瘤N51、VERO、海拉细胞、中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞、COS、C127、Hep G2和SK Hep。TFPI和TFPI类似物也可在杆状病毒感染的昆虫细胞中表达(也参见美国专利号4,847,201;5,348,886和4,745,051)。同样参见Pedersen等,1990,J.of Biological Chemistry,265:16786-16793。用于真核细胞的表达载体通常包括启动子和与哺乳动物细胞相容的控制序列,例如普遍使用的猿病毒40(SV40)早期和晚期启动子(Fiers等,1878,Nature,273:113),或其它病毒启动子如获得自多瘤病毒、腺病毒2、牛乳头状瘤病毒或禽类肉瘤病毒,或免疫球蛋白启动子和热激启动子。哺乳动物细胞宿主系统转化的一般方面由Axel描述,美国专利号4,399,216,1983年8月16日出版。现在似乎“增强子”区域在最优化表达中也是重要的;这些一般是在启动子区域上游发现的序列。如果需要,复制起点可从病毒来源获得。然而,整合到染色体是真核生物中DNA复制的普遍机制。植物细胞现在也可作为宿主,存在与植物细胞相容的控制序列如胭脂氨酸合酶启动子和多腺苷酸信号序列(Depicker,A.等,1982J.Mol.Appl.Gen.,1:561)。转化植物细胞的方法和载体描述于PCT出版物WO 85/04899,1985年11月7日出版。
可用于纯化哺乳动物细胞中表达的TFPI和TFPI类似物的方法包括连续应用肝素-琼脂糖,MonoQ,MonoS和反相HPLC色谱。参见Pedersen等,同上;Novotny等,1989,J.Biol.Chem.264:18832-18837,Novotny等,1991,Blood,78:394-400,Wun等,1990,J.Biol.Chem.265:16096-16101;Broze等,1987,PNAS(USA),84:1886-1890;美国专利号5,106,833和美国专利号5,466,783。这些参考文献描述了多种纯化哺乳动物产生的TFPI的方法。
TFPI也可用哺乳动物细胞宿主表达为重组糖基化蛋白质,如小鼠C127细胞(Day等,Blood 76:1538-1545,1990)、幼仓鼠肾细胞(Pedersen等,1990)、中国仓鼠卵巢细胞和人SK肝脏肿瘤细胞。C127 TFPI用于动物研究并显示有效抑制兔中组织因子诱导的血管内凝血(Day等,同上)、防止狗中血栓溶解后动脉再阻塞(Haskel等,Circulation 84:821-827(1991))、以及减少狒狒中大肠杆菌脓毒病模型的死亡率(Creasey等,J.Clin.Invest.91:2850(1993))。Ala-TFPI可用大肠杆菌宿主细胞表达为重组非糖基化蛋白质。所述方法通过体外再折叠大肠杆菌产生的重组蛋白来产生高活性ala-TFPI。参见例如WO 96/40784。
TFPI和TFPI类似物也可在细菌或酵母中生产成随后纯化。通常,可使用的方法示于美国专利号5,212,091;6,063,764和6,103,500或WO 96/40784。纯化、溶解和重折叠ala-TFPI和其它TFPI类似物可根据WO 96/40784和Gustafson等,Prot.Express.Pur.5:233(1994),本文纳入供参考。例如,当根据WO 96/40784的实施例9制备时,所得ala-TFPI制备物包含约85%到90%总蛋白重量是成熟、适当折叠、生物活性ala-TFPI,约10%到15%具有一个或多个氧化甲硫氨酸残基。如前凝血素测定所确定,这些氧化形式的生物活性与未衍生的ala-TFPI的生物活性相等,且预期在本文所示发明中有活性。剩余物质包含多种ala-TFPI的修饰形式,包括二聚化、聚集和乙酰化形式。
TFPI和TFPI类似物可有显著数量的半胱氨酸残基,且美国专利号4,929,700所示方法与TFPI重折叠相关。TFPI和类似物可通过多种层析方法从缓冲溶液中纯化,如上面所述方法。另外,可使用美国专利号4,929,700所示方法。可用于纯化TFPI和TFPI类似物的任何方法产生一定程度的纯度和一定水平的活性,适用于施用给人。
治疗方法和组合物
通常,TFPI和TFPI类似物可有效治疗或预防由于组织因子表达的正调节而使TF活性取决于TNF、IL-1或其他细胞因子而造成的疾病。施用TFPI,尤其是低剂量TFPI施用,可降低患者中细胞因子如IL-6的浓度。低剂量TFPI施用通常可有效治疗炎症和血液凝固异常,包括急性和慢性炎性症状,如严重性肺炎。
″严重性肺炎″由美国胸协制订的方针定义。特别地,严重性肺炎要求对肺炎进行诊断并存在a)两个主要标准之一,b)三个次要标准之二,或c)英国胸协(BritishThoracic Society)制订的四个标准之二(Thorax 2001;56[增补本IV]:1-64)。所述主要标准是:1)需要机械换气和2)脓毒病性休克,或需要加压4小时以上。次要标准是1)收缩压≤90mmHg,2)多叶肺炎,以及3)低氧血标准(PaO2/FiO2)<250。英国胸协的标准是:1)呼吸率≥30次/分钟,2)舒张压≤60mmHg,3)血尿氮(BUN)>7.0mM(>19.6mg/dL)和4)意思错乱。根据此领域的理解,低氧血标准(PaO2/FiO2)是指动脉氧占吸入的氧气的分压,它说明了气体交换病损的水平。
优选地,严重性肺炎患者可被此领域已知的任何方式感染。这些方法包括但不限于通过例如GRAM菌株、培养物、组织化学染色、免疫化学测定或核酸测定来检测血液或其他正常无菌体液或组织培养物中的病原生物。感染还可通过胸部X图像来证实,其中包括肺炎的诊断,这构成了全身性抗感染治疗以及任何感染临床症状的前提,其中包括但不限于呼吸率的增加>/=30/分钟或PaO2/FiO2<250,血压降低和体温升高。
TFPI和TFPI类似物制剂
TFPI和TFPI类似物的制剂优选通过静脉内输注施用。基本上优选连续的静脉内注注。完成此施用的方法对于本领域普通技术人员是已知的。输注可经中线或外周线进行。当要避免剂量率的大波动时,短期偏离本发明的剂量率是可接受的,只要所得施用TFPI的血浆水平在连续输注预期的20%内,连续输注根据发明较佳实施方案以恒定剂量率进行。
施用给患者前,配方制剂(formulant)可加入TFPI和TFPI类似物。优选液体制剂。TFPI和TFPI类似物可以不同浓度配制,在与TFPI蛋白施用途径、溶解性和稳定性相容的任何生理合适pH下使用不同配方剂。静脉内输注的优选制剂包括达约0.6mg/ml的ala-TFPI、达300mM的盐酸精氨酸、pH5.0-6.0的柠檬酸钠缓冲液。一些溶质如精氨酸、NaCl、蔗糖和甘露醇用于溶解和/或稳定ala-TFPI。参见WO 96/40784。尤其优选的静脉内输注制剂含约0.15mg/ml参考ala-TFPI、300mM盐酸精氨酸和pH5.5的20mM柠檬酸钠。TFPI和TFPI类似物也可以达约0.15mg/ml的浓度配制,这是在150mM NaCl和20mM柠檬酸钠或pH5.5-7.2的另一种缓冲液中,任选具有0.005%或0.01%(w/v)聚山梨醇酯80(吐温80)。其它制剂在pH5.5的10mM乙酸钠中含达约0.5mg/ml TFPI或TFPI类似物,乙酸钠中含150mM NaCl、8%(w/v)蔗糖或4.5%(w/v)甘露醇。TFPI和TFPI类似物也可用高盐以高达几个mg/ml的浓度配制。例如,在500mM NaCl和20mM磷酸钠(pH7.0)中,一种制剂含达约6.7mg/ml ala-TFPI。
用于TFPI和TFPI类似物的更多配方剂例子包括油、聚合物、维生素、碳水化合物、氨基酸、盐、缓冲液、白蛋白、表面活性剂或膨胀剂。优选碳水化合物包括糖或糖醇如单、二或多糖或水溶性葡聚糖。糖类或葡聚糖可包括果糖、右旋糖、乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、山梨糖、木糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、右旋糖苷、支链淀粉、糊精、α和β环糊精、可溶性淀粉、羟乙基淀粉和羧甲基纤维素或它们的混合物。最优选蔗糖。糖醇定义为具有-OH基团的C4-C8烃,且包括半乳糖醇、肌醇、甘露醇、木糖醇、山梨糖醇、甘油和阿拉伯糖醇。最优选甘露醇。上述这些糖或糖醇可单独或组合使用。用量没有限制,只要糖或糖醇可溶于含水制备物中。糖或糖醇浓度优选在1.0w/v%和7.0w/v%间,更优选在2.0w/v%和6.0w/v%间。
优选的氨基酸包括左旋(L)形式的肉碱、精氨酸和甜菜碱;然而可加入其它氨基酸。优选的聚合物包括平均分子量在2000和3,000间的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)或平均分子量在3,000和5,000间的聚乙二醇(PEG)。同样优选使用组合物中的缓冲液使冻干前或重建后溶液的pH变化成极小。可使用大部分任意生理缓冲液,但优选柠檬酸、磷酸、琥珀酸和谷氨酸缓冲液或它们的混合物。缓冲液浓度优选从0.01到0.3摩尔。可加入制剂的表面活性剂示于EP号270,799和268,110。
另外,可化学修饰TFPI和TFPI类似物,例如通过共价缀合到聚合物以增加其循环半衰期。优选的聚合物和使它们附于肽的方法示于美国专利号4,766,106、4,179,337、4,495,285和4,609,546。优选的聚合物是聚氧乙烯化多元醇和聚乙二醇(PEG)。PEG在室温可溶于水且具有通式:R(O-CH2-CH2)n-O-R,其中R可以是氢或保护性基团如烷基或烷醇基团。保护性基团优选有1到8个碳,更优选它是甲基。符号n是正整数,优选1和1,000间,更优选2和500间。PEG的平均分子量优选在1000和40,000间,更优选2000和20,000间,最优选3,000和12000间。PEG优选有至少一个羟基,更优选它是一个末端羟基。此羟基被优选活化以与抑制剂上的游离氨基反应。然而,要理解的是可改变反应基团的类型和量以获得本发明共价共轭的PEG/TFPI。
水溶性聚氧乙烯化多元醇也用于本发明。它们包括聚氧乙烯化山梨糖醇、聚氧乙烯化葡萄糖、聚氧乙烯化甘油(POG)等。优选POG。一个原因是聚氧乙烯化甘油的甘油主链与例如动物和人的甘油一、二、三酸酯中天然产生的主链相同。因此,该分支不一定看成体内的外来试剂。POG的优选分子量范围与PEG相同。POG结构示于Knauf等,1988,J.Biol.Chem.263:15064-15070,POG-蛋白质缀合物的讨论发现于美国专利号4,766,106,本文全部纳入供参考。
液体药物组合物被制备后,可冻干以防止降解并保持无菌。冻干药物组合物的方法对于本领域普通技术人员是已知的。组合物仅在使用前用无菌稀释液重建(例如林格溶液、蒸馏水或无菌盐水),稀释液可包括另外的成分。重建后,组合物优选通过连续静脉内输注施用给受试者。
TFPI和TFPI类似物的剂量
TFPI或TFPI类似物是以有效治疗和预防严重性肺炎的浓度施用的。这也对其他急性或慢性感染,以及细胞因子正调节组织因子表达的常规疾病有效。为实现这一目的,TFPI或TFPI类似物优选静脉内施用。实现这种施用的方法是精通此领域的技术人员熟知的。通常,TFPI或TFPI类似物的给药剂量在1μg/kg至20mg/kg之间,更优选在20μg/kg至15mg/kg之间,最优选在1至10mg/kg之间。
上述剂量一般是在至少约1天的时间内施用的,通常要几天,这样就可以统计以单剂量或均分剂量给予宿主的总日剂量,例如,每天每千克体重约2-15毫克,优选约4-10mg/kg。剂量单位组合物可含有上述量或其因数以构成日剂量。较低的日剂量可用于预防或其他目的,如约1μg/kg至2mg/kg。活性成分的量可与载体物质相结合以制得单剂量形式,这将根据被治疗患者的状况和特定治疗模式而定。
无论采用何种药物输递系统以及无论所述化合物是否作为药物组合物的一部分施用,给药方案都需根据各种因素来选定,其中包括患者的类型、年龄、体重、性别、饮食状况和身体状况,症状的严重性,给药途径,药理学情况,如活性、有效性、药代动力学和毒理学特征。因此,实际采用的给药方案可变性很大,因此可能与上述优选的给药方案差别很大。优选地,TFPI或TFPI类似物的剂量不能超过ala-TFPI 0.66mg/kg/小时的剂量率。
低剂量施用
当TFPI和TFPI类似物给予的剂量率相当于以至少约0.00025mg/kg/小时(0.00417μg/kg/分钟)和小于约0.050mg/kg/小时(0.833μg/kg/分钟)的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI时,治疗脓毒病和其它炎症情况的功效被保持且不利副作用如出血被减至最低程度。为最佳结合功效和安全,剂量率优选相当于以至少约0.010mg/kg/小时(0.167μg/kg/分钟)和小于约0.045mg/kg/小时(0.833μg/kg/分钟)的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI,或相当于以至少约0.020mg/kg/小时和小于约0.040mg/kg/小时的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI,最优选相当于以约0.025mg/kg/小时(0.417μg/kg/分钟)的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI。施用途径一般是静脉内施用,优选连续静脉内输注。输注可施用至少约72、96、120或240小时。连续输注优选施用3到8天,更优选3到6天,最优选约4天。
“通过连续输注”施用是指输注维持在接近指定速度而没有显著中断大部分规定的持续时间。另外,可使用间歇的静脉内输注。如果使用间歇输注,然后应使用时间平均的剂量率,此速度相当于上述连续输注所用剂量率。此外,间歇输注的程序必须使最高血清浓度不比使用输注所得最高浓度大约20%。为避免患者的不利反应,具体是包括出血的副作用,剂量率应小于的速度相当于以约0.050mg/kg/小时连续静脉内输注参考ala-TFPI。
所有本文所述剂量包括剂量率和总剂量,在实践中受到至多10%的变化,由于定量测定中无法避免不精确如前凝血素测试中的蛋白质浓度和生物活性。即任何实际施用剂量比本文所述剂量至多高10%或低10%被认为是在所述剂量范围内。由于此原因,所有剂量表示为“大约”一个具体剂量。例如,描述为“约0.025mg/kg/小时”的剂量被认为相当于范围从0.0225到0.0275mg/kg/小时的任何实际剂量。
如果继以低剂量TFPI施用,推注注射或TFPI或TFPI类似物的短暂较高的输注速度也可在本发明实践中使用。例如,推注注射或较高灌输速度可用于减少患者循环中施用TFPI或TFPI类似物的平衡时间。这样做,可更迅速达到最终稳态的TFPI血浆水平,TFPI受体可更快饱和。以约0.025mg/kg/小时施用参考ala-TFPI给人2小时使TFPI血浆水平(加ala-TFPI)从约80ng/ml增加到约125ng/ml,或增加约50%。如果提高输注速度或使用推注注射,可更快达到相同水平。如果输注持续到获得稳态,较高输注速度会产生较高水平。在脓毒病患者中,以约0.050mg/kg/小时施用参考ala-TFPI的稳态水平是约300ng/ml,以约0.33或约0.66mg/kg/小时施用参考ala-TFPI的稳态水平是至少约2μg/ml。
以单次连续输注或分开输注施用给受体的总日剂量可例如相当于施用至少约0.006mg/kg/天到小于约1.2mg/kg/天的参考ala-TFPI,更常相当于施用至少约0.24mg/kg/天到小于约1.2mg/kg/天的参考ala-TFPI,优选相当于约0.6mg/kg/天的参考ala-TFPI。此范围内的更低剂量可用于预防或其它目的。发明的剂量方案也可表示为施用给患者的总剂量。总剂量是输注速度和总输注时间的数学乘积。例如,在优选剂量率约为0.025mg/kg/小时参考ala-TFPI和优选输注时间为96小时时,总剂量约为2.4mg参考ala-TFPI每kg体重。根据发明施用的TFPI总剂量相当于至少约0.75μg/kg和小于约4.8mg/kg的参考ala-TFPI。总剂量优选相当于至少约1mg/kg和小于约4.8mg/kg的参考ala-TFPI。总剂量更优选相当于至少约2.4mg/kg的参考ala-TFPI。
一个可用于调节剂量方案的因素是单个患者的凝血功能,通常用前凝血素时间(PT)测定或国际标准化比例(INR)测量。INR是PT测定的标准化,其中测试根据国际参考促凝血酶原激酶试剂来校准。参见例如R.S.Riley等,J.Clin.Lab.Anal.14:101-114(2000)。健康人类志愿者中INR对ala-TFPI的反应在所见血浆浓度范围上大致为线性(图3)。INR的总变化是1.2个单位每1μg/ml血浆ala-TFPI浓度增加。
在药代动力学模型中,对ala-TFPI的INR应答最好用log-线性模型描述,其中log INR与TFPI血浆浓度呈线性相关。应答的log-线性特性意味着INR基线升高的受试者比具有较低基线值的受试者可能能耐受更多抗凝血药,后者有类似的循环sls-TFPI水平。
上述剂量方案包括以mg/kg/小时为基础的剂量率和总日剂量,表示为“相当于施用参考ala-TFPI”的剂量。这是指它们通过标准化到“参考ala-TFPI”剂量来定量确定,“参考ala-TFPI”剂量定义为成熟、100%纯(在蛋白质基础上)、适当折叠、生物活性、非糖基化ala-TFPI。Ala-TFPI是氨基酸序列示于SEQ ID NO:2的TFPI类似物。其它形式的TFPI也可用于发明,包括成熟、全长TFPI和其类似物。为确定用除了ala-TFPI的TFPI形式和ala-TFPI制剂或另一个小于100%纯的TFPI类似物实践发明的适当剂量范围,本文所述参考ala-TFPI的剂量范围可在TFPI具体形式的内在生物活性的基础上调节,且在制剂的生化纯度基础上进一步调节。
TFPI或TFPI类似物的内在生物活性指成熟、100%纯、适当折叠TFPI或TFPI类似物的特异活性,如前凝血素测定所定义。因此等效剂量计算为(参考ala-TFPI剂量)/((相对内在活性)×(生化纯度)),其中相对内在活性指(类似物的内在活性)/(参考ala-TFPI的内在活性)。例如,如果具体TFPI类似物的内在生物活性是参考ala-TFPI的80%,将参考ala-TFPI的剂量值除以0.8得到具体TFPI类似物的等效剂量。此外,如果施用给患者的制剂是例如仅90%生化纯度即包含10%缺乏TFPI生物活性的分子种类,通过将剂量值除以0.9对ala-TFPI的参考剂量值进行另外修正。因此,对于具有80%ala-TFPI的内在活性且以90%生化纯度施用的假定TFPI类似物,相当于以0.025mg/kg/小时施用参考ala-TFPI的剂量率为0.0347mg/kg/小时(即0.025/(0.8×0.9))。
也可通过相对生物活性来确定具体制剂的等效剂量而不需知道内在活性或生化纯度。相对生物活性可使用前凝血素时间测定通过比较TFPI类似物具体制剂与TFPI生物活性标准来确定。例如,根据WO 96/40784实施例9的方法产生的ala-TFPI含约85%生物活性ala-TFPI分子种类,可用作TFPI生物活性标准。在前凝血素测定中,根据WO 96/40784实施例9的方法产生的ala-TFPI具有约85%的参考ala-TFPI的活性。在前凝血素时间标准曲线作图时,凝固时间的对数相对TFPI浓度的对数作图。如果TFPI生物活性标准具有85%的参考ala-TFPI的活性,若作图前TFPI生物活性标准浓度乘以0.85,可制成相当于参考ala-TFPI的标准曲线,从而绘出的活性相当于100%纯参考ala-TFPI的活性。当具体TFPI类似物制剂的凝固时间与标准曲线比较时,可从曲线读出参考ala-TFPI的等价浓度。另外,如果通过线性回归分析获得标准曲线的线性部分的斜率,斜率可在TFPI生物活性标准相对参考ala-TFPI的活性基础上修正。因此具体TFPI类似物制剂的相对生物活性相当于参考ala-TFPI活性与类似物制剂活性的比例。例如,如果具体类似物需要1.43μg以产生与1.00μg参考ala-TFPI相同的前凝血素时间活性,类似物制剂的相对生物活性是1.00/1.43或0.7。对于此类似物制剂,将参考ala-TFPI剂量除以类似物制剂的相对生物活性得到参考ala-TFPI的等效剂量。例如,0.025mg/kg/小时的参考ala-TFPI剂量相当于0.0357mg/kg/小时的类似物制剂(即0.025/0.7)。
尽管TFPI和TFPI类似物可作为单独活性抗凝血药剂施用,它也可与一种或多种另外的治疗剂组合使用。这些另外的治疗剂包括用于治疗严重性肺炎的抗体,例如抗内毒素、单克隆抗体(如结合内毒素的Mabs)和抗TNF产物如抗TNF的鼠Mab。TFPI和TFPI类似物也可结合白介素-1受体拮抗剂、杀菌/渗透性增加(BPI)蛋白质、免疫刺激剂、具抗炎症活性的化合物如PAF拮抗剂以及细胞粘附阻断剂(例如抗血小板剂如GPIIb/IIIa抑制剂)。当组合施用时,治疗剂可作为在相同或不同时间给予的单独组合物配制,或治疗剂可作为单组合物给予。优选地,其它治疗剂是同时(即在施用TFPI或TFPI类似物同时)或在施用TFPI或TFPI类似物24小时之内(即在开始施用TFPI或TFPI类似物前24小时之内,或在结束施用TFPI或TFPI类似物后24小时之内)给予的。其它治疗剂也可和TFPI或TFPI类似物一起作为单独的组合物给予。
TFPI和TFPI类似物可联合其它有效治疗严重性肺炎的试剂。例如,下列可联合TFPI和TFPI类似物施用:能治疗潜在细菌感染的抗生素;针对抗细菌细胞壁成分的单克隆抗体;可和参与严重性肺炎途径的细胞因子形成复合物的受体;以及一般任何试剂或蛋白质,它们可与细胞因子或补体蛋白质相互作用以减少它们的效果并削弱严重性肺炎和/或其症状。
用于本发明的抗生素包括一般类别的抗生素:β-内酰胺环(青霉素)、糖苷键中的氨基糖(氨基糖苷)、大环内酯环(大环内酯)、并西苯羧酰胺(氨甲酰并四苯(naphthacenecarboxamide)的多环衍生物(四环素)、二氯乙酸硝基苯衍生物、肽(杆菌肽、短杆菌肽和多粘菌素)、具缀合双键系统的大环(多烯)、获得自磺胺的磺胺类药物(磺胺药物)、5-硝基-2-呋喃基(硝基呋喃)、喹啉羧酸(萘啶酸)和许多其它抗生素。其它抗生素和上面具体抗生素的更多形式可发现于《化学技术百科全书》(Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology),第3版,Kirk-Othymer(编),第2卷,782-1036页(1978)和第3卷,1-78页,Zinsser,《微生物学》(Microbiology),第17版,W.Joldik等,(编),235-277页(1980),或《Dorland图解医学辞典》(Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary),第27版,W.B.Saunders Company(1988)。
其它可结合TFPI和TFPI类似物的试剂包括内毒素拮抗剂如E5531(一种脂质A的类似物,参见Asai等,Biol.Pharm.Bull.22:432(1999));具抗凝血活性的TF类似物(参见例如Kelley等,Blood 89:3219(1997)和Lee&Kelley,J.Biol.Chem.273:4149(1998));针对参与脓毒病途径的细胞因子的单克隆抗体,如针对IL-6、M-CSF的单克隆抗体,参见Creasey等于1989年12月15日提交的美国序列号07/451,218,以及针对TNF的单克隆抗体,参见Cerami等,美国专利号4603,106;从产生TNF激素原的细胞中切割成熟TNF激素原的蛋白质抑制剂,参见Kriegler等。于1989年8月16日提交的美国序列号07/395,253;IL-1的拮抗剂,如Haskili等于1990年5月1日提交的美国序列号07/517,276所示;IL-6细胞因子表达的抑制剂例如抑制素,如Warren等于1999年8月24日提交的美国专利号5,942220;以受体为基础的多种细胞因子的抑制剂如IL-1。可使用补体或补体的蛋白质抑制剂的抗体,如CR1、DAF和MCP。
本说明书中提到的所有专利、专利申请和参考资料在此全文并入以供参考。
现在通过以下例子阐述本发明,例子列出具体有利的实施方案。然而,应指出这些实施方案是说明性的,不用于以任何方式限制发明。
实施例
实施例1.用Ala-TFPI治疗严重性肺炎患者
评价严重性肺炎患者以在基本相同的组中研究用ala-TFPI治疗的潜在效果。如果调查人员证明一项脓毒病来源为肺炎则可断定为肺炎患者。可以有其它感染位点。由于难以区别化学药品后遗症的影响,故未包括吸入性肺炎患者。按培养物阳性(任何感染证据,如培养物或革兰氏菌株)或培养物阴性(阴性培养物或未处理的培养物)将肺炎患者归类。通过连续静脉内输注在大肠杆菌中表达的未糖基化的ala-TFPI制品治疗患者,施用剂量为0.025mg/kg/h,该制品配制在含300mM L-精氨酸、20mM柠檬酸钠,pH5.5的缓冲液中,其渗量为560+/-110mOsm。以相同速度输注含相同缓冲液但不含ala-TFPI的安慰剂作为研究药物。分析结果证实,用ala-TFPI治疗阳性培养物肺炎患者是有效的(表1)。那些没有感染源证据的患者被证明是无效的。表1.肺炎指标—死亡率
表2.低INR肺炎指标—死亡率
INR≥1.2 | 全部 | ||
安慰剂 | TFPI | p= | |
阳性肺炎培养物 | |||
(N=) | 236 | 268 | |
死亡率 | 39.8% | 31.3% | 0.05 |
阴性肺炎培养物 | |||
(N=) | 118 | 122 | |
死亡率 | 30.5% | 45.1% | 0.02 |
INR<1.2 | 全部 | ||
安慰剂 | TFPI | p= | |
阳性肺炎培养物 | |||
(N=) | 33 | 22 | |
死亡率 | 30.3% | 13.6% | 0.15 |
阴性肺炎培养物 | |||
(N=) | 25 | 23 | |
死亡率 | 32.0% | 8.7% | 0.08 |
高INR阴性培养物组升高的死亡率似乎出现在有或没有额外施用肝素的患者群体中,尽管需要注意的是,阴性肺炎培养物的非肝素组中受试者数目相对较少(表3)。在阳性培养物/无肝素组中观察到强积极治疗效果。
表3.肺炎指标—死亡率和肝素
INR≥1.2 | 肺炎培养物阳性 | 肺炎培养物阴性 | ||||
安慰剂 | TFPI | p= | 安慰剂 | TFPI | p= | |
基线或治疗期间有肝素 | ||||||
(N=) | 160 | 187 | 87 | 85 | ||
死亡率 | 32.5% | 31.6% | 0.84 | 36.8% | 56.5% | 0.01 |
基线或治疗期间无肝素 | ||||||
(N=) | 76 | 81 | 31 | 37 | ||
死亡率 | 55.3% | 30.9% | 0.002 | 32.3% | 48.6% | 0.17 |
实施例2.研究疾病变化的基线严格性(severity)
评价了许多疾病变化的基线严格性,以确定是否可用组间不平衡来解释观察到的结果。这些数据说明,这些结果的差异与培养物状况有关不是由于基线不平衡。因此,这些结果似乎代表了TFPI治疗的不同效果,这是由于被感染或未被感染患者的生物学差异造成的。无论在经TFPI处理的阴性肺炎培养物组中严格性指标(例如APACHE II记分或器官功能障碍记分)等于安慰剂或较低,阴性培养物组证实有最高的总死亡率(表4)。
表4.肺炎指标—疾病的基线严格性
INR≥1.2 | 阳性肺炎培养物 | 阴性肺炎培养物 | ||
安慰剂 | TFPI | 安慰剂 | TFPI | |
N= | 236 | 268 | 118 | 122 |
死亡率比例 | 39.8% | 31.3% | 30.5% | 45.1% |
APACHE II | 25.8 | 25.9 | 24.3 | 25.2 |
INR | 1.53 | 1.50 | 1.52 | 1.45 |
平均器官功能障碍 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 |
CV-低血压 | 79% | 74% | 73% | 72% |
酸中毒 | 66% | 66% | 64% | 58% |
少尿 | 42% | 48% | 47% | 49% |
肺功能障碍 | 93% | 91% | 91% | 90% |
血小板减少 | 20% | 23% | 22% | 16% |
IL-6是在脓毒病早期升高的炎性细胞因子,它反应了炎性应答的强度且与结果有关。在基线时,IL-6水平在临床上证实患有肺炎但无感染证据的患者中较低(表5)。这说明经证实带有肺炎感染源的患者与无明显感染源的患者之间是有生物学差异的。奇怪的是,阴性TFPI培养物组有最低的基线IL-6水平,但有最高的死亡率。在脓毒病群体中,IL-6水平随时间降低。IL-6降低的速度在经TFPI治疗的阴性肺炎培养物个体中下降(表5)。这说明TFPI的生物效应在被感染或未被感染的患者中可能是不同的。
表5.肺炎指标—IL-6
INR≥1.2肺炎 | 基线 | 6小时(%Δ*) | 24小时(%Δ*) | 96小时(%Δ*) | ||||||||
PL | TFPI | p= | PL | TFPI | p= | PL | TFPI | p= | PL | TFPI | p= | |
阳性培养物(n=493) | 494 | 489 | 0.96 | -25% | -27% | 0.75 | -57% | -63% | 0.26 | -83% | -84% | 0.69 |
阴性培养物(n=236) | 300 | 195 | 0.11 | -21% | -54% | 0 08 | -54% | -32% | -0.03 | -98% | -97% | 0.06 |
*%Δ=相对基线变化的百分比(几何平均数)
实施例3.用经证实的感染类型分析严重性肺炎患者
如上所述,在最可能被感染的患者(即血液培养物呈阳性的患者)中观察了ala-TFPI治疗的总功效。在用经证实的感染类型分析严重性肺炎患者时,在血液培养物呈阳性的个体和具有其他证据的患者中观察了ala-TFPI治疗的功效(表6)。该效果在细菌组,即最可能被感染或有最强感染源的患者中最强。
表6.培养物指标和肺炎指标—死亡率
INR≥1.2 | 血液培养物阳性 | 其他培养物阳性 | 培养物阴性/ND | ||||||
PL | TFPI | p= | PL | TFPI | p= | PL | TFPI | p= | |
肺炎 | |||||||||
(N=) | 80 | 107 | 156 | 161 | 110 | 110 | |||
死亡率 | 38.8% | 26.2% | 0.07 | 40.4% | 34.8% | 0.30 | 30.9% | 46.4% | 0.02 |
如上所示,在没有肝素时,被感染的患者(血液+“其他”)可从TFPI治疗中受益。该结果最可能是由于肺炎组的益处(表7)。这一发现似乎说明,内源抗凝血药对严重性肺炎感染患者的好处最大。
表7.感染指标、肺炎指标—死亡率,使用肝素
INR≥1.2 | 肝素 | 无肝素 | ||||
安慰剂 | TFPI | p= | 安慰剂 | TFPI | p= | |
被证实感染(血液+“其他”) | ||||||
N= | 433 | 442 | 211 | 207 | ||
死亡率 | 31.4% | 31.9% | 0.89 | 43.1% | 32.4% | 0.02 |
肺炎(培养物阳性) | ||||||
N= | 160 | 187 | 76 | 81 | ||
死亡率 | 32.5% | 31.6% | 0.84 | 55.3% | 30.9% | 0.002 |
非肺炎感染(被证实最不可能是肺炎) | ||||||
N= | 273 | 255 | 135 | 126 | ||
死亡率 | 30.8% | 32.2% | 0.73 | 36.3% | 33.3% | 0.62 |
为进一步限制异质性,进一步的试验可集中在社会获得性肺炎(CAP)。在医院中患上肺炎的患者(医院肺炎)更可能用来收集病原生物,并具有其他使对感染性肺炎的诊断更加困难的肺部疾病。此外,与非医院肺炎患者相比,CAP患者暴露于肝素的可能性较小。当用治疗前住院时间的长短来分析数据时,需要注意住院≤2天的培养物阳性患者(社会获得性肺炎)和住院超过2天的患者(医院肺炎)有类似的益处。培养物阴性患者中的不良效果主要在医院肺炎组中观察到(表8)。
表8.肺炎指标—死亡率以及住院时间
INR≥1.2 | 肺炎培养物阳性 | 肺炎培养物阴性 | ||||
安慰剂 | TFPI | p= | 安慰剂 | TFPI | p= | |
社会获得性肺炎(≤2天) | ||||||
(N=) | 121 | 143 | 61 | 52 | ||
死亡率 | 38.8% | 29.4% | 0.10 | 27.9% | 30.8% | 0.74 |
医院肺炎(>2天) | ||||||
(N=) | 115 | 125 | 57 | 70 | ||
死亡率 | 40.9% | 33.6% | 0.24 | 33.3% | 55.7% | 0.01 |
然而,本专利申请想要涵盖的变化和取代可由本领域技术人员进行而不背离所附权利要求的精神和范围。
序列表
<110>希龙公司(Chiron Corporation)
<120>通过施用组织因子途径抑制剂(TFPI)治疗严重性肺炎
<130>012441.00029
<150>US 60/328,806
<151>2001-10-15
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Claims (39)
1.一种治疗或预防严重性肺炎的方法,所述方法包括:
施用TFPI或TFPI类似物给患此病或有可能患病的患者。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述患者被证实感染。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI或TFPI类似物是以一定的剂量率通过连续静脉内输注给予的,所述剂量率相当于以小于约0.66mg/kg/hr的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述剂量率相当于以约0.00025到约0.050mg/kg/小时的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI,其中所述TFPI或TFPI类似物施用至少约72小时。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述剂量率相当于以约0.010到约0.045mg/kg/小时的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述剂量率相当于以约0.025mg/kg/小时的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI或TFPI类似物施用至少约96小时。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,通过连续静脉注射施用所述TFPI或TFPI类似物,提供相当于以约0.024到约4.8mg/kg的总剂量施用参考ala-TFPI的总剂量。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
14.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,通过连续静脉注射施用所述TFPI或TFPI类似物,施用的剂量率相当于以约0.025mg/kg/小时的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,通过连续静脉注射施用所述TFPI或TFPI类似物,提供相当于以约0.006mg/kg到约1.2mg/kg的日剂量施用参考ala-TFPI的日剂量。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
18.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物包括由SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸19-89组成的第一个Kunitz结构域。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物还包括由SEQ IDNO:1的氨基酸90-160组成的第二个Kunitz结构域。
20.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物包括SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸1-160。
21.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物进包括由SEQ IDNO:1的氨基酸90-160组成的第二个Kunitz结构域。
22.如权利要求21所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
23.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI或TFPI类似物由冻干组合物制备,所述组合物包含TFPI或TFPI类似物。
24.如权利要求23所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
25.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI或TFPI类似物作为含精氨酸的制剂施用。
26.如权利要求25所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
27.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI或TFPI类似物作为含柠檬酸的制剂施用。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
29.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI或TFPI类似物在制剂中的浓度约为0.15mg/ml,所述制剂包含约300mM盐酸精氨酸和约20mM柠檬酸钠,其pH约5.5。
30.如权利要求29所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
31.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法还包括在所述施用期或24小时内施用另外的试剂,所述试剂选自抗生素、抗体、内毒素拮抗剂、具抗凝血活性的组织因子类似物、免疫刺激剂、细胞粘附阻断剂、肝素、BPI蛋白、IL-1拮抗剂、pafase(PAF酶抑制剂)、TNF抑制剂、IL-6抑制剂和补体抑制剂。
32.如权利要求31所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
33.如权利要求31所述的方法,其特征在于,所述另外的试剂是抗体,所述与抗原特异结合的抗体选自TNF、IL-6和M-CSF。
34.如权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
35.一种治疗严重性肺炎的方法,所述方法包括:
施用给患者(i)TFPI或TFPI类似物和(ii)另外试剂,所述试剂选自抗生素、单克隆抗体、细胞因子抑制剂和补体抑制剂。
36.如权利要求35所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI类似物是非糖基化ala-TFPI。
37.如权利要求35所述的方法,其特征在于,所述患者被证实感染。
38.如权利要求35所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TFPI或TFPI类似物是以一定的剂量率通过连续静脉内输注给予的,所述剂量率相当于以小于约0.66mg/kg/hr的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI。
39.如权利要求38所述的方法,其特征在于,所述剂量率相当于以约0.00025到约0.050mg/kg/小时的剂量率施用参考ala-TFPI。
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