CN1527698A - 控释可生物降解的凝胶基质 - Google Patents

控释可生物降解的凝胶基质 Download PDF

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CN1527698A
CN1527698A CNA028140931A CN02814093A CN1527698A CN 1527698 A CN1527698 A CN 1527698A CN A028140931 A CNA028140931 A CN A028140931A CN 02814093 A CN02814093 A CN 02814093A CN 1527698 A CN1527698 A CN 1527698A
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中 史
史中
G·曾特纳
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Abstract

公开了一种用于将生物-活性物质或药物在生物学环境内以受控的方式释放的组合物和方法。该组合物是一种包含连续的可生物相容的凝胶相、包含所定义微粒和被传递物质的不连续的微粒相的两相的聚合物传递组合物。

Description

控释可生物降解的凝胶基质
技术领域
本发明涉及一种使得生物活性物质可在体外或体内环境中长时间并受控释放的生物活性物质传递系统。更具体地讲,本发明包括一种可生物降解的凝胶基质和微粒系统,其中所说的微粒被包埋在可生物降解的基质中,生物活性物质以受控的方式从其中释放。该生物活性物质可以仅位于该微粒内,或可以既位于微粒内又位于凝胶基质中。
背景技术
由于重组DNA和其它技术的发展,许多对于基因治疗和各种治疗应用有效的生物活性大分子如肽/蛋白质已经变得可以通过商业途径获得。但是,由于这些分子易在胃肠道中降解,所以其被局限于胃肠外给药。慢性疾病或适应症的治疗可能需要在数天或数月的时间内每天注射多次。患者的顺从性通常很差。因此,十分希望研制一种可在持续的时期内将生物活性物质或药物,特别是多肽或蛋白质药物以受控速率进行传递而同时不存在上述问题的系统。该系统将有助于使治疗效果最优化,使副作用最小化,从而改善了患者的顺从性。
近来,试图用可生物降解的聚合物将药物维持在稳定的水平上的尝试引起了人们极大的注意。这些聚合物是可生物降解的并且在药物耗尽后不需要取回。因此,其可被制造成在其中包封有药物的微球、微囊或纳米球。在现有技术中,已经对将生物活性物混入到微粒载体中的微囊包封技术进行了教导,例如可见美国专利4,652,441;5,100,669;4,438,253和5,665,428。
但是,在将该微粒传递系统给药后通常立即观察到药物的突然释放。物质从微粒传递系统中的释放包括开始时从该装置表面的突然释放。由于微粒系统的突释作用而使得血液中的药物水平远高于正常的治疗水平,这会引起副作用如恶心、呕吐、谵妄,并且有时会造成死亡。当聚合物基质被严重侵蚀时会发生类似的情况。此外,如果出现副作用,微粒剂型是无法取回的。
因此,希望提供一种可通过将微粒混入到可生物相容的环境敏感的聚合物凝胶基质中来降低“突释”问题的生物-活性物质传递系统。这样,聚合物凝胶将作为生物-活性物质的第二道释放屏障,降低突释作用。本发明的微粒-聚合物凝胶生物-物质传递系统对生物-活性物质传递进行的控制比单独使用微粒或聚合物凝胶时对生物-活性物质传递进行的控制更好。此外,因为微粒被捕获并被局部化,所以如果需要的话,该微粒-凝胶系统的取回相对较为容易。
本发明的目的和概述
本发明提供了一种改良的生物活性物质传递系统,其包含一种包含药物的混悬于凝胶溶液中的微粒。一旦被给药于人或其它温血动物体内,该系统形成一种凝胶储库并且其中捕获包含药物的微粒。
本发明还提供了一种在延长的时期内用于亲水性和疏水性药物、蛋白质和肽类药物、以及寡核苷酸的胃肠外给药的受控的药物传递系统。
本发明的药物传递系统降低了与微粒传递系统有关的“突释”作用并改善了生物利用度和作用的持续时间。本发明还提供了一种剂型,其能将微粒有效悬浮并防止给药时皮下注射器针的阻塞。
本发明一方面提供了一种将微粒局部化于一种当需要或规定要通过手术除去时易于识别和取回的凝胶储库中的剂型。
本发明另一方面提供了一种生物-活性物质传递系统,其将包含生物活性物质的微粒局部化并保护其不被酶降解。
本发明另一方面提供了一种可确保从业者可对生物活性物质释放进入生物学环境进行调控的生物活性物质传递系统。
本发明另一方面还提供了一种用于亲水性和疏水性药物、肽和蛋白质药物、激素、基因、寡核苷酸和抗癌剂的胃肠外给药的药物传递系统。
本发明提供了一种将两种生物活性物质传递技术,即微粒传递和聚合物凝胶传递相结合的改良的生物活性物质传递系统。本发明的生物活性物质传递系统包含一种凝胶基质和一种微粒系统,其中所说的微粒系统被包埋在所说的凝胶基质中。被传递的一种或多种物质可以仅位于微粒中或可以既位于微粒中又位于凝胶基质中。本发明的微粒-凝胶传递系统可以在长时间内以相对恒定的速率释放物质。可以通过改变该微粒和/或凝胶组成来改变该系统的释放特性。该凝胶溶液是表面活性的并且略粘于生理盐水。因此,其可是一种润湿剂,并且同时是该微粒极好的悬浮剂。当使用相对小号的针时,这种混悬液可被顺利地注射而不发生堵塞。在注射后,该凝胶凝固并将混悬于其中的微粒局部化。在穿越该凝胶基质并进入生物学系统之前,被包封在微粒中的物质必需从该微粒中被释放出来。因此,可以降低并调控与微粒传递系统有关的立即释放或突释。因为物质从这种两种系统中的释放可能完全不同,所以将微粒包埋在凝胶相中为该物质提供了另外的调整和经济的应用。其优点包括与单独使用任何一种体系相比,其生物利用度更高并且作用的持续时间更长。此外,该联合体系可改善微粒剂型的安全性。因为微粒被凝胶所局部化,所以如果由于任何原因而决定终止该药物传递时其可以通过手术方法取出。
人造或天然的微粒包括包含被传递到体内的生物-活性物质的微囊、微球和纳米球。可以使用任何能被这些微粒所包含和释放的生物-活性物质。然后,可将该微粒混入到一种在生物学环境中能以受控方式释放该微粒和/或生物活性物质的可生物相容的聚合物凝胶中。
通过下面构成本发明的各种实施方案的概括和详细描述,本发明另外的目的和优点将变得显而易见。
附图简要说明
图1.反热胶凝(RTG)系统对人生长激素(hGH)从Zn-hGH/PLG微球(100mM HEPES,在37℃下,pH为7.4)中的溶出的影响。具有RTG的样品(■)和不具有RTG的样品(▲)。
本发明的详细说明
在对包括一种包含可将所需的生物-活性物质释放到生物学环境中的微粒的可生物相容的聚合物凝胶、聚合物凝胶和/或这两种物质的本发明进行公开和描述前,应当清楚的是本发明并不限于这里所公开的特定加工步骤和材料,所以这些加工步骤和材料可以在一定程度上进行变化。还应当清楚的是这里所用的术语仅仅是为了对特定的实施方案进行描述,并不是要对本发明的范围进行限制,本发明的范围将仅受所附权利要求及其等同物的限制。
这里所用的下列术语都具有所指定的含义:
除非在文中清楚地表明,否则单数形式包括被讨论对象的复数。
“可生物相容的”指的是适用于温血动物或人体的任何物质。
“可生物降解的”指的是在生物活性物质进行释放时或被释放后,聚合物凝胶和微粒可在体内分解或降解成无毒的组分。
“胃肠外”指的是肌内、腹膜内、腹内、皮下、和在可行范围内的静脉内以及动脉内。
“生物活性物质”、“生物-活性物质”或“物质”指的是任何药物、有机化合物、物质、营养物或生物学有益的物质,包括蛋白质、肽(包括多肽和寡肽)、激素、疫苗、寡核苷酸、核酸、类固醇、抗生素、抗体、活细胞、得自组织的组合物和其它药学活性物质。适宜的药物在众所周知的参考文献如Merck Index、The Physicians Desk Reference和ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics中进行了描述。简要列出的特定物质仅仅是为了进行说明,不应将其看成是要进行限制:抗癌剂如丝裂霉素、博莱霉素、BCNU、卡铂、阿霉素、柔红霉素、甲氨蝶呤、紫杉醇、泰索帝(taxotere)、放线菌素D和喜树碱;安定药如奥氮平和ziprasidone;抗菌剂如头孢西丁;驱虫剂如伊维菌素;抗病毒剂如阿昔洛韦;免疫抑制剂如环孢菌素A(环状多肽型物质)、类固醇和前列腺素类物质。
当提及肽或蛋白质药物时,“肽”、“多肽”、“寡肽”和“蛋白质”应该可以互换使用并且除非特别说明,否则不受任何特定分子量、肽序列或长度、生物活性领域或治疗应用的限制。
“生物学环境”指的是其中可以通过生物活性物质的释放来对生物学活性进行控制的任何体外或体内环境。优选地,生物学环境指的是包括人在内的温血动物。
“微粒”应包括能包含需要在体内被释放的生物-活性物质的任何天然或人造颗粒,包括特殊形式如微囊、微球和纳米球等等。
“微囊”、“微球”和“纳米球”一般指的是任何用于包含并释放生物-活性物质的高度工程化和加工的微粒。
“凝胶”指的是在符合聚合物或共聚物的胶凝条件时自动形成的半固相。
“聚合物凝胶”指的是当被给药于生物学环境内时在一定时间内表现出胶凝性,但是在不存在于该环境中的条件下可以是一种液体的任何聚合物、共聚物或嵌段共聚物。
“热敏性聚合物凝胶”指的是根据温度可以以液体或凝胶态存在的任何聚合物凝胶。
术语“胶凝温度”或“凝胶/溶胶温度”指的是在该温度下溶液转化变成凝胶的温度。
“反热胶凝”(RTG)或“反热胶凝体系”(RTG体系)指的是一种具有反热胶凝性的可生物降解的嵌段共聚物,即在较低的温度下是一种溶液并且当在胶凝温度或高于胶凝温度的温度下转变成凝胶态。在9/15/99提交的序号为09/396,589的共同待审的美国专利申请中对RTG体系进行了详细说明,该专利文献在这里被全部引入作为参考。
“RTG混合物”或“RTG的掺合物”指的是一种包含两类或多类具有不同嵌段共聚物比例、分子量、胶凝温度等等的三嵌段共聚物掺合物的RTG体系。该RTG混合物或掺合物可以通过将两种或多种事先独立合成的聚(乙二醇)与丙交酯、乙交酯、己内酯等等简单进行混和,从而形成一种新RTG体系来进行制备,或通过将两种或多种嵌段共聚物进行反应以合成该混合的RTG系统来进行制备。通过上面的物理混合或化学反应过程所制备的RTG混合物或掺合物可具有相同或不同的胶凝性和凝胶品质。
当涉及包含于该类溶液中的可生物降解的聚合物或嵌段共聚物时所用的“聚合物溶液”、“水性溶液”等等指的是含有以功能浓度溶解于其中的形成凝胶的嵌段共聚物并被保持在非胶凝化温度从而使得不会发生凝胶形成的以水为基础的溶液。
“可生物降解的聚酯”指的是任何可生物降解的聚酯,其优选地是用选自D,L-丙交酯、D-丙交酯、L-丙交酯、D,L-乳酸、D-乳酸、L-乳酸、乙交酯、乙醇酸、ε-己内酯、ε-羟基己酸、γ-丁内酯、γ-羟基丁酸、δ-戊内酯、δ-羟基戊酸、羟基丁酸、苹果酸的单体合成的,以及其共聚物。
“反热胶凝”是当溶液的温度升到高于该共聚物胶凝温度的温度时,嵌段共聚物溶液粘度自动增加,并在许多情况中转化成一种半固体凝胶的现象。对于本发明的目的而言,“凝胶”既包括半固体的凝胶状态,又包括当符合胶凝条件时存在的高粘度状态。当被冷却到低于胶凝温度的温度时,该凝胶自动回复成低粘度的溶液。因为该溶胶/凝胶转变不涉及该聚合物体系化学组成的任何变化,所以这种在溶液和凝胶之间的循环是可重复的。所有产生凝胶的相互作用在性质上都是物理性的并且不涉及共价键的形成或破裂。
“微粒-物质传递溶液”、“具有反热胶凝性的微粒-物质传递溶液”或“具有激发响应性胶凝环境的微粒-物质传递液体”指的是包含带有被传递的物质例如药物(其本身可被溶解或是胶态的物质)的微粒的适于给药于温血动物的聚合物溶液,根据该聚合物的性质,当温度改变到高于或低于该嵌段共聚物胶凝温度的温度或当符合其它胶凝条件时,该溶液可形成一种胶态的微粒/药物储库。
“储库”指的是在给药于温血动物后,根据该聚合物的性质,当温度变到高于或低于该胶凝温度的温度时或当符合其它胶凝条件时,由该微粒-物质传递液体所形成的凝胶。
在具有上述定义且不受到缩小性限制的条件下,本发明涉及一种组合物和制备一种生物活性物质传递系统的方法,其中所述的生物活性物质传递系统包含一种混悬于凝胶溶液中的包含药物的微粒传递系统。一旦被给药,该组合物形成凝胶并形成一种储库,其捕获了微粒及掺入其中的药物。在该微粒和/或凝胶基质中可包含或不包含第二种生物-活性物质。
本发明的微粒可以是目前本领域中公知的微囊、微球或纳米球,只要其能被完整地裹入到一旦进入生物学环境内便成为或可变成凝胶的聚合物内即可。
本发明的微粒包含具有分散或被包封于其中的生物学活性物质的聚合物基质。这些聚合物可以是不可生物降解的或可生物降解的。不可生物降解但是可生物相容的聚合物包括硅橡胶、聚乙烯、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)、聚苯乙烯(PST)乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)、聚乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物、聚酰胺等。虽然这些聚合物可能是有效的,但是在生物学活性物质耗尽后其仍然留在体内。当必需时,其必需通过手术被除去。
相反,当用可生物降解的和/或可吸收的聚合物作为载体时,在该生物学活性物质释放的同时或释放后,该载体在体内逐渐降解或在体内被吸收。因此,本发明优选使用可生物降解的嵌段共聚物。缓释用的适宜的可生物降解聚合物包括可生物降解的聚酯如聚丙交酯、聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚乙交酯、聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、聚(D,L-乳酸-共-乙醇酸)、聚-ε-己内酯)、聚(羟基丁酸)、和聚(氨基酸)、聚原酸酯、聚醚酯、聚膦嗪、聚酐、聚酰胺酯、聚(氰基丙基酸烷基酯)及其掺合物和共聚物。在一些优选的实施方案中,该聚合物是可生物降解的聚酯或聚酯共聚物。在最优选的实施方案中,该聚合物是分子量为5,000至70,000道尔顿并具有1∶1至1∶0的丙交酯比乙交酯比例的聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)。可以用低分子量的有机基团对该聚合物末端基团进行封端或不对其进行封端。
用于将生物-活性物质混入到微粒载体中的许多微囊包封技术在现有技术中都有教导(US 4,652,441、5,100,669、4,438,253、和5,665,428)。通常使用的方法包括:(a)相分离和随后的有机溶剂蒸发(包括O/W乳剂、W/O乳剂、O/O′乳剂和W/O/W乳剂),(b)凝聚,(c)熔化分散;(d)喷雾干燥,(e)喷雾冻凝,(f)空气混悬包衣;和(h)锅包衣。
本发明一个优选的实施方案使用温度敏感的可生物相容性聚合物作为凝胶基质。例如,其中的聚合物在生理学温度(约37℃)下是凝胶并且在高于或低于生理学温度的温度下是液态的具有热胶凝性的嵌段共聚物将是有用的。在具有反热胶凝性的凝胶的情况中,该嵌段共聚物在低于胶凝温度的温度下是一种液体并且在高于胶凝温度的温度下形成一种凝胶。相反,具有常规热胶凝性的嵌段共聚物在高于胶凝温度的温度下是一种液体,而在胶凝温度或低于该胶凝温度的温度下是一种凝胶。
本发明最优选具有反胶凝性的可生物相容的聚合物。例如,当使用具有反胶凝性的可生物相容的嵌段共聚物时,可在低于生理学温度的温度如室温下将包含生物活性物质的微粒装填到该嵌段共聚物中。因为当冷却时该类嵌段共聚物可溶解于水,所以该微粒易于被装填到该溶液中。此外,当给药时,一旦为凝胶态,该嵌段共聚物溶液就能保留该微粒和被释放的生物活性物质。为了进入生物学环境,被包封在该微粒中的物质必需克服微粒所提供的屏障和凝胶基质所提供的屏障。如果在装填该微粒时该嵌段共聚物为凝胶态,则更难将该微粒混入到该凝胶基质中。此外,如果该嵌段共聚物在生理学温度下时为液态,则该液体共聚物将不能保留该微粒。该生物活性物质可以立即从该微粒中释放。表现出常规热胶凝特性的聚合物将类似地发挥作用。唯一的不同是该微粒将在高于生理学温度的温度下、即在液态时被填充,并当冷却至体温时可形成凝胶。
重要的是要理解也可以使用表现出其它性质的可生物相容的聚合物。上面所描述的热敏性聚合物或凝胶仅是作为优选的实施方案。但是,可以使用其它环境敏感的聚合物如那些对pH、离子强度、溶剂、压力、应力、光强度、电场、磁场、胶凝剂和/或特定的化学触发剂如葡萄糖的改变有响应的物质。关键因素是在体内时该聚合物在一定的时间内是凝胶状态。此外,当考虑使用何种聚合凝胶和/或颗粒时,其对生物活性物质释放的阻力是一种重要的考虑因素。对于一些生物活性物质而言,在需要特别长期和均匀释放的情况中,应当选择具有更强和更均匀的阻力的凝胶和微粒(从而使得生物活性物质更长期和均匀的释放)。因此,应当根据希望该生物活性物质怎样进行传递的需要来对聚合物凝胶和微粒进行仔细选择。
用于本发明的适宜聚合物凝胶包括ABA-或BAB型嵌段共聚物,其中A-段为包含可生物降解的聚酯的相对疏水的A聚合物段,B-段为包含聚乙二醇(PEG)的相对亲水的B聚合物段。A段优选是由选自D,L-丙交酯、D-丙交酯、L-丙交酯、D,L-乳酸、D-乳酸、L-乳酸、乙交酯、乙醇酸、ε-己内酯、ε-羟基己酸、γ-羟基丁酸、δ-戊内酯、ε-羟基戊酸、羟基丁酸、苹果酸的单体所合成的可生物降解的聚酯,以及其共聚物;B段是PEG。在最优选的实施方案中,A段由聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)所组成并且B段是PEG。优选地,该三嵌段嵌段共聚物具有300至20000道尔顿的平均分子量并包含约10至83%重量的A嵌段聚合物。更优选地,该三嵌段共聚物具有500至5000道尔顿的平均分子量并包含约51至83%重量的A段聚合物。
该聚合物凝胶优选是可生物降解的并在低温下表现出水溶性和在哺乳动物生理学体温下经历可逆的热胶凝作用。此外,这些聚合物凝胶是可生物相容的并且能随着时间的流逝以受控的方式释放所捕获的物质。因此,可以用这种聚合物凝胶或具有所需性质的其它物质来控制如上所述的各种微粒的释放。这些可生物降解的聚合物在水性或生理学环境中通过酶或非酶水解被逐渐降解。降解产物为聚乙二醇、乳酸和乙醇酸。这些化合物相对无害并易于被生物系统所排泄或吸收。
在本发明优选实施方案中选择RTG系统作为聚合物凝胶基质的显著优点在于RTG或RTG混合物润湿和混悬微粒的能力。疏水性A-段(A-段类)和亲水性B-段(B-段类)的组合使得该嵌段共聚物具有两亲性。在这方面,其可作为润湿剂。RTG的粘度略高于生理盐水,因此其还可被看作增稠剂。这两种性质的组合使得RTG是疏水性粒子极佳的悬浮剂。
本发明传递系统的另一个优点在于该包埋药物/微粒的聚合物凝胶能增加许多药物的化学稳定性的能力。正如前面所描述的那样,该药物可以通过两种途径被释放到生物学环境中。包含在微粒中的药物可首先被释放到该聚合物凝胶基质中,然后从该凝胶基质中被释放到靶目标。或者,包含药物的微粒可以被首先释放,然后包封在微粒中的药物被释放到靶目标。当药物存在于该嵌段共聚物中时,已经观察到导致药物化学不稳定性的各种药物/微粒降解机理被抑制。例如,相对于紫杉醇和环孢菌素A在存在有机助溶剂情况下的某些水性溶液而言,这两种药物在本发明水性聚合物组合物中相当稳定。这种对紫杉醇和环胞菌素A的稳定化作用只是许多其它药物将获得的作用的说明。另一方面,本发明显著降低了大多数微粒药物传递系统所看到的开始的突释问题和由于过量释放而造成的不希望出现的副作用。
此外,微粒和聚合物传递系统的组合还增加了使药物传递系统满足个体需要的设计灵活性。该类药物传递系统具有得到了改变或改善的释放特性并且各传递系统始终调控药物溶出速率和凝胶基质侵蚀速率。
可将在低于胶凝温度的温度下可溶解的嵌段聚合物的浓度看作功能性浓度。一般而言,可以使用低至3%和高至约50%重量的嵌段共聚物浓度并仍然是有作用的。但是,优选约5至40%范围内的浓度,并且最优选约10至30%重量的浓度。为了用该共聚物获得可行的凝胶相转变,需要某些最小浓度,例如3%重量。在低功能性浓度范围内,相转变可形成一种弱凝胶。在较高的浓度下,形成一种强凝胶网络。
该聚合物凝胶可以根据在9/15/99提交的序号为09/396,589的共同待审的美国专利申请中所公开的方法来进行制备,该专利申请在这里被整体引入作为参考。带有生物活性物质的微粒还可以用现有技术中公知的方法来进行制备。低于胶凝温度的药物/微粒的水性溶液可形成一种药物/微粒传递液体,其中所述的药物可以是部分溶解或完全溶解。当该药物/微粒被部分溶解,或当该药物/微粒基本不溶时,该带有药物的微粒以胶体状态存在,例如混悬液或乳剂。然后,将这种药物/微粒传递液体进行胃肠外给药、局部给药、经皮给药、经粘膜给药、吸入给药或插入到一种腔中来进行给药,如通过眼、阴道、经尿道、直肠、鼻、口服、颊、肺或耳给药而被给药于患者,然后其将经受可逆的热胶凝或其它激发响应性胶凝。
该聚合物体内降解的主要机理是水解降解,在该降解中酶也可以起一定的作用。影响水解降解的重要因素包括水渗透性、化学结构、分子量、形态、玻璃转化温度、添加剂、以及其它环境因素如pH、离子强度、植入部位等等。本领域技术人员通过对聚合物和制造方法进行适宜的选择可以将持续传递的持续时间从几天调到高至一年。
生物活性物质的释放通常有三个阶段。其包括存在于微粒表面上或附近的物质最初的突然或立即释放、其间释放速率缓慢或有时没有生物活性物质被释放的第二阶段、和其间随着侵蚀的进行大多数剩余的生物活性物质被释放的第三阶段。正如本领域中所公知的那样,只要其适于被微囊包封在微粒中,任何物质都可以使用本发明所描述的传递系统。
因为本发明传递系统的聚合物凝胶和/或微粒优选地是可生物相容和可生物降解的,所以其将对主体的毒性作用和刺激作用降到了最小的程度。可以通过对各种形成凝胶的聚合物或共聚物嵌段进行适宜的设计和制备来控制和改善药物的释放特性。还可以通过对各凝胶系统以及掺合物中各凝胶系统的比例进行选择而进行凝胶掺合物的制备来改变该聚合物凝胶的释放特性。药物释放还可以通过调节药物传递液体中凝胶掺合物的浓度来进行控制。虽然在本发明中优选使用具有反热胶凝性的聚合物或其混合物或掺合物,但两种或多种具有所需胶凝特性的凝胶的掺合物也在本发明的范围内。
还可以向该微粒和/或聚合物凝胶基质中添加另外的或第二种物质。所述的第二种物质可以是用于微粒和/或凝胶的调节剂、或以相同或不同的释放速率被释放到生物学环境中的第二种生物活性物质。
对于可以向该微粒中装填多少药物和可以向该聚合物凝胶中装填多少该类带有药物的微粒而言,唯一的限制因素是一种功能性,即可增加该药物/微粒装填直至微粒结构、和/或该聚合物或共聚物的胶凝特性被不利地影响到了不可接受的程度,或直至该系统的性质被不利地影响到使得该类系统的给药不可接受地困难的程度。一般而言,可以向微粒中装填约0.0001至30%重量的药物,最常见的是0.001至20%重量。即,装填有药物的微粒可具有约0.0001至30%重量的药物含量,最常见的为约0.001至20%。在任一种情况中,该带有药物的微粒/凝胶可以被胃肠外给药、局部给药、经皮给药、经粘膜给药、吸入给药或被插入到一种腔种来进行给药,如通过眼、阴道、颊、经尿道、直肠、鼻、口服、肺或耳给药来进行给药。
本发明可用于生物-活性物质和所有类型的药物,包括寡核苷酸、激素、抗癌剂,并且提供了一种非常有效的传递多肽和蛋白质的方式。许多不稳定的肽和蛋白质药物可被制备成该微粒和/或凝胶聚合物或嵌段共聚物并且可以由这里所描述的反热胶凝处理受益。虽然不会受到下面的特定限制,但药用多肽和蛋白质的实例可选自促红细胞生成素、催产素、后叶加压素、促肾上腺皮质激素、表皮生长因子、得自血小板的生长因子(PDGF)、催乳激素、促黄体素释放素、黄体激素释放激素(LHRH)、LHRH激动剂、LHRH拮抗剂、生长激素(人、猪、牛等等)、生长激素释放因子、胰岛素、促生长素抑制素、胰高血糖素、白介素-2、干扰素-α、β或γ、胃泌素、四肽胃泌素、五肽胃泌素、尿抑胃素、胰泌素、降钙素、脑啡肽、内啡肽、血管紧张素、促甲状腺素释放激素(TRH)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、神经生长因子(NGF)、粒细胞-集落刺激因子(G-CSF)、粒细胞巨噬细胞-集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、巨噬细胞-集落刺激因子(M-CSF)、肝素酶、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)、hANP、胰高血糖素样肽(GLP-1)、白介素-11(IL-11)、白介素-12(1L-12)、VEG-F、重组乙型肝炎表面抗原(rHBsAg)、肾素、缓激肽、杆菌肽、多粘菌素、粘菌素、短杆菌酪肽、短杆菌肽、环胞菌素和合成类似物、其变型和药理学活性片段、酶、细胞因子、抗体和疫苗。
可使用的多肽或蛋白质药物的唯一限制因素是一种功能性。在一些情况中,还可以通过向多肽或蛋白质药物的水性溶液或混悬液中添加各种添加剂来增加多肽和蛋白质的功能性或物理稳定性。可以使用添加剂如多元醇(包括糖)、氨基酸、表面活性剂、聚合物、其它蛋白质和某些盐。可容易地将这些添加剂混入到本发明的微粒/聚合物凝胶系统中,然后对其进行凝胶化过程。
蛋白质工程的发展为增加肽或蛋白质的固有稳定性提供了可能。虽然由此所得的工程化或改性蛋白质在调控意义上可被认为是一种新的实体,但这并不会改变其对于本发明应用的适用性。修饰的一个典型实例是PEG化,在这种情况中,通过将水溶性聚合物如聚乙二醇与该多肽共价相连而可以显著改善该多肽药物的稳定性。另一个实例是根据一个或多个氨基酸残基的同一性或位置通过末端和/或内部添加、删除或取代而进行的氨基酸序列的改变。任何稳定性的改善都确保了在将该药物传递液体单次给药于患者后,在长期内可连续释放出治疗有效的多肽或蛋白质。
除了以肽和蛋白质为基础的药物和生物活性物质外,需要在长期内以受控方式被传递到所需环境中的任何其它药物也可以在本发明的系统中使用;例如鱼池中的食物释放系统、或肥料/营养释放系统。唯一的限制因素是物质和微粒以及聚合物凝胶之间的相容性。
该聚合物凝胶可以被预先溶解成一种即可使用的溶液或可以是需要用水性载体进行重建的粉末形式。然后在给药前将这种溶液与微粒进行混合。
参考下面的实施例对本发明进行进一步的说明。
                       实施例1
该实施例说明了微粒-反热胶凝(RTG)物质传递系统的物质释放特性(体外)。
用US 5,100,669中所描述的方法将一种代表性的人生长激素药物-Zn-hGH混入到聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)微球中,该专利文献在这里被全部引入作为参考。在小瓶中称取约10mg的该微球,然后向该小瓶中加入100μL RTG溶液(20%在10mM HEPES缓冲液中的溶液,pH7.0)。然后将该RTG凝胶放置在37℃的烘箱中并向其中加入1mL溶出介质(含有0.02%吐温-20的100mM HEPES,pH7.4,37℃)。对照是混悬于不含RTG的溶出介质中的相同微球。将小瓶在37℃的烘箱中保温。定期替换缓冲剂并用HPLC对所释放hGH的量进行测定。结果如图1所示。
图1的数据表明,不存RTG时观察到所负载药物的突释量>80%,而混悬于RTG中的物质的药物突释量<20%。因此,本发明的RTG-微粒系统显然有效降低了微粒传递系统开始的突释作用。
                         实施例2
该实施例说明了微粒-反热胶凝(RTG)物质传递系统的物质释放特性(体内)。
将锌-hGH(12%)聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)微球(160mg)混悬于1.5mL RTG(20%,在10mM HEPES中,pH6.5)中。分别给三只免疫抑制的大鼠在背部外侧区域皮下注射0.3-mL该制剂。给对照组大鼠使用相同剂量的微球,但其载体是生理盐水(含有3%作为助悬剂的低分子量的羧甲基纤维素和0.5%的吐温20)。注意到RTG制剂可以用24-号针顺利进行注射(这是由于RTG极佳的润湿和混悬能力),而在对照组针常常堵塞。定期收集血样并用放射免疫测定法(RIA)对血浆中的hGH浓度进行测定。给予RTG制剂的大鼠血浆hGH曲线表现出的开始的hGH的突释比对照组的低得多。将突释定义为在最初24小时内所释放hGH的百分比(曲线下面积)。RTG组的消除速度显著低于对照组。RTG组的血浆hGH水平在高于4周的时间内都一直维持在高于治疗水平的水平上,而对照组的这种水平仅持续约2-3周。此外,由AUC(曲线下面积)测得的治疗组的生物利用度比对照组高约50%。
                          实施例3
该实施例说明了微粒-PluronicF127物质传递系统的物质释放特性(体内)。Pluronic是BASF对氧化乙烯和氧化丙烯的嵌段共聚物注册的商标。氧化乙烯和氧化丙烯的嵌段共聚物是不可生物降解的。
在本实施例中使用与实施例2中所描述的制剂类似的制剂,只是将RTG换成了PluronicF127(20%,在10mM HEPES中,pH6.5)。对照组大鼠使用相同剂量的微球并且载体是生理盐水(含有3%作为助悬剂的低分子量的羧甲基纤维素和0.5%的吐温20)。用23-号针可顺利进行注射。没有出现封堵或堵塞。定期收集血样并用放射免疫测定法(RIA)对血浆中的hGH浓度进行测定。给予微粒-Pluronic制剂的大鼠的血浆hGH曲线表现出的hGH的最初突释远远低于对照组。
                         实施例4
该实施例说明了微粒-Tetronic1307物质传递系统的物质释放特性(体内)。Tetronic是BASF对以胺为基础的嵌段共聚物注册的商标。
在本实施例中使用与实施例3中所描述制剂类似的制剂,只是将Pluronic换成Tetronic1307(30%,在10mM HEPES中,pH6.5)。对照组大鼠使用相同剂量的微球并且载体是生理盐水(含有3%作为助悬剂的低分子量的羧甲基纤维素和0.5%的吐温20)。用23-号针可顺利进行注射。没有出现封堵或堵塞。定期收集血样并用放射免疫测定法(RIA)对血浆中的hGH浓度进行测定。给予微粒-Tetronic制剂的大鼠的血浆hGH曲线表现出的hGH最初突释远远低于对照组。
                       实施例5
该实施例说明了微粒-卡波姆940物质传递系统的物质释放特性(体内)。卡波姆又被称为卡波普耳或羧乙烯聚合物。
在本实施例中使用与实施例3中所描述制剂类似的制剂,只是将PluronicF127换成了卡波姆940(0.5%,在10mM HEPES中,pH6.0)。对照组大鼠使用相同剂量的微球并且载体是生理盐水(含有3%作为助悬剂的低分子量的羧甲基纤维素和0.5%的吐温20)。用23-号针可顺利进行注射。没有出现封堵或堵塞。定期收集血样并用放射免疫测定法(RIA)对血浆中的hGH浓度进行测定。使用微粒-卡波姆940制剂的大鼠的血浆hGH曲线表现出的hGH最初突释远远低于对照组。
                      实施例6
该实施例说明了不可生物降解的微粒-RTG药物传递系统的制备和物质释放特性(体内)。
将乙基纤维素(1.5g)溶解于在容器中的3mL乙腈中。然后向该容器中加入Zn-hGH(150mg)并将该混合物在包含2%卵磷脂的75g矿物油中进行乳化。用高架搅拌器将该混合物在通风橱中搅拌(900RPM)>16小时的时间。用氮气(用0.2μ过滤器进行了过滤)清扫该容器的上部空间以除去溶剂。使颗粒沉降并将矿物油弃去。然后向该容器中加入己烷并通过过滤收集微球。将微球用己烷进行洗涤,通过真空除去残余的溶剂。收集通过120目筛的颗粒。将100mg该微球混悬于1mL RTG(20%)溶液中。给各大鼠(n=3)施用300μL该混悬液。给对照组大鼠(n=3)施用混悬于生理盐水(含有3%作为助悬剂的低分子量的羧甲基纤维素和0.5%的吐温20)中的相同微粒。定期通过尾静脉收集血样。用RIA对血浆hGH水平进行测定,结果表明施用RTG制剂的大鼠的最初突释远远低于对照。
                         实施例7
该实施例说明了其中微粒包含一种药物并且凝胶基质包含第二种药物的微粒-RTG药物传递系统的制备和物质释放特性(体内)。
用US 5,674,534中所述的方法将促红细胞生成素(得自Amgen的Epogen牌)混入到聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)微球中,该专利文献在这里被引入作为参考。将约100mg Epogen微球(Epogen负载为10%)混悬于1mL包含3mg粒细胞-集落刺激因子(G-CSF)的RTG溶液(20%,在10mMHEPES缓冲液中,pH7.0)中。给各大鼠(n=6)施用300μL该制剂。给对照组的大鼠(n=6)施用相同剂量的在包含与试验组所包含的G-CSF量相同的G-CSF的生理盐水(含有3%作为助悬剂的低分子量的羧甲基纤维素和0.5%吐温20)中的Epogen微球。注意到RTG制剂用24-号针可以顺利进行注射(由于RTG极佳的润湿和混悬能力)而对照组的针常常发生堵塞。定期收集血样并用放射免疫测定法(RIA)对Epogen和G-CSF浓度进行测定。给予RTG制剂的大鼠的血浆曲线表现出的Epogen和G-CSF的最初突释远远低于对照组所得结果。这些药物在微粒-RTG制剂中的消除速率显著小于对照。
在注射后24小时将各组中的三只大鼠处死。发现在实验组中所有的微粒都被捕获在RTG中并可容易地进行识别并用一对镊子除去,而对照组中的微粒分散并且很难除去。
                       实施例8
该实施例说明了其中药物被同时添加到微粒和凝胶基质中的微粒-RTG药物传递系统的制备和物质释放特性(体内)。
将如实施例1所述的那样制备的100mg负载了Zn-hGH的微球(10%负载量)混悬于1mL包含1mg hGH的RTG溶液(20%,在10mM HEPES缓冲液中,pH7.0)中。给各大鼠(n=3)施用300μL微粒-RTG制剂。给对照组的大鼠施用相同剂量的在包含相同量的hGH的生理盐水(含有3%作为助悬剂的低分子量的羧甲基纤维素和0.5%吐温20)中的微球。注意到RTG制剂用24-号针可以顺利进行注射(由于RTG极佳的润湿和混悬能力)而对照组的针常常发生阻塞。定期收集血样并用放射免疫测定法(RIA)对hGH浓度进行测定。给予RTG制剂的大鼠的血浆曲线表现出的hGH的最初突释峰远远低于并宽于对照组所得结果。药物在RTG组中的消除也速率显著小于对照。
                         实施例9
该实施例说明了其中一些微粒包含一种药物,一些微粒包含第二种药物的微粒-RTG药物传递系统的物质释放特性(体内)。
用US 5,674,534中所述的方法将促红细胞生成素(Epogen)以10%(w/w)的填充量混入到聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)微球中,所述的专利文献在这里被引入作为参考。用相同的方法另外将G-CSF(以10%的填充量)混入到聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)微球中。将包含Epogen和G-CSF的微球(各50mg)一起混悬于1mL RTG溶液(20%,在10mM HEPES缓冲液中,pH7.0)中。给各大鼠(n=3)施用300μL该制剂。给对照组大鼠施用相同剂量的在包含相同量的G-CSF或Epogen的生理盐水(含有3%作为助悬剂的低分子量的羧甲基纤维素和0.5%吐温20)中的微球。注意到RTG制剂用24-号针可以顺利进行注射(由于RTG极佳的润湿和混悬能力)而对照组的针常常发生阻塞。定期收集血样并用放射免疫测定法(RIA)对Epogen和G-CSF浓度进行测定。给予RTG制剂的大鼠的Epogen和G-CSF的最初突释低于对照组所得结果。
虽然已经参考某些优选的实施方案对本发明进行了描述,但是本领域技术人员应当意识到可以对本发明进行各种修改、变化、删节和替换而不脱离本发明的主旨。因此,其意味着本发明仅受如下权利要求的范围的限制。

Claims (10)

1.一种两相的聚合物生物活性物质传递组合物,其包含:
(a)一种连续的可生物相容的凝胶相,
(b)一种包含所定义的微粒的不连续的微粒相;
(c)被传递的包含于所述不连续的微粒相、凝胶相或不连续的微粒相和
凝胶相二者中的生物活性物质。
2.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述的可生物相容的凝胶相是可生物降解的水凝胶并且对选自温度、pH、离子强度、溶剂、压力、应力、光强度、电场、磁场和胶凝剂的刺激敏感。
3.如权利要求2所述的组合物,其中所述的可生物相容的凝胶相是由一种或多种三嵌段共聚物所形成的,所述的三嵌段共聚物包含51至83%重量的可生物降解的疏水性聚酯和17至49%重量的聚乙二醇(PEG),并且其中所述的三嵌段共聚物具有反热胶凝(RTG)性。
4.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述的微粒是选自微囊、微球和纳米球的形式。
5.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述的生物活性物质是多肽或蛋白质、寡核苷酸或基因、激素、抗癌剂或细胞增殖剂。
6.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述组合物的生物活性物质或微粒含量为约0.0001至30%重量。
7.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其进一步包含第二种生物活性物质或调节第一种生物活性物质从微粒中的释放的物质。
8.如权利要求7所述的组合物,其中一些微粒包含第一种生物活性物质并且其它微粒包含第二种生物活性物质或调节第一种生物活性物质从微粒中的释放的物质。
9.如权利要求7所述的组合物,其中的凝胶基质同时包含第一种和第二种生物活性物质。
10.一种将物质以受控的方式在长时间内传递到生物学环境中的方法,其包括如下步骤:
(1)提供一种如权利要求1至9中任意一项所述的两相的聚合物传递组合物,和
(3)将所述的组合物给予到生物学环境中。
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