CN1491525A - 具有多个加热区的气溶胶发生器及其使用方法 - Google Patents

具有多个加热区的气溶胶发生器及其使用方法 Download PDF

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CN1491525A
CN1491525A CNA018227554A CN01822755A CN1491525A CN 1491525 A CN1491525 A CN 1491525A CN A018227554 A CNA018227554 A CN A018227554A CN 01822755 A CN01822755 A CN 01822755A CN 1491525 A CN1491525 A CN 1491525A
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K��A���ƿ�˹
K·A·科克斯
ƶ��׿�
W·尼科尔斯
С�ֿ��
F·M·小斯普林克
D·D·麦克雷
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W·R·斯维尼
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Abstract

一种温度和流速受控的毛细管气溶胶发生器包括两个加热区(Z1,Z2),它们可被任选地由引起压力降落的区域分开。功率被计量或被施加给下游的第二区(Z2),以达到目标电阻,和目标温度,同时功率被计量或被施加给上游的第一区(Z1),以当从第二区流出时达到目标质量流速。在第二区达到目标温度,以便从以希望的质量流速流过该发生器的液体产生气溶胶。

Description

具有多个加热区的气溶胶发生器 及其使用方法
                          发明背景
发明领域
本发明一般涉及气溶胶发生器,更具体地是涉及能产生没有压缩气体挥发剂的气溶胶的气溶胶发生器和制作及使用这种气溶胶发生器的方法。
相关技术简介
气溶胶被广泛地使用在各种应用中。例如,经常需要使用液体和/或固体的细分的颗粒例如粉末、药物等的气溶胶喷雾,让患者吸入肺中,来治疗呼吸疾病或借助其来传送药品。气溶胶还可用于下述用途,如给室内提供希望的香味,分布杀虫剂,喷送涂料和润滑剂。
各种产生气溶胶的技术都是知道的。例如,美国专利号4,811,731和4,627,432都公开了给患者施药的装置,在该装置中,用针将胶囊穿破以释放粉末形式的药物。然后使用者通过该装置的开孔吸入所释放的药物。虽然这种装置对用于传送粉末形式的药物来说是可接受的,但它们却不适合传送液体形式的药物。当然,该装置也不很适合于向一些人如哮喘的受害者传送药物,这些人可能很难产生足够的空气流通过该装置来适当地吸入药物。该装置也不适于除了药物传送以外的应用材料的传送。
产生气溶胶的另一众所周知的技术涉及手动操作泵的使用,该泵将液体从容器中吸出并强迫它通过小的喷嘴孔,以便形成细微的喷雾。这种气溶胶发生器的缺点,至少在药物传送用途上,难于完全随泵的抽吸而同步吸入。但是,更重要的是,因为这种气溶胶发生器倾向于产生大尺寸的颗粒,所以它们用作吸入器并不是最好的,因为大的颗粒不易于渗透进肺的深部。
一种较流行的用来产生包括液体或粉末颗粒的气溶胶的技术涉及使用压缩的挥发剂,通常包含含氯氟烃(chloro-fluoro-carbon)(CFC)或甲基氯仿(methylchloroform)来通常按Venturi原理携带物质。例如,包含压缩挥发剂如用于携带药物的压缩空气的吸入器通常通过按压按钮来操作,以短时释放压缩挥发剂。当该挥发剂在该药物的容器上流过时,该挥发剂就会携带该药物,因而该挥发剂和该药物就能够被使用者吸入。
但是,在基于挥发剂的装置中,在需要使用者使按压启动器如按按钮与吸入同步时,药物不可能恰好传送到患者的肺部。而且,由基于挥发剂的装置产生的气溶胶可具有太大的颗粒,以致不能保证有效而始终如一地渗透到肺的深部。虽然基于挥发剂的气溶胶发生器具有广泛的用途,如用于止汗剂和除臭剂的喷射和喷涂涂料,但它们的使用却经常因为众所周知的CFC和甲基氯仿的不利的环境影响而受到限制,CFC和甲基氯仿都是属于用在这种类型的气溶胶发生器中最流行的挥发剂之列。
在传送药物的应用中,通常希望提供具有平均质量的、直径小于2微米的中等颗粒,以利于渗透到肺的深部。大多数已知的气溶胶发生器都不能产生具有平均质量的、直径小于2微米的中等颗粒。在某些药物传送的应用中,还希望以高流速例如每秒1毫克以上的流速传送药物。适于药物传送的大多数已知气溶胶发生器在0.2-2.0微米的大小范围内都不能以这样高的流速传送。
美国专利号5,743,251公开了一种气溶胶发生器和气溶胶,同时还公开了在气溶胶发生器中使用的某些工作原理与材料,以及产生气溶胶的方法,该专利在此被全部引入以供参考。按‘251专利公开的该气溶胶发生器较之于较早的气溶胶发生器,如用作吸入器装置的那些气溶胶发生器,有了显著的改善。希望生产一种便携的和易于使用的气溶胶发生器。
                          发明概述
本发明提供了一种毛细管气溶胶发生器,包括:具有入口、出口的流道;在该入口附近与该流道的第一区具有热传导联系的第一加热器;在该出口附近与该流道的第二区具有热传导联系的第二加热器;以及在该第一区和第二区之间的流道中的可选择的流缩颈。
本发明还提供从液体形成气溶胶的方法,包括:向气溶胶发生器的流道的上游端提供加压液体,该气溶胶发生器包括处于与该流道的第一区有热传导联系位置的第一加热器,处于与该流道的第二区有热传导联系位置的第二加热器,以及在该第一区和第二区之间的可任选的流缩颈;测量表示流过该第二区的流体的质量流速的参数;根据流过该第二区的流体的质量流速的测量来改变该第一区内的温度;以及加热该第二区中的液体,以使该液体挥发和在从该流道的下游端出来之后形成气溶胶。
对本领域的普通技术人员来说,在结合附图阅读了按本发明构造的实施例的详细说明之后,本发明的另外的一些其它目的、特点和伴随的优点也将会变得非常清楚。
                          附图简介
现在将参考仅以例子给出的设备和方法的优选实施例,并参考附图来详细介绍本申请的发明:
图1示意地图示出按照本发明的并入了多区加热设备的吸入器(inhaler);
图2示意地图示出了按照本发明的示范性的毛细管气溶胶发生器(CAG)系统;
图3示意地图示出了图2所示的CAG的一部分的另一实施例;
图4示意地图示出了图2所示的CAG的一部分的另一实施例;
图5示意地图示出了图2所示的CAG的一部分的另一实施例;
图6示意地图示出了用于按照本发明的CAG的示范性控制方案;
图7示意地图示出了用于按照本发明的CAG的另一示范性控制方案;
图8是作为丙二醇的馈送压力的函数的功率曲线;
图9是作为丙二醇的馈送压力的函数的单一加热区中丙二醇的气溶胶质量传送曲线;
图10是作为对下游加热器、上游加热器和两个加热器的馈送压力的函数的功率曲线;及
图11作为丙二醇的馈送压力的函数的两个区的加热器中丙二醇的气溶胶质量传送曲线。
                      优选实施例描述
在参考图形时,在所有的几个附图中,相同的参考标号都指定相同或相应的元件。
按照本发明的一个方面,毛细管气溶胶发生器并入了两个受热区。每个区都通过在电阻元件两端施加电压被加热。该电阻元件可以是被施加于该流体流过其中的支撑结构的薄膜加热器,如Pt加热器,该支撑结构诸如是并入薄膜加热器的圆筒或矩形的流道之类的流腔。流体可被从该发生器的上游流体源,最好以基本恒定的压力,提供给该发生器。另外,该流体还可通过注射泵以恒定的线性位移速率来提供。该第二区的目的是在流体被输送通过该管时使流体蒸发,并在从该管出来之后形成气溶胶。在任一加热区中的温度都可用热电偶直接测量或根据加热元件的电阻之类的参数测量来计算。
第二区的电阻加热元件具有合适的电阻温度系数(正的或负的),该系数最好是高的电阻系数。该第二区通过将功率施加到该电阻元件被加热,同时监测该元件的电阻。所监测的电阻可提供该加热元件的温度指示,因为该加热元件的电阻是作为其温度的函数而变化的。例如,如果该电阻加热器是用铂制作的,则铂电阻的温度系数就是0.00392(℃)-1。利用定义电阻值R的关系式R=R0[1+α(T-T0)],式中R0是在温度为T0时的电阻,T是计算R时的温度,铂加热器在0℃时具有5Ω的电阻,该加热器的电阻将从20℃的大约0.55Ω线性变化到200℃时的大约0.9。这样,通过控制给目标电阻的功率,就可将加热器保持在精确的目标温度上,因而将被加热的流体或液体pf热降解的可能性降至最小。
第二区加热器元件的电阻在控制方案中可被反馈回来计量给第二区的功率,因而通过计量给第二区的功率,就可得到该第二区加热器元件的目标电阻,因此就可使该第二区加热元件的平均温度保持在目标值上。同时,供应给第二加热器元件的功率也被测量。这一功率用量数据是流向和通过该第二区,以及通过该作为整体的发生器的液体的质量流速的度量。照这样,在第二区的功率监测就可充当流过该发生器的液体的质量流量计。
按照本发明的另一方面,有可能控制气溶胶发生器来传送挥发流体的目标总质量(例如,剂量)。特别是,按照本发明的多区加热装置能够提供通过该加热装置的、并与该加热装置的功率用量成比例的质量流速。另外,用这样的加热装置,还可使总质量(例如,剂量)与该加热装置所使用的总能量成比例。在药物吸入器中,实际剂量的控制可通过基于目标功率水平控制该流体的流速来实现,该目标功率水平可通过下述方法来得到:对电源的周期计时以获得该希望的总能量水平。另外,还可选择目标总能量水平,并且可调节该流体流速来达到当时的那个目标能量水平。
如上简述,最好给该发生器的上游的第一区提供恒压的流体。液体从第一区传送到第二区的速率取决于该压力源的整个流体通道下游两端的压力降落。按照本发明的另一方面,一段小孔管道、多孔压力降落元件或其它的用于调节流体流的元件都可安置在第一区的出口和第二区的入口之间。在这种元件两端的压力降落被设计成是该压力源的整个流体通道下游两端的压力降落的一大部分,而且是该液体的粘度的函数或取决于粘度,而该粘度接着又取决于该流体的温度。对给第一区施加的功率进行控制,以便控制这一温度,因而控制通过该第一区的液体的流速。对被施加给第一区的功率进行控制,以便来达到在下游第二区中、为将第二区的加热器元件保持在目标温度上所要求的目标功率使用量。照这样,在第一区中的功率控制就充当起流过第一区和第二区这二者以及因而作为整体的发生器的流体的质量流控制器。
实施的反馈控制方案被这样设计,使得在流出第一区的液体的温度在超过最高的预期环境温度的目标温度时,就可达到通过该发生器的目标流速,该发生器在所述的环境温度下被使用。照这样,就可将该质量流速控制到它的与环境温度无关和与施加到该液体的压力无关的目标值,因为进入第二区的液体的温度在周围环境温度的宽范围上基本上都是相同的,而且还因为液体源都以基本恒定的压力提供液体。因而按照本发明的发生器就能减小使液体过热的可能性,并且在环境温度和施加在该液体的压力存在变化时能够控制气溶胶的传送速率。
本发明的一个目的就是沿所用的毛细管长度提供受控加热,以便加热和蒸发该管内的流动液体。有众多的好处都可通过使用这种加热方法来实现。过热对流体是不好的,而且如果由于液流中局部汽化或起泡而使该管壁的部分变得太热,则该液体材料就可能被热降解。本发明代之而提供了多个受热区,这些受热区可容易地被监测,并容易对控制方案作出反应。此外,按照本发明的发生器这样就能对不是以最佳温度输送到该管的材料进行补偿。另外,在该流体被引入该发生器后,按照本发明的发生器还能对管内流速和液体密度的变化作出反应或调节这些变化,而且几个加热部分能积极地对传感器的输出作出响应而与其它部分无关。
按照第一示范性实施例,毛细管气溶胶发生器包括:具有入口、出口和从该入口端到该出口端的通过该管的内腔的毛细管;与邻近该入口端的该管的第一区有热传导联系的第一加热器;与邻近该出口端的该管的第二区有热传导联系的第二加热器;在第一区和第二区之间管腔中的流缩颈。
按照第二示范性实施例,从液体形成气溶胶的过程包括下述步骤:提供气溶胶发生器,该气溶胶发生器包括管子、处于与该管上游的第一区有热传导联系的位置的第一加热器、处于与该管下游的第二区有热传导联系的位置的第二加热器、和在第一区和第二区之间该管中的流缩颈;给该管的上游端提供加压的液体;测量表示流过第二区的管子的流体的质量流速的管子特性;根据测量通过该第二区的流体的质量流速改变第一区内管子的温度;以及允许该液体在该管子的下游端从管中流出。
在开发毛细管气溶胶发生器的过程中,需要改善对液体引入该毛细管的速率和对该毛细管的加热器计量功率的速率的控制。不能正确控制这些参数会导致该液体过热,从而导致该液体材料的热降解和随后的由这种热降解的副产物堵塞该毛细管。
本发明的一个方面是:通过控制提供给液体汽化区(下游的第二加热区)的能量来达到目标温度,同时控制对液体流速控制区(上游的第一区)的供给的能量或计量的功率来达到出自该气溶胶发生器的目标液体流速,来减小毛细管中液体被不适当加热的可能性。按照本发明的毛细管气溶胶发生器包括加热元件和相关的控制电路,它们不仅起到了加热元件,而且还起到了流量计和流量控制器的作用。
按照优选实施例,本发明提供了一种包括一种系统的毛细管气溶胶发生器,该系统用于使用一系列受热区来加热基本上中空的、管状结构,以便允许沿该结构的长度有不同的温度和加热速率。该系统包括沿着该结构长度的一系列分立的加热元件,或另外的装置,如使用沿着该电阻器长度的独立的接点将连续的电阻加热器分成段。单一电阻元件的电阻阵列在受热部分之间可以具有有目的的间隔,和可以沿着该管的长度并入电流、电压、和/或温度检测装置,这些检测装置可以进行被动检测或者作为主动控制系统的一部分。该控制系统用一序列电流、电压或两者来激活单个的加热器,该电路、电压将电功率传送给该管。另外,该控制系统可与一个或多个传感器交互并对上述传感器作出反应。另外,该加热器可以是感应式加热器而不是电阻式加热器。该加热器的材料还可是该管壁的一体化部分,也可是加在该结构上的独立元件。
图1表示按照本发明并入多区加热器510的吸入器500。吸入器500包括具有喷嘴522的第一外壳520和包括电源和逻辑电路的第二外壳530,如在1998年10月14日提交的共同待审的申请序列号09/172,023所述,该申请的公开已被在此引入作为参考。气溶胶由并入多区加热器510的受热管540产生。从加压源550出来的液体通过阀门560进入管540的第一受热区Z1,并在管540的第二区Z2产生蒸汽。该蒸汽与外壳520中的空气混合形成气溶胶,并且合成的混合物可通过喷嘴522被吸入。
图2示意地图示出按照本发明的示范性毛细管气溶胶发生器(CAG)系统600。CAG系统600包括加压的流体源604、CAG 602和阀门606。阀门606控制从源604到CAG 602的加压的流体流,并可或者被手动地控制,或者更优选地是,受到控制器的控制,这在下面将作更详细地讨论。控制器608还被提供来控制CAG 602的操作,而且还可任选性地控制阀门606。另一方面,阀门606也可由单独的控制器(未画出)加以控制。
CAG 602被化分成至少两个加热区:上游的第一区Z1;下游的第二区Z2。这两个区可任选地被中间区Z3分开。Z1、Z2每个都包括电加热元件,在将电压施加到该加热元件两端并使电流通过它时,该加热元件就加热,对于本领域普通技术人员而言这是很容易被理解的。控制器608被安置成与两区Z1和Z2电联系并与两区并放,如图2所示,而且在该区加热器的两端选择性地施加电压和通过电流。可在控制器608上配备存储器610,一组用来操作该控制器的指令就可存放在该存储器中。控制器608可以是在软件控制下操作的通用数字计算机,该组软件指令被存储在易失性或非易失性存储器610中,或者任选地和作为选择地,控制器608可以是被特别构造的专家控制器,该专家控制器包括离散数字的或模拟的部件,这些部件一起包含用于控制器608的该指令集。因为当完整地阅读这里的说明后,控制器608的具体构造,对于本领域普通人员而言是很容易理解被理解的,所以对控制器608的具体设计将不再进行说明。
图3图示出按照本发明的CAG的另一个实施例,CAG 612。CAG612包括第一上游管614和第二下游管616。第一管614包括近端入口618、流道620、和远端出口622。入口618与源604流体相通,如上所述,并且引导流体,最好是液体,沿流体流动路径624向下游到出口622。第二管616被安置在出口622的下游,并且包括近端入口626、流道628、和远端出口630。如图3所示,第一管614具有大于第二管616的流体流横截面的流体流横截面,入口626被安置在出口622,也就是,在入口626和出口622之间没有结构。
第一管614和第二管616包括在其中或其上的一个加热器元件或多个元件,控制器608与该加热器元件电连接。该加热器可与该管做成一整体,诸如通过由具有足够电阻的材料做成管子本身以便充当用于管内流体的电加热器。另外,管子614、616可包括一个或多个安装到该管的内部或外部加热器,当给它们施加电压时,它们就发热,并且接着就加热该管和管内流体。控制器608,按照包含在存储器610中的指令集或它的分立元件的逻辑选择性地向与一个或两个管子614、616关联的加热器施加电压。所施加的电压引起该加热元件的温度增高,该加热元件接着通过对流和/或传导加热各管内的流体。如在此更详细描述,一个或两个管子614、616和它们的流体都可被选择性地加热。同时,可测量参数,如加热管子614的加热器元件的电阻,以便监测管子616的温度,而且还可测量用于加热管子616的功率,以便来确定流过CAG的流体的质量流速。
因为出口630是汽化的流体流出CAG 612的端口,所以最好出口630是畅通无阻的,以便出自CAG 612的流体的流动在出口630处不受阻挡。此外,通过提供第一管子614的减小了的横截面下游区,可形成引起压力降落的节流阀。引起在CAG 612中流体压力的降落的这种可任选的节流阀或其它的缩颈,被定位在第一管子614的下游,并基本上被限制在Z3(参看图2)。通过形成在CAG612中的、引起或产生管子614、616的流道中的流体压力降落的结构,有可能控制流过该CAG的流体的质量流速。因而最好管子614、616沿它们的长度不包含或基本不包含任何减小流体压力的源,以便由控制器608能确定流过该CAG的流体的质量流速并将该质量流速保持在希望的水平上。
图2和图3图示出,控制器608与第一管子614电连接以限定第一区Z1,与第二管子616电连接以限定第二区Z2。CAG 612,与在此使用CAG 602的其它实施例所描述的一样,可以可选择地包括温度检测装置632,它附着或就做在第二管子616的远端。温度传感器632可以是热敏电阻或能提供包括代表第二管子616远端温度数据的信号的其它温度敏感装置。温度传感器632可与控制器608电联系,以便给该控制器提供表示第二管子616远端温度的信号,从而提供反馈信号来控制施加在第一管子614、第二管子616、或两者上的功率,如下面更详细地描述的那样。
现在翻到图4,它图示出CAG 602的另一实施例,CAG 640。CAG 640在很多方面都与CAG 612相似,只是CAG 640被做成单件的集成的整体结构,做成了单件。第一接近上游部分642从源604接收加压的流体,如上所述。任选的流缩颈644被构成在部分642的远端下游流缩颈,并且导致流体的压力降落。第二远端部分646形成在缩颈644的下游,并包括远端出口648,汽化的流体就从该出口流出CAG 640。这样,区Z1包括部分642,区Z2包括部分646,而区3则包括缩颈644。如在CAG 612中一样,用于每各部分642、646的加热器元件都可以是该CAG壁的一部分,可以附着在该CAG的壁上,也可是它们的组合。
图5示意地图示出又一实施例,CAG 660。与CAG 640相似,CAG 660最好用单片材料形成,并与控制器608电连接以限定区Z1、Z2和Z3,如上所述。与CAG 612、640不同,CAG 660在区Z1和Z2中具有恒定的内部流横截面积,并且可任选的缩颈662被安装或以别的方式提供在区3中,以产生流体的压力降落。最好是,缩颈662是由不会与打算流过CAG 660的流体起反应的材料做成的多孔插塞,并且在其中包含允许流体流过该插塞和该CAG的小孔。缩颈660被采用本领域普通技术人员易于理解的方式设计成在预定的流体压力和粘度时,在区Z1和区Z2之间提供压力降落。
控制器608与CAG 612,640或660一起的功能现将参考图6来进行描述。贯穿本描述,将讨论如下的几个变量:
V(Z1)................区Z1两端的电压
V(Z2)................区Z2两端的电压
P(Z1)................在区Z1中使用的电功率
P(Z2)................在区Z2中使用的电功率
T(Z1)................CAG在区Z1中的平均温度
T(Z2)................CAG在区Z2中的平均温度
T(Z3)................CAG在区Z3中的平均温度
T(Z2’)..............在区Z2远端的CAG的温度
r(Z1)................在区Z1中的CAG部分的电阻
r(Z2)................在区Z2中的CAG部分的电阻
M    ................流体的质量流速
M(Z1)................流过区Z1的流体的质量流速
M(Z2)................流过区Z2的流体的质量流速
pr(Z1)...............在区Z1两端的流体压力降落
pr(Z2)...............在区Z2两端的流体压力降落
pr(Z3)...............在区Z3两端的流体压力降落
η   ..................流体粘度
从前述的描述可知,因为在区Z1和Z2之间的CAG内没有流体损失,所以通过这些区的质量流速是相同的,或
M(Z1)=M(Z2)=M
如本领域的普通人员很好理解的那样,电学部件的电功率(P)、它的电阻(r)、流过该元件的电流(i)、以及该元件两端的电位或电压(V)都是按照下述众所周知的关系相互关联的:
V=ir
p=i2r
p=iv
p=V2/r
此外,因为本发明的CAG设计,因而可使用几个其它的关系来测量和控制该CAG和流过它的流体的电学和物理特性。本发明人在此已发现,由区Z2中的CAG部分所消耗来使该CAG部分保持在已知温度(例如,被雾化的液体的沸点)的功率是通过该CAG的质量流速的函数:
    P(Z2)=F(M)。
功率与质量流速之间正确的函数关系可容易凭经验确定,这对于本领域的普通人员来说将是显而易见的。如下所述,一旦确定了这种函数关系,它就被用来形成存储器610中的指令集,或被用来设计控制器608的逻辑。
形成CAG的材料,连同加热器元件本身都是可选择的,以便使得区Z1和Z2的平均温度是在这些区中的CAG部分的电阻的函数:
    T(Z1)=F(r(Z1))
    T(Z2)=F(r(Z2))
很多材料,例如,铜、不锈钢、和铂都呈现出温度和电阻之间的这种关系,而且该函数在很宽的温度范围上是线性的。这样,制作CAG的材料或至少该加热器元件,最好被选择成,在如下的温度范围上具有众所周知的温度-电阻函数关系,并最好是线性的,在该温度范围上,系统600被使用,并且该流体至少在使用该加热器元件的电阻来测量该管子的温度的情形中被雾化。
该CAG最好这样设计,使得当控制器608企图将区Z2内的CAG部分所消耗的功率保持在它的目标水平,P(目标)上时,该区Z1的温度将是在如下的水平上,该水平最好是或稍高于预期系统600会被在其上使用的最高环境温度。
此外,待雾化的流体最好被通过施加恒定的压力P传送到区Z1。在区Z1和Z2两端的流体压力降落最好接近于0:
    pr(Z1)≈pr(Z2)~0
在这种情形中:
           p≈pr(Z3)
此外,按照下述关系式,在区Z3两端的压力降落是与流过该CAG的流体的质量流速和区Z3中的流体的粘度,eta有关:
         pr(Z3)=k*M/eta
其中k是取决于区(Z3)中通道的几何形状的常数,而eta是该区中的流体的粘度,该粘度是该流体温度的函数,即:
         eta=F(T(Z3))
因而:
         P~k*M/eta
         M~P*eta/k
这样,流过该CAG的流体的质量流速可由施加的压力和区Z3中流体的粘度确定。这后一个量又由区Z3中的温度控制。为此,最好提供流缩颈,也就是,使得质量流速可通过调节区Z3中的温度受到更精确的控制。
因为这几个函数的相互关系已被确立,现在,将参考图6对用于控制器608的示范性控制方案进行描述。在产生预定量或团(bolus)的雾化液体的循环的开始时,打开阀门606,使处于已知的且最好是恒定压力的液体进入该CAG。在步骤700,控制器608施加和控制Z1和Z2两端的电压以升高其中流体的温度。在步骤702,该控制器测量电阻r(Z2),来测量T(Z2)。或者,作为冗余的测量,该控制器在步骤704在区Z2的出口用热电偶或热敏电阻测量T(Z2‘)。在步骤706,该控制器然后比较所测量的值T(Z2),并调节V(Z2),以及P(Z2),以便达到测量的目标r(Z2),以及目标T(Z2)。如本领域的普通人员将易于理解的那样,所达到的温度可以在预定的范围内,而且还满足这一条件,也就是,某种预定的误差是可接受的。
然后在步骤708,该控制器测量P(Z2),P(Z2)在将T(Z2)保持在(或可接受地靠近)该目标值上是需要的,它给出流过该CAG的流体的质量流速M的度量,如上所述。在步骤710,该控制器根据功率和质量流速之间的经验关系式来评估测得的用于保持适当温度的功率P(Z2)是否大于所需要的功率,P(目标)。如果是,则该控制器就减小电压,因而减小施加在区Z2上的功率。这是因为当质量流速比希望的要大时,流过该CAG的流体将使区Z2冷却,因而要求加大功率来以便将区Z2加热到目标温度。施加在区Z1两端电压的减小就降低了其中流体的温度,因而使粘度增高,从而使通过区Z2的质量流速降低。这就具有使区Z1变成该CAG的流控制器和使区Z2变成该CAG的流量监测器的效果。同样,在步骤712,如果在区Z2两端测量的用来达到目标温度T(Z2)的功率小于该目标功率,则该控制器将增加区Z1两端的电压(并因此由Z1所使用的功率),以增高流过区Z1的流体的温度,因而使质量流速增大。
在步骤714,该控制器在时间上对质量流速求和或积分来确定在该循环期间传送的总质量(m)。在步骤716,将传送的总质量m与预定的希望值m进行比较。如果实际传送的总质量小于希望传送的量,则该控制器就返回到步骤700。如果该传送的总质量等于或大于希望的总质量,则阀门606就使从源604流出的流体流动终止,而且区Z1和Z2两端的电压就被设置为0。
图7示意地图示出控制器608的控制方案,它有助于确定是否在CAG中存在故障状态。图示于图7中的控制方案可整合进图6所示的控制方案中并可参考它来进行描述,或可先于图6的控制方案或跟随在图6的控制方案之后。在步骤730中,测量在区Z2中消耗的功率,该功率是通过区Z2的质量流速的度量。然后在步骤732通过测量区Z2中的加热元件的电阻或通过像在步骤734那样用热电偶测量温度T(Z2’)来测量区Z2的温度。
在步骤736,该控制器确定在区Z2测量的功率消耗是否小于P(目标),并且该控制器增大区Z1两端的电压(并因此增大区Z1所消耗的功率),以便增大质量流速M。但是,这一动作可能不能使P(Z2)增大到P(目标)。对于测量的温度来说是低的功率消耗测量能够指示该CAG的流道被阻塞,这样就会降低质量流速和达到目标T(Z2)所要求的功率P(Z2)。在这种场合,可能会发出报警声,并关闭设备。
在步骤738,该控制器确定在区Z2测量的功率消耗是否大于P(目标),并且该控制器减小区Z1两端的电压(因而减小区Z1所消耗的功率),以便减小质量流速M。但是,这一动作可能不能使P(Z2)减小到P(目标)。对于测量的温度来说是高的功率消耗测量能够指示该CAG的流道的溢流状态,这样就会提升质量流速和达到目标T(Z2)所要求的功率P(Z2)。在这种场合,可能会发出报警声,并关闭设备。
按照本发明,可使用一种控制算法来使下游的加热器保持在希望的目标电阻上。一旦达到稳定态操作(例如小于100msec),则该算法就可根据任意的扫描时间(例如平均32msec)来计算在下游加热器中能量的消耗(功率)。上游加热器接受脉冲的频率可作为下游加热器是否运行在希望的目标功率的函数来被调高或调低。如果下游加热器的功率是在目标水平之下,则上游加热器脉冲之间的时间就可减小,因而使上游加热器区中的温度增高。
对能量消耗和质量传送进行比较的实验作为馈送压力的函数示于图8和图9之中,其中,图8是在上游加热器被关断,运行时间为10秒而下游的目标电阻为0.36Ω的情形中将功率表示为丙二醇的馈送压力的函数。图9是在与图8所用的相同条件下表示气溶胶质量传送情形。这样,图8和图9典型地表示一个加热区对馈送压力增大的响应。如图所示,该功率用量和气溶胶的质量随着压力的增大而线性地增大。
在两区实验中,下游加热器的目标功率水平为2.6瓦,上游加热器被关断,以及馈送压力为20psi。上游加热器的初始设定是每隔8msec给上游加热器提供一次功率。另外,将压力从6psi变化到30psi并测量能量用量和质量传送。图10表示下游加热器、上游加热器和这两个加热器的作为压力的函数的功率曲线,下游加热器的目标电阻被设置在0.36Ω,下游加热器的目标功率被设置在2.6瓦,而流体是丙二醇。
图11表示丙二醇(PG)在两区加热器中的气溶胶质量传送,其中该运行时间为10秒,下游加热器的目标电阻为0.36Ω,上游加热器的触发频率为每隔8msec一次,而下游加热器的目标功率为2.6瓦。将一区加热的结果加入图11中以便比较。如图所示,两区加热装置的气溶胶质量传送在6-20psi的馈送压力范围内仍然是相当恒定的。在20psi之上,该气溶胶质量传送跟踪该一区的数据,因为该目标功率水平是针对20psi情形设定的,而该上游加热器不能在这目标之上使PG冷却来补偿压力的增加。因此,加热PG来减小它的粘度和增加它的流速能够被用来对压力变化和/或温度变化进行补偿。此外,这些实验证明,下游加热器的功率消耗可被用作反馈信号来控制上游加热器的功率。在图11所示的情形中,为达到希望的目标,32msec的平均功率被用于下游加热器和响应迅速的加热装置。
尽管已参考本发明的优选实施例,对本发明作了详细的描述,但对于本领域的普通人员显而易见的是:在不偏离本发明范围的情况下,还可进行各种改变和使用等价的方案。

Claims (18)

1.一种气溶胶发生器,包括:
具有入口和出口的流道;
与该流道的第一区有热传导联系的第一加热器;及
与该流道的第二区有热传导联系的第二加热器,该第二加热器是该第一加热器的下游。
2.按照权利要求1的毛细管气溶胶发生器,还包括在该第一区和该第二区之间的流道内的流缩颈。
3.按照权利要求1的毛细管气溶胶发生器,还包括与该第一加热器和该第二加热器有电联系的控制器,该控制器选择性地将电压提供在第一加热器和第二加热器两端。
4.按照权利要求3的毛细管气溶胶发生器,其中该控制器选择性地对在第一区和/或第二区中的加热器的电阻进行测量。
5.按照权利要求3的毛细管气溶胶发生器,其中该控制器选择性地对第一区和第二区两端的电压进行测量。
6.按照权利要求3的毛细管气溶胶发生器,其中该控制器包括一个存储器,该存储器包含指示该控制器什么时间测量电阻,什么时间测量电压和什么时间将电压施加到第一区、第二区或这两个区上的指令集。
7.按照权利要求1的毛细管气溶胶发生器,其中该流道包括:包含该入口的第一管子,其中该第一加热器与该第一管子有热传导联系;和包含该出口的第二管子,其中该第二加热器与该第二管子有热传导联系。
8.按照权利要求7的毛细管气溶胶发生器,其中,在第一管子中的流道具有第一内径,并且在第二管子中的流道具有第二内径,该第一内径大于该第二内径。
9.按照权利要求7的毛细管气溶胶发生器,其中该第二管子部分地安装在该第一管子中。
10.按照权利要求2的毛细管气溶胶发生器,其中该流道处于呈一整体的单件元件中,并且该流缩颈被整体地形成在该流道中。
11.按照权利要求2的毛细管气溶胶发生器,其中该流缩颈包括安置在该流道中的多孔插塞。
12.按照权利要求1的毛细管气溶胶发生器,还包括与第二区中的流道有热传导联系的温度传感器。
13.一种用于产生气溶胶的系统,包括:
按照权利要求1的毛细管气溶胶发生器;
加压的流体源;及
在该加压的流体源和该毛细管气溶胶发生器之间的阀门。
14.按照权利要求13的系统,其中,该阀门是一种可被自动控制的阀门,还包括与第一加热器、第二加热器、和该阀门有电联系的控制器,该控制器选择性地将电压提供在第一加热器和第二加热器两端,并且该控制器可操作来选择性地打开和关闭该阀门。
15.一种从流体形成气溶胶的方法,包括下述步骤:
给气溶胶发生器的流道的上游端提供加压的液体,该气溶胶发生器包括处于与该流道的第一区有热传导联系位置的第一加热器和处于与该流道的第二区有热传导联系位置的第二加热器,该第二区是该第一区的下游;
测量表示流过第二区中的流道的流体的质量流速的参数;
根据流过该第二区的流体的质量流速的测量改变该第一区中的温度;及
加热第二区中的液体,以便使该液体挥发并以气溶胶的形式从该流道的下游端喷出。
16.按照权利要求15的形成气溶胶的方法,其中该液体经过在该第一区和该第二区之间的流道中的流缩颈。
17.按照权利要求15的形成气溶胶的方法,还包括下述步骤:
测量该第二区中的温度;及
根据测量的第二区中的温度来调节该第二加热器两端的电压。
18.按照权利要求15的形成气溶胶的方法,其中改变第一区中的温度的步骤包括下述步骤:
对将第二加热器的温度保持在预定温度上所消耗的功率(P(Z2))与目标功率水平(P(目标))进行比较;
如果(P(Z2))>(P(目标)),则减小施加给第一加热器的功率;及
如果(P(Z2))<(P(目标)),则增大施加给第一加热器的功率。
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US20030132219A1 (en) 2003-07-17
CN100342753C (zh) 2007-10-10
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CA2432081A1 (en) 2002-07-04
US20020079309A1 (en) 2002-06-27
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US7173222B2 (en) 2007-02-06
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WO2002051468A2 (en) 2002-07-04

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